Land Preparation

Land Preparation
Topics to be covered
I. Planning for Replanting/ new planting
II. Blocking
III. Under-brushing, Felling and Pruning and
stacking
IV. Road Establishment
V. Drain Construction
VI. Ploughing and harrowing
VII. Construction of MAI Path
VIII.Peat Compaction
IX. Terrace Lining and Construction
X. Lining for Planting, Holing and Field Planting
XI. Holing
XII. Field Planting
XIII. Legume Cover Crop of Establishment
Land Preparation
Planning For Replanting/ New Planting
The New Planting and Replanting programme will be
formulated by a committee headed by Chief Executive
Officer.
Other committee members involve are Chief Financial
Officer, Director of Plantation, Head of Plantation Advisory
Department, Head of Research and Development
Department, Head of Engineering Department and Regional
Head.
Land Preparation
Factors taken into consideration in decision making are: Fund availability for new land development and replanting
programme.
Companys cash flow.
Return of investment.
Groups age profile for sustainable yield.
Supply of crop to the mill.
Administration complex.
Palm height has become too tall to enable harvesting to be
carried out effectively.
Availability of highly skilled tall palm harvesters
Very poor stand arising from severe Ganoderma infestations
Land Preparation
Functions
To plan the following: To engage qualified consultant to carry out Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) Study.
To engage qualified surveyor for boundary survey.
Planting material requirement and nursery establishment
To decide on suitable methods of land preparation and related
upkeep works. Tendering exercise and award of contract.
Scheduling of work programme and implementation (Gantt chart).
To plan and ensure adequate crop to operate the mill.
To prepare plan for administration complex at newly developed
estate.
Land Preparation
Operation Procedures
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study
Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA)
study
is
required
by
Department
of Environmental (DOE) in
Peninsula Malaysia, Natural Resources and Environmental
Board (NREB) in Sarawak and Environmental Conservation
Department (ECD) in Sabah.
Compulsory for new land development of commercial

agriculture crop such as oil palm, rubber, cocoa etc. of 500
hectares and above in all State in Malaysia.
For the State of Sarawak and Sabah it is compulsory to carry
out EIA study for replanting of commercial crops namely oil
palm, rubber, cocoa etc. that 500 hectares and above.
Continue
Land Preparation
To engage Qualified Consultant to carry out EIA study and produce
report for submission to Authorities namely DOE, NREB and ECD for
approval.
To commence work after the approval is obtained.
Procedure to refer to Company Basic Policy Guidelines Ref No: 1.0.
Boundary Survey
To carry out boundary survey to determine/ ascertain the actual
estate boundary as are per land title or Provisional Lease before
the commencement of land clearing/ development.
To engage Qualified Surveyor to carry out survey work.
Nursery Establishment and Seed Order

Refer to Nursery Establishment.
Land Preparation
Land Preparation and Related Upkeep Works
Palms census of normal and Ganoderma infected palms
To decide on methods of land clearing, establish direction
of planting rows, stacking of biomass, and policy on
Ganoderma infected area.
Harvesting of all ripe and red bunches should be carried
out a few days before felling.
To decide on stand per hectare to be planted.
Road layout and intensity and construction of elevated
paths.
Continue
Land Preparation
To determine the layout and intensity of various types and sizes of
drains.
Construction of terrace for contour planting in hilly area.
Construction of conservation terrace and moisture conservation
pits (MCP).
Construction of double terrace for crop evacuation in hilly area.
Planting of leguminous covers.

Preparation for field planting and month of planting.
To carry out compaction on peat soil of new land development
Land Preparation
Tendering Exercise and Award of Contract
The estate manager through the Regional Head to write to
Procurement Department informing them the intention to call
for tender on new land development/replanting three (3)
months ahead of the proposed date of land clearing.
The estate to provide commencement date of new land
development/replanting, size of area to be developed/
replanting and stand per hectare.
Continue
Land Preparation
The Procurement Department to invite interested party to
participate through advertisement in the local newspaper
or verbal invitation.
The Procurement Department to prepare the tender
documents.
The tender documents it should include the works

description and estimated quantity (units), jobs
specification and work schedule as per sample in
(Appendix 1, 2, 3 and 4).
The completed Tender Document to be returned to Head
Office (Tender Box).
Land Preparation
Planning For Replanting/ New Planting
Continue
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Appendix 2
SPECIFICATION OF WORKS - MINERAL SOIL FOR TERRACE PLANTING

OF OIL PALM AND INLAND FLAT/UNDULATING (148 SPH)
The Specification of Works shall be as follows and as shall be directed

in writing by the Estate Manager from time to time.
1.0 Felling & Shredding & Deboling
1.1
To mechanically fell the palm tree and excavate the entire

palm bole together with all its roots.
1.2
Before felling, the new planting rows shall be marked in the

flat/undulating area where terracing is not required.
1.3
Using mechanical excavators, shred the whole bole, root mass

and trunk of the palm tree including the crown into chips
(shreds) of not more than 10 cm (4 inches) thick across the
grain at 45 to 60 angle.
Continue
Land Preparation
1.4
In flat and low lying area, all fronds, shredded materials,

boles and root mass should be stacked along the interrow of the new planting rows.
1.5
The stacking row in straight lining should be 1 stacking row

for every 4 planting rows.
1.6
Maximum allowable stump height for felling in jungle

areas are as per table below.
Continue
Land Preparation
1.7
In flat and undulating area, the shredded materials should be

stacked along the windrows at every four palm rows interval.
Continue
Land Preparation
1.8
In contour planting, the shredded materials should be spread

out thinly. This is done as felling and shredding operations
proceed. During the construction of new terraces, the
shredded materials can be pushed to the new inter-terrace
areas.
Continue
Land Preparation
1.9
All standing dead palms shall also be felled and

shredded in the manner stated above.
1.10
All bole and root tissue should be completely excavated

from the old planting point at dimension of 1.2 m length (L)
x 1.2 m width (W) x 1 m depth (D) and placed on top of
shredded materials. The old planting holes are to be
covered with top soil and leveled.
Continue
Land Preparation
1.11
Ganoderma Infected Palms:

a. The estate management to mark all Ganoderma
affected palms prior to commencement of felling work.
b. The affected planting points should be excavated to a
dimension of 2.0m x 2.0m x 1.2m (sanitation pit) and to
ensure that remains of bole tissue and the major part of
root system are fully removed.
c. The debris (root mass/bole) should be shredded and
exposed to sunlight at the inter-rows. The sanitation pits
should be closed with fresh soil.
Continue
Land Preparation
d. When replanting in low lying, flat undulating areas, if 5% of the
existing old palms are infected by Ganoderma, excavate and
debole the root mass of all standing or dead palms and vacant
points with a pit of dimension 2m length x 2m width x 1.2m depth.
e. In terraces with above extent of Ganoderma infection excavate
root mass of all palm points with dimension of bole pits measuring
1.2m length x 1.2m width x 1m depth.
This is to prevent terraces from collapsing where Ganoderma
infection of palms is below 5% only the infected palm points may
be deboled with bole pits measuring as above for flat or terraces.
Land Preparation
2.0 Construction of Road
2.1
Marking of road system shall be carried out by the Estate

using 2m pegs painted red at the top 30cm. Pegs are
placed at about 20m intervals for terrace area and 40 - 50 m
for straight roads. When marking roads, ensure that no roads
are marked with gradient more than 7.
2.2
The Contractor shall not at his own discretion deviate from

the above markers. In the event that the road is wrongly
constructed, the Contractors shall at his own expense rectify
the error.
Continue
Land Preparation
2.3
All roads shall be constructed to a uniform camber,

rounded at the crown prior to the construction of terraces
unless otherwise directed by the manager of the Estate.
Road should be constructed prior to terrace construction.
The contractor shall re-camber the new roads
affected by the construction of terraces.
2.4
The width of the road to be constructed for flat/undulating

and hilly areas are as follow: Width of Main Road
Width of collection road
- 5.00 meter
- 4.30 meter
Continue
Land Preparation
2.5
All roads in terrace area should be constructed across the

contour line and distance between collection roads is
approximately 200 meter interval or 25 palms.
2.6
To construct one main road on top of the hill and if possible

to connect from one hill to another hill.
2.7
For flat/undulating area, the main road is to be constructed

at East/ West direction and the interval between roads is
1,000 meters. All main roads should be parallel to each other.
2.8
The collection road to be constructed at North/South

direction and the interval between roads is 250 meters.
All collection roads should be parallel to each other.
Continue
Land Preparation
2.9
Prior to the construction of road, lining for road should

be done and the lining pegs should be at the
center of the roads.
2.10
Rough track for the roads should be constructed

before the commencement of felling work and road
finishing should be done after felling is completed.
Collection Road
Construct across
Contour Line
Land Preparation
3.0 Lining For Terracing
3.1
To construct terraces for a planting density of 148 palms

per hectare, adjacent terraces should be spaced not
closer than 7.62 m and no further apart than 8.84 m.
3.2
The technique for lining of terraces is detailed below:
3.2.1
Establish a base line with 2m colored markers painted

at the top 30cm. Pegged at 7.62 m intervals horizontally
down the steepest slope of each separate feature or
topographical entity.
3.2.2
Three (3) different colored markers (red, yellow and white)

should be used and during the pegging of the base line,
the different colored markers should be repeated in
sequence. This will help ensure that the bulldozer driver
does not stray from one contour to another.
Continue
Land Preparation
3.2.3 After establishing the base line, the first terrace is pegged
with red markers on the contour around the top of the hill
using an Abney level on a 1.52 m high Tee-shaped support or
a Dumpy Level.
3.2.4 To facilitate sighting the markers are placed to approximately 15
20 m intervals.
3.2.5 The pegging of the subsequent terraces should commence from

the markers down the base line.
3.2.6 The lining team than continues pegging the contours as previously.
3.2.7 It will be realized from above that the lining will go off the true
contour level from time to time. However, the error will be slight and
of no consequence. An experienced bulldozer driver can keep the
correct level during construction of the terraces by ironing out
the errors, cutting deeper or less as necessary.
Continue
Land Preparation
3.2.8 Where the slope changes rapidly, it may be desirable to run
the terraces being marked into an existing terrace.
3.2.9 Broken terraces that do not lead to roads should always be

connected to the nearest adjacent upper terrace to allow for
unimpeded access for harvesting.
Wooden Pegs for Terrace Lining
Land Preparation
Lining for terracing - construction
Land Preparation
4.0 Terrace Construction
4.1
Terracing work shall be done by bulldozer after all roads have

been constructed. The terrace pegs should not be
disturbed during terrace construction. Construction of
terrace should be carried out about 1m below the terrace
pegs. This will facilitate checking of terraces after
construction.
4.2
Width of the terrace is approximately 4.27 m including spoil.
4.3
Terracing work shall be started from hilltop downwards.
4.4
All terraces should be sloped back towards the hill with a

backdrop of about 0.6 m or 14.
Continue
Land Preparation
4.5
Stop bunds are to be constructed to check the lateral

movement of run-off water at 20 m intervals with the
dimension of 1 m and height of 0.5 m.
4.6
Terraces must be free from any timber materials. In between

terraces, all protruding logs exceeding 20 cm have to be
pruned.
4.7
Conservation terraces to be constructed on areas with 2 to 6

slope at an interval of 30 m. Terrace specification is to follow as
per 4.2, 4.4 and 4.5.
4.8
In area where slope is between 2 - 6, planting platforms need

to be constructed. The measurement of the platform is 2.5 m x
2.5 m with a backdrop of 60 cm (approx. 14). The spoil at
outer section of the platforms shall be compacted to
consolidate the finished platforms and to eliminate wash out
during heavy rainfall. All shredded material should be
removed from the platform.
Land Preparation
Planting Platform
Stopper bund on complete

terrace at 20 m apart
Stop bund
Land Preparation
Completed terrace
Land Preparation
5.0 Ploughing And Harrowing
5.1
Objectives
To expose the old infected roots and hasten

decomposition of the Ganoderma disease innoculums.
5.2
Procedures
5.2.1
Work will proceed in each phase, sub-phase or blocks as

required by the Estate Manager and to be completed by
the date indicated in the Timetable.
5.2.2
All stumps shall be up-rooted and removed from the area

prior to the commencement of ploughing operation.
5.2.3
2 rounds of ploughing and 1 round of harrowing shall be

carried out.
Continue
Land Preparation
Ploughing and Harrowing
Land Preparation
5.2.4
Ploughing depth shall be between 30.5 cm to 40.5 cm

into the ground using disc ploughs of diameter between
60 cm to 70 cm.
5.2.5
Serrated Rome discs are to be used for the harrowing

operation and shall be carried out after the 2nd
ploughing.
5.2.6
The interval between each operation shall be as follows:
a.
1st round ploughing - To be carried out 2 weeks

after stacking operation.
b.
2nd round ploughing - To be carried out 15 days

after the 1st plough.
c.
Harrowing - To be carried out 5 days after the 2nd

plough.
Continue
Land Preparation
5.2.7
After the 2nd plough and harrow, all up-rooted remnants

and vegetation are to be removed and spread out at the
interrows. Other vegetation is to be eradicated by uprooting.
5.2.8
Boundary stones or permanent markers must be left intact at

original sites. If any of the boundary stones or permanent
markers are inadvertently damage by the contractors
machine, all cost involved in replacing them will be charged to
the contractor.
5.2.9
Ploughing and harrowing work will be accepted as completed

only if the work has been completed as per work specifications
stipulated in the contract agreement.
5.2.10 Do not attempt to plough or harrow if the soil is wet as it will be

shallow and cause compaction.
Land Preparation
6.0 Lining Of Planting Points
6.1
Objectives
To produce an evenly spaced palm stand, so that each

palm has equal access to nutrients, water and sunlight.
6.2
Procedures
The whole of the plantable area shall be lined under the

direction and supervision of the Estate Manager at distances
and bearings as per plan.
Lining stakes shall be supplied by the Contractor. Stakes shall
not be less than 1.2 meter in height and coloured as directed by
the Estate Manager.
Continue
Land Preparation
Estate Manager and Assistant must check at least once

daily by taking test measurements of the lining. Any errors
discovered, the Contractor shall at his own cost and expense
reline the entire affected area as directed.
Two separate lining should be done for flat/undulating (< 6)
and hilly area (>6 to 25).
Land Preparation
6.3 Lining for Planting Points on Flat and Undulating Area (148 SPH)
Terrain
Planting Distance/Distance between

Planting Rows (Meter)
Flat & Undulating

(Non-terraced Area)
8.84m(29) x 8.84m(29) x 8.84m(29) equal

triangle with distance between planting
rows of 7.62 m.
Continue
Land Preparation
6.3.1
For lining of planting points, two 3mm PVC insulated steel

cable is required.
6.3.2
Lining cable A is 30 meters long and marked at every 7.62

meters and this will be used to mark the planting rows.
6.3.3
Lining cable B is 45 meters long and marked at every 8.84

meters and this will be used to mark the planting points.
6.3.4
Work should proceed from one end of the field

systematically block by block in sequence .
Continue
Land Preparation
6.3.5
Start with by selecting one point (X) and this will be the first
point of the first planting row. Point X is 3.81 meters from
the center of main road (half of the distance between
planting rows) and 4.42 meters from the center of
collection road (half of the distance between
planting
point).
From point X, using theodolite to set point Y (to the North
or South) and point Z (to the East or West) at the other
end of the block respectively. Point Y should be 180
from point X and parallel with the collection road. Point Z
should be 90 from point X and parallel to the main road.
Continue
Land Preparation
6.3.6
After setting all the points, establish the base line (Raja Line).
Raja Line is the line which is parallel with collection road in
North South direction and it lies along point X and point Y.
After establishing the Raja Line, using lining cable A mark
the planting rows by pulling lining cable A from Point X
toward point Y and insert the lining pegs at the markers. The
lining cable must be on the line of point X and Y.
6.3.7
To mark the planting point on the first planting row, using

lining cable B pull towards point Z from point X and insert
the lining pegs at markers. The lining cable must be the line
of point X and Z.
Continue
Land Preparation
6.3.8
6.3.9
To mark the first planting point for the second planting

row, establish the equilateral triangle of 8.84m x
8.84m x 8.84m between first and second planting
points on first planting row and first point on the
second planting rows. Pull the lining cable B from the
first point on second planting row to mark the rest of
planting points on second planting row.
Repeat the same procedure for the rest.
6.3.10 Only one Raja Line to be established. Use the same

Raja Line for lining of planting points for the rest of the
blocks unless the area is separated and not visible
from the other site
Land Preparation
Diagram A - Sample of Lining Cable A for 148 SPH
Om
7.62m
7.62m
7.62m
30.00m
Diagram B - Sample of Lining Cable B for 148 SPH
Om
8.84m
8.84m
8.84m
45.00m
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
6.6 Lining for Planting on Terrace Area (148 SPH)
6.6.1
6.7
Objectives
To achieve optimum density of palms to ensure an even
spacing of desired planting stand.
Modified Violle Lining

6.7.1 Procedures
If the distance between palms along the terrace is made

variable in inverse proportion to the distance between the
terraces, then a more even overall density will be achieved
and overcrowding obviated.
For a density of 148 SPH, below shows that Mean of

Columns A & D to be 54.2 feet. The wire rope must therefore
be of this length. A permanent mark is made at 26 feet.
26 feet
Front end
Back end
54.2 feet
Land Preparation
Locate the planting points on the terrace constructed along

the RAJAH contour at 29 feet apart.
Land Preparation
At exactly mid-point between 2 planting points, hold the back
end of the cable and extend the cable at right angles to the
contour below
Where the cable touches the contour below will be the first
planting point on the terrace. Extend the rest of the cable
along the terrace. The front end of the cable will be the next
planting point.
Repeat the process by moving along the RAJAH contour until all
the planting points of the terrace below has been completed.
When the second terrace has been completely lined, repeat
the same procedure on the second terrace to mark the lining
points for the third terrace.
Carry on this procedure until the whole hill is lined.
Land Preparation
Relationship between terrace interval and planting distance
(148 SPH)
Horizontal Terrace Interval (M)
Planting Distance (M)
7.32 and below
9.76
7.32
9.15
7.62
8.84
7.93
8.54
8.23
8.23
Land Preparation
7.0 CONSTRUCTION OF DRAIN
7.1
The drains should be constructed on the flat of low lying areas.
7.2
The drainage system shall be marked out by the Estate and the
Contractor shall construct the drain following the markers.
7.3
Types and size of drains are:-
Main Drain
Collection Drain
Field Drain
7.4
: 2.40 m x 1.20 m x 1.80 m

: 1.80 m x 0.60 m x 1.35 m
: 1.05 m x 0.45 m x 0.75 m
Prior to drain construction, lining for drain to be done. The

lining pegs should be the center of the drain.
Continue
Land Preparation
7.5
Drain shall be constructed in a straight line unless obstructed

by permanent and irremovable structure or object, or
limitation of the terrain as determined by the Estate
Manager.
7.6
The drain spoil should be placed on the harvesters paths

and to be used for the construction of elevated paths.
7.7
The distance between main drains is 1,000 meters apart and

parallel to each other in East/ West direction.
Continue
Land Preparation
7.8
The distance between collection drains is 250 meters apart

and parallel to each other in North/ South direction.
7.9
The density of the field drains will very much depend on the
field conditions. In low lying and water logged areas the
density of the drain needs to be closer. Planting rows
between drains should always be of even number such as
one drain in every 4, 8, 12 rows. This enables construction of
un-in tempted harvester paths.
Land Preparation
V Shaped field drain
Land Preparation
8.0 Field Planting Of Oil Palm
8.1
The dimension of planting holes is at 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm.

It should be dug just prior to or at time of planting to avoid
soil collapse and drying out.
Mechanical holing (augur) should be advocated

wherever possible.
Continue
Land Preparation
8.2
The oil palm seedlings thoroughly watered before they

are lifted for transportation to the field for planting. To
ensure complete watering, a simple overhead shower is
used for this purpose after loading onto the trailer.
Loaded seedlings go through an overhead shower to
water thoroughly prior to being sent to the field for
planting.
Continue
Land Preparation
8.3
The seedlings shall be lifted carefully by holding the bottom

of the polybag and collar of the palm. Holding onto the
fronds are strictly not allowed.
8.4
The seedling shall be transported to the field for planting and

unloaded at various points therein as indicated by the Estate
Manager.
8.5
Any seedlings found to be damaged/torn polythene bags shall

be wrapped and tied with empty fertilizer bags to prevent earth
clod from disintegrating before being transported.
Continue
Land Preparation
8.6
250gm of Rock Phosphate should be evenly broadcasted

in the planting holes and top soil. Endeavour to plant all
seedlings delivered to the field on the same day.
8.7
The polybag should be removed by cutting the bottom

part with a sharp knife and the seedling is carefully
placed in planting hole taking care not to break the soil
core.
Deep and shallow planting must be avoided. Planters
should not disturb the spear, root mass or soil core
during planting operation.
Rough handling of palms must be avoided and palms
should be lifted by the polybag and collar of the palm
and not by the fronds.
Continue
Land Preparation
The planting hole is then filled with soil (half the hole) and
firmly consolidated using tamping stick/foot. Soil is then filled
in the remaining half of the planting hole and firmly
consolidated again until the surface level.
This would ensure that there are no air pockets between the
seedling and the surrounding soil. At completion of planting,
the seedlings should be in an upright position and not easily
moved shaken or pulled.
8.8
The Contractor shall compensate the Company, the current

cost per seedling, if damaged as a result of Contractors
negligence and non-compliance with the conditions
contained in this specification. The Company shall deduct
such compensation from any monies due to the Contractor
under this Contract.
Continue
Land Preparation
8.9
The whole planting shall be completed within the period

stipulated in the Contract, provided the weather is
favorable. The Estate Manager reserves the right to stop
the planting at any time if in his opinion the weather is not
favorable. In such a case,
extension
of
date
of
completion shall be given for the number of days during
which the planting work was stopped by the Estate
Manager due to unfavorable weather.
8.10
Planting will be accepted as completed if the work has

been completed to the satisfaction of the Estate Manager.
Land Preparation
9.0
Mechanical Assisted In-field Collection (MAIC) Path

- Elevated Paths
9.1
Applicable to coastal and inland soil of flat/undulating and

low lying areas.
9.2
To be constructed along the harvesters paths at every two

planting rows interval.
9.3
The specification as per drawing below.

CROSS SECTION VIEW
Land Preparation
TOP VIEW
Collection Drain
Collection Road
Diagram 2
Land Preparation
10.0
Mechanical Assisted In-field Collection (MAIC) Path

- Double Terracing
10.1
Applicable to inland soil of hilly area
10.2
On hills with >10 degrees slope the MAIC path is to be

constructed between the two planting terrace and the
width of the path is 3.65 m.
10.3
On hills with < 10 degrees slope the MAIC paths is to be

constructed at every two planting terraces and the width of
the path is 3.65 m
10.4
The specification as per drawing below:Slope:> degree
Double Terracing
Slope: 10 degree & below
MAIC Path within two terraces
Land Preparation
10.5
Any plan to introduce MAIC and or Double Terracing, must

be carefully prepared in consultation with VP and SVP. The
detail plan with estimated cost to be submitted for CEO
approval in writing well ahead of implementation
Double Terracing Planting terrace with tractor path
Backdrop of not
exceeding 0.4m
(1.5ft)
Land Preparation
11.0
Large Hole Planting Technique
11.1
To be adopted in lateritic and marginal soil, rain shadowed

and subsoil terraced area.
11.2
During digging the hole, the top soil must be placed at one
side and the sub soil on the other side. While closing the hole
the sub soil must be placed at the bottom and the top soil on
the top of the hole.
11.3
The size of the hole as follows:a) Terrace Area - 1.83m (L) x 1.22m (W) x 0.91m (D) [6 x 4 x 3]
b) Flat Area - 1.83m (L) x 1.83m (W) x 1.22m (D)[6 x 6 x 4]
Land Preparation
11.4
The specification as per drawing below:Palm Planting lining

stick/peg
6
4
3 depth for terrace

planting
Diagram 1
CROSS SECTION VIEW
1
4
3
Diagram 2
Land Preparation
12.0 Hiring of Heavy Machinery
12.1
Other than the works specified above, the Contractor

shall also carry out work(s) not specified in this
Agreement which require the use of heavy machinery
as directed and at the sole discretion of the Estate
Manager.
12.2
The Contractor shall at all times make available the

heavy machinery of good working condition which shall
be hired by the Estate for the aforesaid Work(s) at the
specified rate quoted by the Contractor. Payment for
work by machineries should be quoted on a piece rated
basis (closing old drain, fixing culvert, additional road
etc.). Only unquantifiable works will be paid by hourly
basis upon prior approval by the Management.
Continue
Land Preparation
12.3
No account shall be taken of any Work carried out in the

above manner without proper daily recording of machine
working hours by the Contractor which shall be declared and
tallied at the end of the day by the Manager or Representative
of the estate.
Hiring of Heavy Machineries Daily Log Sheet
Field Supervisor
Checked by Assistant Manager
Approved by Manager
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Replanting Land Preparation Flow Chart
Land Preparation
2.0 Blocking
2.1 Functions
I.
Blocking should be carried out in all new development areas

before the commencement of works to minimize error that will
last for the entire life of the palm.
II. Blocking also involves the layout of main roads and collection
roads and main and collection drains.
III. The objective of having block design are: To have consistent block pattern and size except
remnant blocks along the boundary.
To serve as a plan during land development so that
works can be carried out in proper sequence.
To demarcate the area into small blocks for ease of
future upkeep works.
Land Preparation
2.2
The following factors influencing block design should be
taken into consideration:
Distance between main and collection roads.

Block size.
Length of carry distance.
Number of rows in block
Planting density.
Land topography.
Width of main and collection roads.
Width of main and collection drain.
Block Size
In straight planting, the ideal block size is 50 to 100 hectares.
In hilly estate/terrace planting, the ideal block size is 50 to 75

hectares.
Land Preparation
Carrying Distance
In developing new area, length of carrying distance should
be considered carefully as it will have great impact on
development cost and future crop evacuation.
Shorter carrying distance will incur higher development cost
due to higher density of roads and drains.
Longer carrying distance will lower cost of development but
will result in give delay in-filed crop evacuation and workers
productivity.
The ideal carrying distance in terrace planting should range
between 80 to110 metres and for straight planting the range
between 100 to125 metres.
Land Preparation
Block Boundary
In flat and undulating (straight planting) area, the collection
drain and main road to be used as block boundary. This will
help to segregate the crop and prevent from mixing crop
from adjacent blocks
In hilly (terrace planting) area, road will be used as block
boundary. Care must be taken to avoid mixing of crop from
adjacent blocks.
Land Preparation
Block design for flat and straight planting are:-
Sample 1
Land Preparation
Sample 2
Land Preparation
Block design for hilly/terrace planting
The design to be guided by existing river, stream, other

natural boundaries, drain and road system of the estate.
Sub divide the field into sub block of 40 to 50

hectares.
NB: Detailed block design should be prepared by the Estate

Manager in conjunction with RH/GPA and duly approved by the
Director of Plantation before commencement of the project.
Land Preparation
3.0 Underbrushing, Felling Pruning And Stacking

3.1
Functions
To establish a high standard of commercial replanting/new
planting with the aim of achieving maximum stand per
hectare thus achieving good initial yield and sustained
high yield through-out its life cycle.
To achieve an even palm growth.
To plan for under-brushing, felling and land clearing to
coincide with favorable weather and
facilitate field
access and movement of heavy machinery as well as
minimize soil disturbance.
Continue
Land Preparation
To select reliable and efficient contractor in order to

complete planting/replanting with good standard and be
on schedule.
To adopt environmentally
preparation.
friendly
method
of
land
To ensure works progress as per schedule and timely

completion of To ensure quality of works meet the
specification.
Land Preparation
3.2
All executives and Field Supervisors that involve in new land

development works and land clearing for replanting to be
furnished with works description and jobs specification as per
the contract agreement in ensuring high standard of works
done.
To monitor the quality of works progress on daily basis and

immediately rectify off spec jobs.
To ensure the works are done in progressive manner i.e. block
by block for easy inspection.
To quantify and record the works progress daily for progress
payment to be made towards month end.
Continue
Land Preparation
To adopt zero burning technique which is the company policy in
compliance to RSPO Principle 5, Criterion 5.5, unless on special
reasons with the consent by Director of Plantation and approval
from the relevant authorities such as DOE, NREB and ECD etc. This
technique not only complies with Environmental Board such as DOE,
NREB and ECD Clean Air Act but allows the recycling of nutrient into
the soil through decomposition of all available biomass.
By practicing zero burning and help reduce fallow period as land
clearing will no longer be dependent on the vagaries of weather.
All biomass are to be stacked along the windrows (at 4 planting

rows interval) and left to rot naturally.
In new development area and replanting in flat area, under brushing,
felling and clearing should be done after the construction of main
and collection drain and road track for main and collection roads.
Land Preparation
3.4 Felling
3.4.1 Felling In New Development Area (Peat/ Mineral Soil)
3.4.1.1 General Scope

To commence felling after blocking, construction of road track and
main and collection drain is completed.
Felling work involves cutting down all trees, dead or alive which are
standing in the development area.
During felling all trees should be pushed inwards from the existing
road or road track of the blocks.
Continue
Land Preparation
Ensure all roads and tracks shall be left clear for easy access and
inspection.
Trees shall not be felled into or across any rivers, drains, streams,
water courses and ravines and if any it should be cleared
immediately to avoid obstruction to water flow that may cause
flooding.
Ensure that boundary stones and permanent markers be left intact
in their original positions/sites.
Land Preparation
3.4.1.2 Felling Process in New Development Area
I.
To cut or push the trees down flat to the ground by using

chainsaw, excavator or bulldozer.
II. Felling of trees shall be as follows if chainsaw is used:

All trees between 10 to 15cm in diameter, the cut should be
done at 30cm from the ground level.
done at 60cm from the ground level.
done at 1m from the ground level.
done at 1.5m from the ground level.
All trees above 150cm in diameter shall be felled at point
where buttress meet the main trunk.
Land Preparation
Where a tree is struck by another and thereby breaks at a
height in excess of the abovementioned specification, that
tree shall be cut to the required height. All trees shall cut clear
of stump and no tree will be left suspended.
III.
If excavator or bulldozer is used, just push down the trees

flat to the ground and ensure the stumps are uprooted.
Any stumps which cannot be uprooted should be cut
close to the ground level.
IV.
During felling, all the old stumps should be uprooted and

ensure the ground is clear of standing trees or stumps.
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
3.4.2 Felling In-replanting Area
Before felling in replanting of oil palm to oil palm or rubber to
oil palm on flat and undulating area, Rajah Lines have to be
set and pre lining/pegging for planting rows , stacking rows
and mechanical path should be established.
For flat area pre-lining/pegging for field drain also has to be
done.
Appropriate instruments such as theodolite or compass should
be used in doing pre-lining to ensure accuracy.
To install permanent markers at important points/lines to avoid
displacement of pegs during felling and other works during
land preparation.
Continue
Land Preparation
For Ganoderma affected palms and remnants of old boles, all
bole and root tissue should be completely removed at
dimension of 2m length(L) x 2m width(W) x 1.2m depth(D).
Prior to felling the affected palms and remnants of old boles to
be marked and total to be recorded for payment purposes.
For non Ganoderma affected palm, the removal of boles
and root mass should be confined to a dimension of 1.2m
length (L) x 1.2m width (W) x 1m depth (D).
Holes created during the excavation of bole and root mass
should be left open for 2 to 4 weeks to allow exposure to
sunlight and inspection by the estate personnel before
closing with fresh top soil.
Land Preparation
Diagram 1- Establishment of Rajah Line and Pre-lining of Planting Rows, Stacking

Rows/Close Ended Conservation Trenches and Field Drains.
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
3.4.2.2 Felling, Shredding, Excavation of Palm Bole and Root Mass
Process in Replanting Area
Using excavator, all palms shall be pushed down to the ground.
All procedures outlined under general scope should be adhered to.
Felled trunks should be shredded into chips not more than 10cm
thick across the grain at 45 to 60 angles.
In coastal and flat inland area, all fronds, shredded material and
excavated palm boles and root mass should be placed in the
windrow.
In undulating area, all fronds, shredded material and excavated
palm boles and root should be spread thinly and let to dry for one
(1) month before stacking on the windrows.
In terrace area, all shredded fronds, excavated palm boles and

root mass should be spread thinly and let to dry before being
pushed to inter terrace during terrace construction.
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
3.5 Pruning And Stacking In New Development And Replanting Area
3.5.1
Pruning And Stacking In New Development Area On

Flat, Undulating And Hilly Area (Peat And Mineral Soil)
Stacking of felled trees should be carried out at minimum four

weeks after felling and when the biomass is semi dry. This is
important as zero burning is practiced and it will help to reduce
the height of stacking rows.
In flat and undulating area, prior to pruning and stacking, prelining for field drain, planting and stacking rows should be carried
out to avoid wrongly stacking of biomass and positioning of
planting rows and field drain.
Permanent markers to be installed at all important points/ lines to
avoid displacement of pegs during pruning and stacking
operation.
Continue
Land Preparation
In flat and undulating area, all felled trees should be stacked
on the windrows at four (4) palm rows interval or at every
alternate windrow.
Stacked rows should be kept at approximately one (1) meter
away from planting rows and have half way break for crossing.
In hilly area, all felled trees are left scattered and will be
pushed to the avenue between the two terraces during
terrace construction.
In flat and undulating area, the planting rows and harvesters
paths should be cleared from any timbers, stumps and others
debris.
On hilly area, the terrace should be cleared from any timbers,

stumps and other debris.
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
3.5.2 Pruning and Stacking In Replanting Area
In flat and undulating area, all fronds, shredded materials,
palm boles and root mass should be stacked on the
windrows at four (4) palm rows apart.
In hilly area, fronds, all shredded material, palm boles and

root mass should be pushed to the terrace avenue during
terrace construction.
In flat and undulating area, the planting rows and
harvesters paths should be cleared from any fronds,
shredded material and debris.
On hilly areas, terrace should be cleared from fronds,
shredded material and other debris
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
3.5.3 Miscellaneous
3.5.3.1 Benefits of Zero Burning
Allow complete return of organic matters to the soil thus help to
restore and improve fertility and chemical and physical
properties of the soils.
Reduced fallow period as felling, pruning and stacking no longer
depend on the vagaries of weather and no time is wasted to
get the biomass to dry before burning.
Environmental friendly
3.6 Safety Aspects
Ensure that the contractor adheres to safety precautions relating
to excavator which should have an enclosed cabin and properly
protected from falling objects. Only authorized personnel are
allowed in the work area.
Land Preparation
3.7 Process Monitoring
The following are to be monitored: Rajah line and pre-lining for planting rows, stacking rows,
field drains and close ended conservation trenches
(CECT).
Maintaining record on progress of felling, shredding and
boles pits (Ganoderma and non Ganoderma palms).
Standard of
agreement.
works
as
specified
in
the
contract
Land Preparation
3.8 Records
Plan showing the layout of the planting, stacking rows and
field drain to be prepared by the Assistant In-charge,
verified the Senior Manager/Manager and approved by the
Regional Head (File Ref: LP1)
Progress report on works done to be prepared by Field
Supervisor, checked by Assistant In-charge and Verified by
the Senior Manager/Manager (File Ref: LP2).
Daily check-sheet on quality of works done, prepared by
Assistant
In-charge
and
verified
by
the
Senior
Manager/Manager (File Ref: LP3).
Progress payment with supporting documents/ maps (File
Ref: LP4)
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
4.0 Road Establishment

4.1 Functions
To achieve good and sustainable road network for safe and
efficient estate operations.
4.2 Operation Procedures
To carry out lining prior to road construction.
To ensure the lining peg is at the centre of the drain.

To construct road base for mineral area and road track for peat
area, then follow by road surfacing using sand, laterite or stone.
In hilly area, road should be constructed first before terrace

construction.
During road construction, ensure major drains are inter-connected
by placing culverts or bridges in order to have free flow of water.
Continue
Land Preparation
To ensure all roads are inter-connected to each other and no dead
end road to be constructed.
To ease transportation of estate produce and road maintenance,
such road should not be overly shaded. There should be no
placement of palms within 3 meters along the main roads and 2
meters along the collection roads.
To ensure efficient crop evacuation, no part of the field should
have more than 125 meters carrying distance for manual
evacuation. For mechanical evacuation too, the carrying distance
should not exceed 125 meters.
On flat and gentle undulating terrain, roads should be laid out in a
grid system.
Continue
Land Preparation
In terrace planted areas, roads are normally constructed to
traverse the planting terrace with as gentle a gradient as
expedient (< 7). If double terracing is implemented for
mechanical assisted collection, ensure that there is proper
linkage with the road.
On steeper terrain where gully erosion can be a serious
problem, more outlets should be cut onto the terrace in order
to reduce erosion .
In approaching the natural stream, river or drain, divert the
water into the field or onto the terrace to prevent breakage of
road edges thus will causing serious damage to the culvert
points or bridges.
Construction of road should cut across as many terraces as
possible.
Continue
Land Preparation
On flat and undulating areas, all roads must be cambered to
prevent accumulation of water on road surface.
To construct roadside pits (sump) along both side of the steep

road to channel excess water. The recommended dimension is
1.5m (L) x 1.0m (W) x 0.75m (D).
On coastal flat and peat areas, roads should be built up

higher than ground level.
Land Preparation
4.3 Calculation For Unit/ Ha Of Main Road And Main Drain
4.3.1
Unit/ ha of main road and main drain is influenced by

the distance of main road and main drain
respectively. The longer the distance between two
main road/ main drain the smaller will be the unit/ha
of main road/ main drain and vice versa.
Example: Unit/ha of main road of 2,000 meters
distance between two main road (A unit)/main drain
(B unit) is smaller than of 1,000 meters distance
between two main (Y unit) or main drain (Z unit).
Continue
Land Preparation
4.3.2
Not influenced by length of carry distance.

Unit/ha of main road and main drain remains the
same even though there is change in length of
distance provide no change in distance between
main roads or main drain.
Example: The unit/ha of main road of 150 meter
and 125 meter carry distance remains the same if
both have the same distance between two main
road or main drain
Land Preparation
4.4 Calculation For Unit/Ha Of Collection Road And Collection Drain
4.4.1
Unit/ha of collection road or collection drain is

influenced by length of carry distance. The longer
the carry distance the smaller will be the unit/ha
of collection road or collection drain and vice
versa.
Example: The unit/ha of collection road or

collection drain of 150 meters carry distance
(X unit) is smaller than collection road of 125
meters carry distance (Y unit).
Continue
Land Preparation
4.4.2
Not influenced by the distance of main road or

main drain. Unit/ha of collection road or
collection drain remains same even though there
is change is distance of main road or main drain
provided no change in the length of carry.
Example:
The unit/ha of collection road or
collection drain of 1000 meters and 2000 meters
distance between two main road or main drain is
the same for the distance of 125 meters carry
distance.
Land Preparation
4.5 CALCULATION FOR UNIT/HA OF FIELD DRAIN
4.5.1
Length of carry distance is measured from the

centre of collection drain to the centre of
collection road. Therefore in measuring of length of
field drain the following have to be excluded:
a. Half of width of collection drains

b. Half of width of collection road
c. Distant left between the collection road and

starting point of the field drain
Continue
Land Preparation
Example:
Length of carry distance 125 meters
Width of collection drain is 3 meters (half of width is 1.5 meters)
Width of collection road is 3.5 meters (half width 1.75 meters)
Gap between edges of collection road to the starting point of
field drain is (e.g. 1 meter).
Therefore the length of field drain is (X)
=
125 - (1.5m + 1.75m +1m)
=
125m - 4.25m
=
120.75m
Continue
Land Preparation
4.5.2
To calculate unit/ha field drain, the following to take into

account:
1. Number of point per row = Carry distance Planting distance

(e.g. 125m 8.6m = 14.5 palms)
2. Theoretical stand per hectare (e.g. 160 palms)
3. Number of row per drain (e.g. 4 rows)
From the above information, the following can be calculated:
1. Number of planting row per hectare = Stand per hectare (e.g. 160)
Number of point per row (e.g. 14.5) = 11.03 rows
2. Number of field drain per hectare = Number of row per hectare
(11.03) Number of rows per drain (e.g. 4) = 2.75 field drains
3.
Unit/ hectare = Number of field drain per hectare (2.75) x Length of

field drain (120.75) = 332.06 meters.
Continue
Land Preparation
4.5.3 To calculate unit/ha of main road and main drain, the
following to be used:
1. Length of carry distance (e.g. 125 meters) Distance between
two main road/drain (e.g. 1000 meters)
2. Block size = (Length of carry distant x distance between main
road/ drain) 10,000 (e.g. 125 meters x 1000 meters) 10000
(Fix factor) = 12.5 ha
Unit/ha of main road/drain
= Length of carry distance block size
= 125 12.5
= 10 meters
Continue
Land Preparation
4.5.4
To calculate unit/ha of collection road and collection drain,

the following to be used:
1.
Length of carry distance (e.g. 125 meters)
2.
Distance between two main road/main drain (e.g. 1000 meters)
3.
Block size of blocks which shared common collection

road/ drain = {(Length of carry distance x distance between
two main road/drain) 10,000} x 2 {(e.g. 125 meters x 1000
meters) 10,000} x 2 (because the collection road/ drain is
shared between two adjacent block) = 25 ha.
Unit/ha of collection road/drain
= Distance between two main road/drain
Block size
= 1000 25
= 40 meter
Land Preparation
4.6
Type Of Roads And Dimension
Type of
Road
Dimension
Remarks
Main
Access
Road
6.0 meter
wide
To connect estate main entrance to the main trunk road.
Perimeter
Road
3.5 meter
wide
Constructed along the estate boundary.

security check and field supervision.
Main Road
5.0 meter
wide
To be constructed at 800 to 1,000 meters interval. These roads will

be inter-connected to each other via collection/field roads.
Normally main road will lead to the mill and estate entrance. In
straight planting area the main road is to be constructed parallel to
planting rows. Will act as main haulage route for transporting FFB to
mill and CPO from the mill to the main access road enroute to main
trunk road then to the refinery.
Collection
/Field
Road
3.5 meter
wide
To
be
constructed
at
200
to
300
meters
interval
depending on carrying distance. Form a major road networks
system. Will be heavily used for crop evacuation. Harvested
bunches from the field will be placed along these roads for
evacuation to the mill. In straight planting area the collection will
be constructed at right angle to the planting rows.
Provide access for
Land Preparation
4.7
Process Monitoring
To measure and record the road length.
To name the road e.g. MR 1 for Main Road 1, CR 1 for

Collection Road 1.
To monitor road surfacing
To monitor road specification.
Land Preparation
4.8
Records
Records of road length and specification as follows:
Land Preparation
Road surfacing monitoring record as follow:-
Land Preparation
Road Construction on Terrace Planting
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Road Track Construction on Peat
Laying of Geotextile before

Surfacing With Sand/Laterite
Land Preparation
Sand Surfacing Road on Peat Estate
Boundary Road on Peat Estate after

Been Surface with Sand
Land Preparation
Main Road (Parallel to Planting Row)
on Peat Estate
Road System on Peat Estate
Land Preparation
5.0
Drain Construction
5.1 Functions
To have efficient drainage system for draining out
excess water from the field into main water course
and to irrigate the field by bringing in water from
the main water course when necessary.
Boundary drain is to demarcate the ownership of

the property as well act as a security measure of
the property.
Land Preparation
Prior to drain construction, lining should be done.
To ensure the lining peg should be the centre of the drain.
To ensure the right drain size and drain density.
To remove all blockages during drain construction and those not
possible to be dug out should be cut and removed from the drain.
To ensure all drains are inter-connected to each other.
To be constructed on flat area.
Land Preparation
5.3 Type Of Drain And Dimension - Peat Area
Types of
Drain
Dimension
Remarks
Outlet
Drain
6m x 4m x Joining the perimeter drain to main water course. Number of

3m
outlet drain depends on the location of the estate. Area
subject to frequent flash flood should have more outlet drain.
Outlet drains should be installed with water gate
Perimeter
Drain
6m x 4m x To be constructed along the estate boundary. Construction of

3m
perimeter drain is to be done during land development and its
function is to demarcate the estate with surrounding properties
Main Drain
4m x 3m x Constructed parallel to planting rows at 800m to 1,000m apart.

2m
Main drains are connected to the collection drain and
perimeter drain.
Collection
Drain
3m x 2m Constructed perpendicular to planting row at 250m to

x1m
300m interval. Collection drains are connected to field and
main drains.
Field Drain
1.2m
0.9m
0.6m
x Constructed parallel to planting rows. The density of the drains

x depends on the areas. Low lying area with high water table
need more drains to be constructed and vice versa
Land Preparation
5.4
PROCESS MONITORING
To measure and record the length of the road.
To name the drain for easy monitoring e.g. MD1 for Main
Drain 1, CD1 for Collection Drain 1.
To check on specification.
Land Preparation
5.5
RECORDS
Record on length and dimension of drain as follow:-
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
6.0 Ploughing and Harrowing

6.1
FUNCTIONS
To break the hard pan that may develop below

the ground and provide good water percolation
and root penetration.
To loosen the soil due to compaction and

improve soil physical structure.
To kill the weeds by exposing the root.
To have the right timing i.e. good and long dry

weather to carry ploughing and harrowing.
Land Preparation
In flat and undulating area, two (2) rounds of ploughing and
one (1) round of harrowing at 30 cm deep to be carried out
using a 3 discs plough (Size 61 cm diameter) in the nonstacked area.
First round ploughing should be carried out immediately

after all bole pits are closed. The ploughed area to be left
for a week or two depending on the weather.
Continue
Land Preparation
Second ploughing should commence when grasses and
other weeds start to regenerate. This should be done
across the direction of the first ploughing.
Ploughing Route
Continue
Land Preparation
One round of harrowing to be carried out when most
of the dormant grass/weeds seeds have germinated.
Harrowing should be done across the direction of the
second round ploughing.
Land Preparation
To ensure all area between stack rows are ploughed and harrowed.
To check correct depth of ploughing.
To ensure soil is turned bottom up.
6.4 Records
To prepare and update the weekly check- sheet on hectare
completed and quality of works (File Ref: PH1).
Land Preparation
7.0 Construction of MAIC Paths
7.1 Functions
To provide firmer ground thus facilitate field mechanization,
expediting field operation and improve field supervision.
Branches and other woody material which is less than 15cm
diameter will be used as base of MAIC paths.
The ground along harvesters paths should be cleared of
protruding stumps prior to the construction of MAIC paths.
The MAIC paths should be constructed during land
preparation.
Continue
Land Preparation
In large scale new land development, the construction
of MAIC paths might be extended until after planting,
light trimming of fronds is advisable, to avoid severe
fronds damage by the excavator.
During the construction of MAIC paths the water table
should be lowered to below 75cm from ground level as
soggy ground conditions make it difficult for machines to
manoeuver. Avoid rainy season during the construction
of MAIC paths.
A U-turn to be created midway to cater for for promt

MAIC during peak cropping periods.
Continue
Land Preparation
The entrances of MAIC paths to be properly connected
to the collection road.
The width of the MAIC paths is between four (4) to four
point three (4.3) meter depending on the estates
requirement for mechanical or manual evacuation of
FFB.
In flat mineral soil, the spoil from the construction of CECT
and field drain will be used for the construction of FFB
elevated paths. Excavator is used for this purpose.
In undulating mineral soil, the MAIC paths are
constructed by
cutting the soil between the two
planting rows. Bulldozer or mid mounted grader is used
for this purpose.
Continue
Land Preparation
Paths to be cambered and compacted to a height of 45cm to
61cm in the centre.
Avoid taking the spoil between the road and the first palm.
Avoid taking the spoil between last palm and the collection
drain.

To ensure good cambering and compaction of completed
MAIC paths.
To ensure a midway break for turning during peak crop.
To ensure the compliance to job specifications are adhered
Land Preparation
7.4 Records
To update the weekly check-sheet on quantity and

quality of work done (File Ref: EL1)
Land Preparation
Photo 1- The Construction of MAIC Path Using Field Drains and CECTs Spoil By
Excavator- Mineral Soil Flat
Land Preparation
Photo 2 - Cambered and Compacted MAIC Path- Mineral Soil Flat
Land Preparation
Photo 3 - The Construction of MAIC Path by Bulldozer- Undulating Mineral Soil
MAIC Path under Construction
Land Preparation
Photo 4 - MAIC Paths after Completion
Land Preparation
8.0 Peat Compaction
8.1 Functions
Peat compaction is necessary in planting of oil palm on peat.
To improve soil bearing capacity as peat is having very low
bearing capacity.
To consolidate peat surface for improved root development.
To improve root anchorage thus reduce palm leaning.
To facilitate traffic movement for field operation.
Land Preparation
Peat compaction should be carried out after the completion
of lining for planting at each block.
All stumps must be uprooted and those that cannot be
uprooted should be cut to ground level before compaction.
All felled timbers on and across the planting rows should be
removed before compaction.
Timber residues of size below 15cm diameter should not be
removed from the harvesters paths, instead just run over to
press into the soil which will serve as a foundation for FFB
evacuation.
Continue
Land Preparation
The excavator runs through the planting rows and at the same
time removes all timber residues on and across the planting rows.
The excavator has to make repeated runs (2 rounds) over the
planting rows and harvesters paths in order to comply with the
required depth.
Compacted planting rows and harvesters paths shall be: Planting Rows Width: Four (4) meters.
Harvesters Paths: Four (4) meters.
The depth of compacted areas shall not be less than 0.30
meter from the original peat level.
Proper compaction is achieved when no groove or
gullies are formed after the compaction.
Land Preparation
To ensure the width of the compacted harvesters paths and
planting rows meet the job specification.
To ensure depth of compaction meet the job specification.
To ensure the harvesters paths are cleared of timbers which is
above 15 centimeters.
To ensure the planting rows are cleared of timbers and logs
(any size).
To ensure there are no groove and gullies over completed

area.
Land Preparation
8.4 Records
To update weekly check-sheet for quantity and quality of

work done (File Ref: PC1)
Land Preparation
Photo 1- Clearing of Remnant Timbers
before Peat Compaction
Photo 2- Completed Peat Compaction
Land Preparation
9.0 Terrace Lining And Construction
9.1 Functions
To construct terrace in area with gradient above 6.
To have even planting distance and optimum stand.
To minimized erosion and degradation of soil.
To provide good access for field operation, crop recovery and
evacuation.
To establish base line along the Rajah Line at the most steepest
slope.
9.2 Operation Procedure

Terrace construction involves two (2) major operation namely: Lining for Terrace
Terrace Construction.
Land Preparation
9.2.1 Lining for Terrace
To construct terraces for accommodating a planting density of
148 palms per hectare, adjacent terraces should be spaced
not closer than 7.62 m and no further apart than 8.84 m.
The technique for lining of terraces is detailed below:
Established a base line with colored markers pegged at 7.62m
intervals horizontally down the steepest slope of each separate
feature or topographical entity.
Three different colored markers (red, yellow and white) should be
used and during the pegging of the base line, the different
colored markers should be repeated in sequence. This will help
ensure that the bulldozer driver does not stray from one contour to
another.
After establishing the base line, the first terrace is pegged with red
markers on the contour around the top of the hill using an Abney
Continue
level on a 1.52m high Tee-shaped support or a Dumpy Level.
Land Preparation
To facilitate sighting the markers are placed to approximately
15.24m intervals.
The pegging of the subsequent terraces should commence from the

markers down the base line.
The lining team than continues pegging the contours as previously.
It will be realized from above that the lining will go off the true
contour level from time to time. However, the error will be slight and
is of no consequence. An experienced bulldozer driver can keep the
correct level during construction of the terraces by ironing out the
errors, cutting deeper or lesser as necessary.
Where the slope changes rapidly, it may be desirable to run the
terraces being marked into an existing terrace.
Terrace ends should always be connected to the nearest adjacent

upper terrace to allow for future unrestricted vehicle movement.
Land Preparation
Wooden Pegs for Terrace Lining
Setting of Base Line
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
9.2.2 Terrace Construction
Terracing work shall be done by bulldozer after all roads have
been constructed.
Width of the terrace is 4.27 m including spoil.
Terracing work shall be started from hilltop downwards.
All terraces should slope back towards the hill with a backdrop of
0.6m or 10 to 15 degree slope.
Stop bund are to be constructed to check the lateral movement
of run-off water at 20m intervals with the dimension of 1 m and
height of 0.5 m.
Terraces must be free from any timber materials. In between
terraces, all protruding logs exceeding 20 cm have to be pruned.
Conservation terraces to be constructed on areas with 2 - 6
slope at an interval of 30m. Terrace specification is to follow as
per 4.2, 4.4 and 4.5.
Continue
Land Preparation
In area where planting platforms need to be constructed (slope of
2 - 6) as instructed by the estate management. The measurement
of the platform is 2.5m x 2.5m with a backdrop of 60 cm. The outer
section of the platforms shall be firmly beaten to consolidate the
finished platforms and to eliminate wash out during heavy rainfall.
All shredded material should be removed from the platform.
Terrace Construction
Land Preparation
Diagram for planting terrace construction
Completed Terrace
Land Preparation
9.3 Water Conservation Terrace
For undulating (2 to 6), it is necessary to construct water
conservation terrace at 30m interval to reduce effective length of
slope and surface run-off.
The width of terrace should be 4.27m with a backdrop of 0.61m.
Stop bund to be constructed at 20m interval with a dimension of
one (1) meter wide and 0.5 meters of height.
To check the width of the terrace.
To check the terrace slope
To check the stop bund
To ensure terrace construction is done after the road construction to
eliminate hanging terrace.
To ensure the maximum and minimum terrace distances are adhered.
To ensure all protruding stumps are removed.
Land Preparation
9.5 Records
To keep weekly check- sheet on terrace lining, total length of
terrace completed, terrace width, terrace slope and stop bund
as File Ref: TC1
Land Preparation
10.0
Lining For Planting, Holing And Field Planting
10.1
Functions
To obtain the appropriate stand per hectare.

To achieve systematic pattern of planting oil palm.
To minimize competition among palms for nutrients, water and
sunlight.
To ensure standard size of planting hole.
To achieve good planting standard thus promote better palm
growth.
To minimize transplanting shock.
To ensure only good seedlings are transplanted for field planting.
To ensure efficient field operations throughout the planting cycle.
Land Preparation
10.2.1 Straight Lining for Field Planting on Flat and Undulating Areas Mineral and Peat
The direction of planting rows and planting row positions which

was set during pre-lining exercise to be used.
The relationship between the distance between planting rows
and planting point and stand per hectare (SPH) is shown in the
following table.
Continue
Land Preparation
To prepare two (2) sets of lining cable preferably to be solenoid
with PVC and the length of about 60 to 90 meters.
Two sets of lining cable is require namely, lining cable A and B.
Lining cable A is used for marking the planting rows. The distance
between planting rows is depending on SPH to be planted e.g.
160 SPH (7.32m), 148 SPH (7.62m) and 136 SPH (7.92m).
Lining cable B is used for marking the planting points. The distance
between planting points is depending on SPH to be planted e.g. 160
SPH (8.53m), 148 SPH (8.84m) and 136 SPH (9.14m).
Continue
Land Preparation
Lining Techniques are as follows: Establish the rajah line which should be parallel to the
collection road and drain. (North/
South
Direction) and
perpendicular to the main road and drain. Rajah line distance
from the center of collection road should be half the distance
of two planting point.
Continue
Land Preparation
The first planting point should be lies along the first planting row
which was installed during pre-lining. The distance from the center
of the collection road is half of the planting point distance and
half of the planting row distance from the main road.
NB- The above diagrammatic not to scale
Continue
Land Preparation
Using lining cable A pull along Rajah Line, mark the planting
rows position. From the planting row position, mark along the
Rajah Line, use theodolite to mark the planting row direction
which should be perpendicular to Rajah Line and parallel to
the main road (East/West Direction). Place a marker along
the collection drain.
Using Lining Cable B to mark the planting point. While pulling

the Lining Cable B, ensure the cable falls on the line
between the planting row positions marked along the Rajah
Line and along the collection drain.
Continue
Land Preparation
To mark the first planting point for the second planting row, it can
be done by forming an equilateral triangle between the point
with first and second planting point on the first planting row (as
shown in the above diagram) or by marking the point, half of the
planting point distance from the planting row position marked
along the rajah line. This process shall be repeated for the rest.
To take note that Rajah Line is only set once and lining process is
a roll on system where lining is done based on the one Rajah Line.
Land Preparation
11.0 Holing
11.1
Functions
To have a consistent size of planting hole that fit the

polybags seedling.
For peat soil hole-in-hole deep planting technique is
advocated in order to counter the effect of peat
subsidence, provide better anchorage, to retain soil
moisture around root zone and to achieve good palm
growth.
Land Preparation
Planting hole shall be dug mechanically where possible using
Post hole-digger in mineral soil.
Continue
Land Preparation
HAD puncture for holing in peat soil
Continue
Land Preparation
To dig the holes right on lining pegs, however if the

planting point fall on the irremovable stumps, bulldoze etc.
which may inhibit future palm growth, it should be shifted
1m away but must be along the planting row.
Holing should be done on the same day with planting to
prevent hole from being dried and filled up.
Land Preparation
12.0 Field Planting
12.1 Functions
To establish a full stand of healthy palms with no
transplanting shock or palm casualties.
To minimize supplying.
To obtain even palm growth

Prior to field planting root tailing should be carried out
i.e. 1 month - 2 weeks in advance.
Seedlings selection to be done one or two days prior to
field planting by well-trained executives and staffs. All
selected seedlings to be tied for easy loading and
transportation.
Continue
Land Preparation
Seedlings should be transported to the designated field on the
day planting is to be done, unloaded near to planting hole.
However if the ground condition is not possible e.g. in peat soil
and low lying area, seedlings shall be unloaded along the
roadside and transported to the field using wheelbarrow or
manually.
The seedlings should be watered thoroughly before leaving the
nursery.
During loading, the seedlings shall be lifted carefully from the
ground to prevent breakage of polythene bags. Any seedlings
with damaged polythene bags shall be rewrapped with plastic
bag and tied to prevent breakage of soil core.
In peat area the water table should be kept at 90 cm below the
peat surface at time of planting.
Continue
Land Preparation
Before placing the seedling into the planting hole, slit the bottom
of polythene bag with a sharp knife then place the seedling into
the planting hole. Once the seedling in the planting hole, slit the
side of the polythene bag and pulled it out before fill up the
planting hole with soil.
Prior to placing the seedling, the planting hole shall be dusted with
rock phosphate at 250 grams.
In peat planting 15 gram of Copper Sulphate and 15 grams Zinc
Sulphate are also to be applied after the planting hole is half filled.
Continue
Land Preparation
Double packing is to be practiced. This involved soil filling and
firming with a tamping stick when the hole is half filled and again
when planting is completed to ensure there is no air pocket in the
planting hole.
Avoid shallow and deep planting. For single hole planting the
collar of the seedling shall be 2 cm below ground level and for
hole-in-hole planting the collar of the seedling shall be levelled
with the bottom of the outer hole.
Land Preparation
12.3 Process Monitoring And Record
To keep daily record on number of seedling dispatched to
the respective field.
To issue dispatch chits and duly signed by the person incharge of the nursery.
The person receiving in the field to acknowledge and duly

sign receipt of seedlings as per the total number stated in
dispatch chit. Any differences have to be reconciled in
same afternoon with the person in-charge of nursery.
To record number of seedlings culled during seedling
selection.
Continue
Land Preparation
To maintain record on estate, division, field and block

number where the seedlings are planted.
To keep record on field/block hectares.
To keep record on type of material planted.
To keep record on total seedling planted and SPH.
To keep record on date of planting.
Continue
Land Preparation
Tie with
ruffia
strings
here
Fronds of selected seedling to be tied before being loaded
Land Preparation
Loading of Seedlings into

Trailer
Transporting Seedlings to
the Field for Planting
Planting of Seedlings
Land Preparation
13.0 Leguminous Cover Crop Establishment
13.1 Functions
To improve soil fertility, structure and texture.
To prevent soil erosion and surface run-off.
To speed up the decomposition and mineralization

process of the stacked biomass, thus minimizing breeding
ground for pests such as Apogonia and Oryctes beetles.
To help in weed management.
To avoid or delay oxidation and subsidence of peat.
To retain good soil moisture and temperature.
To ensure the establishment of cover crop is at a realistic

cost.
Land Preparation
13.2.1 Ordering Cover Crop Seeds and Other Planting Material
To place an order for the total requirement of various type
of leguminous cover crop seeds at least two months in
advance of the actual date of sowing.
To order sufficient Rhizobium Compost.
To order sufficient Rock Phosphate.
Land Preparation
13.2.2 Cover Crop Seeds Viability Test
Upon receipt, the seed viability test should be carried out. If the
germination rate is below 60%, reject the seed consignment to
the seed supplier and ask for replacement or refund.
Rate recommended are based on 80% germination within 21
days period. Seeds with 60% germination rate should not be used.
Germination test is to be carried out to determine the viability of
the seeds. This can be done by sowing 200 seeds in moistened
sandy soil or between layers of moistened blotting paper in a
warm room.
If the germination rate is less than 80% within 21 days period,
seeding rates should be proportionately increased. Example for
Peuraria javanica/phaseoloides the recommended rate at 80%
germination is 5kgs per hectare, therefore the seeding rate at 70%
germination rate is 80 divided by 70 multiply by 5 kgs which is
equal to 5.7 kgs.
Land Preparation
13.2.3
Seeding Rates
The basic seeding rates per hectare should be as follows:-
Continue
Land Preparation
Mixture 1 is recommended for new planting areas while
mixture 3 is meant for the replanting areas.
Mixture 2 provides an excellent quick cover with thick
mulch but very costly.
Other mixture on the choice of legume species may be
made upon discussion with Agronomist to suit local
circumstances and seed availability.
The preferred choice of the mixtures should be referred to

RH/ GPA
Land Preparation
Pueraria Phaseoloides
Calopogonium Caeruleum
Mucuna Cochichinensis
Mucuna Bracteata
Land Preparation
13.2.4 Land Preparation Prior to LCC Seeds Sowing
The method of land preparation has an important bearing on
the successful establishment of legume covers and subsequent
weeding cost. For this reason, proper land tillage must be
practiced.
The objectives of land tillage in flat and undulating areas are:-
To suppress the regeneration of weeds from dormant seeds.

To improve soil physical properties such as soil structure,
pore spaces, infiltration etc.
To provide conducive growing environment for legume
covers and the main crop.
Continue
Land Preparation
In order to achieve the above objectives, land tillage
operation should closely follow the guidelines given below:-
First round ploughing of land should be carried out

immediately after land clearing. The ploughed area should
be left for a week or two depending on weather condition
during which period dormant grass will start to germinate.
Second round ploughing should commence when grasses
start to grow. The aim of this round of ploughing is to
suppress grass development. Again the area is left for
another week to allow grass seeds which are still dormant
after the first round plough to germinate.
When most of the dormant grass seeds are assumed to

have germinated, one round of harrowing should be
carried out.
Continue
Land Preparation
Before seeds sowing, one round of rotovation which is mainly
confine along the planting row should be carried. This is to
suppress the newly emerged weeds.
In areas un ploughed during land clearing/development,
one round of blanket spraying should be carried out
immediately upon completion of land clearing. Follow-up
with another round of blanket spraying 2 weeks later to
eradicate the newly emerged weeds from the remaining
dormant seeds.
Immediately after planting of legume covers, one round of
spraying with pre-emergence herbicide shall be carried out
in order to slow down the regeneration of weeds.
Land Preparation
13.2.5 Seed Treatment - Dry weather
If the weather is quite dry and planting of LCC seeds could
not be deferred, do not soak the seeds. Instead, just mix the
dry seeds thoroughly with equal amount of RP and
recommended quantity of Rhizobium compost.
No water is used. Then sow the seeds in the usual manner
but ensure that it is covered with at least 1 cm of friable soil.
Germination will take place only when there is rain and
sufficient moisture in the soil.
Land Preparation
13.2.6 Inoculation of Legume Cover Seeds with Rhizobium
All LCC seeds must be inoculated with Rhizobium compost
prior to sowing to improve root nodulation.
One packet containing 50 grams of Rhizobium compost to be
used for mixing with 10 kilograms of legume covers seed.
Steps taken for LCC seeds inoculation are as follows: Place 10 kilograms of soaked seeds in a clean container.
Mix 50 grams Rhizobium compost with 300 millilitres water and
stir thoroughly. Pour the suspension of Rhizobium compost
over the seeds and stir for about 10 to 15 minutes to ensure
uniformity.
After inoculation, seeds should be spread thinly under shade
to surface dry. The seeds are then mixed with an equal
volume of Rock Phosphate for immediate sowing.
Continue
Land Preparation
Rhizobium Compost
50 grams Rhizobium
Compost Mixed with 10
Litres Water
Pour Rhizobium Compost
Solution onto the Seeds
and Stir Thoroughly
Land Preparation
Mixed LCC seeds with Equal Weight of Rock Phosphate and

Ready for Sowing
Land Preparation
13.2.7 Sowing of LCC seeds
13.2.7.1 Sowing of Pueraria javanica/phaseoloides +
Calopogonium caeruleum
Whenever possible, mechanised sowing of cover crop seeds
should be practiced.
Seeds should be sown as evenly as possible in the drill, with a
covering of about one (1) centimetre of soil. If ground is hard
and it is not practical to obtain a fine tilth for covering seed,
suitable soil with the seed and rock phosphate and sow or
cover by using friable soil after sowing.
Mix Pueraria javanica/phaseoloides and Calopogonium
caeruleum in the ratio of 5:1 for flat and undulating and 3.5:1
for terraced area respectively.
Continue
Land Preparation
In flat and undulating area mixture of Pueraria
javanica/phaseoloides and Calopogonium caeruleum should
be planted in the drill along the FFB evacuation paths either in
two compressed band or in three single rows as shown in
Diagram 1 and 2.
Manually Sowing of LCC
Continue
Land Preparation
Diagram 1- Sowing of LCC Mixture in Compressed Bands
Land Preparation
Diagram 2- Sowing of LCC Mixture in Three Single
Land Preparation
In terrace area, LCC seeds should be planted in two compressed
bands along the terrace lips as shown in diagram 3.
Diagram 3- Sowing of LCC Mixture in 2 Compressed Bands on Terrace Areas
Land Preparation
13.2.7.2 Sowing of Mucuna cochichinensis
In addition to normal LCC mixture, Mucuna cochichinensis
should also be planted in undulating and terrace areas.
Mucuna cochichinensis is fast growing thus helps to suppress
weeds growth, reduces the period of bare ground conditions
and provide quick coverage of windrowed palms chips,
thereby prevents soil erosion and eliminates the potential
Oryctes breeding ground.
Mucuna cochichinensis shall be planted in pockets
(1 seed/pocket) at 1 meter interval along both sides of
windrowed palm chips in undulating areas and on the terrace
avenue in terrace planting areas respectively as shown in
diagram 1, 2 and 3.
Land Preparation
Diagram 1- Sowing of Mucuna cochichinensis in undulating areas
Land Preparation
Diagram 2- Sowing of Mucuna cochichinensis on Terrace Area (Side View)
Land Preparation
Diagram 3- Sowing of Mucuna cochichinensis in Terrace Area (Front View)
Land Preparation
13.2.8 Legume Cover Crop Fertilization
Starter dosage of CCM 25 or equivalent compound (15:15:6:4)
have been found to improve establishment and the rate of
legume cover spread.
This fertilizer should be applied when the legume foliage is dry (to
avoid scorching) at approximately 2 to 3 weeks after seedlings
produce their first trifoliate leaves.
Legume covers also respond well to application of phosphatic
fertilizer. This fertilizer should be broadcasted over the covers.
Continue
Land Preparation
Details of fertilizer program and rates of application are given
below:-
Further application of Rock Phosphate may be made in the third

year after consultation with the Planting Advisor.
Land Preparation
13.2.9 Weeding of Legume Cover Crop
To minimise post planting manual weeding during the initial
establishment phase, appropriate pre-emergence herbicide
should be applied immediately after sowing of LCC.
As one application of pre-emergence herbicide cost is
equivalent to several round of manual weeding, very close
supervision on timing and works progress is essential.
The use of pre-emergence herbicides will not give absolute
control of weeds particularly those emerging from vegetative
tissues.
For the maintenance of clean legume bands with limited manual
weeding, use of selective pre-emergence herbicides such
Basagran, Fusilade and Roundup or equivalent formulation (at
low rate) and use of broad spectrum herbicides such as Basta
and Roundup or equivalent formulation (at higher rates) may be
employed.
Continue
Land Preparation
Details on types of chemical, rate and application technique is
given below:-
Continue
Land Preparation
Weeding in the first year should be confined to the legume
bands but noxious and undesirable growths in inter-rows must
also be removed.
As legume spreads, inter-row vegetation
progressively eradicated by chemical means.
should
be
In order to achieve the full benefits of legume covers, it is

necessary to maintain pure LCC at least in the first two years of
oil palm planting.
However, within plantings there may be small areas where
establishment of legumes at reasonable cost may not be
practical. Such areas should be demarcated and upkeep
policies adapted to fit their particular requirements.
Continue
Land Preparation
In areas where ground conditions are not favorable such as
flood prone and water logged areas no establishment of LCC
should be considered and normal upkeep policies is to be
adhered. However, such decision should be made in
consultation with PAs and Regional Head after thorough study
of the field conditions has been carried out.
Upkeep cost of LCC must be closely monitored and should not
exceed approved budget without prior consultation and
authorization from Regional Head.
Land Preparation
13.3 Establishment Of Mucuna Bracteata
13.3.1 Introduction
Is a perennial leguminous crop, originated from India.
Drought and shade tolerant.
Fix atmospheric nitrogen.

Slow starter but vigorous in growth once established.
First introduced to Malaysian Plantation in 1991.
Very expensive, therefore it is important to purchase seeds of
good quality and with germination rate of more than 70%.
Deformed seeds indicated by flat, shrivelled, small and
infected with pin-hole borer to be discarded.
1 kg weight contains an average 6,000 to 6,500 seeds and this
enough to cover an area of 40 to 45 hectares.
Land Preparation
13.3.2 Propagation
Can be propagated by seeds and cutting. However propagation
by seed is preferred.
To be raised in polybags before transplanted to the field.
First five weeks after sowing, the polybags to be placed under 50%
shade and gradually removed prior to field planting.
Land Preparation
13.3.3 Nursery Preparation
Ex oil palm pre-nursery site is ideal to be used as a nursery for
Mucuna bracteata.
Polybags size recommended is 10 cm x 16 cm.
Soil medium of sandy clay loam is recommended or alternatively
use two (2) portion of clay soil mixed with one (1) portion of sand.
Polybags filled with soil to be placed in nursery for two (2) weeks
before sowing. This to allow the soil to settle down, soil topping and
pre-planting watering.
Filled polybags to arranged 10 to 15 polybags wide and at a
suitable length with 0.8 meter paths between beds.
Land Preparation
13.3.4 Seeds Scarification
Mucuna bracteata seed is hard coated with hard testa,
therefore seed scarification is required to achieve good
germination rate. Scarification is done by clipping off a small
portion of the seed coat or testa with large nail clipper or by
rubbing the seed with sand paper.
Scarified seeds should be sown in nursery polybags soonest
possible. Delay in sowing will cause the cotyledon to dry and
reduce viability rate.
No inoculation of Mucuna bracteata seed with Rhizobium is
required.
Land Preparation
13.3.4.1 Seed Pre-germination
Place scarified seeds in a pail of water and discard any seeds
that float.
Place a wet gunny sack on raise platform and ensure no

stagnant water.
Remove that balance seeds in the pail and spread evenly 2 - 3
seeds layer thick on the wet gunny sack.
Keep the gunny sack moist and avoid direct sunlight.
Select sprouted seeds with > 5mm radicle from third (3rd) day
onwards for planting.
Carry out selections for planting in the mornings and
evenings.
Discard non-germinated seeds after 8 days
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
13.3.5 Sowing of Seed in Polybag
One scarified Mucuna bracteata seed to be planted into one
polybags.
Depth of planting is about 1 cm to 2cm from top of the soil with
the hilum (the small pore in the seed for water absorption) is
placed downwards.
After sowing the seeds to be cover with loose soil followed by
one round of watering.
13.3.6
Watering
Hand watering should be practiced.

Ensure watering is adequate but not excessive which
otherwise cause the seeds to rot.
Watering should be done 2 to 3 times daily subject to the
rainfall received during the day.
Land Preparation
13.3.7 Pests and Diseases Control
No routine prophylactic spraying of insecticides is required. To
carry out spraying when there are sign of pest damaged.
No major pests and diseases were reported in the nursery,
except for snails and nocturnal beetles which could be
controlled by the standard practice.
13.3.8 Fertilization at Nursery Stage

Foliar spraying with Grofas Green (18:33:18+TE) should be
done as follows:-
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
13.3.9 Transplanting to Field
Mucuna bracteata seedlings are ready for planting to the field 6
to 8 weeks after sowing in the nursery.
1 to 2 weeks prior to field planting , the tendrils of Mucuna
bracteata seedlings should be pruned and the cut to be done
at 15 to 20 centimetres from the seedling base to encourage
hardened stem and ease of handling during transfer to field.
Prior to transplanting the area should be sprayed with herbicide
and ensure the area should be free of weed at time of planting.
Water log and areas subject to flash flood should not be
planted with Mucuna bracteata.
One (1) seedling should be planted between two palms along

oil palm planting row i.e. a ratio of one Mucuna bracteata to
one oil palm for both flat, undulating and terrace area as the
Continue
diagram in next slide.
Land Preparation
Establishment of Mucuna bracteata in Flat/Undulating Areas
Land Preparation
Establishment of Mucuna bracteata in Terrace Area
Land Preparation
13.3.10 Field Weeding for Mucuna bracteata
First three months after transplanting, manual weeding at
planting points until the end of the tendril should be practiced.
Thereafter use contact herbicide for weed control. To note that
Mucuna bracteata is highly sensitive to glyphosate.
13.3.11 Field Fertilization for Mucuna bracteata
To promote vigorous growth of Mucuna bracteata in the field
the following fertilization program should be adhered:Age after Field
Planting
Type of Fertilizer
Rate
(Kg/Ha)
Method of Application
Planting Hole
Rock Phosphate
Broadcast into planting hole
1 Month
Compound 55
(15:5:6:4)
40
Evenly placed 5cm from plants
2 Month
Rock Phosphate
100
Broadcast over plants
4 Month
Rock Phosphate
100
Broadcast over plants
Land Preparation
To monitor the sowing rate.
To monitor pattern of planting.
To monitor fertilizer application program.
13.4.1 Fencing
The fence should be able to last for a minimum of 7-8 years.
Use concrete, angle iron or hardwood post instead of
unselected jungle saplings.
Use cattle grids [pipes
wooden/bamboo gates.
or
angle
iron]
instead
of
On trenching at the boundary, it must be of size - 8 x 6 3 or

10 x 6 3.
Install electrical fencing if large mammalian pest is a threat.
Land Preparation
13.5 Records
Requisition of LCC seeds and rhizobium compost through
local purchase as follow:-
Land Preparation
Checklist on germination rate test for legume covers as
follow:-
Land Preparation
Checklist on Planting of LCC as follow:-
Land Preparation
Fertilization of LCC as follow:-
Land Preparation
Thank you.
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Land Preparation

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Land Preparation

Compulsory for new land development of commercial

Procedure to refer to Company Basic Policy Guidelines Ref No: 1.0.

Nursery Establishment and Seed Order

Planting of leguminous covers.

The tender documents it should include the works

SPECIFICATION OF WORKS - MINERAL SOIL FOR TERRACE PLANTING

The Specification of Works shall be as follows and as shall be directed

To mechanically fell the palm tree and excavate the entire

Before felling, the new planting rows shall be marked in the

Using mechanical excavators, shred the whole bole, root mass

In flat and low lying area, all fronds, shredded materials,

The stacking row in straight lining should be 1 stacking row

Maximum allowable stump height for felling in jungle

In flat and undulating area, the shredded materials should be

In contour planting, the shredded materials should be spread

All standing dead palms shall also be felled and

All bole and root tissue should be completely excavated

Ganoderma Infected Palms:

Marking of road system shall be carried out by the Estate

The Contractor shall not at his own discretion deviate from

All roads shall be constructed to a uniform camber,

The width of the road to be constructed for flat/undulating

All roads in terrace area should be constructed across the

To construct one main road on top of the hill and if possible

For flat/undulating area, the main road is to be constructed

The collection road to be constructed at North/South

Prior to the construction of road, lining for road should

Rough track for the roads should be constructed

To construct terraces for a planting density of 148 palms

The technique for lining of terraces is detailed below:

Establish a base line with 2m colored markers painted

Three (3) different colored markers (red, yellow and white)

3.2.5 The pegging of the subsequent terraces should commence from

3.2.9 Broken terraces that do not lead to roads should always be

Lining for terracing - construction

Terracing work shall be done by bulldozer after all roads have

Width of the terrace is approximately 4.27 m including spoil.

Terracing work shall be started from hilltop downwards.

All terraces should be sloped back towards the hill with a

Stop bunds are to be constructed to check the lateral

Terraces must be free from any timber materials. In between

Conservation terraces to be constructed on areas with 2 to 6

In area where slope is between 2 - 6, planting platforms need

Stopper bund on complete

To expose the old infected roots and hasten

Work will proceed in each phase, sub-phase or blocks as

All stumps shall be up-rooted and removed from the area

2 rounds of ploughing and 1 round of harrowing shall be

Ploughing and Harrowing

Ploughing depth shall be between 30.5 cm to 40.5 cm

Serrated Rome discs are to be used for the harrowing

The interval between each operation shall be as follows:

1st round ploughing - To be carried out 2 weeks

2nd round ploughing - To be carried out 15 days

Harrowing - To be carried out 5 days after the 2nd

After the 2nd plough and harrow, all up-rooted remnants

Boundary stones or permanent markers must be left intact at

Ploughing and harrowing work will be accepted as completed

5.2.10 Do not attempt to plough or harrow if the soil is wet as it will be

To produce an evenly spaced palm stand, so that each

The whole of the plantable area shall be lined under the

Estate Manager and Assistant must check at least once