Advanced surveying

1) If the equatorial distance between two meridians is 100 km, their distance at
600 latitude will be 500 Km.
2) Pick up the incorrect statement from the following, in a spherical triangle
i) Every angle is less than two right angles
ii) Sum of the three angles is equal to two right angles
iii) Sum of the three angles less than six right angles and greater than two
right angles
iv) If the sum of any two sides is pi, the sum of the angles opposite them
is also pi
v) Sum of any two sides is greater than the third
ANS: option (ii) is wrong
3) For a spherical triangle ABC, pick up incorrect statement
a+b
i) Tan 2

ii) Tan

iii) Tan

iv) Tan

4)

5)
6)
7)

ab
2

a+b
2

a+b
2

AB
2
A +B
cos
2

C
*Tan 2

AB
2
A+ B
cos
2

*Tan 2

AB
2
A +B
cos
2

*Tan 2

AB
2
A+ B
sin
2

*Tan 2

cos

sin

cos

sin

v) None of these
Option (iv) is wrong.
According to Napiers rules of circular parts for a right angles triangle, sine
of middle part equals the product of
i) Tangents of two adjacent parts
ii) Sines of two adjacent parts
In a spherical triangle ABC, right angles at C, sin b = Tana cotA
In a spherical triangle ABC, right angles at C, sin b =sinc*sinB
If E is the spherical excess and R the radius of the earth, the surface area of
the triangle, is

R2 E
180

8) If S is the sum of three angles of a spherical triangle, the spherical excess

equals to (S-1800)
9) The great circle whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the
earth is called equator/terrestrial equator/ 00 latitude
10) The meridian of a place is a semicircle which passes through the place
and is terminated at the poles
11) Latitude of a place is the angular distance from
i) Greenwich to the place
ii) Equator to the poles
iii) Equator to the nearer pole
iv) Equator to the nearer pole along the meridian of the place
v) None of these
ANS: none of these
12) Longitude of a place is the angular distance between the meridian of the
place and the standard meridian or that of Greenwich
13) Longitudes are measured from 0 0 to 1800 east or westward
14) International date line is located along 1800 longitude
15) Pick up the incorrect statement from the following
i) Latitudes north of the equator are taken as positive
ii) Latitudes south of the equator are taken as negative
iii) Longitudes east of Greenwich are taken as negative
iv) Longitudes west of Greenwich are taken as positive
v) Both (iii) and (iv)
ANS: (iii) is incorrect
16) Places having same latitude have following properties
i) Lie on the parallel of latitude
ii) Are equidistant from the nearer pole
iii) Are equidistant from both the poles
iv) Are equidistant from the equator
17) The length of a parallel of latitude between two meridians is equal to
difference in longitudes multiplied by cos.
18) one degree of longitude has greates value at the equator.
19) 11
20) A nautical mile is
i)
One minute arc of the great circle passing through two points
ii)
One minute arc of the longitude
iii) 6080 ft
iv) 1855.109 m
21) The longitudes of two places at latitude 600 N are 900 E and 970 W. their
departure is 5700 nautical miles.

22) The difference between the longitudes of the places is obtained by

subtracting the sum of their longitudes exceeding 1800 from 3600 if places
are in different hemispheres.
23) The shortest distance between two places measured along the surface of
the earth , is length of the arc of the great circle passing through them.
24) Celestial sphere:
i) Center of the celestial sphere is taken as the position of the observer
ii) Center of the celestial sphere is taken as the center of the earth.
iii) Stars move and maintain their relative positions
iv) Celestial bodies though fixed, appear to revolve from east to west
round the celestial pole.
25) The zenith is the point on the celestial sphere south of the observer.
26) The point on the celestial sphere vertically below the observers position,
is called nadir.
27) The plane at right angle to the zenith-nadir line and passing through the
center of the earth , is called rational horizon/ true horizon/ celestial horizon.
28) The circle in which a plane tangent to the earths surface at the point of
observation, intersects the celestial sphere, is called sensible horizon.
29) Note down following :
a) North end of the polar axis is known as north pole.
b) South end of the polar axis is known as south pole.
c) Point where polar axis when produced northward intersects the celestial
sphere, is known as north celestial pole.
d) Point where polar axis when produced southward intersects the celestial
sphere , is known as south celestial pole.
30) The great circle along which the sun appears to trace on the celestial
sphere with earth as centre during the year, is called ecliptic.
31) The angle between the plane of the equator and the plane of the ecliptic,
is known as obliquity of the ecliptic and its value is 23027.
32) At the first point of aeries, the sun moves from south to north of the
equator.
33) The point at which the suns declination changes from north to south, is
known as first point of libra/autumnal equinox.
34) The position of the sun when its north declination is maximum is known
as summer solstice.
35) The declination and right ascension of the sun are each equal to zero on
March 21.
36) The declination and right ascension of the sun becomes 23027N and 900
respectively on june 21.
37) The declination and right ascension of the sun becomes 23027N and 2700
respectively on December 22.

38) The suns declination remains north between march 21 to june 21 /

September 21 to December 21.
39) The great circle which passes through the zenith, nadir and the poles , is
known as meridian.
40) The prime vehicle passes through
a) The east point of the horizon
b) The west point of the horizon
c) The zenith point of the observer
d) The nadir point of the observer
41) The latitude of the observers position is
i) Elevation of the elevated pole
ii) Declination of the observers zenith
iii) Angular distance along the observers meridian between equator and
the observer
iv) North or south according as the observer is north of equator or south
of equator
42) The altitude of a heavenly body is its angular distance, measured on the
vertical circle passing through the body, above horizon.
43) The angular distance of a heavenly body from the equator , measured
along its meridian , is called declination .
44) The angle between the observers meridian and declination circle of a
heavenly body , is known as hour angle.
45) The angular distance of heavenly bodies on observers meridian
measured from the pole is co declination co-latitude/ co-altitude(**not codeclination)
46) Right ascension of a heavenly body is its equatorial angular distance
measured eastward from the first point of aeries.
47) Latitude of the observers position is equal to altitude of celestial pole.
48) The position of a heavenly body on the celestial sphere can be completely
specified by
i) Its altitude and azimuth
ii) Its declination and hour angle
iii) Its declination and right ascension
49) The most convenient co-ordinate system for specifying the relative
positions of heavenly bodies on the celestial sphere is declination and right
ascension system.
50) Circumpolar star remain always above the horizon.
51) For any star to be a circumpolar star, distance from the pole must be less
than the latitude of the observer.
52) The altitude of a circumpolar star is maximum when it is at upper
culmination. (altitude-up)

53) If and be the latitude of an observer and declination of a heavenly

body respectively, the upper culmination of the body will be north of zenith
if its zenith distance is (-) ( n for not in sequence:reverse)
54) If and be the latitude of an observer and declination of a heavenly
body respectively, the upper culmination of the body will be south of zenith
if its zenith distance is (-) ( s for sequence)
55) A star may culminate at zenith if its declination is equal to the latitude of
the place.
56) If a star whose declination is 600 N culminates at zenith , its altitude at the
lower culmination is 300.
57) The altitudes of a circumpolar star at culminations are 700 and 100 , both
culminations being north of zenith, the latitude of the place is 400.
58) And in above case the declination of star is 600
59) The Polaris remains below horizon at 50 S latitude.
60) The sidereal day is the time interval between two successive upper
transits of first point of Aries.
61) Note down following:
I. Sidereal time at any instant is equal to the hour angle of the first point
of Aries.
II. Local sidereal time of any place is equal to the right ascension of its
meridian
III. Sidereal time is equal to the right ascension of a star at its upper transit
62) Equation of time which is the difference between apparent solar time and
mean solar time at any instant vanishes during one year four times.
63) The true and mean suns occupy the same meridian at the same time on
April 15/ June 14 /September 1 / December 25
64) The difference in longitudinal of two places expressed in time is equal to
the difference in their sidereal time / apparent solar time /mean solar time
65) Note down following:
a) Apparent solar time is measure from the lower transit of the true sun
b) Mean solar time is measured from the lower transit of the mean sun
c) Sidereal time is measured from the upper transit oft the first point of
aries.
d) sidereal time is measure from the upper transit of the first point of aries
is false)
66) The hour angle of the heavenly body for Greenwich meridian equals the
hour angle of the body for any other meridian + longitude: mean sun : true
sun : vernal equinox : star
67) With standard meridian as 82030 E the standard time at longitude 900E is
8h 30m. the local mean time at the place will be 9h 00 m .
68) G.M.T corresponding to given mean time equals L.M.T East longitude
in time.

69) In a tropical year, the number of sidereal days are 366.2422

70) In a tropical year, the number of sidereal days are one more than mean
solar days.
71) At eastern elongation, the pole star moves northward.
72) At western elongation, the pole star moves southward.
73) At upper culmination, the pole star moves westward.
74) At lower culmination, the pole star moves eastward.
75) If is the observed altitude, the refraction correction in seconds is
58cot.
76) Note the following:
a) Refraction correction is zero when the celestial body is in the zenith.
b) Refraction correction is 33 when the celestial body is on the horizon.
c) Refraction correction of celestial bodies depends upon their altitudes.
77) The correction for parallax, is +8.8cos.
78) Correction for
I. Refraction is always -ve
II. Parallax is always +ve
III. Correction for dip is always ve.
IV. Correction for semi diameter is always ve (wrong)
79) Ursa minors pole star and Polaris are the names of the same star.
80) The Polaris describes a small circle round the pole whose radius is
approximately 10.
81) If is the declination of the polaris and is the latitude of the place, the
cos

azimuth of the Polaris is cos

82) The heavenly star in above questions on the prime vertical, its Hour
Angle (H) is given by the relation cos H =

tan
tan

83) If ,H,A, be the altitude , hour angle , azimuth and declination

of a circumpolar star at its elongation ,in latitude , the following
relation holds good :
i) cosH =
ii) sin=
iii)

cot
cot

sin
sin

sinA =

cos
cos

84) if the altitudes of a star at its upper and lower transits are 60030 and
19030 respectively, the latitude of the place is 400 .

85) the latitude of a place was obtained by subtracting the zenith distance of a
star from its declination , the observed star was between zenith and pole.
86) The latitude of a place was obtained by subtracting the declination of a
star from its zenith distance, the observed star was between horizon and
equator.
87) When a star is between the pole and the horizon, the relationship between
latitude , zenith distance z and declination is = 1800 (z+).
88) The latitude of a place and the altitude of the pole are related by =
89) Polaris is usually observed for the determination of the latitude when it is
at culmination.
90) Polaris is usually observed for the determination of the azimuth when it is
at elongation.
91) High oblique photographs
i) May have tilted up to 300
ii) May include the image of the horizon.
iii) May not include the image of the horizon.
92) Note the following :
i) Aerial photographs may be either vertical or oblique.
ii) Vertical photographs are used for most accurate maps.
iii) Vertical photographs are taken with the axis of camera pointing
vertically downward.
iv) On oblique photographs, scale variation is larger as compared to that
of vertical photographs.
93) The point where a vertical line through the optical centre of the camera
lens intersects the ground, is known as ground plumb point.
94) The foot of the perpendicular on the picture plane through the optical
center of the camera lens, is known as principal point.
95) The point on the photograph where bisector between the vertical line
through optical center of the camera lens and the plate perpendicular meets,
is known as isocentre.
96) Homologous point is
i) Photo principal point
ii) Ground principal point
iii) Ground isocentre
iv) Photo isocentre
97) If f is the focal length of the camera lens and is the angle of tilt, the
distance of the plumb point from the principal point will be ftan.
98) He ratio of distances of the plumb point and the isocentre from the
principle point of a vertical photograph , is 2.
99) From the principle point the horizon point lies on the principal line at a
distance of f tan.

100) The product of the distances of plumb point and horizon point of a
vertical photograph from its principal point is f2.
101) The scale of a vertical photograph of focal length f taken from height of
f
.
H h

H metres above MSL, at a point of reduced level h is

102) The height displacement on a vertical photograph

i) Increases as the horizontal distance increases from the principal point.
ii) Increases as the ground elevation increases
iii) Decreases as the flying height increases
103) On vertical photographs, height displacement is
i) Positive for points above datum
ii) Negative for points below datum
iii) Zero for points vertically below the air station
104) If the image of a triangulation station of RL 500 m is 4 cm from the
principal point of a vertical photo taken from an altitude of 2000 m , above
datum , the height displacement will be 10 mm.
105) The relation between the air base (B) , photographic base (b), flying
height (H) and the focal length (f) of a vertical photograph , is B =

bH
f

106) The normal longitudinal overlap is generally kept 60%.

107) The net ground area of a vertical photograph 20 cm*20 cm on scale
1:10,000 having overlaps 60% and 30% is 0.64 square km.
108) If 16 flight lines are run perpendicular to an area 30 km wide , their
spacings on a photographical map on scale 1:50,000 will be 4cm.
h

109) The maximum error in radia line assumption is H

f tan.

110) If the general ground level of any area is 10% of the flying height , the
principal points may be used as the centres of radial directions for small
scale mapping even in tilted photograph up to 30.
111) In a truly vertical photograph
i) Principal point coincides the isocentre
ii) Isocentre coincides the plumb point
iii) Plumb point coincides the principal point
iv) Principle point , isocentre and plumb point coincide
112) Note the following:
i) In truly vertical photographs without relief, angles are true at the
plumb point
ii) In tilted photographs without relief, angles are true at the isocentre
iii) Wrong: in tilted photographs with relief, angles are true at the
principal point.

113) The distance between the minor control point and the principal point
should be equal to mean of the base liens of the stereo pair.
114) The slotted template method
i) Is prepared , by graphical method
ii) Is suitable for large areas with less control
iii) Is rapid and accurate
iv) May be done on any scale
115) If PB and p be the parallax to B and difference in parallaxes
to A and B respectively, on a pair of stereo photographs
having focal length f and ground base B, the difference in
their heights is

pBf
P B( p+ P B)

= h

116)
117) The change in parallax dp introduces a change in height

118) The difference of height of two points whose parallax difference is 0.8
mm on a pair of stereo pair taken from a height H is 100 m. If mean
photo base is 95.2 mm, the flying height is 12000.
119) The stereo plotting instruments are generally manufactured on the
principle of optical projection / optical mechanism projection /
mechanical projection.
120)
120) and are the angles subtended by a point of elevation h at their air
station with respective plumb points. Photo scale and focal length of the
lens being S and f respectively. Parallax displacement of the point due to
relief, is
121) The displacement of the pictured position of a point of h elevation on a
vertical photograph taken with a camera of 30 cm focal length, from an
altitude of 3000 m, is 7.5 mm.
122) Rotation of the camera at exposure about its vertical axis, is known as
swing.
123) Rotation of the camera at exposure about horizontal axis normal to the
line of flight is known as tip.
124) Rotation of the camera at exposure about the line of flight, is known as
tilt.
125) The rate of change of parallax dp/dh with respect to change in h, may be
expressed as fB/(H-h)2
126) Note down the following:
A. The measured stereoscopic base of photographs is obtained by dividing

the air base in metres by the mean scale of the photograph

B. The difference between the absolute parallax of two points depends upon
the difference in their elevations
C. The line joining the principal point of a photograph and the transferred
principal point of the adjoining photograph, is called stereoscopic base
127) The difference of parallax for a given difference in elevation is
independent of
A. focal length of the camera
B. overall size of the photo graphs
C. percentage of overlap
128) The parallax equation
is applicable to entire overlap of
the photographs only if parallax is measured parallel to the base line.
129) Assuming human normal vision distance 25 cm, smallest measurable
angle 20", and introcular distance 6.5 cm, the smallest depth to be
discerned is 0.1 mm.
130) To obtain photographs of an area of 1000 m average elevation, on scale
1 : 30, 000, with a camera of 30 cm focal length, the flying height is
6000m.
131) Homologous points are corresponding points on the ground and
photograph.
132) The following points form a pair of homologous points :
A. Photo principal point and ground principal point
B. Photo isocentre and ground isocentre
C. Photo plumb point and ground plumb point
133) Note the following:
A. The principal point coincides with plumb point on a true vertical
photograph
B. The top of a hill appears on a truly vertical photograph at greater
distance than its bottom from the principal point
C. The top of a hill is represented on a vertical photograph at larger
scale than the area of a nearby valley
D. The planimetric displacement of the point due to relief on a truly
vertical photograph is directly proportional to its distance from the
principal point and also its elevation
134) Note the following :
A. The angle between the plane of the negative and the horizontal plane
containing perspective axis is the tilt of the photograph

B. The direction of maximum tilt is defined by the photo principal line

C. The principal plane is truly vertical plane which contains perspective
centre as well as principal point and plumb point
135) A plate parallel is the line on the plane of the negative perpendicular to
the principal line.
136) The scale of a tilted photograph of focal length f taken from an altitude
H, along the plate parallel through principal point is
137) The scale of a tilted photograph of focal length f taken from an altitude
H, along the plate parallel through plumb point is
138) For plane ground the scale of a vertical photograph will be same as that
of a tiled photograph along the photo parallel through isocentre.
139) If v, t and are the ground speed of the aircraft, the shutter speed of the
camera and the scale of the photograph respectively, then the amount of
image displacement
.
140) The parallax of a point on the photograph is due to
i) Ground elevation
ii) Flying height
iii) Length of air base
iv) Focal length of the camera
141) The want of correspondence in stereo photographs is a function of tilt.
142) 23 cm x 23 cm photographs are taken from a flying height with a
camera of focal length of 3600 m and 15.23 cm respectively. A parallax
difference of 0.01 mm represents 1m.
143) The rotation of aircraft about the line of flight,is designated by the letter
and is sometimes called roll.
144) The rotation of aircraft about z axis is designated by the letter and is
sometimes called swing.
145) The rotation of aircraft about Y axis , is designated by the letter and is
sometimes called pitch.
146) Note the following :
A. The plane passing through the perspective centre of a stereo pair and
a ground point, is known as basal plane
B. Each pair of image points on stereo pair have their own basal plane
C. Relative orienation means reconstructing the basal plane
D. Relative orientation of the model is achieved only when five points
within the model are cleared of Y-parallax.
147) If the distance between the projectors is altered by a movement along

X-axis of one projector,

A. the length of the air base is increased
B. the scale of the model is altered
C. y-parallax is not affected
D. relative orientation is not affected
148) By raising the z-column of right projector, maximum y-parallax is
introduced in the model at position 4 and 6.
149) By applying clockwise swing to right projector, maximum y-parallax is
introduced in the model at position 1.
150) The movement of the projector in y-direction, introduces in the model a
y-parallax equally throughout the model.
151) The method of surveying by triangulation was first introduced by the
Dutchman snell in 1615.
152) In triangulation surveys
A. the area is divided into triangular figures
B. control stations are located from which detailed surveys are carried out
C. sides are not measured excepting the base line
D. angular measurements are only resorted to
E. all the above.(correct)
153) Triangulation surveys are carried out for providing both planimetric and
height control.
154) For mapping any country
A. geodetic triangulation of greatest possible sides and accuracy is
carried out
B. primary triangles are broken down into secondary triangles of
somewhat lesser accuracy
C. secondary triangles are further broken into third and fourth order
triangles, the points of which are used for detail surveys
155) Triangulation surveys are carried out for locating
A. control points for surveys of large areas
B. control points for photogrammetric surveys
C. engineering works, i.e. terminal points of long tunnels, bridge abutments, etc.
156) Invar tapes used for measuring base lines, is made of nickel-iron alloy
containing nickel 36%.
157) Limiting gradient for locating the base line on evenly sloping ground is
1 in 12.
158) The
correction applied to measured base of

length L is

i)
ii)
iii)

iv) Reduction

Lh

to mean sea level = R

159)The negative sign is assigned to

i) Reduction to mean sea level
ii) Correction for horizontal alignment
iii) Correction for slope
iv) Correction for slope

160)Pick up the correct statement from the following :

A. If the applied tension to the tape is more than the standard, the tension
correction is positive
B. If the applied tension to the tape is less than the standard, the tension
correction is negative
C. If the temperature during measurement is greater than the standard
temperature, the temperature correction is positive
D. If the temperature during measurement is lower than the standard
temperature, temperature correction is negative.
161)The station where observations are not made, but the angles at the
station are used in triangulation series is known as pivot station.
162)The station which is selected close to the main triangulation station , to
avoid intervening obstruction is not known as pivot station.(known as
satellite station/ subsidiary station / main station)
163)Systematic errors;
I. Always follow some definite mathematical law
II. Can be removed by applying corrections to the
observed values

III. Either make the result too great or too small

IV. Are also known as cumulative errors.
164)Accidental errors
I. Do not follow any definite mathematical law
II. Cannot be removed by applying corrections to the
observed values
III. Are generally small
IV. Are also known as compensating erroes
165)The equation which is obtained by multiplying each equation by the
coefficient of its unknowns and by adding the equations thus formed, is
known as normal equation.
166)The law of weight
167)In observations of equal precision, the most probable values of the
observed quantities are those that render the sum o f the squares of the
residual eroors a minimum, is the fundamental principle to, is least
square method.
168)When
169)The necessary geometrical condition for triangulation adjustment is
i)
The sum of the angles around a station should be 3600.
ii)
The sum of the three angles of a plane triangle should
be 1800.
iii) The sum of the eight angles of a braced quadrilateral
should be 3600.
170)For adjusting a quadrilateral whose both the diagonals are observed , the
equations of conditions involved are three angle equations and one side
equation.
171)The moon rotates round the earth once in every 29.35 days.
172)The itme interval between successive transits of the moon is 24 hours
50 minutes.
173)The solar tidal force divided by lunar tidal force is .
174)Spring tides are caused when solar tidal force and lunar tidal force both
coincide.
175)The station pointer is generally used in hydrographical surveying.
176)An aerial photograph may be assumed as central projection.
177)Perspective centre relates to central projection.
178)Note the following:
i)
Parallel lines donot appear parallel in central projection
ii)
The two sides of a road meet at the vanishing point
iii) The lines parallel to the negative plane are projected as
parallel lines.
179)The point where vertical line passing through the perspective centre
intersects the plane of the photograph, is known as photo plumb point.

180)The orthogonal projection of the perspective centre on a tilted

photograph , is called principal point.
181)The distance between the projection center and the photograph is called
principal distances.
182)The principal line is the line joining the principal point and isocentre.
183)The principal plane contains
i)
Nadir point
ii)
Isocenter
iii) Principal point
iv) Principal axis and principal line
184)To have greatest coverage of the area, the type of photography used is
high oblique.
185)The coverage is least if photography is vertical.
186)H is the flying height above mean ground level and f is the principal
distance of a vertical photograph. The mean scale of the photographs is
187)The scale of the photography taken from a height of 300 m, with a
camera of focal length 15 cm, is 1:20,000
188)The flying height of the camera is 1, 000 m above mean ground level,
the distance of the top of a Minar from a nadir point is 10 cm and the
relief displacement of Minar is 7.2 mm. The height of the Minar, is
72m.
189)The relief displacement of a minar 72 m high on photograph is 7.2 mm
and its top appears 10 cm away from principal point. The flying height
of the camera, is 1000m.
190)The average eye base is assumed as 64 mm.
191)In field astronomy , the quantities observed are entirely angles.
192)The main object of the astronomer to obtain astronomical
latitude/astronomical longitude / astronomical bearing
193)The nautical mile is the length of 1 minute of longitude
194)If two points differing by 10 of latitude and of the same longitude is 110
km apart on the earth, then two astronomical positions on the moon is
about 30 Km.
195)Stellar astronomy deals with star observations.
196)The nearest star is so far away from the earth that the directions to it
from two diametrically opposite points on the earth differs less than
0.0001 seconds.
197)Note the following ;
i)
The stars movement is apparent due to the actual steady rotation of the
earth about its axis.
ii)
The stars move round in circular concentrated parts

iii)
iv)

The center of the circular paths of stars is the celestial pole.

The axis of rotation is a fixed direction of a particular diameter of the
celestial sphere either end of which is a pole.
198)Note the following:
i)
The horizontal direction of the pole is called
astronomical north.
ii)
The stars move round in circular concentrated parts.
iii) The center of the circular paths of stars is the celestial
pole.
iv) The axis of rotation is a fixed direction of a particular
diameter of the celestial sphere either end of which is a
pole.
199)A star in northern sphere is said to transit
i)
When its altitude is maximum.
ii)
When its azimuth is 1800.
iii) When it is in south.
200)While making astronomical observations, the observer is mainly
concerned with
i)
The direction of the vertical , the axis of rotation of the
instrument.
ii)
The direction of the poles of the celestial sphere.
iii) The direction of the star from the instrument.
201)The angle between the axis of earth and the vertical at the station of
observation is called astronomical co-latitude.
202)The angle between the direction of star and the direction of earths axis
of rotation is called co-declination.
203)Note the following:
i)
The vertical plane containing the zenith, the station of
observation and the celestial pole is the observers
meridian plane.
ii)
The angle between the direction of star in vertical plane
and the direction of the star in horizontal plane is called
the altitude of the star.
iii) The complement of the altitude of star is called the
zenith distance of the star.
204)sidereal day
i)
is the period of time taken by the earth in making a
complete rotation with reference to star
ii)
is slightly shorter than an ordinary solar day
iii) is divided into the conventional hours , minutes and
seconds
205) the first point of aeries:

i)

Is the point in the celestial sphere where zero meridian

crosses the celestial equator
ii)
Is usually denoted by the Greek letter Y.
iii) Is located near the very conspicuous rectangle of stars
in the constellations of Pegasus and Andromeda.
206)Note the following:
i)
The curves joining pole with zenith, zenith with star
and star with pole form a spherical triangle.
ii)
At the zenith, the angle of the spherical triangle, made
by star is azimuth.
iii) At the pole , the angle of the spherical triangle made by
the star is hoar angle.
207)