Nile Basin Capacity Building Network NBCBN' Hydropower Development Research Cluster

Nile Basin Capacity Building Network NBCBN
Hydropower Development
Research Cluster
GROUP II
REGIONAL POWER INTEGRATION IN
HYDROPOWER
By
Dr. Alexander Kyaruzi
Dr.Zelalem Hailu
Dr. Raymond J. Mngodo
Dr. S. H. Mkandi
Mr. Gerard Ntungumburanye

Mr.Michael Kizza
Eng. Johnson Malisa
Coordinated by
Prof. Sibilike K. Makhanu

Scientific Advisor
Prof. Bela Betry

UNESCO-IHE
2005
NBCBN / Hydropower Development Research Cluster
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Modern societies strongly depend on reliable, affordable and sustainable energy supplies. In fact,
Energy is an obligatory input for most production processes and other economic activities and an
essential component of our way of life. Many of the Nile Basin countries are among the least
developed in the World in spite of their important potential in natural resources. They strongly depend
on the development of their still very limited energy supply systems, using locally available,
competitive and renewable resources--such as Hydropower-- to achieve further steps in their
sustainable social and economic growth. Recent developments on a regional and worldwide scale
indicate a growing interest in the development of Hydropower as a sustainable and highly competitive
option for the supply of electrical energy and a growing interest in the development of interconnected
regional (international ) grids. An example is the Power Pool in phase of development involving
several countries of Africa and of the Nile Basin. The challenges to be faced by such developments
are major and require the promotion of capabilities in planning, design, implementation and operation
of medium to large scale Hydropower installations and their integration in interconnected regional
grids.
The objectives to be achieved within the scope of Theme 2, on Regional Integration of Power in
Hydropower aim, on one side, at improving the availability and dissemination of relevant data and
information related to the development of hydropower potentials and their implications on the
management of water resources and, on the other side, the development of reference criteria and
concepts aimed at the regional integration of Hydropower systems. Theme 2 was established along the
lines defined in the NBCBN-RE Cairo Workshop (November 2002) and the Hydropower Cluster
Launching Event ( Dar es Salaam, November 2002).
.
The report on Regional Power Integration in Hydropower covered selected issues related to
hydropower in six of the 10 Nile basin countries: Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi and
Ethiopia. One or two river basins were chosen in each country based on their international importance
and relevance to the Nile basin. Thus the following rivers were studied: River Mara and Rufiji in
Tanzania; River Nzoia in Kenya; River Nile in Uganda; River Ruvubu (Upper Kagera) in Burundi;
River Rusizi and Nyabarongo in Rwanda and River Abbay (Blue Nile) in Ethiopia.
The issues studied covered inventories on meteorological, hydrological and human capacity data
bases. Case studies in hydropower issues were studied as well as the interconnectivity criteria for the
region.
In a first phase of activities attention has been focused on the following topics:
Inventory of meteorological and hydrological data in selected river basins of the region
selected taking into account their importance in the planning of hydropower in the
country and for regional power integration.
Inventory of relevant sources of data and information related to the development of
hydropower resources in the river basins of the region of the Cluster.
Inventory of capacity building needs in the countries of the Cluster.
Inventory of the legal framework for power sector management in each selected country
and for interconnectivity.
A summarized account of the work done so far and the achievements so far is presented in the
Research Report and corresponding Country reports.
In summary, major achievements up to the present date include:
An increased co-operation between water professionals in the countries participating

Theme 2.
An appreciation of the available data on meteorological and hydrological aspects, their
quality, accessibility and general application for hydropower planning.
Regional Power Integration in Hydropower

i
An appreciation of the existing human capacity in hydropower sector and the need to
build capacity for training requirements.
The level of development of legal framework in each country and management strategies.
The market demand and future projections for power demand.
Strategies for power supply including integration of different power sources in each
country and the export/import of power.
An appreciation of the challenges facing different countries in the provision of power for
the present and the future and hence the necessary studies to achieve equitable and
effective power distribution in the Nile basin countries.
Future activities to be developed in Theme 2 include:
Continuation and completion of the inventory studies started during phase 1 to cover the
remaining countries in the Nile basin and possible harmonization with other regions.
Development of unified methodologies and procedures for the assessment of power and
energy generation capabilities in river basins.
Development and dissemination of reference data and criteria to guide technical aspects
of regional integration.
Promotion of training activities in the context of scope of Theme 2

ii
SYMBOLS AND ACRONYMS

NBCBN
Nile Basin capacity Building Network
NBI
Nile Basin Initiative
NBCBN-RE
Nile Basin Capacity Building Network for River Engineering
MOWD
Ministry of Water Development
RIPH
Regional Integration of Power in Hydropower

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................6
1.1
Hydropower Scenario in Africa ......................................................................................... 6
1.2
Justification for Study ......................................................................................................... 8
1.3
Objectives of the Study........................................................................................................ 9
1.4
NBCBN Concept .................................................................................................................. 9
1.5
Cluster and Research Group Organization ...................................................................... 9
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.6
Organization of Hydropower Cluster.............................................................................................. 9

Coordination of Theme II ............................................................................................................... 9
Scope and Limitations ....................................................................................................... 10
METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................................11
2.1
Selected River Basins......................................................................................................... 11
2.2
Inventory of Meteorological and Hydrological Data Bases ........................................... 11
2.3
Case Studies From Selected River Basins ....................................................................... 11
2.4
Market Expansion and Interconnectivity........................................................................ 11
2.5
Existing Legal Framework ............................................................................................... 11
PROJECT RESULTS .....................................................................................................12

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.2.7
3.2.8
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.7
3.3.8
3.3.9
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.5
Tanzania ............................................................................................................................. 12
Case studies .................................................................................................................................. 12
Data Availability........................................................................................................................... 14
Regional Power Grid Interconnectivity ........................................................................................ 14
Kenya .................................................................................................................................. 17
Case Studies of the River Nzoia Basin ......................................................................................... 17
Description for River Nzoia Basin................................................................................................ 22
Inventory of Capacity Building Needs.......................................................................................... 24
Local Power Practice .................................................................................................................... 26
Power Utility Standards ................................................................................................................ 27
Billing Systems............................................................................................................................. 30
Institutional Arrangements, Private Sector Participation and Its Capacity ................................... 30
Capacity For Financing Arrangements ......................................................................................... 32
Uganda................................................................................................................................ 33
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 33
Government Policy ....................................................................................................................... 35
Power Sector Reforms In Uganda................................................................................................. 35
Electricity Sector Status................................................................................................................ 36
Uganda Power Demand Forecast.................................................................................................. 36
Existing and Potential for East African Power Cooperation......................................................... 37
HYDROLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 38
Description of the Projects............................................................................................................ 42
Capacity Building Needs .............................................................................................................. 48
Burundi............................................................................................................................... 53
Inventory of Data Bases and Sources of Information .................................................................. 53
Inventory of Hydrological Data Base and Sources of Information............................................... 54
Inventory of Meteorological Data Base and Sources of Information ........................................... 55
Inventory of Energy Data Base and Sources of Information ........................................................ 55
Burundi Electricity Billing System............................................................................................... 58
Ethiopia .............................................................................................................................. 59

iv

3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
Current Power Sector Policy And Infrastructure In Ethiopia ....................................................... 59

International Interconnections .................................................................................................... 644
The Sudan Market....................................................................................................................... 644
The Djibouti Market ................................................................................................................... 655
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................67

4.1
Main Findings of Phase 1 Study....................................................................................... 67
4.2
Regional Integration Criteria ........................................................................................... 67
4.3
Inventory of Meteorological Data .................................................................................... 67
4.4
Inventory of Hydrological Data........................................................................................ 67
4.5
Human Capacity ................................................................................................................ 67
4.6
Case Studies ....................................................................................................................... 67
PLANS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES ...........................................................................67

5.1
Planning activities.............................................................................................................. 67
5.2
Topics For Future Research ............................................................................................. 67
5.3
Future Vision ..................................................................................................................... 67
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................67
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................68
APPENDIX I:
TANZANIA REPORT
APPENDIX II:
KENYA REPORT
APPENDIX III:
ETHIOPIA REPORT
APPENDIX IV:
PROGRESS REPORT BY COUNTRY

v
INTRODUCTION
1.1 HYDROPOWER SCENARIO IN AFRICA

Africa continues to be the area of the world where hydropower has the potential to play the greatest
role in future economic development. Several countries describe their hydro potential as one of their
most valuable resources, or as the backbone to future development. There is altogether nearly 2000
MW of new hydro capacity under construction in 17 African countries, and it is notable that since our
survey last year, production from hydropower plants throughout Africa has increased by about 2000
GWh/year (Hydropower and Dams World Atlas, 2000).
To underline the important role hydro is playing in the region, it is contributing more than 80 per cent
of electricity in Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Congo, Dem. Rep.
of Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Swaziland, Tanzania,
Uganda and Zambia.
The key countries for future activities, based on the plans reported in the year 2000 survey, are:
Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Tanzania and Uganda. There are planned hydro projects (which have at least
reached the feasibility study stage) in 30 African countries.
To look at some specific examples, of countries where future hydro development will make a major
impact, Benin, where hydro already supplies 89 per cent of electricity, is planning to increase the
countrys installed capacity by more that 100 per cent, with the development of another 100 MW
hydro plant. Annual per capita electricity consumption there is at present only 48.8 kWh, which
demonstrates clearly the need for a substantial increase in capacity.
Niger, where per capita consumption is 25 kWh/year, the first hydro plant, is now planned, with a
capacity of 125 MW, at a water resources development project.
In Chad, where per capita consumption is even lower, at 14 kWh/year, and only 11 MW of the
countrys 32 MW of capacity is currently in service, there are now plans for the countrys first hydro
plant, with a capacity of 6 MW.
Burkina Faso is undertaking a water management programme for Nakanbe River (which could later
be extended to other basins) and this is likely to lead to further hydro development, which the
Government regards as a high priority for the countrys social and economic development.
Mali, Ghana and Liberia all place great importance on the development of their hydro resources, as a
foundation for their future progress. Mali has up to 800 MW of new hydro capacity planned in the
long-term, with several medium-sized projects at the feasibility stage; detailed financial studies have
been conducted for four of them. Ghana sees hydro as the main priority with the construction of the
400 MW Bui scheme likely to proceed, for completion in 2005.
Liberia, which has suffered a long-term civil war, has had most of its power facilities damaged or
destroyed and the Liberia Electricity Corporation regards development of the countrys large hydro
potential as a major hope for the basis of economic recovery.
As far as large scale plans are concerned, the Democratic Republic of Congo has the largest potential
in Africa. Its technically and economically feasible potential is calculated to be up to 419 TWh/year,
and future plans include La Grand Inga, which could have a capacity of between 6 and 39 GW
(although there is no firm schedule for implementation of this scheme). There are also many more
medium scale (40 100 MW) and small schemes planned. At least 3000 MW could also be obtained
from up-rating and refurbishing existing plants.

6
Sudan has identified technically feasible hydro projects totaling nearly 4800 MW of capacity, and two
medium-scale schemes are at the feasibility study stage.
Ethiopia is experiencing a major increase in demand of electricity, and considers exploitation of the
potential in the Nile basin as a priority. Eighteen projects are now proposed, of a total of nearly 200
identified sites for hydro development. Two important projects, Gilget Gibe and Tis Abbay II, are
currently under construction.
Nigeria has nearly 5000 MW planned for the medium and long-term, including the Zungeru (950
MW) and Mambila (3900 MW) projects.
Mozambique has about 2000 MW planned for implementation over the next ten years, and Tanzania,
which already has 180 MW of hydropower under construction has seven future schemes at the
feasibility stage; the largest of these is Stiglers Gorge (1400 MW) and the others are in the range of
40 to 250 MW.
Zambia and Zimbabwe have two major binational schemes planned, Batoka Gorge which is to include
a 181m-high RCC dam and twin 800 MW powerplants for each country, and Devils Gorge which
would provide 600 MW each Zambia now has three major refurbishment schemes in progress at
Kafue Gorge, Kariba and Victoria Falls.
Cameroon has plans for 600 MW of new capacity and also a number of refurbishment schemes.
Kenya has several new schemes planned, totaling 460 MW, and Malawi could implement 365 MW of
hydro capacity, including the 90 MW Lower Fufu scheme.
In Uganda, where hydro provides 99 per cent of electricity, a number of private schemes are planned,
including the 290 MW Bujagali scheme on the Nile, which could go ahead soon. In the longer-term,
there are four more projects in Uganda with capacities ranging from 180 to 642 MW.
Guinea, where the 75 MW Garafiri project recently began operation, reports plans to develop more
hydropower, starting with the 104 MW Kaleta scheme.
Egypt is continuing with its programme of installing hydropower at its Nile barrages, with plans for
about 200 MW. The Egyptian power sector there is undergoing considerable growth, and capacity
has doubled in the last ten years.
Two other countries with significant hydro potential, Eritrea and Sierra Leone, have been impeded in
developing projects by economic difficulties and war. Eritrea, which has ideal conditions for hydro
schemes, lacks the necessary infrastructure. A 73 m-high RCC dam was recently completed there,
however, for water supply.
Water supply and irrigation have been the major priorities for the water resources development
projects under way in much of northern Africa: Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. In Morocco, seven
major dams are under construction for irrigation and water supply, and the 110 m-high Asialou Arch
dam was recently completed for irrigation and hydropower. Morocco also has about 90 MW of hydro
under construction, and a 450 MW pumped-storage scheme planned.
Tunisia has many small and medium-scale dams under way in mountainous areas, for irrigation and
water supply, and in Algeria there are 13 dams under construction for these purposes. Algeria reports
plans for 30 large dams by 2010and another 20 subsequently.
In Southern Africa, pre-feasibility studies are still underway for phase II of the Lesotho Highlands
Water Project, which would involve five more dams as well as tunnels and pumping stations.
Namibia may develop two multipurpose water schemes on the Kunene river.1
The Congo is the worlds second largest river system, after the Amazon. It is the only major river
in the world that has a significant slope in its lower course. On the last 15 km to the sea there is a

7
difference in altitude of 102 metres in a series of rapids that makes Inga the biggest source of
hydropower in the world. The Grand Inga scheme, which involves building a dam across the river,
diverting the flow into an adjacent valley, has the potential to generate 39,000 MW. (Kenyas
hydropower presently developed is under 1,000 MW).
Inga I was commissioned in1972 with an installed capacity of 351 MW and Inga 2 in 1982 with an
installed capacity of 1,424 MW. Inga 3 is planned to have an installed capacity of 3,500 MW.
The Congo, through its national power company is a member of the Southern Africa Power Pool
(SAPP). The pool is made up of the national utilities of all continental members of the Southern
Africa Development Community (SADC) with a total installed capacity of 45,000 MW. Also, the
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has under its portfolio a Western Africa
Power Pool (WAPP).
The development of Inga 3 is inextricably linked to the development of the Western Power Corridor
to transmit power from DRC southwards through Angola, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa as
South Africa will provide a large proportion of the market for the off-take of power. The WAPP will
constitute the balance of the market as power is planned to be transmitted northwards through the
Republic of Congo, Gabon and Cameroon to Nigeria.
With the impending demise of the excess thermal capacity in the region, the development of Inga
makes huge economic sense and will certainly become more than just an interesting topic of
discussion at conferences.2
1.2 JUSTIFICATION FOR STUDY

The planning for the use and development of international river basins such as the Nile River has not
been well coordinated.
Even when this could be possible, regional socio-economic blocks are a precursor to river basin
development.
In Africa, regional bodies have emerged with focused agenda in the recent times. West Africa boasts
of ECOWAS, Central and Southern Africa with SADEC, Eastern Africa with the East African
Corporation and Eastern Africa with the Intergovernmental Organization on Development (IGAD).
Corporation among the regional bodies is then possible through the African Union (AU).
Based on the Nile Basin, the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) links the political arms of the countries in the
Nile Basin, at the level of Ministers and Permanent Secretaries.
The Nile Basin Capacity Building Network for River Engineering (NBCBN-RE) was initiated to
create an environment in which professionals from the water sector sharing the same river basin could
have the possibility to exchange ideas and practices.
The theme on hydropower is indeed of a global nature and hydropower is to play a leading role in the
acceleration of economic development and the uplifting of the lives of people in the Nile Basin.
In order to share the hydropower resources, there needs to be an understanding among the concerned
countries on the way that each country is using hydropower, and the policies, practices, future markets
and legal frameworks.
Theme II on Hydropower Development therefore intends to address the above important issues. The
theme Regional Integration of Power in Hydropower (RIPH) was therefore initiated under the
Hydropower Development.

8
Already, regional initiatives have been developed to interconnect countries or groups of countries.
However, these efforts will not be utilized to the full potential without baseline data on the practices
of each country. Theme II is therefore urgently required to encompass the 10 Nile Basin countries
and the whole of Africa.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study on Regional Integration of Power in Hydropower had four objectives:
a) To assist the Nile basin countries in identifying the human capacity in each country in the
area of hydropower development.
b) To facilitate institutional training through the existing NBCBN-RE framework in the
hydropower sector.
c) To promote establishment of data bases on hydropower, research, and training in energy
studies and
d) To recommend a suitable criteria for harmonization and integration of power development
strategies for regional interconnectivity and industrialization.
1.4 NBCBN CONCEPT

The Nile Basin Capacity Building Network for River Engineering (NBCBN-RE) is established as a
regional programme to build and strengthen capacity in the Nile riparian countries for an
environmentally sound development and management of the Nile River Basin.
Membership is open to a network of national and regional capacity building institutions and
professional organizations active in education, training and research.
1.5 CLUSTER AND RESEARCH GROUP ORGANIZATION
Clusters are established under key research themes, each cluster being hosted by one of the Nile Basin
Countries. At present, six research clusters are hosted by the following key note countries:Hydropower development (Tanzania); Sediment Transport and erosion (Sudan); Storage regulation
works (Uganda); River intake and main conveyance systems for water supply/irrigation (Ethiopia);
GIS and modeling (Egypt) and Flood Management (Kenya)
Each cluster is formed with 3 to 4 countries in order to carry out research activities in the cluster
theme.
1.5.1
Organization of Hydropower Cluster
The Hydropower Development Cluster is hosted by Tanzania under Prof. F. Mtalo as the Country
Coordinator. Under the main theme of Hydropower Development are two sub Themes:
Theme I: Research on Small Scale Hydropower Development.
Theme II: Regional Integration of Power in Hydropower.
Group Coordinators for Theme I and II are Prof. F. Mtalo (Tanzania) and Prof. S. K. Makhanu
(Kenya) respectively.
Researchers in both themes are drawn from Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi and
Ethiopia.
1.5.2
Coordination of Theme II
In order to carry out the activities of Theme II, seven river basins were selected in the six participating
countries.

9
A lead researcher was earmarked in each country, and the theme was coordinated by Prof. S. K.
Makhanu from Kenya.
The coordination of the study was then arranged as follows: S/n
Country
Lead Researcher
Institution
Kenya
Prof. Sibilike K. Makhanu
Western University College of

Science and Technology
Tanzania
University of Dar es Salaam
Uganda
Mr. Michael Kizza
Makerere University, Kampala
Burundi
Mr. Gerald Ntungumburanye
Geographic
Burundi
Rwanda
Dr. Casmir Museruka
Kigali Institute of Science,

Management and Technology
Ethiopia
Dr. Zelalem Hailu
Addis Ababa University
Institute
of
The full list of researchers and their contact details is included in the Annex.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
This study focused on the inventory of metrological and hydrological data, human capacity and
documented literature. In addition only 6 of the 10 Nile Basin countries were covered.
Phase 1 of the study has therefore laid the background for further study in this area of regional power
sharing.

10
METHODOLOGY
2.1 SELECTED RIVER BASINS

Eight river basins were selected for the present study, one in each of the four countries except in
Rwanda and Tanzania where two river basins were studied.
The rivers were chosen based on their international importance and relevance to the Nile Basin.
Tanzania Rivers Mara and Rufiji

Kenya River Nzoia
Uganda River Nile
Burundi River Ruvubu (Upper Kagera River)
Rwanda River Rusizi and Nyabarongo
Ethiopia River Abbay (Blue Nile)
2.2 INVENTORY OF METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL DATA BASES

Data bases on meteorological information were compiled for each selected river basin and in each
country.
The description of the data base was given including the title, publisher, and date of publication. Its
location was then documented as well as the format in which it was stored, whether electronic or hard
copy.
Accessibility and availability was documented for future planning.
Further a brief evaluation on the reliability, applicability and usefulness of the document was made.
2.3 CASE STUDIES FROM SELECTED RIVER BASINS
Documentation on case studies in the selected river basins was made with full details for metrological
and hydrological data bases.
Case studies provided detailed information for the site studied and information would be very useful
for planning purposes.
2.4 MARKET EXPANSION AND INTERCONNECTIVITY
Information on market expansion and projected power demand needs was documented for each
country studied. Plans for interconnectivity were documented. From this information it would be
possible to visualize the future power scenarios vis--vis availability of hydropower.
2.5 EXISTING LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The existing legal framework for each country were documented for harmonization, and future
interconnectivity among countries and regions.

11
3
3.1
PROJECT RESULTS
TANZANIA
3.1.1 Case studies

Lake Victoria Basin
There are two river catchments that have hydropower potential in the Lake Victoria Basin.
1. Mara River
The Mara river hydropower potential is described in a pre-feasibility study report by BEOGRAD of
1980 titled, MARA RIVER PROJECT: Pre-feasibility Study of the Possibility of Land and Water
Use in Mara River Valley for the Development of the Mara Region in the United Republic of
Tanzania. The available hydropower potential is assessed to amount to about 100 MW, with annual
energy production potential of over 400 GWh.
The proposed system involves storage reservoirs and cascade power plants. That report did not fully
address itself to all possible environmental concerns related to hydro and irrigation development in
the Mara river basin.
Under the East African Co-operation spirit, development interventions whose effects cut across
boarders should either be undertaken jointly by respective members or by one member in consultation
with and after consent by other affected members. It could therefore be beneficial if this project is
revived and possibility to develop it jointly with Kenya considered, as river Mara has a bigger portion
of its catchment in Kenya. Interconnection between Kenya and Tanzania could readily made and
reduce investment cost through project co-financing and power pooling.
2. Kagera River
Due to the gentle gradient the Kagera River, does not have significant falls, but has a stable average
flow of about 200 m3/s on the Tanzania section. Various studies have been carried out in the past to
assess the Kagera river hydropower Potential that could be harnessed to cater for power needs of all
countries sharing the river. All proposed projects appeared to be difficult to jointly implement due to
trans-boundary effects.
The United Nations Final report Planning the development of the Kagera River Basin Volume II of
1973 provide the existing information as an inventory, analysis, and appraisal of data existed at that
time. The three potential hydro sites in Tanzania are;
Kishanda valley project in the Kishanda valley
The Kyasolo project on the lower stretch on the Kagera River
Kakono Project on the lower stretch of the Kagera River
Generally the Kagera river hydro potential is almost not utilized at all in Tanzania.
i) The Kishanda Project
The United Nations study considered this project as a multi purpose, aimed at electric power
generation, flood protection, discharge regulation, drainage of swamps in the middle and lower
reaches of the Kagera River, providing a water supply for nearby villages, development of fishing and
job opportunities during construction.
The United Nations study proposed layout and basic parameters for this project as follows:
Dam
It is located in the stretch between the Charhiet Falls and the transition of Lake Rushwa into the
Kagera river.
Height of the dam approx. 45-50 m
Length of crest 300-400m

12
Water transfer to this scheme

Channel from Lake Rushwa in the Mukyonza profile will transfer water from the Kagera river
through lake Rushwa into the Kishanda valley.
Tunnel in the Bugara profile will transfer water from the Kishanda valley into the hydropower
station.
Hydropower Station
The power station has a potential of:
Capacity: 200-300 MW
Head:
125 meters.
Reservoir maximum volume:
Reservoir area:
170 Km2
3,100 million M3
ii) The Kyasoro Falls Project

The United Nations study considered this project as multipurpose project aimed at, power generation,
flood protection, discharge regulation, and improvement in water supply for population in the
neighbourhood of the reservoir, development of fishing and tourism.
Dam
Dam is proposed to be rock-fill dam on the Kagera River in the Murongo Gorge.
Height of the dam, approximately 90 m.
Length of the crest, approximately 700 m.
Hydropower Station
Proposed to be with the head of 76 m.
Installed capacity: 200MW.
Reservoir capacity: 17,000 million. m3, and backwater ends at the Rusumo Falls.
iii) The Kakono Project
The United Nations study considered this project as multipurpose project aimed at Power generation,
flood protection, discharge regulation and development of fishing. The United Nations study proposed
layout and basic parameters for this project as follows:
Dam
Proposed to be rock fill dam on the Kagera River in the Kakono profile
Height of approximately 75 m
Length of the crest approximately 200 m.

Hydropower Station
Power station proposed to be at the toe of the dam.
The head approximately 70 m.
Installed capacity is approximately 105 MW.
Reservoir: maximum volume of 1,900 million. m3.
RUFIJI BASIN
The Rufiji River is the largest river in Tanzania with a huge catchment area comprising most of the
south-eastern part of the country, which in turn receives relatively high annual rainfall. It has several
large tributaries (Ruaha, Kilombero, Luwego and Mbarangandu) and many small others. The
tributaries meet and pass through a relatively narrow passage, Stiegler's Gorge, before descending to
the flat lower plains, meandering down to a large delta area vegetated by mangrove forests, and
finally flowing out through several mouths into the Indian Ocean.

13
Table 1 below shows the existing major hydroelectric power plants and some potential sites that have
been given a high priority for development in the near future
Another source studies done by TANESCO Power Company is the Power Master Plan 2001 update.
In this report power development for Tanzania is discussed by looking at hydropower potential in all
basins and other options.
3.1.2 Data Availability
Table 1. Priority Potential Projects, Power/Energy and Water Balance Summary (Acres 1985)
Project
Power and Energy
Water balance
Installed Firm
Firm
Average Average Power Spill low Total
Capacity Energy Energy
Energy Energy
Flow
Flow
c
c
3
3
(MW)
GWh/yr MW
GWh/yr MW
m /s
m /s
m3/s
Lower Kihansi
200
75
111
1000
114
13.5
4.5
18
Horconsult, Phase
1&2
45
438
510.o
Upper Kihansi
3557
40.7o
17
0.9
18
Horconsult Phases
3&4 Downstream
Kihansi (Acres)
Ruhudji Three Step 162
945
108,0
1030
117
16.7
1.3
18
Masigara
250
1195
135
1540
176
27.5
6.7
34
Rumakali
80
490
56
505
58
30.7
5.9
36.6
Mpanga
204
1185
135
1225
141
13.3
1
14
Siegier's Gorge 160
617
70.4
641
73.2
30.6
- Phase I
300
2150
245.5
2150
245.3
- Phase II
750
1950
222.5
3100
351.6
- Phase III
350
1700
205
1530
174
TOTAL
1400
5880
670.8
6780
175.4
STIEGIER'S
Iringa Project
- Tosamaganga 10
55
6.3
16.3
4.8
21.1
- Ibose
35
180
20.5
17.9
3.8
21.7
39.8
39.8
42
- Ngeneyo
250
26.2
18.6
5.1
23.7
Inventory of Data Availability
The Ministry of water and Livestock, the Department of Meteorological and other government
agencies has some information on rainfall data in both Rufiji River basin and Lake Victoria Basin
(Mara river basin). Some flow rate data for both rivers are available in the above-mentioned offices.
The data is currently being digitized, however the process is slow and will take time to finish,
moreover, there are some gaps on the available data.
3.1.3
Regional Power Grid Interconnectivity
Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO) Power System

Electrical Power System consists of generation, transmission (power grid) and distribution of
electrical power to consumers. TANESCO is the only utility, which is allowed by law to transmit and
distribute electrical power in Tanzania. Normally electricity is produced in centralized basis, which
means that the individual power stations supply energy to a common power grid, transmission and
distribution systems are used to link all generating power stations and consumers. Basically there are
two groups of generating plants; hydro power plants and thermal generating plants (thermal groups all
generating plants other than hydro) (Reznikov, 1985).

14
In TANESCO grid (interconnected) power system, there are six major hydro power stations. Nyumba
ya Mungu, Hale and New Pangani Falls power stations are in Pangani River while Mtera and Kidatu
power stations are in Great Ruaha River. Kihansi power station is in Kihansi River. In addition to that,
there are several thermal power plants, a gas turbine power station and Diesel power station at Dar es
Salaam. There are also Diesel power stations at Mwanza, Musoma, Tabora, Dodoma and Mbeya
(Tuntufye, 1997). Total installed capacity for grid hydro power plants is 560 MW and for thermal
power plants is 202 MW, while maximum demand is around 440 MW. For the transmission of power
there are 220, 132, 66 and 33 kV transmission systems. The major ones are 220kV and 132 kV
systems. The National Grid is not connected to any neighboring country.
The TANESCO Hydro Power System
The TANESCO Hydro power System can be represented as follows;
NYUMBA YA
MUNGU
Pangani River
NEW PANGANI
FALLS
HALE
Great Ruaha River
KIDATU
INDIAN OCEAN
Rufiji River
MTERA
Little Ruaha River
Kilombero River
Kihansi River
Ruhudji River
Figure. 1.2: Hydropower representation of TANESCO Power System

15
Table 2: TANESCO Hydro power stations data

MTERA
Year
of
1988
completion
Type of power
Regulated
station
Gross head [m] 100
Mean
annual
120
inflow [m3/s]
Design
flow
96
[m3/s]
Number of units 2
Type of turbine Francis
Installed
80
capacity [MW]
Average annual
production [GWh] 419
Height of dam
50
[m]
Length of dam
crest [m]
260
Volume content
of dam
3,700
[106 m3]
Active storage of
the reservoir [106
3,200
m3]
Maximum
discharge capacity
of
spillways
4,000
[m3/s]
KIDATU
1980
Regulated
175
KIHANSI NYUMBA HALE

YA
MUNGU
2000
1969
Run of the
Regulated
river
850
27.43
1964
NEW
PANGANI
FALLS
1995
Run of the Run

of
river
the river
72
170
130
15
34
35
144
24
42.6
41
45
4
Francis
3
Pelton
2
Francis
204
180
22
68
1,150
474
47
125
407
40
21
41
7.2
8.2
350
200
400
340.5
310
167
1.06
1,300
0.81
0.8
125
1,128
0.1
0.55
6,000
280
6,000
818
1,200
2
Francis
2
Francis
Regional Interconnection
There are two regional interconnections:
A
The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) with the following members:
1. Botswana Power Corporation (BPC) of Botswana
2. Electricidade de Mocambique (EDM) of Mozambique
3. Empresa Nacional de Electricidade (ENE) of Angola
4. Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (ESCOM) of Malawi
5. ESKOM of the Republic of South Africa
6. Lesotho Electricity Corporation (LEC) of Lesotho
7. NAMPOWER of Namibia
8. Societe National dElectricite (SNEL) of the Democratic Republic of Congo
9. Swaziland Electricity Board (SEB) of Swaziland
10. Tanzania Electricity Supply Company Ltd (TANESCO) of Tanzania
11. ZESCO Limited of Zambia
12. Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) of Zimbabwe
B
The East Africa Interconnection; with the following members:

Uganda
Kenya
Tanzania

16
In SAPP Tanzania grid is yet to be interconnected. A 330kV line is planned to connect the Zambia
grid to Tanzania grid. Also the East Africa interconnection does not connect the Tanzanian grid to
Uganda or Kenya. However the north western park of Tanzania (Kagera Region is supplied power
from the Uganda grid. feasibility studies are currently underway to see the viability of interconnect
Tanzanian grid (from Arusha) to Kenya grid (to Nairobi). Kenya and Uganda grids are already
interconnected.
Advantages of Grid Interconnectivity
Coordinate the planning and operation of the electric power systems among the member utilities.
Reduce both capital and operating cost through co-ordination.
Increase system reliability through emergency support when required.
Provides forum for solutions to electric energy problems in the region.
Four Agreements Govern SAPP
Inter-Governmental Memorandum of Understanding - Enabled the establishment of SAPP
Inter-Utility Memorandum of Understanding - Establishes SAPPs Management and Operating
principles
Agreement Between Operating Members - Establishes the specific Rules of Operation and
Pricing
Operating Guidelines - Provide Standards and Operating Guidelines
3.2
3.2.1
KENYA
Case Studies of the River Nzoia Basin
Hydropower Potential
S/N Reference
Evaluation Summary of contents
The National Power Development Plan (NPDP) gives, in detail, the potential sites
for hydropower in Kenya according to drainage basins.
Description:
Kenya National Power
Development Plan
(1986 2006),
Appendix Volume 2.
June 1987. Prepared by
Acres International
Limited
River Nzoia basin, which lies in The Lake Basin, has five significant hydropower
potential areas.
Installed
Firm Energy Average Energy
No. River
Project
Capacity (MW) (GW.h/yr)
(GW.h/yr)
1.
Physical Location:
2.
Library, Kenya Power 3.
and Lighting Company
4.
(KPLC)
5.
Format: Printed Report
Access Fee: Free
Description:
Water Resources Study
for the Kerio Valley
Basin. November 1981.
Report submitted by
Kerio Valley
Development Authority
Physical Location:
Library, Ministry of
Nzoia
Hemsted Bridge 60
297
307
Nzoia
Rongai
12
52
72
Nzoia
Lugari
15
62
86
Nzoia
Webuye Falls
30
115
170
Nzoia
Anyika
25
95
125
Subtotal Nzoia
60
297
307
The Plan document recommends a reconnaissance level study of the Hemsted
Bridge and Webuye Falls projects on the river Nzoia. The document also contains
information on the pre-feasibility study of the Nzoia-Kerio Water transfer
scheme.
The reason for the Kerio Valley Development Authority (KVDA) to further their
research on Nzoia River was the rivers upper region potential for hydropower
generation. The upper region of River Nzoia is adjacent to the Kerio Valley. The
upper Nzoia River, because of the available flow and its geographical situation
above and alongside the Elgeyo Escarpment, could contribute to the generation of
hydropower. This was if the interbasin transfer, diversion of the upper Nzoia
River flow, was to be found economically justifiable, notably by using the fall
from the Elgeyo Escarpment for energy generating purposes. The report also
gives the mean monthly discharge co-efficients and the discharge co-efficients for
the dry months of 5-year return period for various gauge stations within the Nzoia

17

Energy
Basin.

Access Fee: Free
The identified plant sites of the Nzoia River basin and the tributaries are as shown
Description:
below:
Small Scale
Hydroelectric Schemes
River
Site code
Catchment area (km2)
in South West Kenya.
Nzoia
42
3840
April 1981. I:
41
8340
Preliminary Survey
Report:
Kuywa
4A1
138
Physical Location:
Energy
Kapkateny
Moiben
4A2
4B1
4B2
4B3
28
240
170
66
Access Fee: Free
S/N Reference
The information contained in the document is old and some of it could be

outdated. However, the information and data can be used in the planning studies
and in the development of hydropower projects in the Basin.
Description:
Small Scale
Hydroelectric Scheme in
South-West Kenya; I:
Preliminary Survey
Report, April 1981. By
Imatran Voima Oy Ivo
Consulting Engineers
and Finconsult
Consulting Engineers
Physical Location:
Energy
Access Fee: Free
Ten rivers in the Lake Basin and Kerio Valley, Arror, Muruny, Perkerra, Nzoia,
Yala, Nyando, Sondu, Kuja, Mara and Migori. The selected hydropower
potential sites were evaluated. The feasibility of the plant sites was evaluated
basing on the Technical factors, Infrastructural factors and economical factors.
Teremi falls/kuywa, in Nzoia Basin, was one of the selected plant sites. This
was based on the duration of the flow, total available head, accessibility and
construction possibilities, the present power consumption potential, economic
parameters and multi-purpose possibilities. The plant site was recommended for
feasibility study.
The socio-economic environment of the regions and the hydrological
information of the plant sites are also given. The hydrological information given
in the document include: -Extreme and observed values of river discharges,
maximum discharge, mean of annual maximums, mean discharges, mean of
annual minimums, minimum discharges, frequency of minimum and maximum
discharges, maximum and minimum discharges and their return periods,
duration of flow, and design flood.
Description:
Water Resources Study
for the Kerio Valley
Basin. November 1981.
Report submitted by
Kerio Valley
Development Authority
Physical Location:
Energy

18

Access Fee: Free
Description:
Small Scale
Hydroelectric Schemes
in South West Kenya.
April 1981. Preliminary
Survey Report:
Physical Location:
Energy
Access Fee: Free
Dam Sites
S/N Reference
1
The potential and existing dam sites along the River Nzoia Basin are as
follows
Description:
EXISTING DAM SITES AT POTENTIAL DAM SITES AT
The Study on the
National Water Master
Twin Rivers
Kipkaren
Plan. Sectoral Report,
Ellegirini
Kiboro
Integrated
Water
Mukulusi
Resources
Planning.
Moiben
July 1992
Lower Moiben
Moi's Bridge
Physical Location:
Hemsted Bridge
Water Development
Access Fee: Free
Description:
Lake Basin
Development Authority:
Five Year Development
Plan, 1983-1988,
Republic of Kenya
Physical Location:
Water Development
The document contains information on Hydropower projects that were

planned to be undertaken within the planning period. These projects are
Sondu/Miriu lower dam, Webuye falls, Teremi Falls and Mau Forest in
order of priority. Both Webuye and Teremi falls lie in River Nzoia basin.
It was found out that Webuye falls project was to have considerable effect
on not only on power generation, but also contribute greatly to flood
amelioration downstream of River Nzoia. The projects were to impact on
promotion of rural electrification, agro-industries and Irrigation.
Complete feasibility study of Teremi falls had been done and funds
Format: Printed Report earmarked for the implementation. The power by the project was not to be
fed into the national grid, but attest to the viability of mini-hydros and their
effects on rural community.
Access Fee: Free
A summary of the cost estimates, for Sondu/Miriu and Webuye projects, and
cost estimates for feasibility studies of Teremi and Mau Forest are given.
Also the estimated plant investment cost for Teremi falls and Nzoia/Kuywa
have been given.
The data and information contained in the document, though old, can be
used in the future planning.

19
S/N Reference
The information given in the report about the dam sites in the River Nzoia
Description:
basin is sufficient for future planning and development of the sites.
The Study on the
Plan. Sectoral Report The document contains the details on the existing dam sites, the on-going
dam sites and potential dam sites. The potential dam sites and their status
(H), Dam
Development Plan. By are as given in the table below:
JICA, July 1992
Dam site
River
Catcht Purpose Responsible Developt
area
agency
stage
Physical Location:
(km2)
1 Moiben
Moiben 188
W
MOWD
Pre-F/S
Water Development
2 Lower
Nzoia
644
P
KVDA
M/P
Moiben
Format: Printed
Report
3 Hemsteds
Nzoia
3752
I, P
KPC, LBDA M/P
4 Mois bridge Nzoia
858
W
MOWD
Pre-F/S
Access Fee: Free
5 Rongai
Nzoia
4709
I, P, W LBDA
M/P
6 Sergoit (1)
Sergoit 390
W
MOWD
M/P
7 Sregoit (2)
Sergoit 659
W
MOWD
M/P
8 Kerita
Kerita 104
W
MOWD
M/P
9 Kisongoi
Kisongoi 119
W
MOWD
M/P
10 Webuye Falls Nzoia
8420
P, I
LBDA
M/P
11 Lugari
Nzoia
830
I, P
LBDA
M/P
12 Teremi
Kuywa 138
P
LBDA
F/S
13 Rambula
Nzoia
11849
I, P
MOWD
Where, W: Water Supply, I: Irrigation, P: Hydropower, M/P: Master Plan,
Pref-F/S: Pre-Feasibility Study, F/S: Feasibility Study
Rambula dam site, on River Nzoia was covered in the Survey. The survey
Description:
was carried out between August and December 1990, which involved:
The Study on the
National Water Master Arrangement to sub-letting the work to local survey or contractor,
Plan, Sectoral Report Aerial photography and control point survey for photogrammetric
mapping, profile survey and leveling survey for establishment of site
(K): Topographic
Survey of Dam Sites. datum.
Supervision of survey work executed by contractors.
Republic of Kenya,
Ministry of Water
Development, JICA,
July1992
Physical Location:
Water Development
Format: Printed
Report
Access Fee: Free

20
Existing Hydropower Sites

Reconnaissance Studies
S/N Reference
1
The description of the Nzoia river catchement basin in terms of administrative

set-up, population, Labour and Agriculture. The description of the sub-areas:
Description:
Pre-investment Study for the Boundaries, climate and soil details from the Agronomic standpoint, the
Water management and lower and upper Nzoia sub-sector.
development
of
the
Nyando and Nzoia River
Basin, Nzoia River Basin
Pre-Investment Report. By
Interconsult,
Rome,
October 1983
Physical Location:
Library, Ministry of Water
Development
Access Fee: Free
The document contains information on the potential water source for future
development for each district. It details the following issues: Description:
1. Teremi Dam: Which is proposed for Hydropower development
The National Water Master
project
Plan, Main report, Volume
2.
Description of Nzoia/Yala basin and the executing agency being The
III, Part 2: Action Plan by
Lake Basin Development Authority
Province/District.
By
3.
The Water resources study for Nzoia Basin and the executing agency
JICA, July 1992
is Ministry of Water Development
4. The potential water sources for future development: Mushangumbo
dam, Hemsted Bridge Dam, and Webuye falls dam.
Physical Location:
Library, Ministry of Water
Development
Access Fee: Free
The document contains detailed information on the Rivers in the Lake Basin
Description:
Lake
Basin
River region. The description of the river catchments and the potential water projects
Catchement, development that can be developed within the basin is done in detail.
River profiles Studies and
Water Supply Plan. Basin The information and data contained in the document is reliable enough to be
Water Balances and Inter- used for the planning and development of the water related projects within the
Basin Transfer Studies Lake Basin.
Report. Volume III, March
1985
Physical Location:
Library, United Nations
Environmental programme
(UNEP)
Access Fee: Free

21
3.2.2
Description for River Nzoia Basin
COUNTRY:
Kenya
BASIN:
River Nzoia Basin
Location
River Nzoia lies in the western region of Kenya. The catchment area is bounded by latitudes 1o 30N
and 0o 30S and Latitude 34o E and 35o 45E. The catchment area may be divided into two subcatchments, Lower Nzoia and Upper Nzoia sub-basins.
Lower Nzoia
Latitude:
Longitude:
0o 04N and 0o 11S

33o 57E and 34o 14E
Upper Nzoia
Latitude:
Longitude:
0o 04N and 0o 55S

34o 55E and 35o 10E
Brief Description of the River Nzoia Basin

River Nzoia flows into Lake Victoria just North of Yala swamp and rises from Cheranganyi hills in
the East with tributaries feeding it from mount Elgon in the North. The basin covers an area of about
12000km2 and a total length of 275km. River Nzoia basin transgresses many regions thus land use
will vary accordingly. In the lower regions of Budalangi the soils are poorly drained and mainly of
clay type due to the frequent flooding. Thus, agriculture is not very prevalent in the area. However,
note that in the agro-ecological zones Budalangi area is marked LM4, the marginal cotton zone.
Lower Nzoia
Lower Nzoia is of 125.4 km2 in area and lies at the altitude of 1,130m to 1225m Above Sea Level.
The area is generally flat and swampy. The permanent swamps cover a total area of 25 km2.
Main Land Use
Livestock rearing and fish farming are common activities. Agro-economic conditions are generally
poor throughout the sub-area with exception of Bunyala pilot irrigation scheme. Cotton is practically
the only crop produced for the market. Maize farming is done on small scale for the local market only.
Sugar-cane farming is practiced on small farms.
Most roads are not tarmacked, which poses a serious problem in the communication network.
Upper Nzoia
Upper Nzoia basin covers a total area of 170.5 km2. The landform is hilly with steep slopes. The subbasin lies between the altitudes of 1625metres and 1825metres Above Sea Level. The minimum and
maximum elevations are 1917m ASL and 4300 ASL.
Main Land Use
Crops are generally grown on scattered hill-side plots separated by extensive rangeland. Main crop
grown is hybrid maize, followed by sunflower. Other crops are beans and cassava. A cattle rearing is
also practiced. The roads in the upper Nzoia basin are in fair conditions making communication fair.
The Hydrology of River Nzoia Basin
The mean monthly rainfall trend represents two maxima and minima over the year. The First and
Second maxima occur from April to May and July to November respectively. The minimum and
maximum mean monthly rainfall is 20mm and 200mm respectively. The mean annual rainfall is

22
between 1000 to 1500mm. The isohyets are 45 inches on entering Lake Victoria, 60 inches at Mount
Elgon and 50 inches around Cherangani hills 50 inches.
The highest river discharges occur between May and September while the lowest river discharges
occur between January and March. Annual Runoff: 310mm and Runoff ratio; 21.7%
The rivers within the river Nzoia basin are River Nzoia, River Kuywa and River Moiben. Both rivers
Kuywa and Moiben drain into River Nzoia, which drains into Lake Victoria. Moiben River has a
catchment of 262 km2, the upper and lower river Nzoia have 1470 and 8420 km2 catchement areas
respectively. The middle Nzoia river, Nzoia at Moi's bridge has a catchement area of 1470 km2.
Other Features
Floods
River Nzoia is characterized with flooding in its lower reaches. The river floods frequently, annually.
This is due to the large catchment area versus one river to let the water into the lake. There is intense
erosion in the upstream region due to deforestation. The soil blocks the channel or fills it, hindering
the free flow of water. Deposition of the material eroded in the upstream takes place in the
downstream. The deposition is intensive due to the low gradient of the riverbed. The deposition
reduces the depth and thus the capacity of the river, which eventually results into flooding. Dykes
have been constructed over 32 km stretch in the downstream of the river Nzoia to contain the flood
problem
Design Flood: Flood discharge of 117m3/s is obtained from the flood envelope curve applicable to the
Lake Basin. One of the stations within the basin is considered favorable since it has an automatic
stage recorder and lies downstream of the River Basin covering an area of 1180km2. The 25 and 50
year return period peak discharges from the station are 1100m3/s and 1360m3/s respectively. It is
considered that these values can be taken as valid for the end reaches of the Nzoia where periodic
flooding occurs. It is evident that discharges of this order are likely to result in floods involving
several hundred millions cubic meters thus flooding very large areas.
In Reference (LBDA) the development of the Webuye falls project was a to be implemented as a
multi-purpose project: for hydropower generation and for amelioration of the flood in the downstream
of River Nzoia.
Erosion and Sedimentation
Erosion in the upper catchment area of the basin is due largely to deforestation. Erosion in the lower
reaches of the basin is caused by the progressive movement of the meanders causing bank materials to
be moved downstream. Erosion in the upper catchment area leads to mass sedimentation in the lower
areas. The solution lies largely in the control of erosion in the upper catchment.
Annual sediment delivery in river Nzoia is between 158,400 to 326,350 tonnes (Dunnes, 1974).
Reference Materials and their Sources
1.
Angwenyi George, 1979: Water Resources of the Lake Basin, a Research Paper. University of
Nairobi. Location: Nairobi University Library
2.
Dunnes Thomas, 1974: Suspended sediment data for the rivers of Kenya US department of
Geological Sciences, University of Washington. Location: Nairobi University Library
3.
Interconsult, 1980: Pre-Investment Study for Water Management and Development of Nyando
and River Nzoia Basins. Location: Library, Ministry of Water Development
4.
Republic of Kenya, Lake Basin Development Authority: Fiver Year Development Plan, 19831988
5.
MOWD, 1981: Western Province Annual Report

23
6.
MOWD, 1980: Gauge height and Flow records. Location: Library, Ministry of Water
Development
7.
MOWD, 1979: National Water Master Plan Stage 1. March 1979. Tibbets Abbert McCarthy
Stratton. Location: Library, Ministry of Water Development
8.
MOWD, 1976: Report on Nzoia River Flood Protection, Bunyala Location
9.
MOWD, 1973: Surface Water Resources in Kenya, June 1973. Location: Library, Ministry of
Water Development
10. Proposal for a pre-investment study for water management and development of the Nyando and
Nzoia River Basin July 1978. Ministry of Water Development: Location: Library, Ministry of
Water Development
11. Water Resources Study for the Kerio Valley Basin. November 1981. Report submitted by Kerio
Valley Development Authority. Location: Library, Ministry of Energy
3.2.3
Inventory of Capacity Building Needs
Inventory of Existing Human Resources in Hydropower Development

S/N Reference
1
The Kenyan hydropower development sector is majorly controlled by KenGen,

which does the work of generating, and KPLC, which buys from KenGen and
Description:
Annual KenGen Report, other IPPs and distributes the power.
2001/2002
The staff existent at KenGen is as shown in the Table
2001/2002
2000/2001
Physical Location:
Technical
1096
1129
Library, KenGen
Non-Technical
452
458
Management
540
531
Total
1548
1587
Access Fee: Free

24
Inventory of Required Human Resources in Hydropower Development

S/N Reference
The document details the need of skilled human resource in water resources.
Hydrometrists, Hydrological Experts/Hydrologists, and Water Resource
Engineers are required. The document also contains the duties of the required
persons.
Description:
Plan Stage 1, Volume
IV: Organization,
Manpower and Training.
By Tippets Abbet, et.,
al, Engineers and
Architects.
The local institutions, Universities, Polytechnics, Technical institutes, that train

manpower relevant for water and energy sectors are also included in the
document. The courses offered and level of training are also included.
There is no specialized training for the hydropower sub-sector.
Physical Location:
Water Development
Access Fee: Free
Inventory Of Human Resources Capacity Development Needs In Hydropower

Needs: Training Needs, Facilities, Master Planning And Cooperation Arrangements
S/N Reference
1
The document only gives a general situation for need of manpower in the energy
industry. It does not give specific skilled human resource required in the energy
Description:
National Energy Policy, sector.
2003
Technologies and policy issues in the energy sector are highly dynamic. There is
therefore a need to continuously train and upgrade human resource capacity to
keep
up with these dynamics. In Kenyas energy sector, specialized research and
Physical Location:
consultancy services have largely been internationally sourced due to inadequate
domestic capacity to undertake such tasks. In addition, specialized training
Energy, KPLC
programmes on energy are not available in the countrys institutions of higher
learning. (NEP)
Access Fee: Free
Description:
Development Plan
(1986-2006). Appendix
Volume 2, June 1987.
Acres International
Limited
Physical Location:
Energy
The power plan document indicates the areas where skilled human resource is
required.
The following recommendations are proposed in the document: Increase the staff numbers in the planning department of KPLC and
provide thorough training in power system planning and analytical methods
2. Increase the number of staff hydrologists at the Ministry of Water and
Development and provide computer training advancements for all
professional staff
3. Ministry of energy and regional development should build up a small cadre
of staff skilled in the review and assessment of feasibility levels of future
generating plants in thermal, geothermal and hydroelectric power fields.
1.

Access Fee: Free

25
Description:
KenGen Annual Report
and Accounts 1999
Physical Location:
Library, KenGen
The document only gives the general statement of the company concerning the
need for training and development of the specialized human resource.
The company continues to focus on enhanced training and development and the
creation of a good working environment in order to desire the best performance
from its staff. The companys staff consists of both locally and internationally
trained

Access Fee: Free
3.2.4
Local Power Practice
Introduction
S/N Reference
1
The document describes the general layout of the energy infrastructure in Kenya.
It describes in details the main sources of power; the latest significant reforms
Description:
National Energy Policy, and restructuring that have been initiated in the energy industry.
Draft 2003
The overall national development objectives of the Government of Kenya are
accelerated economic growth and rising productivity of all sectors, equitable
distribution of national income, alleviation of poverty through provision of basic
Physical Location:
needs, enhanced agricultural production, industrialization, accelerated
employment creation and improved rural-urban balance.
Energy
Access Fee: Free
The energy sector in Kenya is dominated by petroleum and electricity as the

prime movers of the modern sector of the economy while wood fuel, provides
energy needs of the traditional sector including rural communities and the urban
poor. The distribution of energy consumption on national level is as given in the
table below:
Significant reforms and restructuring were affected in the power sub-sector by
the Government of between 1994 and 2000 in order to: 1. Rationalize the operations of sub-sector players;
2. Generate revenue for system operation and expansion through tariff
increases;
3. Create competition by liberalizing generation;
4. Enhance productivity and the efficiency of service delivery and;
5. Broaden the financial resource base for power sub-sector.
The main sources of energy in Kenya are: a. Electricity: its consumption is low at 121/kWh per Capita
b. Fossil fuels: mainly used in transport, commercial and industrial sectors
c. Biomass: from forest formations. Includes wood fuels and agricultural
residues
d. Other renewables: wind energy, small hydros, power alcohol, and
biogas.
Energy Source
Biomass
Petroleum
Electricity
Others
Energy
68
22
9
1
consumption (%)
There is 3000MW of hydroelectric power potential in the category of micro to
small projects that are considered uneconomic to exploit. However, the
feasibility studies of these projects may establish economic viability and the
Government encourages development of such projects by communities and
investors alike.

26
3.2.5
Power Utility Standards
References
S/N Reference
1
Description:
The Kenya Electricity
Grid Code and Standards The following Standards are found at the Electricity Regulatory Board offices in
Nairobi. In cases where there are no Kenyan Standards, the international
(KEGCSE)
standards of IEC, IEEE, ISO, ASTM or ITU can be referenced. Similarly, where
there are neither International nor Kenyan standards, foreign national standards
can be referenced. There are standards on: Physical Location:
1. Generation
Library, Electricity
i.
General
Regulation Board,
ii.
Electrical machines
Internet:
iii.
Internal combustion generators
www.kebs.co.ke
iv.
Wind energy generation
v.
Solar photovoltaic
Format: Printed Format
vi.
Fuel cell systems
and Electronic
vii.
Decentralized systems
viii. Hydropower
Access Fee:
ix.
Nuclear
Free
x.
Battery installations
xi.
Geothermal
xii.
Bio-energy
2. Transmission
i.
Conductors
ii.
Transformers
a. General
b. Power transformers
iii.
Electromagnetic interference
iv.
Electromagnetic compatibility and harmonics
3. Distribution
i.
General
ii.
Cables/conductors
iii.
Switchgear
iv.
Safety
v.
Transformers
vi.
Standard voltages
vii.
Earthing/lightning protection
viii. Fluctuations
4. Metering
i.
General
ii.
Electricity meters
iii.
Instrument transformers
5. Quality systems
i.
Environmental management systems
ii.
Quality management systems
iii.
Reliability and dependability
6. Miscellaneous

27
S/N Reference
2
The available specific standards on hydropower are as follows: 1. ANSI/IEEE Std 1010, IEEE guide for control of Hydroelectric Power
Description:
Plants
2.
IEEE Std 1020, IEEE Guide for control of small Hydroelectric Power
Grid Code and Standards
Plants
(KEGCSE)
3. CD/04/01-1/03, Kenya Standard Hydropower systems design code part
1: general design requirements
4.
CD/04/01-2/03, Kenya Standard Hydropower systems design code part
Physical Location:
2: Symbols and Glossary of terms
Regulation Board,
3: Guidelines for public safety at hydropower sites and dams
Internet: www.kebs.co.ke 6. CD/04/01-4/03, Kenya Standard Hydropower systems design code part
4: Resource analysis and design of hydropower harnessing structures
Format: Printed Format 7. CD/04/01-5/03, Kenya Standard Hydropower systems design code part
and Electronic
5: Mechanical design
Access Fee:
6: Electrical design
Free
7: Environmental impact analysis and mitigation guidelines
10. CD/04/01-8-1/03, Kenya Standard Hydropower systems design code
part 8-1: Specific design requirements for micro hydropower systems
(300kW)
11. CD/04/01-8-2/03, Kenya Standard Hydropower systems design code
part 8-2: Specific design requirements for Pico hydropower systems
(5kW)
9: Installation, operation and maintenance
13. CD/04/01-10/03, Kenya Standard Hydropower systems design code
part 10: Mini-grid design
14. CD/04/02-1/03, Kenya Standard Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and
pump turbines Part 1: General and annexes
pump turbines Tendering Documents Part 2: Guidelines for technical
specifications for Francis turbines
pump turbines Tendering documents Part 3: Guidelines for technical
specifications for Pelton turbines
specifications for Kaplan and Propeller turbines
specifications for tubular turbines
specifications for storage pumps
20. KS IEC 60041, Kenya Standard Field acceptance tests to determine the
hydraulic performance of hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pumpturbines

28
S/N Reference
21. KS IEC 60193, Kenya Standard Hydraulic turbines, storage and pumpturbines model acceptance test.
Description:
22.
KS IEC 60308, Kenya Standard Code of testing speed-governing systems
for hydraulic turbines.
Grid Code and Standards
23. KS IEC 60545, Kenya Standard Guide for commissioning, operation and
(KEGCSE)
maintenance of hydraulic turbines.
24. IEEE Std 1147, IEEE Guide for the Rehabilitation of Hydroelectric Power
Plants
Physical Location:
KEGCSE creates a link between ERB with other power sub-sector players,
Regulation Board,
which include:
Internet: www.kebs.co.ke
1. Electricity Regulatory Board (ERB),
2. Ministry of Energy (GoK);
Format: Printed Format
3. Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) and
and Electronic
4. Electricity Power Producers, KenGen and other Independent Power
Producers (IPPs).
Access Fee:
The
code
and
standard steering committee on the other hand consists of:
Free
1. Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS)
2. National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)
3. Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM)
4. Consumer Information Network
S/N Reference
The document details the Government Acts that govern issues of the power
sub-sector. Electricity is governed by the Electric power Act, 1997, which
directly regulates the generation, transmission, distribution and supply of
electric power. Since the process of production would always effect the
environment in the immediate and far vicinity thus intertwined in the
environmental laws, which include: 1. Water Act (Cap 371);
2. Forest Act (Cap 385);
3. Environmental Management and Coordination Act;
4. Taxation laws in relation to pricing of electricity;
5. Geothermal resources Act, 1982
6. Energy conservation laws;
Description:
Study on Kenyas energy
demand, supply and
policy strategy for
households, small-scale
industries and services
establishment. Final
report, September 2002
Physical Location:
Energy
Access Fee: Free
Description:
The Electric Power Act,
1997
Physical Location:
Library: Ministry of
Energy; Electricity
Regulation Board,
KenGen,
Internet: www.erb.org
The Electric Power Act is very detailed and elaborate. The Act was approved
on 22nd December 1997 and became effective as from 9th January 1998
The 85-page Electric Power Act addresses issues on licensing of activities by
power players; Supply of electric power; Electricity Regulatory board. The Act
applies to every public or local authority, company, person or body of persons
generating, transmitting, distributing, supplying or using electrical energy, and
to all works or apparatus for any or all of these purposes.
Format: Printed Format,

Electronic
Access Fee: Free

29
3.2.6
Billing Systems
S/N Reference
1
The document contains information on the billing standards and procedures for
Description:
the electricity power in Kenya.
Update Study on
electricity Tariffs in
The electricity tariffs are generally set under the guidelines relating to policy
Kenya, April 2002, by: objectives:
The Ministry of Energy,
1. Economic policy: to ensure efficient resource allocation such that the
KPLC, and KenGen.
consumer pays for the costs incurred by the supplier;
2. Financial policy: changing levels to attain financial targets and ensure
the long term financial viability of the supplier;
Physical Location:
3. Social policy: re-allocation of costs based on cross-subsidies between
consumer categories to meet socio-economic requirements of specific
customer groups.
Energy
Access Fee: Free
Description:
The Electric Power Act,
1997
Physical Location:
Library: Ministry of
Energy; Electricity
Regulation Board,
KenGen,
Format: Printed Format,
Electronic
Access Fee: Free
3.2.7
Institutional Arrangements, Private Sector Participation and Its Capacity
S/N Reference
1
The National Energy Policy details the government and non-governmental

institutions that are major players in the generation and supply of power in
Description:
National Energy Policy, Kenya. The roles and responsibilities of each institution.
Draft 2003
The Governments activities in the power sub-sector are limited to formulation
and articulation of policies through which: a. It provides an enabling environment to all economic operators and other
Physical Location:
sub-sectors;
b. Training of manpower
Energy
c. Prepares the countrys Least Cost Electric Power Development Plan
(LCPDP);
d. Implements the rural electrification programme;
e. Mobilizes the financial resources for system expansion;
Access Fee: Free
The Electricity Regulatory Board (ERB), an autonomous, independent subsector regulator, was established in 1998 under the Electric Power Act to: a. Set, review and adjust the consumer tariffs;
b. Approve Power Purchase Agreements;
c. Promote competition in the sub-sector where feasible;
d. Resolve consumer complaints;
e. Enforce environmental, healthy and safety regulations.

30
KenGen, a state owned company, and KPLC in which state interest stands at
51% of the equity are the principal players in the power sub-sector. KPLC has a
virtual monopoly in Transmission, distribution and supply of electricity. KPLC
is the only licensed public electricity supplier has energy purchase contracts
with Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and KenGen. KenGen accounts for
more than 81.8% of the total installed capacity, the private sector for 16.1% and
the Government under the rural electrification programme for 0.4%.
Since power generation was liberalized in 1996, four IPPs with a combined
installed capacity of 187MW are currently in operation. Each IPPs is responsible
for the operation and maintenance of its own power plant. The role of the IPPs is
expected to grow over time in generation, distribution and supply. The response
by the private sector in the area of Electric power development since
liberalization of power generation segment in 1996 has been lukewarm due to
the requirements of capital intensive and large volume of funds needed.
S/N Reference
1
The document details the Private power producers in Kenya and the respective type
of power produced.
Description:
Five IPPs are now operating, providing 187.5MW. They are IberaAfrica, Westmont,
Development Plan
Tsavo Power Plant, Mumias Sugar Company which deal with thermal power
(1986 2006),
Appendix Volume 2. production and OrPower 4 which is a geothermal plant providing approximately
June 1987. Prepared by 12MW of power.
Acres International
Limited
Physical Location:
Library, Kenya Power
and Lighting Company
(KPLC)
Access Fee: Free
The document describes in detail the main five power producers in Kenya. The
Description:
producers generate power and sell to Kenya Power and Lighting Company, the only
Reforming the
licensed public supplier. The table below shows the Five power Producers, their
Electricity Sub-sector ownership and installed capacity.
to build a competitive
industry in Kenya.
Company generating
Ownership
Capacity
Percentage
Bondet, I.K. and
installed
Nyang, F.O.
(MW)
November 2003
1. Kenya Electricity Generating Government of
951
83.7
Company Ltd.(KenGen),
Kenya
Physical Location:
2. IberaAfrica (E.A) Power Ltd IPP
56
4.9
Library; Electricity
3.
OrPower
4
Inc.
IPP
12
1.1
Regulation Board,
IPP
74
6.5
Internet: www.erb.org 4. Tsavo Power Company Ltd.
5. Westmont Power (K) Ltd.
IPP
43
3.8
Format: Printed
Total
1136
100
Format, Electronic
Access Fee: Free

31
3.2.8
Capacity For Financing Arrangements
S/N Reference
The document details the capital requirements of the Electricity Supply Industry
(ESI). The report describes the funding arrangements for the power sub-sector
activities and projects and the private sector funding for IPPs.
Description:
Reforming the
Electricity Sub-sector
to build a competitive
industry in Kenya.
Bondet, I.K. and
Nyang, F.O.
November 2003
The ESI is a capital-intensive industry with high-level technology in control and

switchgear. The industry needs large infusions of development capital hence the
need for offshore funding. Traditionally funding has been obtained from donors,
such as, WB, IFC, IDA, KfW, JBIC, EIB etc.
Physical Location:
Regulation Board,
Format: Printed
Format, Electronic
Access Fee: Free
Description:
Inventory of Energy
Research Activities in
Kenya by Zakayo M.
Karimi, July 1988
Physical Location:
Library; Kenya
National Council of
Science and
technology (NSCS)
The document contains information on the funding arrangements for the research
and development activities in the energy industry in Kenya. It details the
organizations and companies, which are on the forefront in funding the energy
projects and the funding procedures.
The funding of energy research and development in Kenya is by collateral funding
through Government Ministries; research institutions; e.g. universities. Funding may
also be by International and Bilateral Agencies such as USAID, SIDA, UNESCO,
JICA, ICRAF, ODA, WB, UNICEF, GTZ, GAT, IDRC, FAO, NORAD, EEC, ICO
and Non-Governmental Organization such as ACTION AID, OXFAM, TDG, CARE
and Private companies are also involved in funding the energy activities.
Format: Printed
Format, Electronic
Access Fee: Free

32
3.3
UGANDA
3.3.1 Introduction
The energy sector in Uganda is divided into 4 sub-sectors, namely petroleum, electricity, wood fuel
and new and renewable sources. It is a major component of the countrys infrastructure supporting
both economic and social development. Uganda consumes energy at rate of slightly more than 5
million tons of oil equivalent per annum. The energy sector is characterized by heavy dependence on
biomass resources, which provide 94% of the total energy needs.
Biomass is the most important source of energy for households, small-scale industries like lime, brick
and tile making and a number of agro-based industries like tea, tobacco and fishing. Electricity
contributes 1% of the total energy consumed. Only 6% of Ugandas estimated population of 24
million has access to electricity (a figure which is low by international standards). The table below
gives an energy balance for the country for the year 2002.
Adopted from Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development Annual Report 2002

33
Liquid Fuels
SUPPLY
Production
Imports
Exports
Total Supplies
Electricity
Fuel Wood
Total
83.6
4920.0
-20.5
63.0
4920.0
5003.6
206.8
-20.5
5189.8
0
4920.0
23.3
5166.5
206.8
206.8
CONVERSION
Losses
0
23.3
Final
206.8
39.7
Consumption
CONSUMPTION
6.7
Industrial
182.3
Transport
23.3
24.5
Domestic
3.1
Commercial
6.6
Miscellaneous
Total
206.8
39.7
Consumption
Adopted from Kennedy & Donkin, 1996
4920.0
4920.0
6.7
182.3
4967.8
3.1
6.6
5166.5
Note
All figures in Thousand tonnes of Oil Equivalent (ktoe)
Conversion from GWh to ktoe assume 1 ktow = 12.278GWh

Hydropower is generally cheaper, cleaner and a more environmentally friendly source of electricity.
Uganda has a comparative advantage in the region with its abundant hydropower potential though less
than 10% has been exploited.
The choice of hydropower remains the only option for Ugandas electricity needs. It takes one litre of
diesel (1 litre = 86 US cents) to generate 3.8kWh which translates to 1 kWh costing approximately 22
US cents on the existing thermal generators. On the other hand the national average tariff for 1 kWh is
approximately 9.2US cents (1 US $ = 1850 Uganda Shillings, May 2004).
The government operates thermal plants with a total capacity of 2.13MW in isolated upcountry areas
far from the national grid. These economically non viable plants are expected to be phased out by
2005. The country has two hydro plants which provide it with over 99% of its electricity
requirements.
Figure 3-1: Uganda Power System (2002)

34
3.3.2 Government Policy

The overall policy objectives of Uganda government in the energy sector are to:
Improve the quality and quantity of energy supply through appropriate sector reforms and
establishment of an enabling legislation;
The promotion of efficient utilization of energy resources and execution of rural

electrification programmes.
In expanding access to energy services, the government policy is to promote private sector
participation in the development of both conventional and renewable energy resources. Another key
objective is to maximize opportunities for export of power to neighbouring countries once the internal
demand is adequately met.
Uganda is currently pursuing two rural electrification projects. The purpose of the first project is to
subsidize private investment in the rural network expansion Energy for Rural Transformation (ERT)
program. This World Bank funded project will inject US $ 375 million over a period of 10 years with
the goal of increasing rural access from 1% to 10%. This equates to additional 500,000 customers.
There exists an opportunity of vending by the private sector with subsidies from government.
The second program is a three-year pilot program aiming at connecting 2,000 customers with off grid
solar. Solar power is useful for low consumption areas that are far from the existing grid. The third
prong of Ugandas strategy is to increase low cost hydro generation. Bujagali is fundamental to make
the first two prongs successful.The power from the Bujagali project will meet the core demand for
Ugandas energy needs as well as support the rural electrification strategy. In parallel, mini-hydros
further away from the grid are also being developed with investments from the private sector to reach
distant local markets. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is promoting the Uganda Rural
Electrification Company Ltd with mini hydros in Bushenyi and Mbarara.
3.3.3 Power Sector Reforms In Uganda
The Uganda power sector was the monopoly of Uganda Electricity Board (UEB), a government utility
until 1999. UEB was established by the Electricity Act of 1964 and was responsible for generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity as well as being the regulator.
Liberalisation in the power sector in 1999 resulted in repealing of the Electricity Act 1994 and
enactment of the Electricity Act 1999. The aim of the new Act was to open up the generation and
distribution sectors to private investors. As a result UEB ceased to exist and the following were put in
place:
Creation of an independent regulatory body called the Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERA),
Unbundling of UEB into 4 bodies:
Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited (UEGCL), which is responsible for 99% of
all generation in the country at the two operating power stations. The business (not the
assets) of UEGCL was privatised on concession terms to Eskom Enterprises Africa. The
operation and maintenance agreement is that Eskom will run the two Ugandan hydropower
dams owned by the UEGCL for 20 years and they are to do their business by selling capacity
(bulk) not the energy sent out.
Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL) that is responsible for power
transmission at 132kV and above including exports to Kenya and Tanzania and it buys most
of the power from power generators. It is still a government utility and will remain so for
some time.
Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited (UEDCL), which is mandated to

distribute and sell power to end-users. The company was recently sold to Umeme Ltd, a
consortium of South African and UK companies on concession terms requiring them to make
60,000 new connections in their first year of operation.
Uganda Electricity Board Statutory, which is charged with completing former UEB projects.

35
3.3.4 Electricity Sector Status

The electricity sub-sector contributes 1% of the total energy consumed in Uganda, which is primarily
generated by Nalubaale and Kiira dams in Jinja. In the smaller, remote urban centres, electricity is
produced using diesel-oil generators. Although 40% of the countrys population lives in the area
covered by the electricity grid, only 6% of Ugandas population has access to electricity 5% in
urban areas and 1% in rural areas. The 94 per cent of the population, which is not yet reached,
represents a potential market for increased electric power generation, transmission and distribution
The distribution of electricity in towns is through 33 KV and 11 KV power lines. Long distance
transmission is through 132 KV and 66 KV lines. The electric grid extends across the southern part of
the country to cover Masaka, Kampala, and Jinja to the west of Owen Falls Dam and Tororo to the
east where it connects with the Kenyan system and to the northern line running up to Lira. Exports to
Tanzania are connected through the Masaka line. While those to Rwanda are through the Mbarara
line.
With the commissioning of unit III of the Owen Falls Extension (OFE), peak hour production of
290MW while the peak demand currently stands at over 300MW. This indicates a power deficit of 10
MW, leading to load shedding, which is a constraint to investment and economic diversification.
However, there has been a positive development from load shedding every other day to once a week
due to the additional 120MW from the Owen Falls Extension. Domestic power demand is estimated
to be growing at 8 per cent per annum.
3.3.5 Uganda Power Demand Forecast
Uganda has carried out some efforts to forecast the demand for electricity. Earlier work was done by
Kennedy & Donkin Power Ltd. in association with Sir Alexander Gibbs & Partners Ltd and Kananura
Melvin Consulting Engineers. Their report entitled Hydropower Development Master Plan came out
in November 1997 and covered the period 1995 to 2020. Because it was felt that Kennedy and Donkin
did not take into account certain parameters and assumptions, an optimisation study in another load
forecast was conducted by Electricite De France, EDF looking at the hydrology of Lake Victoria and
the load forecast.
The power demand and energy utilisation figures for Uganda domestic use and exports were based on
sales figures for various categories of consumers, factoring in population growth and economic
growth indices appropriately for High, Base and Low scenarios. Table 1-1 shows the power forecast
for Uganda until 2020.
Table 3-1: Uganda Power Demand Forecast
Year
2002
2010
2015
Power
demand 2,050
4,302
5,766
forecast (GWh)
2020
7,716
Figure 3-2: Electricity Demand Forecast for East Africa, 1999 2020

36
3.3.6
Existing and Potential for East African Power Cooperation
Existing Interconnections Between the East African Countries

Uganda supplies power to Kenya through an interconnection between the two countries, which has
been in existence for a number of years, via a 132 kV double circuit line from the Owen Falls
hydropower plant. The line has a capacity of carrying 80MW. Uganda also currently supplies the
north western portion of Tanzania via a 132 kV line from Masaka to Bukoba.
Potential Interconnections
Interconnections between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania have been studied previously and have the
potential for significant economic and operational benefits. However, these studies need to be updated
in order to unify the EA potentials as well as development of an interconnected system through an
East African Power Master Plan. Potentials for electricity sharing between Kenya and Tanzania exist
through a 350 km and a 400 km long 220 kV interconnection between Arusha and Nairobi and
between Dar es Salaam and Mombasa respectively. The Arusha Nairobi interconnection could also
be used to exchange electric power between Tanzania and Uganda (wheeling through Kenya) via a
500 km long 220 kV line from Kampala to Nairobi. Another option is a 500 km 220 kV line from
Kenya to Tanzania (Olkaria Mwanza). At the present time neither Uganda nor Kenya have surplus
energy available for export, except for local supply to smaller centres in border regions. Uganda may
have surpluses in future, if and when future hydro resources currently under negotiations are
constructed. (TANESCO ACRES, 1999).
Uganda could also share its electricity with Tanzania through radial 132 kV connectors or higher
levels (100 to 200 MW) of electricity requiring a 700 km 220 kV interconnection from Kampala
(Kampala Mwanza).
East African Power Cooperation
The three East African countries decided to plan for the combined development of their power
systems. The benefits to be accrued from such combined development and interconnections include,
1. Reduction in capacity and reserves requirements in the individual systems,
2. Reduction in imported fuel requirements for power generation,
3. Emergency support and,
4. Optimisation of the utilisation of hydropower generation facilities in the area.
In consideration of the above facts, a meeting of the High Level Tripartite Task Force of Energy
Experts was held in Arusha 30-31 March 1998, under the auspices of the Secretariat of the
Commission for East African Cooperation. One of the outcomes of the meeting was a proposal for the
development of a regional power sector master plan. As a follow-up to this agreement EAC has
solicited funds from the World Bank for carrying out a comprehensive feasibility study of the power
sector to establish the East Africa Power Master Plan (East African Community, 2001). Figure 3.4 is
an East Africa map showing the interconnected system and potential interconnections.

37
Figure 3-3: East African Grid Systems and Potential Interconnections
3.3.7
HYDROLOGY
Introduction
Most of Uganda is green all year round and lakes and rivers cover a third of it. The mean annual
rainfall for most of the country is 1000mm with 500mm in the North East and 2000mm in the Lake
Victoria region.
River Nile forms the only outlet of Lake Victoria whose inflows include rainfall and drains from the
surrounding countries of Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. The annual flow of the
Nile at the source with Lake Victoria (assuming no man-made developments) is determined by the
correlation between the lake level at some predetermined point and the rating curve for Rippon
Falls which was the natural topographic control that originally formed the lake.
A major climatic event from 1961-1964 caused the lake level to rise by about 2 meters. A model study
was then used to extend the rating curve to cover these higher unexpected lake levels. But difficulties
were experienced because of disagreements in gauging data between two measuring stations
downstream on the Nile (Namasagali and Mbulamuti). The model was finally calibrated based on the
existing Rippon Falls rating curve and accepted by as being reasonable. The new derived rating curve
became known as the Agreed Curve. The present estimated Lake Victoria operating level is 11.9
meters, which is equivalent to a discharge of 1,044m3/s into the Nile.
River Nile Hydrology
The outlet of Lake Victoria is commonly accepted as the source of the Nile. With a surface area of
about 67 000 km2 Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and one of the largest in the world.

38
Outflows to the Nile are therefore the result of the balance between direct rainfall on the lake,
tributary inflows, lake evaporation and the hydraulic control, which determines the relationship
between outflow and lake level.
Until the construction of the Owen Falls dam, outflow was determined by the natural barrier of the
Ripon falls, some 3 km upstream of the dam. Following completion of the dam, hydro-power station
in 1954 the outflow has been controlled by a combination of releases through the turbines and the
sluices in the dam. By international agreement the dam has been operated as if natural conditions
governed the outflow, the relationship between outflow and lake level being known as the Agreed
Curve.
The hydrology of the Lake Victoria basin has been studied in some detail, particularly since the rise in
lake level over the period 1961-1964. These studies include:
1. World Meteorological Organisation (Hydrometeorological Survey), 1968, 1974 and 1982
2. Water Development Department, Uganda (De Baulny and baker), 1970
3. Institute of Hydrology (IH), United Kingdom. 1984, 1985 and 1993
4. Acres, Owen Falls Extension feasibility study report, 1990
The hydrological review of Nile flows has comprised an overview of the previous studies,
commencing with a review of Acres conclusions in view of their significance for hydropower
planning on the Nile. Subsequent sections present the results of bringing the records for Lake
Victoria up to date, more detailed studies of Lake Kyoga outflows and the derivation of net basin
supply series for use in system analyses.
Review of the Conclusions of the Different Studies
Acres reached the conclusion that the lake outflows before the construction of Owen Falls dam were
unreliable and have in the past been seriously underestimated. They concluded that decisions on
hydropower development should therefore be based on the higher net basin supply series from 1961
onwards, being representative of the true long term flow regime. Acres estimated that the likelihood
of a return to outflows as low as those observed in the period 1900-60 is very small, especially as they
also contend that the current Agreed Curve is not a reasonable representation of the natural rating
curve for Ripon Falls prior to the construction of Owen Falls dam.
The Acres findings are very far reaching in their effects and merit careful consideration given the
possible investments on the Nile in Uganda over the coming decades and the important contribution
the lake outflows make to flows in the main Nile down to Cairo. Acceptance of the high flow regime
since 1961 as the basis for planning could result in a substantial overestimation of the potential
generating capacity at Owen Falls and elsewhere if the acres findings are not valid. The average flow
recommended by Acres is nearly double the average that persisted according to the records over the
first five decades of this century.
The IH review concludes that they believe that it is unreasonable to propose any hypothesis regarding
errors in data or rejection errors in data or rejection of data or selection of a subset of the data as
representative of the long term condition, unless the proposed change adds to out ability to describe
the hydrology of the lake over the period for which data are available. The simpler the solution to the
water balance, the more likely it is to be accepted, and estimates for the lake rainfall, tributary inflows
and, indeed, outflows should be derived in a consistent way throughout the historical period.
Without better evidence, it is dangerous to assume that the net basin supply of recent decades is a
reliable measure of the long-term value; indeed at the simplest level there are more years of low
outflows than of the higher outflows in the record since it began in 1896. Also, anecdotal evidence
suggests that, although lake levels may have been as high in 1878 as 1964, the lake level dropped
rapidly in the next few years. It is evident that the assumption that the later high flow period of record
represents the long-term average outflow for energy generation seriously overestimates the firm
energy unless the Acres hypothesis (i.e. underestimation of flows by the Agreed Curve) is correct.

39
The most consistent conclusion is that:
The Nile flows increased during the sixties and were maintained at rates higher than normal
by increased rainfall during the sixties and seventies.
The operation of the Owen Falls Dam has not had a significant effect on lake levels.
There is no evidence that the Nile flows will stabilize around a level higher than the longterm average.
Several previous studies have shown that with the data available the best estimate, which can be
obtained for the Lake Victoria outflow record, is as follows:
1896 1939 Agreed Curve lake levels
1940 1956 Namasagali discharge measurements
1957 1991 Turbine/sluice releases

The overall conclusion is that the Agreed curve provides a good estimate for Lake Victoria outflows
over the full 100-year series (1896 1995). However, the revised outflows provide improvement in
certain periods. Planning for future hydropower development in Uganda should therefore recognise
that lake levels and corresponding outflows cannot be assumed to continue at as high a level as those
experienced over the last 30 years.
Lake Kyoga Outflows
The main river gauges below Lake Kyoga are at Masindi Port just downstream of the lake outlet, at
Kamdini about 80 km below the lake, and at Fajao and Paraa below Murchison Falls and above the
inlet to Lake Albert. Levels have been measured at Masindi Port since 1912, at Fajao irregularly
since 1932 and at Kamdini since 1940. Consistent regular measurements had ceased by 1978,
although the Masindi Port gauge has recently been rehabilitated and measurements re-commenced in
January 1996.
Discharge measurements taken at various stations between Lake Kyoga and Lake Alber are largely
concentrated in the period 1940 1978, with very limited measurements in 5 individual years during
the earlier years. From these measurements, rating curves have been developed for both Masindi Port
and Kamdini. Both records exhibit the rise in flows after the rise in Lake Victoria levels after 1961
and are very similar in form. The fact that the flow series have been derived independently provides
further conclusive evidence that the Agreed Curve gives realistic estimates of the Lake Victoria
outflows i.e. the conclusions reached by Acres are not supported by the evidence of the flow series
downstream of Lake Kyoga.
The intermittent measurement of discharges at Masindi Port and the shifts in ratings which have
occurred at this site means that less confidence can be placed in this record than that at Kamdini. It
may be noted particularly that the Masindi Port record is based on few gaugings in the early years and
is not supported by on site gaugings in the period 1946 1970. The Kamdini record is available for
the period 1940 1980, based on a composite rating, adjusted for contemporary gaugings either at the
site or downstream and provides the most consistently reasonable record on the Kyoga Nile. For
other periods (i.e. prior to 1912 and form 1980) the only way in which a flow record may be derived
is by correlation between Lake Victoria outflows and Lake Kyoga outflows. For the Lake Kyoga
outflows a composite record has therefore been derived as follows:
1896 1911
by correlation with Lake Victoria.
1912 1939
from Masindi Port flow record
1940 1980 (Jul)
from Kamdini flow record
1980 (Aug) 1995
by correlation with Lake Victoria
The discharges of the Kyoga Nile, as recorded at Masindi Port and Kamdini, are shown on Figure 5.2.
The historical level series for Lake Kyoga, as recorded at Masindi Port is shown on figure 5.3
Lake Victoria Regulation and International Agreements
The possibility of using Lake Victoria to regulate flows in the Nile for the benefit of riparian states
has been considered on many occasions. Studies were undertaken in the late 1940s at the time of the

40
original planning of the Owen Falls development. A tentative international agreement in 1948
provided for a firm average discharge for power at Owen Falls of 505m3/s and this figure formed the
basis for the design of the scheme. Further studies were undertaken in 1958 and 1960 by a technical
consultant to the Egyptian Ministry of Irrigation and later, following the rise in lake levels, by the
Uganda Water Development Department in 1968, the Egyptian Organisation for the Nile Waters in
1972 and as part of the WMO Hydromet studies in the mid 1970s. More recent studies have also
considered regulation of Lake Victoria, including the Acres studies of Owen Falls Extension (1990)
and the Uganda Water Action Plan.
In most of the regulation plans developed since 1948 a firm flow at Owen Falls in excess of the 505
m3/s figure has been adopted and this is reflected in the power planning reports prepared for UEB
since 1955. A figure of 630m3/s has generally been assumed since 1966 for hydropower planning
purposes although there is no formal international agreement to this effect. Other regulation plans
have considered higher target outflows of up to 750m3/s, although without explicitly identifying the
level of reliability. With lake levels remaining relatively high since the early 1960s the natural
outflow has never dropped as low as these figures and the question of what happens if lake levels do
fall has not been resolved. The lake levels as measured at the Jinja gauge corresponding to various
flow rates are as follows:
Agreed Curve level for 505 m3/s
10.68m
3
Agreed Curve level for 630 m /s
10.99m
11.27m
Agreed Curve level for 750 m3/s
Minimum level since 1961
11.30m (end Feb 1994)
Present level
12.01 m (end May 1996)
The current studies confirm that over the period 1896 1961 a continuous outflow of 630m3/s could
be achieved or a flow of 660 m3/s with 95% reliability on a monthly basis.
Upstream Riparian Water Demand
It is recognised that substantial future consumptive water demand in the upstream countries (Kenya,
Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi), and indeed in Uganda itself, would have a significant impact on the
flows of the Nile downstream and the resulting hydropower potential. However, there are no
definitive programmes of committed developments of sufficient size to have a noticeable effect
downstream, nor are there any international agreements for such projects. Any reduction in Lake
Victoria outflows due to upstream consumptive use would have a noticeable effect downstream as
well as on all the proposed Nile schemes.
Hydropower Potential on River Nile
Uganda's future power development is based on increasing use of the country's available hydropower
potential. Hydropower potential on the Nile is estimated to be more than 2750 MW, with firm annual
generation of over 20,000GWh/year. Only 300MW of the countrys hydro potential has been
developed. Over 98% generated by the hydroelectric plant at Owen Falls (the 180 MW Nalubaale
station and the 200 MW Kiira station with five 40 MW units of which three have been installed) on
the Victoria Nile. New generation capacity will be provided competitively by the private sector, most
prominently through the 200 MW Bujagali hydroelectric project, planned to go on line in 2008.
Table 3-2: Summary of major hydro sites on the Nile
No. Site
Current Maximum Project proposed

installed potential installed capacity River Remarks
(MW)
capacity (MW)
Nalubaale
180
Nile
In service
Kiira
120
200
Nile
120MW installed. More to be installed
Bujagali
320
250
Nile
Kalagala
450
350
Nile
Negotiations in progress, development

delayed because of environmental issues
To be developed into a leisure/tourist
centre

41

5
Busowoko
230
Nile
300-350
150
Nile
Karuma
(Kamdini)
Ayago (North) -
310-400
Nile
Less
economically
viable
with
development of neighboring sites
Ready for development but depends on
what happens to Bujagali
Not developed
Ayago South
230-250
Nile
Not developed
Murchison Falls -
450-550
Nile
Not developed
Total (Max)
2750
The decision to construct the Bujagali project at Dumbbell Island means that the head available at
Busowoko reduces to less than 15m, which makes it unfeasible.
3.3.8
Description of the Projects
Introduction
The sites that were reviewed for hydropower development on River Nile fall into two clearly defined
areas, namely;
1. Northern schemes, located on the section of river Nile between Lake Albert and Lake Kyoga
where the river falls about 400m over a distance of 90km. They include Murchison, Ayago,
and Kamdini and Karuma.
2. Southern schemes, located on the section of the river between the Nalubaale (Owen Falls)
dam and Lake Kyoga, where the river falls about 100m over a distance of 150km. They
include Bujagali, and Kalagala.
The slope of the river in the northern section is considerably steeper than in the southern section, and
this combined with the general topography has led to fundamentally different scheme layouts being
adopted for the two areas. Thus northern schemes are based on tunnels that bypass the steeply sloping
sections of the river, with additional head being provided by upstream dams. For southern schemes,
the most favourable layout comprises of a dam with integral powerhouse. These schemes would be
built in cascade and in full development. The reservoir would back up to the tail water level of the
next scheme upstream. The profile of Lake Victoria between Nalubaale dam and Lake Albert is
shown on Figure 1-5 below.

42
Figure 3-4: Location of hydropower sites along R. Nile
Figure 3-5: Longitudinal profile of Victoria Nile from Owen Falls to Lake Albert

43
Bujagali Project
The proposed Bujagali Hydropower Project includes a 200MW run-of-the-river hydropower plant at
Bujagali, 8 kilometers downstream from the Owen Falls Extension, and the construction of about 100
kilometers of 220 kV and 132 kV transmission lines and associated substations. The project will be
developed and constructed on a Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) basis by the private sector. The
table below shows the principle features of the proposed project
Table 3-3: Principle features of the Bujagali project
Item
Units
Proposed Layout
Initial
Ultimate
Power Generatin Plant

Installed capacity
Output
Average Design Head
Average Flow
Maximum Flow
nr x MW
MW
m
m3/s
m3/s
6x40
240
23
660
1316
8x40
320
23
660
2119
Static Water Levels

Upstream water level
average tailwater level
Gross static head
masl
masl
m
1111.5
1087
24.5
1111.5
1087
24.5
Civil Engineering Works

Intakes
Powerhouse length
Powerhouse height (Crest to draft tube)
Powerhouse loading bay
Spillway capacity
Spillway crest elevation
Spillway gates
Spillway gate width x length
nr
m
m
nr
m3/s
masl
nr
m
6
125
50
1
3700
1098.5
4
9.5x15
Kalagala Project
This is a potential 315 MW, $680 million project on the Nile downstream of Bujagali. It is mutually
exclusive with Bujagali because the cumulative environmental impacts of the two projects would be
unacceptable. Therefore plans for implementing it are currently on hold. The table below shows the
principle features of the project
Table 3-4: Principle features of the Kalagala project
Item
Units
Proposed Layout
Initial
Ultimate
Power Generatin Plant

Installed capacity
Output
Average Design Head
Average Flow
Maximum Flow
nr x MW
MW
m
m3/s
m3/s
7x45
315
28
660
1344
10x45
450
28
660
2190
Static Water Levels

Upstream water level
average tailwater level
Gross static head
masl
masl
m
1088
1059
29
1088
1059
29

Intakes
nr
10

44
Powerhouse length
Powerhouse height (Crest to draft tube)
Powerhouse loading bay
Spillway capacity
Spillway crest elevation
Spillway gates
Spillway gate width x length
m
m
nr
m3/s
masl
nr
m
140
55
1
3700
1075
4
9.5x15
Karuma Project
The Karuma site has a hydropower potential of more than 300MW. However, a project to tap 150MW
has been selected for development. The project is ready for implementation and is being promoted by
Norpak Power Ltd. Power tunnels are the shortest practicable length to exploit the head available at
Karuma Falls. The two options are either a basic scheme, which utilises the shortest practicable length
of tunnel of 1.6km, or the modified scheme, which takes advantage of all the head available over the
whole stretch giving a tunnel length of 3.3km. A double circuit 220kV transmission line will be
constructed from Karuma to Masindi and a single circuit 132kV line to Lira as part of the project. The
table below shows the principle features of the different options for development.
Table 3-5: Principle features of the Karuma project
Base Load Schemes
Item
Units
Extended
Basic tunnels
Power Generation Plant
nr
x
Installed capacity
MW
3x23.1 3x42.1
Output - without dam
MW
69.3
123.6
Output - with dam
MW
Average Design Head without dam
MW
14
25
Average Design Head with dam
MW
Average Flow
m3/s
480
480
Maximum Flow
m3/s
577
576
Static Water Levels
Approx. upstream water
level without dam
masl
level with dam
masl
Approx. average tail water
level
masl
Gross static head
m
1017
1024
996
21

Intakes
nr
3
nr
x
diamete
Power tunnels
r
3x7.8
Surface powerhouse length m
90
Surface powerhouse height m
36
Surface powerhouse width m
19
Approx. dam height
m

45
Peak Load Schemes

Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
3x45
68
3x45
4x45
135
180
25.3
480
642
25
480
856
1028
1028
14
480
609
1017
992
32
996
21
996
32
996
32
3x7.8
90
36
19
3x8.2
112
36
20
3x8.2
112
36
20
20
4x8.2
112
36
20
20
Ayago Project
Both Ayago North and Ayago South projects are similar except that the South scheme does not
involve the construction of a dam. The North scheme is designed for three-phase development for a
peak load scheme. The intakes for the North scheme would be situated about 0.5km downstream of
the Ayago confluence while those for the South scheme would be situated about 3.5km upstream of
the confluence. The tables below show the major features of the two projects
Table 3-6: Principle features of the Ayago North project
Peak Load Schemes
Item
Units

Installed capacity
nr x MW
MW
Output - with dam
MW
Average Design Head - without
dam
MW
Average Design Head - with dam MW
Average Flow
m3/s
Maximum Flow
m3/s
Static Water Levels
Approx. upstream water level
without dam
masl
Approx. upstream water level
with dam
masl
Approx. average tailwater level masl
Gross static head
m
Intakes
Power tunnels
Powerhouse machine hall length
Powerhouse machine hall height
Powerhouse machine hall width
Loading bays
Tailrace tunnels
Tailrace tunnel diameter
Tailrace tunnel length
Approx. dam height
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
6x38
143
6x38
8x38
228
304
58
380
434
57.5
380
590
844
765
79
844
765
79
3x7.2
141
31
21
1
3
10
5200
30
4x7.2
141
31
21
2
4
10
5200
30
43.5
380
410
826
765
61
nr
3
nr
x
diameter 3x7.2
m
108
m
31
m
21
nr
1
nr
3
m
10
m
5200
m
Table 3-7: Principle features of the Ayago South project

Base Load Schemes
Item
Units
Phase 1

Installed capacity
Output
Design Head
Average Flow
Maximum Flow
nr x MW
MW
MW
m3/s
m3/s

46
6x39
234
73.5
330
371
Static Water Levels

level
Approx. tailwater level
Gross static head
Intakes
Power tunnels
Powerhouse machine hall
length
height
width
Loading bays
Tailrace tunnels
masl
masl
m
852
765
87
nr
nr x diameter
3
3x6.2
103
29
m
nr
nr
m
20
1
3
9
Murchison Falls Project

The maximum potential for this site is about 450MW. Different schemes are proposed with or without
a dam and power outputs of 197-420MW. In all cases an underground powerhouse is proposed to
house all turbines. The development of a double circuit 220kV transmission line to Masindi and a
single circuit 132kV line to Lira is proposed. The table below shows the principle project features of
the project.
Table 3-8: Principle features of Murchison Falls project
Base
Load
Peak Load Schemes
Schemes
Item
Units
Secon
Phase
First
Phase 1 Phase 2
d
3
Installed capacity
Output - with dam
Average Design Head without dam
Average Design Head with dam
Average Flow
Maximum Flow
Static Water Levels
level without dam
level with dam
Approx. average tail
water level
Gross static head
Intakes
nr x MW
MW
MW
6x37
222
4x55.5
222
6x52.5
197
6x52.5
8x52.5
315
420
MW
60
60
60
MW
m3/s
m3/s
380
421
380
421
380
421
80-88
380
421
80-88
380
421
masl
690
690
690
718
718
625
65
625
93
625
93
3x7.0
3x7.0
4x7.0
masl
masl
m
625
65
625
65
nr
3
2
nr
x
diameter
3x6.5 2x8.0
Power tunnels
length
m
height
m
width
m
106
78
109
109
142
30
32
30
30
30
20
21
21
21
21

47

Loading bays
Tailrace tunnels
Tailrace tunnel length
Approx. dam height
nr
nr
m
m
m
1
3
6.5
1800
1
3
8
1800
1
3
7
1800
1
3
7
1800
40
2
4
7
1800
40
3.3.9 Capacity Building Needs

Over the past 5 years the Electricity sector underwent comprehensive reforms, which are among
others expected to increase effectiveness and efficiency in the sector. The changes resulted into the
following structural changes.
Unbundling of Uganda Electricity Board into four corporate bodies namely: Uganda Electricity
Distribution Company Limited (UEDCL), Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited
(UEGCL), Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL) and the Uganda
Electricity Board (UEB Statutory).
Other institutions created are: Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERA), Rural Electrification
Agency (REA), Rural Electrification Board (REB), Rural Electrification Fund (REF) and
Electricity Disputes Tribunal (EDT).
The generation and distribution business of UEGCL and UEDCL were sold by concession to
ESKOM Enterprises of South Africa and Umeme Ltd a subsidiary of the Commonwealth
Development Corporation (CDC) of United Kingdom respectively.
On the other hand, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development recognises that the key issues
that affect the supply and consumption/demand of energy in the country include;
Inadequacies within government institutions to plan for and monitor the sector and carry out
appropriate research and development due to
Understaffing in key areas
Budgetary constraints
Lack of appropriate curricula in energy studies at institutions of higher learning.
Inefficient supply and use of energy resources due to neglect of the sector during the countrys
years of economic and political turmoil.
Inadequate coordination and information sharing among the various projects, government
institutions and the private sector.
Inadequate information on energy supply and demand as well as the countrys resource potential.
Lack of appropriate mechanisms to enable modern and efficient energy services to be accessed by
the rural population.
Within the power sector in particular, the key issues are related to;
Inadequate public financing to develop electricity supply projects to match growing demand.
High subsidy cost of the power sector arising from its inability to service its long-term debt.
Low quality of electricity supply and customer service
High technical and non-technical losses
Very low electricity coverage in the country, especially in the rural areas.
Lack of information on the cumulative environmental and social impacts arising from
cascading power generating stations along the Nile River.
Inefficient commercial operations including
Lack of accurate customer database
Inadequate systems and controls for meter reading, and

48
High accounts receivable.
High electricity tariffs due to the past very low or no investment in power generation and
distribution coupled with a very low operational efficiency
The main policy goal in the energy sector is to meet the energy needs of the Ugandan population for
social and economic development in an environmentally sustainable manner. One of the objectives of
government is to improve energy governance and administration by:
Clarifying the roles and functions of the various institutions involved in the energy sector and
increasing the roles and functions of the private sector and other NGOs and communities;
Creating a transparent legal and regulatory framework for the sector;
Building capacity at national and local levels for better formulation and implementation of
energy policies and programmes;
Building capacity of regulatory agencies to provide even handed and predictable regulation;
Developing incentives to retain local human resource in the energy sector;
Involving all stakeholders in the formulation of new policies in the energy sector;
Institutional Set-up
The ministry of energy and mineral development is charged with, among others, the following tasks;
To acquire, process and interpret technical data in order to establish the energy resource
potential of the country;
To create an enabling environment in order to attract investment in the development, provision

and utilisation of energy and mineral resources;
To inspect, regulate, monitor and evaluate activities of private companies in the energy sector
so that resources are developed, exploited and used on a rational and sustainable basis;
To provide policy guidance and ensure effective development, exploitation and management of
energy resources
To achieve its mandate the ministry requires a wide-ranging array of skills and specialities
ranging from engineers, scientists, geologists, economists, etc.
With increased private sector participation in the power sector, there will be more demand for
personnel that are specifically trained to accomplish the tasks. Hydropower development requires
personnel that are trained to handle the different levels and aspects of its development.
Training
At all stages of hydropower development, i.e. planning, design, construction and operation, these
skills are necessary. On the other hand, it has been noted that there is no single institution in the
country that offers engineering training in hydropower related courses. At degree level only
Bachelors degrees in civil engineering, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering are offered
while this trend is also exhibited at postgraduate level. Most of the professionals employed in this
field have obtained their training outside the country. The polytechnics and technical institutes in the
water and energy sectors do not address the personnel requirements of hydropower development
specifically. However, there is potential for building on the available skills and personnel through
capacity building programs.
It is the strategy of government under the Energy for Rural Electrification (ERT) project to avail
capacity building services across all fields necessary for the development of the rural electrification
business which may include; market assessment, preparation of business plans, evaluation and choice
of technology options, investment promotion, financial advisory services, financial analysis, project
finance, technical advisory services, product development, support to the organisation and
management of community utilities, tariff setting and accounting procedures.

49
Table 3-9: Sources of information on Energy and Power Sector in Uganda

No
Description
Location
Format
Evaluation and summary of

contents
Uganda Energy
Assessment
(1996), Joint
UNDP/World
Bank Energy
Sector
Management
Assistance
Program
(ESMAP),
Ministry of Energy
and Mineral
Development,
Uganda Investment
Authority, and
internet
www.ugandainvest.c
om/energy.pdf
Printed
report and
web
document
The document details the

energy sector in Uganda,
including the government
policy, sectoral performance,
potential and existing markets
as
well
as
investment
opportunities
Hydropower
Development
Master Plan (July
1996)
Ministry of Energy
and Mineral
Development
Printed
report in 7
Volumes
The document gives detailed

information about the power
sector in Uganda including an
energy development strategy,
demand forecast up to 2020,
hydrology of the Nile, planning
criteria, hydropower potential
of different sites on and off the
Nile a least cost development
plan and EIA of different
development scenarios
Owen Falls
Extension
feasibility study
report, 1990 Acres
International,
Ministry of Energy
and Mineral
Development
Printed
Report
The document studies the

feasibility of a proposed
additional powerhouse at the
existing Owen Falls generating
station on the Victoria Nile at
Jinja, due to excess reservoir
capacity. It also includes a load
forecast for Uganda electrical
system and a review of
hydroelectric projects at other
sites on the River Nile in
Uganda
Options for green

house gas
mitigation in an
integrated East
African power
development,
CEEST, 2003
Makerere University
Printed
Report
The report details an overview

of the East African energy
sector, current power situation,
demand forecasts, climate
change and impacts on the
energy sector. The document
makes a strong for integrated
power development as a
mechanism for mitigating
green house gas effects
Energy Sector
Investment Guide
(2004)
Ministry of Energy
and Mineral
Development
Printed
report
The
report
reviews
opportunities for investment in
the Uganda energy sector, ongoing investment activities and
programs as well as roles of
the main players in the sector.
The Energy Policy

for Uganda
(September 2002)
Ministry of Energy
and Mineral
Development
Printed
report
The document reviews the

energy sector in Uganda, main
policy goals of the ministry,
demand and supply side
objectives as well as a short
and medium term priority
policy actions.

50

7
Rural
electrification
strategy and plan
(February 2001)
Ministry of Energy
and Mineral
Development and
http://www.energyan
dminerals.go.ug/
Printed
report and
web
document
The document constitutes the

first Rural Electrification (RE)
Strategy and Plan
covering the period 2001 to
2010. It also outlines the
objectives of the RE strategy
and
details
governments
demand driven policy approach
for RE as well as programs for
long term capacity building,
awareness
raising
and
promotion
The Electricity
Act (1999)
Library, Parliament
of Uganda,
Printed
document
The Electricity Act sets the

framework and guidelines to
regulate
generation,
transmission, distribution, sale,
export, and import of electrical
energy in Uganda.
The New Strategic

Plan for Power
Sector
Restructuring and
Privatization,
1999
Ministry of Energy
and Mineral
Development
Printed
document
The Strategy Plan was been

formulated to address the key
problems in the power
sector, and in particular those
of very poor financial and
commercial performance by
the UEB and the need to
finance a relatively large
investment Programme. The
document in particular reviews
reforms
in
generation,
transmission, distribution and
the market structure
10
Ministry of
Energy and
Mineral
Development
Annual Report
2001
Ministry of Energy
and Mineral
Development
Printed
document
The document gives an

overview of the activities and
outputs of work of the ministry
in 2001.
11
Ministry of
Energy and
Mineral
Development
Annual Report
2002
Ministry of Energy
and Mineral
Development
Printed
document
The document gives an

overview of the activities and
outputs of work of the ministry
in 2002.
Table 3-10:Hydrological and meteorological sources of information and databases

No
Description
Location
Format
Evaluation and summary of

contents
Hydro-climatic
Study, Ministry of
Water, Lands and
Environment (May
2001)
Water Resources
Management
Department, Ministry
of Water, Lands and
Environment
Hard and
Soft
Copy
The document is a report of an

investigation of the hydroclimatic conditions in Uganda,
a publication of the availability
of
meteorological
and
hydrological data in Uganda,
and an analysis of the annual
patterns
and
variability,
seasonal rainfall patterns,.
Hydrological Year
Books (released
annually)
Water Resources
Management
Department, Ministry
Hard
copy
The documents summarise

water resources monitoring
activities
annually.
Both

51

of Water, Lands and
Environment
surface water and groundwater

monitoring are covered
Hydrometeorological
Survey, World
Meteorological
Organisation 1982
Uganda
Meteorological
Department
Hard
Copy
The report is a summary of

observations
at
hydrometeorological stations all over
the country
CLICOM
Database
Uganda
Meteorological
Department (UMD),
Ministry of Water,
Lands and
Environment
Database
CLICOM is a database of
meteorological data maintained
by UMD. Observations at
climatological stations include
rainfall,
temperature,
atmospheric
pressure
and
sunshine hours. The database
also has data from 17 agrometeorological
stations
in
Uganda. Prior to 1977 Uganda
had over 1000 rainfall station
were data was recorded on
daily basis of which about 130
are currently operational.
HYDATA
database
Water Resources
Management
Department
(WRMD), Ministry
of Water, Lands and
Environment
Database
HYDATA is a database of
hydrological data maintained
by WRMD. Included in this
database are data from both
surface
and
groundwater
resources. There are currently
70 surface water, and 16
groundwater-monitoring
stations in Uganda. The
database also contains data
from
119
stations
for
monitoring trends in surface
and groundwater quality, and
pollution

52
3.4
3.4.1
BURUNDI
Inventory of Data Bases and Sources of Information
Watershed Characteristics in Burundi Nile River Basin .

a) Location.
The Burundi Nile basin watershed lies between 2o15'S and 3o55'S of latitude and 29o30 E and 30o35E
of longitude. It is located in the central plateau and depressions of north of BURUNDI of which
altitude ranges between 1000m up to 2300m.
b) Relief.
The borders of the watershed are:
To the North, North West, and North-East: peneplains of Rwanda and Tanzania natural region;
altitude 1250m up to 1600m,
To the West: foothills of Eastern parts of the Congo-Nile crest; altitude 1600 to 2300m. These
foothills lead to the massifs and ranges of mountains making up the crest; altitude 2000 to
2500m,
To the South: foothills (altitude 1800m-2000m) of the BURURI-RUTOVU massif; altitude
2000m-2200m,
To the South-East and East: narrow old peneplains; altitude 1250-1500m resulting in the valleys
of Eastern; (altitude 1200m-1600m).
(c) Hydrography.
Burundi has 2 major watersheds: one of CONGO basin and another for NILE basin. Many tributaries
flow into the Nile river through RUVUBU and KANYARU- KAGERA river inside BURUNDI and
KAGERA river outside the country which in return flows into Lake VICTORIA, feeding from there
to the NILE river.
Hydrological Balance Mean of Water Resources Per Year

Watershed
Mean
Imported
Imported
discharge
discharge
discharge
National
from
from
territory
Rwanda
Tanzania
(m3/s)
(m3/s)
(m3/s)
Ruvubu
Kanyaru
108
21
25
Kagera
134
Exported
discharge
to Rwanda
(m3/s)
Exported
discharge
to
Tanzania
(m3/s)
-112
4
-46
-142

53
This table shows that the mean discharge of the Nile basin in the part of Burundi territory is around
137 m3/s, which the equivalent is 355.1 hm3 of mean per month. Also, we have 112 m3/s (290.3 hm3
of the mean per year), which pass through the exutory point of the basin of Ruvubu per month.
d) Climate.
The Nile basin in Burundi have a tropical climate but moderate by altitude.
The following characteristics are:
The mean annual temperature is a function of topography and ranges between 18oc and 20o c,
The annual rainfall amounts reach 1000m up to 1200m. The rainfall regime is characterized by
two rainy seasons, the short and long rainy season. These two rainy seasons lasts from midSeptember to December immediately followed by January, which is generally a short dry season.
The long rainy season starts in February to May followed by a long dry season from June to
around mid-September.
e) Soil and Vegetation.

The soils are either rocky, lateritic, lithogenic, clay or sandy. The schisto-quartz rocks are
characteristic of the basin. The Nile basin occupies the northern part of Burundi, southern and western
part of KIRIMIRO, central natural region and is characterized by the presence of wood savanna.
Thus, most of these soils are favourable for agriculture. The main crops matching with these soils are
among others, maize, beans, bananas, manihoc, collocate and coffee.
f) Population distribution.
The average population in the Nile basin area is 115 habitants per square kilometre; the high
population density is found in areas with fertile soils. During the dry season, the population practices
farming activities in the marshlands to get subsistence food and other needs. Bananas local brew and
coffee are the essential sources of population income.
General Data For Ruvubu River Basin
Total Population: 6.3 millions inhabitants of which about 95 % live in rural area.
Number of customers for hydropower in 2002: 31, 454 of which 30, 079 are in urban centres
and 1,375 in rural area.
Rate of national electrification: 2%
Consumption of hydropower per capita: 20 KWh/year
Total consumption 2002: 119, 961 MWh

3.4.1
Inventory of Hydrological Data Base and Sources of Information
Hydrological Data
N
Name of Site
1
2
MPANDA
KABU 16
3
4
MULE
NYEMANGA
Hydrological
Station
MPANDA
KABURANT
WA
MULEMWE
SIGUVYAYE
Location
Format
Availability
Date
of
Reference
1979-1993
1979-1995
All
hydrological
National
Electronic Accessible on
database
is data
in official
1974-2002
located
in computer demand at a 1974-2002
Geographic
in
fee
Institute
of ACCESS
BURUNDI
2000
(IGEBU)
All Hydrological Stations have gauge-height, discharge measurements and rating curves parameters.

54
Hydrological Studies
No.
1
3.4.2
Description
Location
Format
Availability
Date
of Evaluation
Reference
Hydrological year
Documents Accessible on 1978-1990 Hydrology
books
in
12 official
Service
of
volumes.
demand at a
IGEBU
Geographic
for
Institute
of Hard copy fee
photocopies.
BURUNDI
Hydrology
of (IGEBU)
Documents Accessible on 1974
PRUVOT, P.
Imbo Region
in 50 pages official
FAO, Roma
and
184 demand at a
annexes.
fee
for
Hard copy photocopies.
Provisional
Documents Accessible on 1969-1971 PRUVOT, P.
Hydrological
in
120 official
FAO, Roma
Report on Imbo
pages.
demand at a
Region
Hard copy. fee
for
photocopies.
NYAMUSWAGA
USAID
Development
in 99 pages, official
Study
3 annexes, demand at a
64
tables fee
for
and
33 photocopies.
figures.
Hard copy.
Hydrological
Hydrology
Basins Directory
in
210 official
Service
of
of BURUNDI
pages.
demand at a
IGEBU
Hard copy. fee
for
photocopies.
Inventory of Meteorological Data Base and Sources of Information
Meteorological Data
No. Name of Site Meteorological
Station
1
MPANDA
BUJUMBURA2
2
KABU 16
RWEGURA2
3
MULE
BUTA1
4
NYEMANGA BURURI1
Location
Format
Availability Date
of
Reference
1979-1993
All
Meteorologic
1979-1995
al National Electronic
Accessible 1974-2002
database
is data
in on official 1974-2002
located
in computer in demand at a
Geographic ACCESS
fee
Institute
of 2000
BURUNDI
(IGEBU)
Legend
1. Station with Rainfall and Temperature data
2. Station with all Meteorological parameters
3.4.3 Inventory of Energy Data Base and Sources of Information
We have considered all the development hydropower projects (including those which are not in the
RUVUBU basin) because they are part of national interconnected grid.

55
No
.
Description
Location
Format
Availability
Date of
reference
Evaluation
1.
Hydropower
Resources
Development
Study in
BURUNDI.
LAHMEYER
Int.1983
Ministry of
Energy and
Mines.
General
Direction of
Water and
Energy
Document
in 156
pages
available.
Main
document
+ Annexes.
Hard copy.
Accessible to
1980autorised officers 1983
on demand at a fee
for photocopies.
The study has

to be updated
because of
many changes
upto now.
2.
National
Electrification
Master Plan
revised by
SOGREAH in
1995.
Ministry of
Energy and
Mines.
General
Direction of
Water and
Energy
Document
in 124
pages
available.
Hard copy.
Accessible to
1994autorised officers 1995
on demand at a fee
for photocopies.
The first
document of
Master Plan
has been done
by EDF
(France)in
December
1988.
3.
Annual reports of
REGIDESO
(National Light
and Water
Supply Company
in Urban Area)
General
Direction of
REGIDESO
BUJUMBURA
Accessible on
official demand at
a fee for
photocopies.
Annual report
for 2003 will
be soon
ready.
4.
Assessment
Study of Energy
Sector in
BURUNDI.
By BEROCAN
Int.; 1998
Documents
in 110
pages each,
including
annexes
available.
Hard copy.
Document
in 148
pages, with
annexes is
available.
Hard copy
5.
Ministry of
Energy and
Mines.
General
Direction of
Water and
Energy
Accessible on
official demand at
a fee for
photocopies.
Accessible on
official demand at
Documents a fee for
photocopies
available:
Main
document
+ Annexes
in 3
volumes.
Hard copy
19902002
19971998
19891996
Hydropower
Development
Study on
MPANDA River
Pi = 10.4 MW;
Em = 30
GWH/year
Executive
Study Reports
in the Ministry
of Energy and
Mines. General
Direction of
Water and
Energy
6.
Hydropower
Development
Study of Kabu 16
on
KABURANTW
A River
Pi = 20 MW; Em
= 117 GWH/yr
Study Reports
on feasibility in
the Ministry of
Energy and
Mines. General
Direction of
Water and
Energy
Documents
available:
Main
document
+ Annexes
in many
volumes.
Hard copy
Accessible on
official demand at
a fee for
photocopies
19931995
7.
Hydropower
Development
Study of Mule 34
on
MULEMBWE
Study Reports
on prefeasibility in the
Ministry of
Energy and
Documents
available in
3 volumes.
Hard copy
Accessible on
official demand at
a fee for
photocopies
2000

56
Study aimed
on all forms
of Energy
with special
accent on
Hydropower.
Studies made
by
HYDROPLA
NFICHTNER
group.Last
report in
November,
1996
Prefeasibility
and feasibility
study made
by
SOGREAH
respectively
in December
1993 and
November
1995
Prefeasibility
study made
by
BEROCAN
1Int in April
2000
8.
River
Pi = 12.5 MW;
Em = 72
GWH/yr
Mines. General
Direction of
Water and
Energy
The power of
NYEMANGA
hydropower plant
overtakes from
1.4 MW to 2.8
MW
Feasibility
Study in the
Ministry of
Energy and
Mines and
REGIDESO
Documents
available in
142 pages.
Hard copy
Accessible on
official demand at
a fee for
photocopies
20012003
Interconnectivity Projects
Hydropower
Development
Study of
RUSUMO falls:
Regional Project:
RWANDABURUNDITANZANIA Pi =
61.5 MW; Em =
413 GWH/yr
Executive
Study Report in
the Ministry of
Energy.
Documents
available:
Main
document
+ Annexes
in many
volumes.
Hard copy
Accessible on
official demand at
a fee for
photocopies
19761999
10. Hydropower
Development
Study of RUZIZI
III on RUSIZI
River Regional
Project:
RWANDABURUNDI-RDC
Pi = 82 MW; Em
= 418 GWH/yr
Study Reports
on
prefeasibility in
the Ministry of
Energy and
Mines and
SINELAC
Headquarters.
(SINELAC:
Great Lakes
International
Light Supply
Company)
Documents
available in
many
volumes +
Annexes
(hard copy)
and on CD
in
SINELAC
Headquarte
rs.
Accessible on
official demand at
a fee for
photocopies.
For CD contact
SINELAC
Headquarters
1992
11. Regional Master

Plan for Energy
Development
Documents
available in the
Ministry of
Energy and
Mines and EGL
(EGL: Great
Lakes Energy
Supply co
Documents
available in
REGIDESO
Documents
available in
many
volumes.
Hard copy
Accessible on
official demand at
a fee for
photocopies
991-1993
Made by
EGL and
TRACTEBE
L and
published in
1993. It has
to be updated.
Technical
Report
Document
available.
Accessible on
official demand at
a fee for
photocopies
1998
Made by ICM
(InfraConsultMunchen)
and published
in 1998
9.
12. Project of
Electrification of
West
TANZANIA.
(Hydropower
Interconnection
from East
Burundi to West
Tanzania:
KIBONDOKIGOMAKASULUUVINZA)

57
Preliminary
Study was
made by
NORCONSU
LT in 1976,
the others by
TRACTEBE
L from 1987
to
1999.Technic
al Study has
to be updated.
This Study
was made by
TRACTEBE
L and
published in
1992

13. Map of National
Electric Grid.
Scale: 1/500 000
3.4.4
Map available
in the Ministry
of Energy and
Mines and in
REGIDESO
Original
map or
copy
available in
REGIDES
O
Accessible on
official demand at
a fee for
photocopies
1998
Map with
existing
hydropwer
plants,
existing
interconnecti
vity grid,
under
construction
and in the
planning
stage
Burundi Electricity Billing System
Low Tension
(i) Domestic purposes
0-150 KWh:
151-300 KWh:
301-750 KWh:
751 KWh and over:

(ii) Commercial purposes
0-300 KWh:
301-1000 KWh:
1001 KWh and over:
32 FBU/KWh
36 FBU/KWh
67 FBU/KWh
100 FBU/KWh
91 FBU/KWh
100 FBU/KWh
108 FBU/KWh
(iii) Administration
100 FBU/KWh
Medium Tension
Fixed bounty on subscripted power (Puissance souscrite):
Over bounty (Surprime):
5088FBU/KW/Month
2544FBU/KW/Month
Energy (utilization de la Puissance souscrite ou de la pointe)
0-150 hours/month:
96 FBU
151-450 hours/month:
61 FBU
450 and over:

41 FBU
DGHER (Customer Medium Tension of REGIDESO): 42 FBU/KWh
(DGHER:
General Direction of Hydraulics and Rural Energies)
Public Lighting: 100 FBU/KWh
NB: Rate: 1$ = 1080 FBU

58
3.5
ETHIOPIA
3.5.1
Current Power Sector Policy And Infrastructure In Ethiopia
Policy
The Ethiopian governments formal policy in the energy sector was issued in May 1994. The key
features of this policy included the creation of the Ethiopian Electricity Agency (EEA) and the
promotion of the role of the private sector in electricity generation. The Agency was successfully
created in the year 2000 and has begun to create the conditions that will help attract private
investment.
Another important component of the 1994 policy was the focus on hydropower and, particularly,
small-scale hydropower. This remains the main formal Government policy statement today though a
range of policies have been clarified or refined through subsequent legislation such as the Investment
Law.
Interconnected System
The Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo) was established as a corporation by Proclamation
18/1997. EEPCo is currently owned by the Ministry of Infrastructure and is responsible for
generating, transmitting and distributing electricity.
Investment legislation (Proclamations Nos 37/1996 and its amendment Proclamation 116/1998) took a step toward the liberalisation of the electricity market and allowed
domestic and foreign investors to invest in hydropower without any size restriction and domestic
investors to invest in non-hydro generation below 25 MW. Non-hydro generation above 25 MW was
to remain the sole domain of the state.
The revised Proclamation 280/2002, together with the associated Regulation
84/2003, relaxes the last remaining restrictions on investment in power generation but confirm
EEPCos monopoly in the transmission and distribution of electricity for the interconnected system
(ICS). Power generation that supplies the ICS may therefore be undertaken either by EEPCo or by
private companies selling electricity to EEPCo.
Presently the Corporation maintains two different power supply systems; namely, the
Interconnected System (ICS), which is mainly supplied from hydropower plants, and the SelfContained System (SCS), which consists of mini-hydropower plants and a number of isolated diesel
generating units that are widely spread over the country. While Table 1 and Table 2 show the features
of various mixes of power sources in the ICS and SCS, Figure 1 shows the coverage of the ICS in the
country.
Table 1 ICS Power Supply in Ethiopia

NAME
HYDRO
DIESEL
GEOTHERMAL
TOTAL
COMYR
G.C.
Koka
Awash II
Awash III
Finchaa
Melka
Wakana
43.2
32.0
32.0
128.0
153.0
43.2
32.0
32.0
128.0
153.0
1960
1966
1971
1973,2002
1988
Tis Abay I
Tis Abay II
Aluto
Langano
11.4
73.0
-
7.3
11.4
73.0
7.3
1964
2001
1999

59
Alemaya
Dire Dawa
Adigrat
Axum
Adwa
Mekele
Shire
Lalibela
Nekempt
Ghimbi
Grand Total
472.6
2.3
4.5
2.4
1.3
3.0
3.3
1.0
1.0
2.3
1.1
22.2
Table 2 SCS Power Supply in Ethiopia

Plant Name
Hydro
7.3
2.3
4.5
2.4
1.3
3.0
3.3
1.0
1.0
2.3
1.1
502.1
Diesel
Total
COMYR G.C.
1958
1965
1992,93,95
1975, 92
1998
1984, 91, 93
1975, 91, 95
1975, 91, 95
1984
1962, 84
-
Yadot
0.35
0.35
1991
Sor
5.00
5.00
1992
Dembi
0.80
0.80
1994
Sub Total
6.15
6.15
Dubti
1.00
1.00
1991, 92, 95
Bonga
1.32
1.32
1972, 74, 76, 94, 98
Asayita
0.94
0.94
1970, 71, 88, 95
Negele Borena
0.87
0.87
1975, 84
Asosa
0.85
0.85
1991, 94, 95, 98
Others
8.88
8.88
'67-'98
Sub Total
13.86
13.86
Grand Total
6.15
13.86
20.01
Figure 1 Interconnected System of Ethiopia

60
Isolated Networks
For isolated networks, the private sector is permitted to invest in generation and distribution. A Rural
Electrification Strategy has been adopted by the Ministry of Infrastructure and issued in May 2002
which allows for grid extension by EEPCo but also the development of isolated grids by the private
sector, local communities and electric supply cooperatives. The strategy calls for the design of an
institutional structure for rural electrification including a Rural Electrification Board (REB), a Rural
Electrification Secretariat (RES) and a Rural Electrification Fund (REF).
Proclamation no. 317/2003 - the Rural Electrification Fund Establishment Proclamation - was passed
in 2003 which established the REB with the Ethiopian Rural Energy Development and Promotion
Center (EREDPC) as the secretariat.
Investment Climate In The Power Sector In Ethiopia
The climate for foreign investors in the electricity sector improved with the passing
of the new Ethiopian Investment Law in 2002. Ethiopia is taking steps to reduce the
burden of business licensing and to reform the investment code to make it more investor friendly.
There are no restrictions on the local content or technology transfer
requirements of foreign investment or restrictions on the repatriation of foreign earnings or capital
though the IMF did mention that a number of barriers continue to exist that it recommended should be
eliminated. These barriers included:
a tax certification requirement for repatriation of investment income;
restrictions on repayment of legally entered into external loans and supplied and foreign
partners credits;
rules for issuance of import permits; andthe requirements to provide a clearance certificate
from the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) to obtain import permits.
Strict foreign exchange controls are administered by the National Bank of Ethiopia such that an
importer is required to apply for a permit and obtain a letter of credit for 100% of the value of imports
before an order can be placed.
Regulatory and Policy Framework
Independent electricity regulators exist throughout the world because of the need for independent
economic regulation. Historically, independent regulators only occurred where utilities are privately
owned. Before the 1990s, virtually the only country with independent regulators was the US where
investor-owned utilities were the norm. Since the late 1980s, independent regulators have been
established to perform economic regulation in countries that have privatised their utilities and/or
introduced competition.
The primary function of an economic regulator is to set prices for monopoly
activities. Related activities may include
market creation and governance (where competition is possible),
performance (cost efficiency and service quality) of the utility, and
regulation of abuses of monopoly power in semi-competitive electricity
markets.
EEA (Ethiopian Electric Agency) has a much wider responsibilities than many economic regulators
elsewhere. The role of EEA and other institutions in relation to each of the regulatory or other
functions that EEA is, or could be, involved with, including:
the Ministry of Infrastructure

the Ethiopian Investment Authority
the Ministry of Water Resources
the National Standards body (QSAE)
the Environment Protection Agency

61
the Rural Electrification Board

the Regional Governments
the Ministry of Labour
the Society of Ethiopian Electrical Engineers
the Ministry of Mines
National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE)
Main matters of scrutiny include:

a review of the powers and responsibilities of EEA and other regulatory agencies under
existing legislation,
identification of gaps or overlaps in regulatory responsibilities,
recommendations on roles and responsibilities of EEA in relation to other agencies.
Policy making
The Ministry of Infrastructure is designated by Proclamation 256/2001 as the
Ministry with responsibility for policy making in the electricity sector. In
particular, the Ministry shall:
initiate policies and laws, prepare plans and budget and, upon approval, implement same;
ensure the enforcement of laws, regulations and directives of the Federal Government;
undertake studies and research; collect and compile statistical data;
give assistance and advice, as necessary, to Regional executive organs;
enter into contracts and international agreements in accordance with the law.
This Proclamation, combined with Proclamation 86/1997, properly allocates responsibility for policy
making to the Ministry and regulation to the Agency.
Electricity Market Regulation
There is often overlap between the role of an anti-trust regulator and that of the
economic regulator for electricity. Not all economic regulators in all countries have a
role in the governance of the electricity market. In some countries, such as Germanyand New
Zealand, the anti-trust regulator is given responsibility for regulating the market. In others, such as the
UK, the anti-trust regulator shares responsibilities with the economic regulator and when the market
becomes competitive the responsibility passes to the anti-trust regulator. However, in most countries
the economic regulator does play a role in regulating the market.
There is currently no anti-trust legislation and no anti-trust agency in Ethiopia and there is, therefore,
no overlap with EEA. It is therefore recommendable that the regulators role include responsibilities
in relation to the creation and governance of the market relationships.
Cost Efficiency Regulation
Electricity prices should clearly be regulated by the economic regulator but, because prices are linked
to costs, the economic regulator should be keen to encourage cost efficiency in utilities.
The cost efficiency of privately-owned, monopoly utilities must be regulated by the independent
regulatory agency. This is because costs are passed through to customers and, without pressure from
regulators, utilities would have no direct incentive to keep costs low. Cost efficiency must therefore
be regulated and an independent regulator is the only body able to do this.
For state-owned utilities, the situation is not so clear and for such utilities, cost efficiency can be
regulated in any one of the following ways:
a Government audit office,
by the Ministry that owns the utility (there are several variants of this option, including a
national audit office or a contract as formerly practiced in France with EdF),
by the Governing Board of the utility,
by the independent regulator.

62
Current Responsibilities Of Cost-Efficiency Regulation In Ethiopia

There are three bodies, in addition to the Agency, that have some responsibility for ensuring cost
efficiency of EEPCo and other state-owned utilities:
the Auditor General
the EEPCo Board
the Ministry of Infrastructure
The Auditor General is charged with monitoring the cost efficiency of Government offices and
organizations, such as EEPCo. Its responsibilities include the auditing of accounts, conducting
efficiency audits and performance audits.
The Ministry of Infrastructure as owner of EEPCo has responsibilities that include approval of
investment plans of EEPCo and the approval, in consultation with the Board, of the annual and longterm corporate targets of the enterprise.
EEPCos governing Board also has responsibilities for budgeting and, implicitly or explicitly, for
ensuring the cost efficiency of EEPCo. The Board of any Public Enterprise, including EEPCo,
comprises between three and twelve members of which not more than one third can be elected by the
workers. The remainder are appointed by the Supervising Authority which, in the case of EEPCo, is
the Ministry of Infrastructure.
EEA is mandated in Proclamation 86/1997 with responsibility ..to promote the development of
efficient, reliable, high quality and economical electricity service but the Proclamation does not
mention further the role of the Agency in relation to monitoring the cost and management efficiency
of EEPCo and other electricity companies.
Who should have responsibility for cost efficiency regulation?
Who should have responsibility for regulating the cost efficiency of the state-owned EEPCo? The
options are:
EEA
Government through the Auditor General, the EEPCo Board and the
Ministry of Infrastructure?
If the Ministry of Infrastructure and the EEPCo Board continue to have responsibility for regulating
cost efficiency, then cost-plus pricing methodology would be appropriate (rate-of-return regulation).
EEAs role would be to accept the costs submitted to it by EEPCo and set/approve prices that cover
costs, service debts and earn a reasonable return on investment. The Ministry and/or the Board would
monitor costs, ensure EEPCos efficiency and approve its investments and budgets.
An important concern is whether EEA has any effective sanction over EEPCo to encourage cost
efficiency. As a state-owned company, EEPCo is not motivated by profit and therefore price setting is
unlikely to be an effective tool to encourage efficiency. For similar reasons, monetary sanctions
(fines) are unlikely to be effective.
If there were more private companies that needed to be regulated then there would be a good
argument in favour of giving responsibility for regulating cost efficiency in the entire sector
(including EEPCo) to EEA; but this is not yet the case.
Independence Of Regulation
We note that toward the end of 2003, the Agency has drafted a new Proclamation that provides many
of the characteristics of regulatory independence. However, it is doubtful whether a genuine
independence of regulation is attainable.

63
Is EEA Independent?
Independence essentially means that regulation is distanced from policy making. EEA reports to the
Ministry of Infrastructure, as does EEPCo, and cannot be considered independent of policy makers.
The Agency is accountable to the Ministry and its General Manager is appointed by the Government
on the recommendation of the Minister and the General Manager does not have a fixed term and could
be replaced at the discretion of the Minister. EEA does have limited authority to issue Directives,
including Directives on pricing methodology, but generally has limited power to issue Directives
independently of the Ministry. These are all key areas where independence needs to be introduced.
The EEA budget is a mix of Government funding, license fees and monies from other sources.
There is currently only one electricity company (EEPCo) and even when small distributors are
licensed their license fees will be relatively low. It is unlikely that licence fees will cover EEAs
budget and it will not be easy to introduce financial independence of EEA.
Importance of Independence
Independence is an important quality for a regulator who regulates prices of privately owned utilities;
it gives assurance to the private companies and investors that revenues will cover costs and provide a
reasonable return on investment. Adependent regulator is likely to be influenced by short-term
political factors, usually to maintain low prices, that often over-ride the interests of investors and
ultimately lead to a long-term decline in investment and deterioration in the electricity supply system.
Independence is less important where the utility is state-owned and where the stateis the shareholder
of the utility though it does remain of considerable importance to commercial banks that need
assurance that their loans will be serviced. In the absence of an independent regulator, such banks will
seek sovereign guarantees. Independence is also less important to private investors if their revenues
are guaranteed through long-term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) though again they will wish
assurance that EEPCo will have the revenues to meet their contractual commitments in the PPAs and
will therefore normally require sovereign guarantees.
An independent regulator is also important where the transmission or distribution company is obliged
to offer third-party access to independent producers. This is not the situation today in Ethiopia but it is
possible that it will be introduced in the future.
For the independence to be valuable, other conditions need to exist:
effective political and economic institutions;
separation of powers, particularly between the executive and the legal system;
a well functioning legal system and sound courts;
a good commercial law framework and some competition policy basis;
a supply of well qualified staff able to carry out the various functions;
a functional commercial framework.
3.5.2 International Interconnections
The Ethiopian Power System, when expanded as planned, will have energy continually available that
is surplus to Ethiopias needs. The amount of surplus energy available will vary through time,
declining from higher values immediately after new generation is added to relatively low values, as
domestic demand grows, just before the next generating station is added. This surplus energy provides
an opportunity for export sales if there is a suitable market for it, thereby reducing the average unit
cost of energy through a higher level of utilization of the Ethiopian plant from its inception. Then
eighboring states of Sudan and Djibouti may provide such a market. The following provides an
overview of these prospects.
3.5.3 The Sudan Market
Sudans National Electricity Corporation (NEC) power system in 1999 generated about 2290 Gwh,
this being about 60% hydro energy and 40% thermal (1100 Gwh). Of the thermal generation, about
74% was from steam plant (33- and 60-MW units), 9% from 10.5-MW diesel units and the 11-3

64
remainder from an assortment of gas turbines (10-, 13.4-, 15- and 20-MW units). The steam and
diesel units operated with an overall plant operating capacity factor of about 33%.
The current NEC generation expansion plan calls for net thermal plantcapacity additions (new plant
less retired plant) totaling 580 MW by 2005followed by the 1000-MW Merowe hydroelectric power
project in 2006 and2007. Subsequent plans for installation of a 300-MW steam station in eachyear
from 2011 to 2014 and ongoing retirements would bring the total netsystem thermal additions to 1680
MW by 2015. These additions would bring the system thermal capability from the current level of
about 1100 Gwh per year to about 2775 Gwh in 2007 and about 5960 Gwh in 2014, assuming an
overall plant operating capacity factor of 33% for all thermal plant as experienced in 1999.
The closest connection points between the Ethiopian and the Sudan system are in excess of 400 km
distant, and reinforcements beyond this point from Roseires to the main load center in Khartoum
would be required within Sudan to be able to effect imports from Ethiopia.
It is clear that by 2007 and beyond to 2012, Sudan will have displaceable thermal generation far in
excess of the hydro energy surpluses expected to be available from the Ethiopian system in each year
of that time frame.
3.5.4 The Djibouti Market
In 1999, the Electricit de Djibouti system experienced suppressed demand .Recent study, however,
provides estimates of an unconstrained demand for 2001 of 255 to 260 Gwh at a load factor of about
61%. Recent study, however, provides estimates of an unconstrained demand for 2001 of 255 to 260
Gwh at a load factor of about 61%. The same study projects this demand to grow to between 330 to
360 Gwh by the year 2007 and to between 360 to 425 Gwh with a load factor of about 63% by the
year 2010. Forecasts beyond this horizon are not available.
As Djibouti have no hydroelectric power resources, its year 2000 generation was all-thermal,
comprising 16 diesel units ranging from 2.5 MW to 12 MW capacity. Future generation additions to
2010 were planned to be 2 x 6 and 4or 5 x 15 MW units to provide a total system installed capacity of
102 or 114 MW. This corresponds to an annual energy production of 450 to 500 Gwh/yr at 63% load
factor and 80% unit availability.
The closest connection points between the Ethiopian and Djibouti systems are about 300 km apart,
although reinforcement of the transmission system within Djibouti beyond this point may be required
to be able to effect imports from Ethiopia.
Djibouti clearly represents a relatively limited market potential for Ethiopian urplus energy with its
total demands in the time frame in which energy would be available from Ethiopia being of the same
order of magnitude as the Ethiopian surplus.
Potential Benefits to Participating Parties
The most obvious and direct benefits of interconnection between Ethiopia and
Sudan and/or Djibouti would be:
revenues to Ethiopia from otherwise under utilized capability which would lower
Ethiopias long term unit energy costs and
lower unit energy costs for the receiving system(s) from displacement of more expensive
thermal energy generation.
A less obvious and indirect energy benefit is the potential for deferral of investment in new generation
in the participating systems through agreement for energy exchanges via the system
interconnection(s). In the period 2007 to2012, the surplus Ethiopian energy would permit deferral of
installation of new thermal plant in the receiving system(s). Sudan and/or Djibouti would then plan to
have new plant in place to meet not only their own needs immediately thereafter but also the thermal
generation needed by Ethiopia in2013 and 2014 to be able to defer investment in new hydro
generation in its system.

65
Ethiopia would eliminate the need for an early investment in thermal plant, and the participating
system(s) would realize more economic energy over the long term as a consequence of delayed
investment in thermal plant in their system(s). This cycle of exchanges could repeat indefinitely into
the future with investments alternating between new thermal plant in Sudan and/or Djibouti and new
hydro generation in Ethiopia until Ethiopias economic hydro resources are all developed.
It is clear that the energy exchange option would require a very serious commitment to international
cooperation in the power sector, including both coordinated planning for generation expansion,
coordinated investment programs and coordinated system operation.

66
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1
MAIN FINDINGS OF PHASE 1 STUDY
4.2
REGIONAL INTEGRATION CRITERIA
4.3
INVENTORY OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA
4.4
INVENTORY OF HYDROLOGICAL DATA
4.5
HUMAN CAPACITY
4.6
CASE STUDIES
PLANS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES
5.1
PLANNING ACTIVITIES
5.2
TOPICS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
5.3
FUTURE VISION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

67
REFERENCES
1.
Angwenyi George, 1979: Water Resources of the Lake Basin, a Resaerch Paper. University of
Nairobi. Location: Nairobi University Library
2.
Dunnes Thomas, 1974: Suspended sediment data for the rivers of Kenya US department of
Geological Sciences, University of Washington. Location: Nairobi University Library
3.
Interconsult, 1980: Pre-Investment Study for Water Management and Development of Nyando
and River Nzoia Basins. Location: Library, Ministry of Water Development
4.
MOWD, 1980: Gauge height and Flow records. Location: Library, Ministry of Water
Development
5.
MOWD, 1979: National Water Master Plan Stage 1. March 1979. Tibbets Abbert McCarthy
Stratton. Location: Library, Ministry of Water Development
6.
MOWD, 1973: Surface Water Resources in Kenya, June 1973. Location: Library, Ministry of
Water Development
7.
Proposal for a pre-investment study for water management and development of the Nyando and
Nzoia River Basin July 1978. Ministry of Water Developemnt: Location:Library, Ministry of
Water Development
8.
Water Resources Study for the Kerio Valley Basin. November 1981. Report submitted by Kerio
Valley Development Authority. Location: Library, Ministry of Energy

68
APPENDIX I
TANZANIA REPORT
1
1.1
POTENTIAL HYDROPOWER PROJECTS IN LAKE VICTORIA BASIN AND RUFIJI

BASIN, TANZANIA
LAKE VICTORIA BASIN
There are two river catchments that have hydropower potential in the Lake Victoria Basin.
1. Mara River
The Mara river hydropower potential is described in a pre-feasibility study report by BEOGRAD of
1980 titled, MARA RIVER PROJECT: Pre-feasibility Study of the Possibility of Land and Water
Use in Mara River Valley for the Development of the Mara Region in the United Republic of
Tanzania. The available hydropower potential is assessed to amount to about 100 MW, with annual
energy production potential of over 400 GWh.
The proposed system involves storage reservoirs and cascade power plants. That report did not fully
address itself to all possible environmental concerns related to hydro and irrigation development in
the Mara river basin.
Under the East African Co-operation spirit, development interventions whose effects cut across
boarders should either be undertaken jointly by respective members or by one member in consultation
with and after consent by other affected members. It could therefore be beneficial if this project is
revived and possibility to develop it jointly with Kenya considered, as river Mara has a bigger portion
of its catchment in Kenya. Interconnection between Kenya and Tanzania could readily made and
reduce investment cost through project co-financing and power pooling.
2. Kagera River
Due to the gentle gradient the Kagera River, does not have significant falls, but has a stable average
flow of about 200 m3/s on the Tanzania section. Various studies have been carried out in the past to
assess the Kagera river hydropower Potential that could be harnessed to cater for power needs of all
countries sharing the river. All proposed projects appeared to be difficult to jointly implement due to
trans-boundary effects.
The United Nations Final report Planning the development of the Kagera River Basin Volume II of
1973 provide the existing information as an inventory, analysis, and appraisal of data existed at that
time. The three potential hydro sites in Tanzania are;
Kishanda valley project in the Kishanda valley
The Kyasolo project on the lower stretch on the Kagera River
Kakono Project on the lower stretch of the Kagera River
Generally the Kagera river hydro potential is almost not utilized at all in Tanzania.
i) The Kishanda Project
The United Nations study considered this project as a multi purpose, aimed at electric power
generation, flood protection, discharge regulation, drainage of swamps in the middle and lower
reaches of the Kagera River, providing a water supply for nearby villages, development of fishing and
job opportunities during construction.
Dam
Height of the dam approx. 45-50 m
Length of crest 300-400m
Regional Power Integration in Hydropower Tanzania Report

A1
It is located in the stretch between the Charhiet Falls and the transition of Lake Rushwa into the
Kagera river.
Water transfer to this scheme
Channel from Lake Rushwa in the Mukyonza profile will transfer water from the Kagera river
through lake Rushwa into the Kishanda valley.
Tunnel in the Bugara profile will transfer water from the Kishanda valley into the hydropower station.
Hydropower Station
The power station has a potential of:
Capacity - 200-300 MW
Head - 125 meters.
Reservoir maximum volume - 3,100 mill. M3
Reservoir area - 170 Km2
ii) The Kyasoro Falls Project
flood protection, discharge regulation, improvement in water supply for population in the
neighborhood of the reservoir, development of fishing and tourism.
Dam
The dam is proposed to be rockfill dam on the Kagera River in the Murongo Gorge.
The height of the dam to be about 90 m.
The length of the crest to about 700 m.
Hydropower Station:
The power station proposed to be with the head of 76 m. and an installed capacity of 200MW, with a
reservoir of 17,000 mill. m3 and backwater ends at the Rusumo Falls.
iii) The Kakono Project
flood protection, discharge regulation and development of fishing. The United Nations study proposed
layout and basic parameters for this project as follows:
Dam:
The dam is proposed to be rock fill dam on the Kagera River in the Kakono profile with the height of
approx. 75 m and length of the crest approx. 200 m.
Hydropower Station
The power station proposed to be at the toe of the dam with the head approximately 70 m.
Installed capacity is approximately to 105 MW.
Reservoir
Maximum volume of 1,900 mill. m3
1.2 RUFIJI BASIN
The Rufiji River is the largest river in Tanzania with a huge catchment area comprising most of the
south-eastern part of the country, which in turn receives relatively high annual rainfall. It has several
large tributaries (Ruaha, Kilombero, Luwego and Mbarangandu) and many small. The tributaries meet
and pass through a relatively narrow passage, Stiegler's Gorge, before descending to the flat lower
plains, meandering down to a large delta area vegetated by mangrove forests, and finally flowing out
through several mouths into the Indian Ocean.

A2
Table 1 below shows the existing major hydroelectric power plants and some potential sites that have
been given a high priority for development in the near future
Another source studies done by TANESCO Power Company is the Power Master Plan 2001 update.
In this report power development for Tanzania is discussed by looking at hydropower potential in all
basins and other options.
Table 1 Priority Potential Projects, Power/Energy and Water Balance Summary (Acres 1985)
Power and
Project
energy
Water balance
Installed Firm
Firm
Aveg.
Aveg.
Power Spill low Total
Capacit Energy Energy
Energy Energy
Flow
Flow
y
(MW) GWh/yr MWc
GWh/yr
MWc
m3/s
m3/s
m3/s
Lower Kihansi
200
75
111
1000
114
13.5
4.5
18
Horconsult, Phase
1&2
Upper Kihansi
45
438
510.o
3557
40.7o
17
0.9
18
Horconsult Phases
3&4 Downstream
Kihansi (Acres)
Ruhudji Three
162
945
108,0
1030
117
16.7
1.3
18
Step
Masigara
250 1195
135
1540
176
27.5
6.7
34
Rumakali
80
490
56
505
58
30.7
5.9
36.6
Mpanga
204 1185
135
1225
141
13.3
1
14
Siegier's Gorge
160
617
70.4
641
73.2
30.6
- Phase I
300 2150
245.5
2150
245.3
- Phase II
750 1950
222.5
3100
351.6
- Phase III
350 1700
205
1530
174
TOTAL
1400 5880
670.8
6780
175.4
STIEGIER'S
Iringa Project
- Tosamaganga
10
55
6.3
16.3
4.8
21.1
- Ibose
35
180
20.5
17.9
3.8
21.7
39.8
39.8
42
- Ngeneyo
250
26.2
18.6
5.1 23.7
2
INVENTORY OF DATA AVAILABILITY
The Ministry of water and Livestock, the Department of Meteorological and other government
agencies has some information on rainfall data in both Rufiji River basin and Lake Victoria Basin
(Mara river basin). Some flow rate data for both rivers is available in the above mentioned offices.
The data is currently being digitized, however the process is slow and will take tame to finish,
moreover there some gaps on the available data.
3
3.1
REGIONAL POWER GRID INTERCONNECTIVITY

TANZANIA SITUATION:
3.1.1
Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO) Power System
Electrical Power System consists of generation, transmission (power grid) and distribution of
electrical power to consumers. TANESCO is the only utility, which is allowed by law to transmit and
distribute electrical power in Tanzania. Normally electricity is produced in centralised basis, which
means that the individual power stations supply energy to a common power grid, transmission and

A3
distribution systems are used to link all generating power stations and consumers. Basically there are
two groups of generating plants; hydro power plants and thermal generating plants (thermal groups all
generating plants other than hydro) (Reznikov, 1985).
In TANESCO grid (interconnected) power system, there are six major hydro power stations. Nyumba
ya Mungu, Hale and New Pangani Falls power stations are in Pangani River while Mtera and Kidatu
power stations are in Great Ruaha River. Kihansi power station is in Kihansi River. In addition to that,
there are several thermal power plants, a gas turbine power station and Diesel power station at Dar es
Salaam. There are also Diesel power stations at Mwanza, Musoma, Tabora, Dodoma and Mbeya
(Tuntufye, 1997). Total installed capacity for grid hydro power plants is 560 MW and for thermal
power plants is 202 MW, while maximum demand is around 440 MW. For the transmission of power
there are 220, 132, 66 and 33 kV transmission systems. The major ones are 220 and 132 kV systems.
The National Grid is not connected to any neighboring country.
The TANESCO Hydro power System can be represented as follows;
NYUMBA YA
MUNGU
NEW PANGANI
FALLS
Pangani River
HALE
Rufiji River
KIDATU
Great Ruaha River
INDIAN OCEAN
MTERA
Little Ruaha River
Kilombero River
Kihansi River
Ruhudji River
Figure. 1.2: Hydropower representation of TANESCO Power System
Table 1.1: TANESCO Hydro power stations data

MTERA
Year of
1988
completion
Type of power
Regulated
station
Gross head [m]
100
KIDATU KIHANSI NYUMBA

YA
MUNGU
1980
Regulated
175
2000
1969
Run of the
Regulated
river
850
27.43

A4
HALE
1964
Run of the
river
72
NEW
PANGANI
FALLS
1995
Run of
the river
170
Mean annual
inflow [m3/s]
Design flow
[m3/s]
Number of units
Type of turbine
Installed
capacity [MW]
Average annual
production [GWh]
Height of dam
[m]
Length of dam
crest [m]
Volume content
of dam
[106 m3]
Active storage of
the reservoir [106
m3]
Maximum
discharge capacity
of spillways
[m3/s]
3.2
120
130
15
34
35
96
144
24
42.6
41
45
2
Francis
4
Francis
3
Pelton
2
Francis
2
Francis
80
204
180
22
68
419
1,150
474
47
125
407
50
40
21
41
7.2
8.2
260
350
200
400
340.5
310
3,700
167
1.06
1,300
0.81
0.8
3,200
125
1,128
0.1
0.55
4,000
6,000
280
6,000
818
1,200
2
Francis
REGIONAL INTERCONNECTION
There are two regional interconnection

A
The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) With the following members
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Botswana Power Corporation (BPC) of Botswana

Electricidade de Mocambique (EDM) of Mozambique
Empresa Nacional de Electricidade (ENE) of Angola
Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (ESCOM) of Malawi
ESKOM of the Republic of South Africa
Lesotho Electricity Corporation (LEC) of Lesotho
NAMPOWER of Namibia
Societe National dElectricite (SNEL) of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Swaziland Electricity Board (SEB) of Swaziland
Tanzania Electricity Supply Company Ltd (TANESCO) of Tanzania
ZESCO Limited of Zambia
Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) of Zimbabwe
The East Africa Interconnection; with the following members

Uganda
Kenya
Tanzania
In SAPP Tanzania grid is yet to be interconnected. A 330kV line is planned to connect the Zambia
grid to Tanzania grid. Also the East Africa interconnection does not connect the Tanzanian grid to
Uganda or Kenya. However the north western park of Tanzania (Kagera Region is supplied power
from the Uganda grid. feasibility studies are currently underway to see the viability of interconnect

A5
Tanzanian grid (from Arusha) to Kenya grid (to Nairobi). Kenya and Uganda grids are already
interconnected.
3.3
ADVANTAGES OF GRID INTERCONNECTIVITY

Coordinate the planning and operation of the electric power systems among the member utilities.
Reduce both capital and operating cost through co-ordination
Increase system reliability through emergency support when required.
Provides forum for solutions to electric energy problems in the region.
3.4 FOUR AGREEMENTS GOVERN SAPP

Inter-Governmental Memorandum of Understanding - Enabled the establishment of SAPP
Inter-Utility Memorandum of Understanding - Establishes SAPPs Management and Operating
principles
Agreement Between Operating Members Establishes the specific Rules of Operation and
Pricing
Operating Guidelines Provide Standards and Operating Guideline.

A6
APPENDIX II
KENYA REPORT
HYDROLOGY FOR RIVER NZOIA
a) Inventory of databases on metrological information for River Nzoia.

Description:
MET/1401
Monthly Weather Summary for temperature, rainfall and evaporation.

Location:
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) Kakamega.

Ministry of Transport and Communications Meteorological Department.
Format:Files and folders in shelves.

Availability:
Accessible to officers at a cost of Ksh.200 to authorized persons by photocopy.
Date of Reference:
Records from 1998 2001
Evaluation: N/A
b) Monthly Weather Summary for the year 1998
Temperature / Month
Jan
Feb.
Mar.
April
May
June
July
28.60C
14.70C
6.90C
29.80C
870C
28.40C
15.30C
10.10C
27.80C
15.10C
8.00C
26.20C
13.60C
9.00C
25.60C
13.80C
8.60C
15.50C
14.60C
14.20C
15.10C
14.00C
13.20C
17.50C
17.00C
17.00C
17.80C
17.90C
17.60C
16.50C
16.30C
15.20C
15.80C
16.00C
16.20C
204.2
122.0
818
142.8
130.2
168.7
268.8
118.9
291.7
126.8
158.1
102.9
139.3
100.0
12
Nil
Nil
14
9
Nil
Nil
10
11
1
13
18
1
23
22
28
19
26
14
1
24
6.4
78%
59%
93.4
8.1
848.0
844.3
75%
47%
73.7
8.4
846.6
842.8
67%
42%
-
7.3
846.9
843.2
79%
56%
72.0
6.7
848.0
844.9
8.4%
6.3%
54.2
55.4
847.9
845.4
88%
60%
51.4
Mean maximum
26.90C
Mean Minimum
15.00C
Lowest gross minimum for the 7.50C
month
Mean 0600Z dew point
16.20C
Mean 0900Z dew point
15.90C
Mean 1200Z
15.70C
Rainfall and Evaporation
Total rainfall for the month (in mm)
Total Evaporation for the month
(in mm)
No. of rainy days
No. of hail days
No. of days with ground frost
No. of days with thunder
Other Parameters
Mean sunshine (in hours per day)
Mean radiation
Mean pressure at 0600Z
Mean pressure at 1200Z
Mean R/H at 0600Z
Mean R/H at 1200Z
Mean Wind run (in KM/Day)
Regional Power Integration in Hydropower Kenya Report

B1
c) Monthly Weather Summary for the year 1999
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun
Jul
Aug Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Mean maximum 29.8
30.9
30.2
28.1
26.8
26.4
26.9
26.2
28.1
27.3
28.9
28.4
Mean Minimum
13.2
13.0
14.5
15.1
14.6
13.7
13.8
13.4
15.1
14.5
14.8
13.9
Lowest gross
minimum
Mean 0600Z dew
point
Mean 0900Z dew
point
Mean 1200Z dew
point
Rainfall and
Evaporation
Total rainfall
(mm)
Total Evaporation
(mm)
3.50C 54
8.7
10.0
94.0
10.2
11.8
10.7
13.7
16.1
16.6
15.7
15.4
15.5
14.9
15.9
14.8
13.3
9.1
7.5
11.6
14.7
16.4
15.6
15.5
15.5
14.2
15.4
13.3
11.3
9.1
5.7
10.8
14.8
16.3
15.7
14.8
15.0
14.1
15.1
12.8
11.8
34.8
34.3
499
105.8 224.9 118.7 138.2 182.1 50.9
188.9 142.3 125.2 121.4 177.4 129.8 146.4 130.7 157.2 163.7
No. of rainy days 3
12
12
26
20
16
19
20
17
23
29
24
17
22
13
25
11
14
87
8.1
6.1
59
7.0
6.2
Temp (oC)
No. of days with

hail
No. of days with
ground frost
No. of days with
thunder
Other
Parameters
Mean sunshine
(HR/day)
Mean radiation
Mean pressure at
0600Z (mf)
Mean pressure at
1200Z ( mf)
Mean R/H at
0600Z
Mean R/H at
1200Z
Mean Wind run
(KM/day)
264.5 100.4 102.8
844.3 845.2 844.6 845.1 846
846.4 845.9 846.5 845.3 843.8 845.0 845.8
840
843.8 843.4 843.6 841.4 840.0 841.4 841.9
840.9 840.4 841.4 843
58% 56% 66% 77% 82% 81.3% 87% 87% 66% 78% 73% 64%
32% 34% 35% 51% 56% 56.4% 52% 55% 50% 75% 43% 42%
103.9 109.6 100.2 78.6
65.6
58.8

B2
59.1
63.7
84.9
71.5
88.1
88.3
HYDROLOGY FOR RIVER NZOIA
Description
Serial No. 01
Nzoia River returns from Webuye station
IDA2
Hydrological information Gauge Heights (G/HT)
Location:
Ministry of Water Resources & Development office Kakamega
Format:
Files and folders in drawers
Availability:
Accessible to authorized people at a cost (not specified) per data given.

Can either be photocopied or printed.
Date of Reference: Records from 1980 1987
Some information lacks from their files.
Evaluation:
Reliable data 1983.
March (Max. 115, Min.092)

Date
G/HT.1
G/HT.2
April (Max.136, Min.096
Time 1
( a.m.)
Time 2
( p.m.)
Date G/HT.1
G/HT.2
Time 1
(a.m.)
Time 2
(p.m.)
108
107
8.00
4.05
105
107
7.30
3:00
099
8:05
100
103
10:35
4:10
098
098
7.45.
3:00
098
098
8:15
105
106
8:00
3:00
108
108
7:15
2:45
6
7
095
095
8:15
2:45
110
111
11:30
3:00
094
096
8:00
3:00
115
115
8:15
3:00
096
096
7:35
2:25
113
8:25
10
096
095
8:50
3:45
10
11
095
092
8:00
1:00
11
101
097
8:25
12
091
9:35
12
097
097
8:25
4:00
13
096
097
12:00
2:45
13
14
102
102
8:15
3:45
14
097
099
8:00
2:00
15
104
105
8:00
2:15
15
102
104
8:00
4:00
16
106
107
8:00
2:15
16
100
8:00
17
114
115
8:00
3:15
17
18
112
112
10:00
4:00
18
104
100
8:00
3:00
19
110
19
101
100
7:00
4:00
20
098
098
9:15
3:00
3:45
21
098
098
7:45
4:00
20
21
106
105
8:00

B3
22
093
093
8:00
3:00
22
099
097
23
092
093
7:45
3:15
23
100
8:15
24
090
091
12:30
4:10
24
108
25
089
088
8:15
3:55
25
111
108
9:55
3:10
26
091
088
8:00
26
128
126
8:15
3:00
27
132
133
8:00
2:45
27
28
090
8:00
4:00
28
125
128
8:00
2:00
29
089
092
8:00
3:15
29
136
135
7:45
3:00
30
100
096
7:45
2:10
30
134
31
102
100
8:15
3:55
June 1983
(Max. 192, Min.124)
May 1983
Date
G/HT.1
G/HT.2
Time 1
(a.m.)
Time 2
(p.m.)
Date
G/HT.1 G/HT.2 Time 1

(a.m.)
Time 2
(p.m.)
122
118
121
177
175
8:15
3:45
116
168
165
8:00
4:00
111
108
102
108
124
128
158
154
8:00
4:10
146
144
8:25
4:15
140
138
8:00
4:10
158
160
131
138
8:15
3:00
10
159
157
10
135
8:00
4:00
11
159
158
11
12
158
155
12
13
154
153
13
165
168
8:00
3:45
14
14
160
158
7:00
3:00
15
15
158
152
8:00
3:45
16
146
145
16
146
142
8:15
4:10
17
132
134
17
135
132
11:45
4:25
18
138
136
18
19
135
135
19
20
133
132
20
131
8:00
3:45
21
21
132
8:15
4:00
22
22
128
8:00
3:00

B4
23
147
148
23
126
8:00
4:00
24
174
178
24
128
7:00
3:15
25
182
186
25
26
218
208
26
27
192
190
27
148
147
7:00
3:15
28
28
166
168
9:15
4:00
29
29
192
193
10:05
5:10
30
214
196
30
175
174
8:00
2:00
31
198
196
31
July 1983
(Max.224, Min 132)
Date
G/HT.1
G/HT.2
August 1983
(Max 366, Min. 194)
Time 1
Time 2
Date

(a.m.)
Time 2
(p.m.)
172
174
200
202
8:15
4:00
204
206
8:00
5:00
220
224
8:15
3:45
184
182
238
236
8:00
3:40
178
177
226
224
8:00
4:00
160
167
164
160
154
153
194
198
10:30
4:10
208
201
9:15
3:00
10
10
215
210
8:15
4:35
11
134
137
11
209
206
8:10
3:45
12
136
136
12
220
224
8:50
4:00
13
13
14
134
134
14
15
133
132
15
254
259
8:00
4:10
16
16
268
274
8:00
3:00
17
17
290
284
8:35
4:35
18
148
150
18
315
325
8:00
3:45
19
160
165
19
324
328
8:00
4:10
20
174
178
20
21
183
184
21
22
180
181
22
366
312
8:00
3:15
23
23
335
348
7:45
2:25
24
24
360
366
8:00
4:45
25
190
191
25
358
354
8:45
3:00
26
194
193
26
330
332
8:00
4:45

B5

27
196
198
27
28
204
203
28
29
220
224
29
325
322
8:00
3:00
30
30
322
329
8:25
3:55
31
31
323
320
8:00
September 1983
(Max.340, Min. 160)
Date
G/HT.1
G/HT.2
October 1983
(Max.2.94, Min. 1.80)
Time
Time 2
Date

(a.m.)
Time 2
(p.m.)
318
9:00
340
2:10
2654
254
8:00
4:00
260
264
8:00
3:10
308
3:10
268
270
9:15
4:00
314
2:00
278
280
9:00
3:00
318
12:20
282
280
9:00
3:00
324
8:00
282
180
8:15
2:00
338
12:45
10
10
11
11
294
290
8:00
4:35
12
294
11:45
12
266
280
8:35
4:10
13
284
3:00
13
285
284
8:00
3:40
14
278
2:45
14
280
278
8:45
4:35
15
265
8:00
15
275
272
8:40
3:00
16
276
8:35
16
17
17
18
18
264
261
9:45
3:30
19
284
3:10
19
266
263
8:15
4:10
20
288
2:20
20
268
262
8:00
5:10
21
264
3:10
21
22
22
240
242
8:00
3:15
23
160
3:35
23
24
24
248
246
8:15
2:40
25
25
254
253
8:00
3:15
26
26
252
251
8:00
4:10
27
252
3:10
27
252
249
8:00
3:10
28
278
3:30
28
250
246
8:35
3:15
29
272
3:45
29
30
270
4:35
30
31
242
288
8:10
2:15
31

B6
November 1983
(Max.235, Min.172)
Date
G/HT.1
G/HT.2
December 1983
(Max. 172, Min. 139)
Time
Time 2
Date
220
228
172
8:30
228
227
166
8:45
226
227
230
228
160
9:45
150
10:40
235
233
158
11:50
232
231
156
8:40
228
226
156
8:30
10
222
220
10
11
218
216
11
12
12
13
13
14
226
224
14
146
11:15
15
222
219
15
146
11:10
16
216
218
16
139
10:55
17
224
222
17
18
218
216
18
19
19
141
12:15
20
20
143
12:45
21
214
212
21
143
10:25
22
210
208
22
143
11:45
23
208
204
23
150
12:30
24
204
202
24
25
192
194
25
26
26
27
27
154
1:50
28
174
28
147
1:45
29
173
29
152
11:45
30
172
30
147
10:25
31
31

B7
Time 2
July 1980
Date
G/HT.1
August 1980
G/HT.2
Time
Time 2
Date
195
9:15
190
8:15
180
11:00
192
12:25
196
11:15
198
9:30
218
3:30
198
9:15
10
196
7:30
10
11
194
10:00
11
12
189
10:00
12
13
13
14
184
10:15
14
15
170
10:00
15
16
162
10:15
16
17
150
10:00
17
18
144
11:50
18
19
135
11:30
19
20
20
21
132
10:00
21
22
138
9:15
22
23
128
10:15
23
24
127
9:00
24
25
128
10:15
25
26
26
27
128
10:20
27
28
138
9:15
28
29
135
8:30
29
30
134
9:45
30
31
134
10:00
31

B8
Time 2
November 1980
(Max 125, min 084)
Date
G/HT.1
G/HT.2
December 1980
(Max 089, min 063)
Time 1
Time 2
Date
088
12:15
089
1:00
088
8:30
085
8:30
085
4:20
084
9:00
084
4:00
084
9:30
082
8:30
085
9:30
082
7:35
088
12:00
088
11:40
081
2:30
080
9:45
10
090
9:00
10
082
1:00
11
090
8:30
11
078
2:30
12
090
9:30
12
13
088
1:30
13
077
1:30
14
087
9:15
14
15
087
11:30
15
074
2:00
16
16
072
12:45
17
106
1:30
17
071
9:30
18
103
1:45
18
070
12:55
19
102
12:35
19
072
12:00
20
103
12:00
20
072
8:30
21
125
7:45
21
22
117
12:30
22
072
9:35
23
23
070
1:00
24
107
9:00
24
068
9:30
25
107
8:30
25
26
105
1:15
26
27
100
10:00
27
065
7:15
28
095
8:00
28
29
29
065
5:30
30
30
064
12:00
31
31
063
12:00

B9
Time 2
January 1981
(Max 076, min 053)
Date
G/HT.1
G/HT.2
Time 1
062
12:00
063
9:30
076
2:30
072
8:35
071
1:30
071
7:45
10
068
1:30
11
12
065
1:00
13
063
12:35
14
060
12:15
15
059
2:35
16
059
9:15
17
059
12:00
18
058
12:30
19
058
12:00
20
058
12:45
21
056
7:00
22
055
2:40
23
055
1:15
24
057
12:00
25
26
055
8:15
27
054
11:30
28
054
12:15
29
054
11:45
30
053
12:00
31
053
Time 2

B10
CASE STUDIES OF THE RIVER NZOIA BASIN
Dam Sites
Summary
Reference 1
The potential and existing dam sites along the River Nzoia Basin are as follows
EXISTING DAM SITES AT
Twin Rivers
Ellegirini
POTENTIAL DAM SITES AT

Kipkaren
Kiboro
Mukulusi
Moiben
Lower Moiben
Moi's Bridge
Hemsted Bridge
Reference 2
The document has inventory of the dam schemes identified in the country. The dam schemes are for
domestic, industrial water supply and hydropower generation. The dam sites identified along the
River Nzoia basin are given and their characteristics described in detail. The details for each site
include the river along which the site lies, the catchment area, the purpose for which the dam is
planned for, the responsible agency and the planning stage. See the attached sheet.
Reference 3
Rambula dam site, on River Nzoia was covered in the Survey. The survey was carried out between
August and December 1990, which involved (1) arrangement to sub-letting the work to local survey
or contractor, (2) aerial photography and control point survey for photogrammetric mapping, profile
survey and leveling survey for establishement of site datum, (3) Supervision of survey work executed
by contractors. References
S/N
Reference
1.
of
Water Free
The Study on the National Ministry
Water Master Plan. Sectoral Development, Library
Report,
Integrated
Water
Resources Planning. July 1992
Physical Location
2.
of
Water Free
Water Master Plan, Sectoral Development, Library
Report (H): Dam Development
Plan. Republic of Kenya,
Ministry
of
Water
Development, JICA, 1992
3.
of
Water Free
Water Master Plan, Sectoral Development, Library
Report
(K):
Topographic
Survey of Dam Sites. Republic
of Kenya, Ministry of Water
Development, JICA, July1992

B11
Access Fee
3.1
DESCRIPTION FOR RIVER NZOIA BASIN

COUNTRY:
Kenya
BASIN:
River Nzoia Basin
LOCATION
River Nzoia lies in the western region of Kenya. The catchment area is bounded by latitudes
1o 30N and 0o 30S and Latitude 34o E and 35o 45E. The catchment area may be divided into
two sub-catchments, Lower Nzoia and Upper Nzoia sub-basins.
Lower Nzoia:
Latitude:
Longitude:
0o 04N and 0o 11S

33o 57E and 34o 14E
Upper Nzoia
Latitude:
Longitude:
0o 04N and 0o 55S

34o 55E and 35o 10E
3.2 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE RIVER NZOIA BASIN

River Nzoia flows into Lake Victoria just North of Yala swamp and rises from Cheranganyi hills in
the East with tributaries feeding it from mount Elgon in the North. The basin covers an area of about
12000km2 and a total length of 275km. River Nzoia basin transgresses many regions thus land use
will vary accordingly. In the lower regions of Budalangi the soils are poorly drained and mainly of
clay type due to the frequent flooding. Thus agriculturae is not all that prevailant in the area. but note
that in the agro-ecological zones Budalangi area is marked LM4, the marginal cotton zone.
Lower Nzoia
Lower Nzoia is of 8500 km2 in area and lies at the altitude of 1,130m to 1225m Above Sea
Level. The area is generally flat and swampy. The permanent swamps cover a total area of 25
km2.
Main Land Use
Livestock rearing and fish farming are common activities. Agro-economic conditions are
generally poor throughout the sub-area with exception of Bunyala pilot irrigation scheme.
Cotton is practically the only crop produced for the market. Maize farming is done on small
scale for the local market only. Sugar-cane farming is practiced on small farms.
Most roads are not tarmacked, which poses a serious problem in the communication network.
Upper Nzoia
Upper Nzoia basin covers a total area of 1500 km2. The landform is hilly with steep slopes.
The sub-basin lies between the altitudes of 1625metres and 1825metres Above Sea Level.
The minimum and maximum elevations are 1917m ASL and 4300 ASL.
Main Land Use
Crops are generally grown on scattered hill-side plots separated by extensive rangeland. Main
crop grown is hybrid maize, followed by sunflower. Other crops are beans and cassava. Cattle
rearing is also practiced. The roads in the upper Nzoia basin are in fair conditions making
communication fair.

B12
3.3 THE HYDROLOGY OF RIVER NZOIA BASIN

The mean monthly rainfall trend represents two maxima and minima over the year. The First and
Second maxima occur from April to May and July to November respectively. The minimum and
maximum mean monthly rainfall is 20mm and 200mm respectively. The mean annual rainfall is
between 1000 to 1500mm. The isohyets are 45 inches on entering Lake Victoria, 60 inches at Mount
Elgon and 50 inches around Cherangani hills 50 inches.
The highest river discharges occur between May and September while the lowest river discharges
occur between January and March. Annual Runoff: 310mm and Runoff ratio; 21.7%
The rivers within the river Nzoia basin are River Nzoia, River Kuywa and River Moiben. Both rivers
Kuywa and Moiben drain into River Nzoia, which drains into Lake Victoria. Moiben River has a
catchment of 262 km2. The upper and lower river Nzoia has 1470 and 8420 km2 catchement areas
respectively. The middle Nzoia river, Nzoia at Moi's bridge has a catchement area of 1470 km2.
3.4 OTHER FEATURES
Floods
River Nzoia is characterized with flooding in its lower reaches. The river floods frequently, annually.
This is due to the large catchment area versus one river to let the water into the lake. There is intense
erosion in the upstream region due to deforestation. The soil blocks the channel or fills it, hindering
the free flow of water. Deposition of the material eroded in the upstream takes place in the
downstream. The desposition is intensive due to the low gradient of the riverbed. The deposition
reduces the depth and thus the capacity of the river, which eventually results into flooding. Dykes
have been constructed over 32 km stretch in the downstream of the river Nzoia to contain the flood
problem
Design Flood: Flood discharge of 117m3/s is obtained from the flood envelope curve applicable to the
Lake Basin. One of the stations within the basin is considered favorable since it has an automatic
stage recorder and lies downstream of the River Basin covering an area of 1180km2. The 25 and 50
year return period peak discharges from the station are 1100m3/s and 1360m3/s respectively. It is
considered that these values can be taken as valid for the end reaches of the Nzoia where periodic
flooding occurs. It is evident that discharges of this order are likely to result in floods involving
several hundred millions cubic metres thus flooding very large areas.
Erosion and Sedimentation
Erosion in the upper catchment area of the basin is due largely to deforestation. Erosion in the lower
reaches of the basin is caused by the progressive movement of the meanders causing bank materials to
be moved downstream. Erosion in the upper catchment area leads to mass sedimentation in the lower
areas. The solution lies largely in the control of erosion in the upper catchment.
Annual sediment delivery in river Nzoia is between 158,400 to 326,350 tonnes (Dunnes, 1974).

B13
APPENDIX III
ETHIOPIA REPORT
INVENTORY OF LARGE HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL SITES IN ETHIOPIA
1.1 INTODUCTION:
Ethiopia has numerous rivers capable of producing tremendous hydropower. The country has earlier
been divided into 14 major river basins and now into 11 major river basins with the three basins being
part of Eritrea. A countrywide and basin wise integrated master plan studies were made at different
times and by different consultants and by the Ministry of the Water Resource
On purpose of the assignment given to determine the potential hydropower sites of the country, the
writer has reviewed the country wide as well as the basin wise master plan studies, collected and
compiled the relevant data available. Hydropower potentials have been investigated at different levels
by Acres, UNDP, Cesen and EELPA apart from the consultants who studied the country's river basins
master plan. However, not all the works and documents could be investigated for and compiled in the
short academic term and hence only maser plan studies are reviewed in this report.
1.2
HYDROPOWER SITES IDENTIFIED WITH THE COUNTRY WIDE WATER

RESOURCES MASTER PLAN STUDY BY WAPCOS
A Preliminary Water Resources Development Master Plan for Ethiopia was made by the India
Consultant called Water and Power Consultancy Services (WAPCOS) from April 988 to June 1990
where the Ethiopian Valleys Development Studies Authority represent Ethiopian Government as
employer and also provided the technical counterparts. The Master plan study was made for all the
fourteen basins including the Mereb-Gash, Barka-Anseba, and the Red Sea Basins, which are now
parts of the Eritrea Basins. WAPCO identified Three hundred and fourteen hydropower sites, which
shows Two Hundred Ninety Eight Sites in the current Ethiopia.
Table (1-1) River Basins in Ethiopia: Areas, surface Water Resources and Potential
Hydropower Sites
S.NO
Name of Basin
Area
(km2)
Technical
Potential
(Gwh/yr)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Abbay
Wabi Shebelle
Genale-Dawa
Awash
Tekeze
Omo-Ghibe
Ogaden
Baro-Akobo
Danakil
Rift valley Lakes
Aysha
201,346
202,697
171,042
112,696
90,001
78,213
77,121
74,102
74,002
52,739
2,223
78,820
5,440
9,270
4,470
5,930
36,560
18,880
800
-
Total
1,136,182
160,170
Regional Power Integration in Hydropower Ethiopia Report

C1
75%
Dependable
Surface
Water
(Bm3)
51.48
2.34
4.58
4.10
5.73
14.46
8.51
HP
Potential
Sites
4.36
0.57
132
18
23
43
15
23
39
6
-
97.20
299
The potential sites have been marked on plate HP-1 (vol. X), which is an A1 size reserved drawing
and also too illegible to copy in reduced scale.
Figure (1-1) River Basins in Ethiopia
Source: Preliminary Water Resources Development Master Plan for Ethiopia Final Report, WAPCO,
June 1990

C2
1.3 ABBAY BASIN

The French Consultant BCEOM in association with BRGM and isl consulting Engineers conducted a
master plan study for integrated development of the Abbay River Basin in 1999. BCEOM identified
about 26 potential hydropower sites, which are indicated in Table 2 and Fig 2.
Figure (1-2) Location Map of Abbay Basin
Source: Abbay River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Project, Phase 3 Executive
Summary, BCEOM, April 1999

C3
Table (1-2) Hydropower Identified Projects in the Abbay River Basin

Name of
Power Scheme
Code in the
Models
Installed
Capacity
(MW)
Type of Project
Aleltu
Beles Dangur
Chemoga Yeda
Dabana
Fettam
Finchaa
Lower Didessa
Lower Guder
Neshe
Tis Abbay
Upper Beles
Upper Dabus
Upper Didessa
Upper Dindir
ALEL
BELD
CHEY
DABA
FETT
FINC
LDID
LGUD
NESHB
TANA
UBEL
UDAB
UDID
UDIN
418
120
630
60
125
100
300
70
30
60
382
40
100
30
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
1.4 THE WABI SHEBELE RIVER BASIN

The Master Plan Study for the Integrated Development of the Wabi Shebele River Basin is currently
being made the Water Works Design Enterprise. Currently the Master Plan study has identified 21
potential hydropower sites, with 5 new sites identified apart from the 16 potential hydropower sites
earlier identified by WAPCO.
Table (1- 3) Potential Hydropower sites in the Wabi Shebele River Basin
No.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
21
Site Name
WS 2
WS 3
WS 4
WS 5
WS 6
WS 7
WS 8
WS 9
WS 10
WS 11
WS 12
WS 13
WS 14
WS 15
WS 16
WS 17
WS 18
DK 1
Power (MW)
29.3
26.5
28.1
39.4
29.5
29.7
39.7
39.8
44.8
53.7
39.6
74
75
98
46.5
84.4
85.3
40.6
Energy (GWH/yr)
213
232
246
256
258
260
348
349
392
490
505
655
656
859
407
430
435
207

C4
Figure. (1-3) Location Map of Wabi Shebelle Basin
Source: Preliminary Water Resources Development Master Plan for Ethiopia Final Report, WAPCO,
June 1990

C5
Figure (1-4) Potential Hydropower sites in the Wabi Shebele River Basin
Source: Wabi Shebele River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Study Project- Water
Allocation and Utilization - Draft Phase III Report

C6
Figure.(1-5) Location Map of Genale Dawa River Basin
Source: Genale Dawa River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Project Reconnaissance
Phase Main Report, June 2000
1.5 THE GENALE DAWA RIVER BASIN
The Reconnaissance Phase Genale Dawa River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Study was
made by the Ministry of Water Resources in the year 2000 which incoorporated the Dam and
Hydropower aspects. The report reproduced investigations by (ACRES, 1982) Power planning study,
Ministry of Agriculture and Small Hydropower Investigation Team. P.R.C (1989 and WAPCOS
Preliminary Water Resources Development Master Plan for Ethiopia. The study identified an
altogether 31 potential dam sites for irrigation, hydropower and integrated development. The potential
hydropower and multipurpose sites are listed in Table 5 below.
Table (1-4)Identified Potential Hydropower and Multipurpose Sites
Site
No.
Sub
Riber
GDH15
Basin
Genale
GDH16
GDH17
GDH18
GDH19
GDH20
GDH21
GDH22
Genale
Genale
Genale
Dawa
Dawa
Dawa
Dawa
GDH23
Dawa
Genale
Genale
Genale
Awata
Awata
Awata
Melka
Guba
Dawa
GDH25
GDH26
GDH27
GDH28
Dawa
Dawa
Dawa
Dawa
Dawa
Mormora
Kilkile
Afelata
Genale
Co-ordinates
Nearest
Town
Wereda
Zone
Access
Purpose
Bale
20
MP
Liben
Liben
Borena
Borena
Borena
Borena
Liben
15
8
20
20
20
20
25
HP
MP
HP
MP
MP
MP
MP
Liben
10
HP
Borena
25
15
10
30
MP
MP
HP
HP
N
040361
410161
Golgol
040561
050431
050371
050441
050501
050581
040431
410301
390341
390421
390101
380541
380431
390281
Bander
Bidre
Baltige
Shakiso
Hinde
Hinde
Wata Dege
Meda
Welaber
Adola
Adola
Arero
Liben
Liben
Liben
Adola
040511
390211
Duka Tal
Lliben
050071
050471
050041
050361
380581
380451
380431
380271
Gora

C7
1.6
THE WABI SHEBEL RIVER BASIN
Figure.(1-6) Location Map of Awash Basin
Source: The Awash River Master Plan Study, Sir Williams Halcrow & Partners Ltd.
The Master Plan Study envisaged the feasibility of several hundred small hydropower plans in the
basin with average capacities of 100 to 200kw which would increase the 1574 GWh/yr total
hydropower potential of the basin. the identified potential hydropower projects are shown in Table 6,
however the master plan reports that hydropower potential of the basin is 50% more than what is
indicated in the table

C8
Figure.(1-7) Potential Hydropower Sites
Source: The Awash River Master Plan Study, Sir Williams Halcrow & Partners Ltd.
Table (1-5) Hydropower potential in the Awash Basin
Site
Awash III
Awash IV
Gross (GWH)
165
167
Hydropower Potential
Installed (MW)
32
34

C9
Figure.(1- 8)Location Map
Source: Tekeze River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Project

Executive Summary, the Netherlands Engineering Consultants (NEDECO) February 1998
1.7 THE TEKEZE RIVER BASIN
The Netherlands Engineering Consultants, NEDECO inassociation with DHV consult made the
Integrated Master Plan Study Of the Tekeze River Basin in 1998. The consultant selected 5 sites,
which are considered the most feasible ones in terms of physiography, of which tow were finally
evaluated as the best ones (TK4, 85 MW and TK7, 221 MW). The consultant selected 10 sites out of
the 15 potential sites identified by WAPCO and made ground checking for these sites.

C10
Figure(1-9)Dam Sites
Source: Tekeze River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Project Executive Summary, the
Netherlands Engineering Consultants (NEDECO), February 1998

C11
Table(1-6)Dam sites in the Tekeze River Basin proposed by different consultants
Teknr
Source
River
Near by
town
Coordinates
Easting
1
2
3
6
Hydropower Projects Selected by WAPCOS
444.989
1
TK-1
Tekeze
Power
(MW)
Map/photo numbers
Noting
1:250,000
(Map
7
10
1340.308
43.1
ND-37-14
65.9
ND-37-14
87.2
ND-37-14
94.9
99.3
112.5
ND-37-14
ND-37-10
ND-37-10
TK-2
Tekeze
444.279
1364.267
TK-3
Tekeze
443.278
1392.834
4
5
6
7
TK-4
TK-5
TK-6
TK-7
Tekeze
Tekeze
Tekeze
Tekeze
457.214
472.022
459.267
1430.038
1472.654
1493.189
islamage
Abi Adi
Abi Adi
384.719
1529.415
Embama
TK-8
Tekeze
336.339
1570.699
TK-9
Tekeze
288.424
1577.972
Humera
254.593
1583.199
Humera
10
TK-10
Tekeze
Note:only larger Hunting schemes are presented, TK= wapcos numbering
115.4
136.10
1:100,000
11
ND37-137
ND37-114
ND37-102
ND37-90
ND-37-10
ND-37-05
122.7
ND-37-05
34.3
ND-37-05
Figure (1-10) Location Map of the Omo Ghibe River Basin

Source : Master Plan Study Final Report Document by Richard Woodroofe & Associotes in
association with mascot ltd, December 1996

C12
1.8 THE OMO GHIBE RIVER BASIN

The Omo Ghibe river basin has the second largest hydropower potential of all the river basins next to
the Abbay river basin.
The potential to develop a hydropower network on individual rivers with schemes situated
downstream of a regulating reservoir is shown in table 8 below.
Table (1-7) Potential Hydropower Sites
Gide River
Halele or roro regulating reservoir.

Halele (110 MW; 491 GWh) OR RORO (15mw; 65 gwh)
Werabesa (450 MW; 19979 GWh-210 MW; 931 GWh)
Alati (240 MW; 1073 GWh-180 MW; 803 GWh)
Derbu (345 MW; 1508 GWh-270 MW; 1181 GWh ) or OM6 (195MW;664 GWh)
NB-The higher value in brackets refers to potential generation downstream of Halele
reservoir, and the smaller to generation downstream of roro regulating reservoir)
Gilgel Gibe
River
Gilgel gibe regulating reservoir Gilgel gibe (66 MW; 288 GWh),Daka (65 MW;282
GWh) Simini (53 MW; 231 GWh), Dema (35 MW; 154 GWh), koto (62 MW;273
GWh) of fofa (233 MW; 1022 GWh)
Gojeb
No independent regulating reservoir. Each scheme incorporates a regulating reservoir.

OM 18 975 MW; 323 GWh-35 MW; 153 GWh)
NB-The higher value in brackets refers to a highe rcrest level at the dam.
Wabe
No independent regulating reservorr. Each scheme incorporates a regulating reservor

Welkite OM10 (70 MW; 311 GWh 100 MW; 441 GWh ) Welkite DS 13 (115 MW,
505 GWh-155 MW, 688 GWh) NB- The higher value in brackets refers to a higher
crest level at the dam.
Omo
Gojeb;OM21, regulating reservoir Gojeb (55mw; 2446 GWh). OM12

(420MW;1847).OM14 (600 MW;2624 GWh) OM15 (295 MN; 1285 GWh NB-The
analysis for OM 12, OM14 and OM15 has in fact not taken into account the regulating
effect of Gojeb reservoir.
Three types of hydropower projects, varying in scale, have been identified to supply electricity in the
Basin: large - scale (>100 MW): medium - scale (up to 100 MW); and small-scale developments (up
to 15 to 20 MW) Mini-hydro and very small-scale development up to 1 MW are feasible, technically,
at the headwaters; small-scale plants are practical along the highland plateau.

C13
Figure. (1-11) Potential Dam Sites
Source: Master Plan Study Final Report Document by Richard Woodroofe & Associates in
association with mascott ltd, December 1996

C14
Figure (1-12) Location Map
Source: Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Study, Final Report Executive
Summary by TAMS and ULG Consultants LTD, May 1997
1.9 THE BARO AKOBO RIVER BASIN
According to the countrywide master plan study by WAPCO, the basin is the third in terms of
abundant surface water and hydropower potential. The TAMS (New York)-ULG (UK), who made the
Master Plan Study of the basin, Executive Summary report describe the basin as being endowed with
plentiful potential hydropower resources more than sufficient to meet the projected demands of the
entire nation for many decades to come. The Master Plan Study identified about 22 potential
hydropower sites, which are indicated in Fig. 13 below.

C15
Figure.(1-13)Potential Hydropower Sites
Source: Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Study, Final Report Executive
Summary by TAMS and ULG Consultants LTD, May 1997

C16
1.10 THE RIFT VALLEY LAKES BASIN

Reconnaissance Master Plan For the Development of the natural resources of the Rift Valley Lakes
Basin was made Sir William Halcrow & Partners Ltd and the reports compiled in August 92.
Figure.(1-14) Location Map

Source: Preliminary Water Resources Development Master Plan for Ethiopia Final
Report, WAPCO, June 1990
Halcrow referred to the major power planning studies by Acres, UNDP and Cesen, for the basin being
notably only for the absence of potential for hydropower development. Cesen report suggested an
energy potential in the Bilate-Sagan-Dana basin of some 50,000 GWH without regard to the potential
location of power plants. Halcrow's report states other sites in the other basins are far more
economically attractive. The location of potential hydropower sites in the basin are indicated in Fig.
15 below.

C17
Figure (1-15) Location Map
Source: Preliminary Water Resources Development Master Plan for Ethiopia Final
Report, WAPCO, June 1990
Water resource potential of these basins as the WAPCOS report indicates is almost negligible. The
Reconnaissance phase Master Plan Study of these so-called dry basins was made from June 1999 to
May 2000 by the basin development study department of the Ministry of Water Resources itself.
It was reported that Dam site selection was not possible because of the absence of a large-scale map,
1:50,000 for these basins, the currently existing topographic map being a 1:250,000 scale map. The
report states that because of the short field visit made and the absence of useful topographic maps, it is
not possible to make confirmative conclusion on the absence of suitable dam sites. However, due to
shortage of water, sedimentation problem and unavailability of suitable dam sites development of
hydropower in these basins seems unlikely.
.

C18
APPENDIX IV
PROGRESS REPORT BY COUNTRY
PROGRESS REPORT FOR TANZANIA
Work Done
The RPIH-1 project planned to address three themes:
1)
hydro meteorological studies of two river basins
2)
power studies and
3)
development of criteria for power connectivity
Hydro meteorological studies of river basins
Tanzania had two basins released for the study that is, Mara river and Rufiji river. An inventory of
existing meteorological and hydrological station was establishment. The information compiled under
this sub theme accounts for 99% of planned work, the remaining 1% is for additional updated data to
be included within a month from now.
All this information is available at the Water Resources Department of Ministry of Water and
Livestock Development in digital format. This data has been availed the research group.
Rainfall data is available as monthly totals. Discharge data is available as daily time series Range of
data series for Lake Victoria Basin, for Mara River basin, is from 1938 to 1990 with mass of the main
having data between 1970 1988. As for Rufiji basin, rainfall data ranges from 1922 1990, most of
the studies have data 1970 1990 Discharge data series for Mara river range from 1969 1994 while
Rufiji has data from 1954 1994.
Power Studies
Report on power studies covers two major areas, Lake Victoria Basin, which includes Mara River and
Rufiji Basin. There are three potential sites on the Kagera River and the site on Mara River. In Rufiji
basin there are 13 potential sites, out of which one has been developed. This work accounts for 95%
of the planned work. The remaining 5% will cover any other missed our report/studies. This
information is available in form of hard copy reports at the Ministry of Energy & Minerals and with
TANESCO.
Development of Criteria for Power Connectivity
Information gathered on power inter connectivity has been achieved by 95%, and the remaining 5%
will account for any additional information to be collected. Most of this information is available at the
University of Dar es Salaam, Ministry of Energy and Minerals and at TANESCO.
2
PROGRESS REPORT FOR KENYA
Work Done
Inventory of meteorological Data Base
Inventory of meteorological and hydrological data base has been accomplished. The references have
been cited in published documents and their location or source identified. However, the information
available is old, being dated in early 1990s.
Hydropower Integration Criteria
Documentation and discussions and integration criteria are on-going. As such it was not possible to
get much reference material on this subject. However, policy documents and strategic plans exist that
detail the least cost development plans. The National Energy Policy document has been discussed.
Regional Power Integration in Hydropower Country Progress Report

D1
Remaining Work
The works covered is only about 40%. Work on the following issues has not been finalized. Studies
on hydropower; human capacity; interconnectivity criteria and development of methodology for
regional power studies. The detailed report is given in Annex II.
3
PROGRESS REPORT FOR UGANDA
Work done
Consultation has been made with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral resources as well as the
Directorate of Water Development, Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment. The consultations
were aimed at obtaining up to date information concerning the following:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Energy and power sector in Uganda

Role of Hydropower in meeting Energy requirements of the country
Hydropower potential from different sites
Details of constructed and planned power stations, and
Hydrometeorology of the Nile
A number of documents have been obtained for this purpose including

(1)
(2)
(3)
Electricity Regulatory Act, 1999

State of the Environment Report 2001 National Environment Management Authority
The Hydro climatic study 2001, Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment
Hydrological information for 6 stations along River Nile has also been obtained with the shortest
record covering 14 years and the longest 42 years.
Summary of findings
1)
Energy Scenario
Uganda consumes about 5 million tons of oil equivalent annually of which over 90% in
biomass. Only 6% of the population has access to electricity. Per capita energy consumption
is 44kWh/year and only 1% of the rural population is connected for the grid.
2)
Hydropower
Hydropower requirements of the country through this is less than 2% of the total energy
requirement. Two power plants contribute the bulk of the power and these are
Nalubaale power station with a capacity of 180MW
Kiira power station with a capacity of 200MW
However the total hydropower potential of the country is estimated at about 2800MW implying that
only about 12% has been harnessed.
A new US$ 500M, 250MW power station is due to be constructed at Bujagali Downstream of the
NPS by an Independent power producer (AES). It will be a build-ownoperate-transfer (BOOT) plant
where power will be sold to UETCL under a 30 years power purchases agreement (PPA)
The table below shows the potential of some sites along the Nile.

D2
N
o.
Site
Current
installed
capacity
Maximum
potential
Nalubaale
180
Kiira
120
Bujagali
Project
proposed
installed
capacity
River
Remarks
Nile
In service
200
Nile
120MW installed. More to be

installed
320
250
Nile
Negotiations in progress
Kalagala
450
350
Nile
Not developed
Busowoko
230
Nile
Less economically viable with

devt of neighboring sites
Karuma
300-350
150
Nile
Ready for devt but depends on

what happens to Bujagali
Ayago (North)
310-400
Nile
Not developed
Ayago South
230-250
Nile
Not developed
Murchison Falls
450-550
Nile
Not developed
Hydro metrology of the Nile

.
The mean annual rainfall for most of Uganda averages between 500-2000mm with and average of
1000mm. Over 15% of the country is covered by lakes and rivers including Lake Victoria, Lake
Kyoga, Lake Albert, Lake Edward, Lake George as well as River Nile, River Aswa, River Kagera etc.
River Nile is the only outlet of Lake Victoria whose inflows include rainfall and rivers and drains
Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi.
Lake Victoria outflows are controlled at Nalubale power station using the Agreed Curve for which a
minimum of 900m3/5 is guaranteed throughout the year since the Nile flows done very greatly with
seasons and weather.
The table below shows a summary of gauging stations along the Nile.
Summary Statistics for R. Nile
No Site Name
Site No.
Years
Mean
St Error
1 R. Victoria Nile Mbulamuti
82203
42
1401.1
40.4
2 R. Kyoga Nile at Masindi Port
83203
38
1306.8
50.6
3 R. Kyoga Nile at Kamdini
83206
25
1330.3
33.9
4 R. Albert Nile at Pakwach
87210
27
1115.3
125.8
5 R. Albert Nile Laropi
87217
16
1458.8
101.6
6 R. Albert Nile at Panyango
87222
14
1370.4
59.1

D3
Std Dev
261.9
311.8
169.6
653.7
406.3
221.1
Min
731.2
775.6
1070.9
497.1
700.7
827.2
Max
1869.2
1955.4
1716.5
2607.6
2116.1
1650.4
GROUP MEMBERS
Name
Organization/
Institution
Western University
College Of Science &
Technology
Country
Postal Address
Telephone
Fax
E-Mail
Kenya
Box 190-50100
KAKAMEGA, KENYA
+254-(0)5620724
+254-(0)5630153
K_S_Makhanu@Yahoo.Co
m
Prof. Sibilike K.
Makhanu
Tanzania
Box 35131, DSalaam
255-22-2410024
255-222410114
Ntungumburanye
Gerard
Dr. Zelaleni Hailu
Geographic Institute Of
Burundi (IGEBU)
Addis Ababa University
Burundi
B.P 34 GITEGA - Or
B.P. 331 BUJUMBURA,
Box 385 Addis Ababa
257-402625-257402275
00259-09635994
257-402625
255-22-2450005
255-744-298330
255-222450005
Ethiopia
5 Dr. Raymond J. Mngodo
Ministry of Water &

Livestock Dev.
Tanzania
P.O. Box 35066, Dar es

Salaam
6 Dr. S. H. Mkandi
Tanzania
7 Eng. Johnson Malisa
Tanzania

Salaam
Salaam
Makerere University,
Dept. Of Civil
Engineering
UNESCO-IHE
Uganda
Box 7062 KAMPALA,
256-77-614580
The
Netherlands
WESTVEST 7
2601 DA DELFT,
+31-15-2151838
Kizza Michael
Prof. Bela Petry
kyaruzi@ee.udsm.ac.tz
Igebu@Cbinf.Com
Zelalemhgc@Yahoo.Com
raymngodo@yahoo.com
dwr-maji@intafrica.com
mngodo@nbcbn.com
mkhandi@wrep.udsm.ac.
tz
255744-536078
2410029
jmalisa72@hotmail.com
Mkizza@Tech.Mak.Ac.Ug
+31-152122921
B.Petry@Unesco-Ihe.Org

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Nile Basin Capacity Building Network NBCBN

Mr. Gerard Ntungumburanye

Prof. Sibilike K. Makhanu

Prof. Bela Betry

NBCBN / Hydropower Development Research Cluster

An increased co-operation between water professionals in the countries participating

Regional Power Integration in Hydropower

NBCBN / Hydropower Development Research Cluster

Future activities to be developed in Theme 2 include:

Regional Power Integration in Hydropower

NBCBN / Hydropower Development Research Cluster

SYMBOLS AND ACRONYMS