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Andrew Wilkey
FINAL LAB
Minh Nguyen
WILKEY NGUYEN
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Introduction
The goal of this design project was to make an optical signaling device that lights a red LED when one
button is pressed, a green LED when another button is pressed, and to have no light when neither button
is pressed. Design and implementation was left open, provided it met the wireless optical link specification.
For this group, another underlying principle for the design was that of simplicity. Due to the open-ended
nature of this design laboratory, it would be easy to over-indulge and make a highly complex circuit. Instead,
the end results here were chosen in order to make it easier to maintain and test.
Overview
This system can be broken down into two main components, the signal generator and the receiver. The
signal generator provides a control frequency that is transmitted to the receiver. The receiver, then, takes
the signal and filters it, lighting the appropriate LED. It can be likened to a very, very simple version of a
remote control for modern electronic devices.
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The Transmitter
The transmitter is a simple circuit. Two oscillators on sufficiently different frequencies are interrupted by
switches. When a switch is depressed, the signal is then transmitted via an IR LED. All op-amps used in
the transmitter are supplied by 9.0 V rail voltages.
3.a
Oscillators
C2
R2
Vfo
R1
R3
C1
R4
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= R2
C = C1 = C2
1kHz:
1
2RC
C.047F
f1k =
1
2R (0.047 108 F
R = 3.386k
1kHz =
letting R = 3.3k
f1k = 1026.14Hz
10kHz:
1
2RC
C = C1 = C2 = .047F
1
10kHz =
2R (0.047 108 F
R = 338.6
f10k =
letting R = 330
f10k = 10261.4Hz
As any value that satisfies this condition will be valid, we chose R4 to be 1k and R3 to be 2.2k satisfying
the relationship and allowing the circuit to oscillate.
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3.b
Transmitter
V1k
V10k
Figure 3: Transmitter
If you look at the picture and diagram of the circuit, you will notice that there is an Op-Amp situated near
the transmitter. This was setup in case of a weak signal from the oscillators. It proved to not be needed
for the purposes of this project, so it was set aside during the final stages of the project. The amplifier was
configured as a non-inverting amplifier with a gain of 2.
The Receiver
The receiving section of the device acts as a filter, taking the signal from the receiving photodiode and
filtering it into a DC signal to light an LED. Again, the rail voltages supplied to the op-amps was 9V.
INSERT PICTURE OF FINAL RECEIVER HERE
4.a
Receiver
Vdd
1 M
Vrec
+
Figure 4: Receiver
A fairly self-explanatory circuit, this takes the signal from the photodiode and is positioned to amplify it if
required, A it was undesirable to amplify at this stage if possible, the default configuration at this stage was
to use the opamp as a buffer. Of the various portions of this laboratory, this was by far the hardest to test,
as there was no certainty if all the pieces involved were working properly through cursory inspection. Even
the IR LED of the transmitter could be confirmed visually through a camera.
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4.b
R2
R1
C1
Vrec
Vff
+
fc = 1000 =
2 R1 R2 C
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fc = 1000 =
2 R1 R2 C
4.c
Emitter
Vff
R
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Schematics
0.047 F
330
330
0.047 F
+
2.2 k
1 k
0.047 F
3.3 k
1 k
3.3 k
0.047 F
2.2 k
1 k
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0.01 F
22 k
10 k
0.01 F
Vdd
1 M
10 k
1 F
10 k
100 F
0.001 F
22 k
10 k
0.001 F
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Operation
After building and calculating the required values for the components, the device was tested. Following
are the oscilloscope images acquired from testing. If an image has more than one input, channel 1 is the
incoming signal and channel 2 is the outgoing signal.
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(b) 1k Oscillator
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Conclusion
The device, after some work, ended up working amazingly well. Unsurprisingly, a large amount of the
design decisions allowed by this project were limited by the components and space available. Yet again, the
photodiode proved to be a temperamental piece, but it was able to be worked around in the end, with the
rest of the system performing well within expected boundaries.
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