Gymnosperms

1. Sporophylls are are aggregated to form cones.

2 The seeds are naked
3 The microspores and megaspores are produced by male and female cones .
4. Vascular tissues such as xylem lacks Vessels and phloem lacks companion cells .
5 The ovules are not contained within an ovary.
6 Endosperm cells are haploid.
(a) Dicotyledonae (Dicots).
1. The seeds produced by these plants have embryos with two fleshy leaves, the cotyledons.
2. Their leaves have reticulate venation, with a network of veins.
3. The root system has a prominent tap root.
4. The flowers have five or multiple of five petals.
5. The vascular bundles are arranged in a ring. They are open (i.e., have cambium) and undergo
secondary growth. Examples: Pea (Pisum sativum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), sunflower (Helianthus
annuus), rose (Rosa indica), banyan (Ficus religiosa), margosa or neem (Azadirachta indica), apple (Malus
silvestris), mustard, mango, etc.
(b) Monocotyledonae (Monocots).
1. The seeds of these plants have only one cotyledon.
2. Their leaves have parallel venation.
3. The root system consists of similar fibrous roots.
4. The flowers are trimerous, i.e., have three or multiple of three petals.
5. The vascular bundles are scattered and closed (i.e., lack cambium). Secondary growth does not occur.
Examples: Maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa), onion (Allium cepa), sugarcane
(Saccharum officinarum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), banana (Musa paradlsmca), Coconut (Cocos nucifera),
bamboo and grasses.
Differences between Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae.
Dicotyledonae
Monocotyledonae
1. In the seed, the embryo bears two cotyledons. 1. In the seeds, the embryo bears one cotyledon

2.Leaves of these plants have reticulate venation. 2. Leaves of these plants have parallel venation
3. Vascular bundles of the stern are open and arranged
3. Vascular bundles of the stem are closed and scattered in the ground tissue.
4. Secondary growth occurs.
4. Secondary growth does not occur.
5. The plants have tap root system.
5. The plants have adventitious root system.
6. Flowers are pentamerous (have five of each floral part) or tetramerous.
6. Flowers are trimerous (have three of each floral part).
Differences between plants and animals
Plants
1. They have less definite shape and size.
2. They are usually branched.
3. Plant organs are generally external, e.g., root, stem, leaf, flower, etc.
4. The growth of the plant body is often unlimited and continues till death. The growth regions are localised at
the tips.
5. Plants are fixed and cannot perform locomotion. (Exceptions include Chlamydomonas, Volvox, etc.)
6. They have autotrophic mode of nutrition (i.e., photosynthesis), because they have green pigment, the
chlorophyll.
7. Reserve food of plants is starch and oil.
8. Plants do not contain sense organs and nervous system.
9. Response to external stimuli is slow.
10. Each plant cell typically has a cell wall, plastids and large sized vacuoles. It lacks the centrosome.
11. Plants do not contain excretory organs.
12. The asexual reproduction or vegetative reproduction is common in the plants.
Animals
1. They have definite shape and size.
2. They are unbranched except for the Sponges.
3. Animal organs are generally internal, e.g., liver, heart, kidney, lungs, brain, stomach, etc.
4. The growth of animals body is limited and it SlOps long before death. The growth regions are not localised.

5. They can move bodily from one place to another. (Exceptions are sponges and corals (which remain fixed
but can move their body parts e.g., tentacles
in corals).
6. They lack chlorophyll and are heterotrophic in their mode of nutrition.
7. Reserve food of animals is glycogen and fat.
8. Animals have sense organs and nervous system.
9. Response to external stimuli is quick.
10. Each animal cell typically has no cell wall and plastids. It contains centrosome.
11. Animals have distinct excretory organ.
12. The asexual reproduction occurs only in the lower animals.
DETAILED CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Phylum 1. Porifera (Gr., porus-pore; ferre- to bear; organisms with holes)
1. These are non-motile animals attached to some solid support. They are commonly called sponges.
2. Simplest multicellular, diploblastic animals. 3. The body design involves minimal differentiation and division
into tissues.
4. Asymmetrical or radially symmetrical. Sponges may be vase-like, rounded, sac-like or branched.
. Differences between bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry of animals.
Bilateral Symmetry
Radial Symmetry
1. Limbs and organs are paired.
1. Limbs and organs occur all around the central axis.
2. Cephalization is present.
2. Cephalization is absent.
3. The animals body can be divided into two equal halves (i.e, mirror images) by one plane called mid- sagittal
plane.
3. The animals body can be divided into two equal halves (i.e., mirror images) by one halves by any vertical
plane passing through the central axis.
Examples. Earthworm, fish, frog, human being, etc.
Examples. Hydra, starfish, etc.

5' body is perforated with numerous pores.

6. Mouth, digestive cavity and anus absent.
7. Skeleton is made up of minute calcareous or silicious spicules or spongin fibre (collagen) or both.
8. Reproduction is both asexual by budding and gemmules and sexual through fertilization. Possess great
power of regeneration
Phylum 2. Cnidaria or Coelenterata. ) (Gr., koilos - hollow; enteron - gut)
1. Aquatic (living in water), mostly marine, a few such as Hydra are fresh water. Some of these species live in
colonies (corals, Physalia), while others live solitary (Hydra).
2. Cnidarians or coelenterates are multicellular, diploblastic animals with tissue grade of organisation.
3. Body shows radial symmetry.
4. A central gastrovascular cavity coelenteron is present which lacks anus but has a mouth which is surrounded
with short and slender tentacles.
6. Respiratory, circulatory and excretory organs