VibMatters-August 2016 PDF

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VibrationMatters
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The Vibration Analysts Newsletter
In this issue:
Featured Lesson:
Rolling Element Bearings Stages
of faults; #3
page 1
----------------------------
Series 3, Issue 7 August 2016

FEATURED LESSON
Rolling Element Bearings: Stages of Faults; #3

In our last issue of Vibration Matters, we
Harmonics due to impacts
Featured Training Video:

Bearing Failure, Detection and
Prevention
identified the four stages of bearing faults
Modulation (sidebands) due
page 2
download it here.
---------------------------Upcoming Global Vibration

Analyst Certification Courses
Page 5
----------------------------
and began by looking at stages one and

two. If you missed the last issue, you can
Matters, we will examine Stage 3.
points
summarize
the
in Stage Three:
More significant damage:
>Click to learn more
----------------------------
Minor damage through to

more significant damage
Bearing can fail in many ways
for many reasons
Mobius Institute can come to

your location:
>Learn about our on-site courses
Very high frequency vibration

continues to increase in amplitude.
Envelope (demodulation) spectrum will

be effective
o
Filters must be set up

correctly
bearing defect frequencies, but there is no

vibration patterns that indicate the fault.
characteristics observed when a bearing is
Mobius Institute North America

complete listing of courses:
spectrum may have exhibited peaks at the

doubt that the velocity spectrum will have
Stage Three Bearing Faults

following
The spectrum is now very important. The

acceleration spectrum and log velocity
In this issue, we will this issue of Vibration
The
to cyclical change in load
Classic patterns appear in spectrum:
FEATURED TRAINING VIDEO:
1.
Bearing Failure,
Outer race fault (inner race

rotating)
Detection and
If there is a spall on the outer race
Prevention
Because there will be impacts, we will

see harmonics of the BPFI frequency.
2.
race and the vibration must travel
(probably right in the load zone), there will
through the balls to the outer race and
harmonics of BPFO present in the data. To
on to the measurement location.
begin with it is possible that the harmonics

are weak, but as the fault develops the
harmonics will get stronger, and will likely
increase in amplitude as the frequency
gets higher.
Because the damage is on the inner
Therefore the amplitude may be lower.

3.
Because a spall travels around the

bearing once per revolution, the
impacts will not be equal in amplitude.
So we will witness 1X sidebands. If the
outer race is rotating then there will be
no sidebands because the force
behind each impact will be equal.
In this webinar, Jason Tranter first

discusses the most common
reasons why rolling element
bearings fail, including lubrication
problems, lubricant contamination,
excessive loading, and installation
and handling. Next, the webinar
summarizes how a variety of
condition monitoring technologies
can be utilized to determine the
condition of rolling element
bearings, including basic and
advanced vibration analysis, oil
analysis, wear particle analysis, and
thermography.
Length: 47 min
Outer race fault (outer race

rotating)
If the outer race is rotating, then the
pattern will change.
There will still be
Ball or roller damage
harmonics; there always are harmonics
If there is ball or roller damage, then we
when impacts occur.
expect
The forces in the
to
see
peak
at
BSF
with
impact will no longer be consistent. When
harmonics.
the damaged area travels through the load
harmonics will be stronger as the damaged
zone,
stronger
area on the rolling element may make
compared with the impacts (and vibration
contact with the inner and outer race each
level) when the damaged area is at the top
rotation.
the
impacts
will
be
of the bearing where it may be lightly
It is likely that 2xBSF and
loaded.
There will also be FT (cage rate) sidebands.
This rise and fall in the vibration amplitude
will go into the load zone of the bearing at
generates sidebands in the spectrum.
the rate defined by the fundamental cage
Because the outer race would be rotating
frequency, which will be less than half
at the turning speed, the sidebands would
turning speed if the inner race is rotating, a
be spaced at 1X.
little over 0.5X if the outer race is rotating.
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2016 Mobius Institute - All rights reserved.
Inner race fault

If there is damage on the inner race on the
bearing, we will observe three important
characteristics:
As the balls move around the bearing they
Knowing the forcing frequencies can be
rate
very helpful; especially if there is more
frequencies, especially in multi shaft
harmonics
or
other
forcing
than
your
machines. If you routinely take one
However
spectrum with a high Fmax (say 60x)
knowing that the defect frequencies are
then it is a good idea to zoom in and
non-synchronous,
view the data from 0-10x or 0-20x so that
one
bearing
measurement
generate
close
location.
and
harmonics,
to
that
and
they
that
1X
you can clearly see the bearing tones.
sidebands indicate an inner race fault,

and FT sidebands indicates a ball or
The two plots above are the same data,
Logarithmic graph scales
the bottom plot is in a Log format; the
roller fault, then we can determine with a
top one is linear. A bearing tone and
lot of confidence that the bearing fault
One of the tricks for quickly identifying
harmonic are indicated by the red boxes
exists.
bearing problems is to format the data in
note that the tone is not visible at all in
a way that accentuates them. Log and dB
the top graph. The bottom graph also
graph scales on the Y or vertical axis
shows signs of looseness (1x harmonics)
serve exactly this purpose.
In brief,
and a raised noise floor which is not
bearing
when a graph is presented in a Log or dB
visible in the top graph. Finally, also note
summarized
format, one is able to see very small
that the data in both graphs are order
peaks in the presence of very large
normalized
peaks. In a machine, bearing tones may
resolution (and space) between the shaft
be much smaller in amplitude than 1X or
rate harmonics so it is easy to find non
a vane pass frequency. When looking at
synchronous tones.
Overview of techniques
The
effectiveness
detection
of
technique
each
is
below:
and
there
is
plenty
of
the graph in a linear scale, one might

only see these dominant peaks and the
Time waveform analysis
bearing tones might be down in the

noise.
The time waveform will have clear signs
With a Log or dB amplitude scale one

The following table summarizes the
possible actions you could take at this
stage:
can see two peaks in the same graph

even if one peak is 1,000x higher in
amplitude than the other! If you want to
of the defects. A waveform in units of

acceleration will contain each of the
impacts. Modulation will also be clearly
visible in the data.
try to visualize this, consider trying to

take a photograph of a person standing
next to a very high tree. The problem is,
you always have to have the top of the
tree in the photo. If you stand far
enough back to capture the top of the
tree, the person will look like a little
speck of dust at its base. This is your
bearing
tone
compared
to
1x.
As
mentioned, if you simply change the

scale to Log or dB you will be able to
Spectrum analysis
Remember
that
clearly see the person and the entire tree

bearing
defect
frequencies are non-synchronous. In

order to quickly identify which peaks are
synchronous and non-synchronous it is
helpful to order normalize the data. It is
also
important
to
have
enough
resolution in the spectrum to separate

bearing defect frequencies from shaft
in the image even if the tree is 1000x

taller that the person.
Even if a bearing tone has a low absolute
amplitude, if its amplitude doubles or
triples then it indicates there is a serious
problem so it is very important to be
able to see these tones even if they are
quite small.
Time waveform analysis is particularly

effective with low speed machines.
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Upcoming Vibration Analyst Certification Courses

Course
Location
Start Date
Duration
Vibration Analysis ISO Category II: Intermediate
Taiwan, CN
7/18/2016
5 days
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Monterrey , MX
7/18/2016
4 days
Vibration Analysis ISO Category IV Part 2: Master
Phuket, TH
7/18/2016
5 days
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Johannesburg, ZA
7/18/2016
2 days
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7/19/2016
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8/1/2016
4 days
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3.5 days
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1 days
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9/13/2016
3.5 days
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Destination ORLANDO:

International Machine Vibration Analysis

ISO/IEC 17024 and ISO 18463-1

The Vibration Analysts Newsletter

Series 3, Issue 7 August 2016

Rolling Element Bearings: Stages of Faults; #3

Harmonics due to impacts

Featured Training Video:

identified the four stages of bearing faults

Modulation (sidebands) due

---------------------------Upcoming Global Vibration

and began by looking at stages one and

Matters, we will examine Stage 3.

More significant damage:

>Click to learn more

Minor damage through to

Mobius Institute can come to

Very high frequency vibration

Envelope (demodulation) spectrum will

Filters must be set up

bearing defect frequencies, but there is no

characteristics observed when a bearing is

Mobius Institute North America

spectrum may have exhibited peaks at the

Stage Three Bearing Faults

The spectrum is now very important. The

In this issue, we will this issue of Vibration

to cyclical change in load

Classic patterns appear in spectrum:

FEATURED TRAINING VIDEO:

Outer race fault (inner race

If there is a spall on the outer race

Because there will be impacts, we will

race and the vibration must travel

(probably right in the load zone), there will

through the balls to the outer race and

harmonics of BPFO present in the data. To

on to the measurement location.

begin with it is possible that the harmonics

Because the damage is on the inner

Therefore the amplitude may be lower.

Because a spall travels around the

In this webinar, Jason Tranter first

Outer race fault (outer race

There will still be

Ball or roller damage

harmonics; there always are harmonics

If there is ball or roller damage, then we

when impacts occur.

The forces in the

impact will no longer be consistent. When

the damaged area travels through the load

harmonics will be stronger as the damaged

area on the rolling element may make

compared with the impacts (and vibration

contact with the inner and outer race each

level) when the damaged area is at the top

of the bearing where it may be lightly

It is likely that 2xBSF and

There will also be FT (cage rate) sidebands.

This rise and fall in the vibration amplitude

will go into the load zone of the bearing at

generates sidebands in the spectrum.