Pakistan Movement

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Minar e Pakistan where the bill ofLahore Resolution was passed.

The Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan (Urdu: Ta rk-i Pkistn) was a historic and
subsequently successful political movement that aimed for the independence of Pakistan from the British Empire,
to form the new independent nation state by the union of thefour provinces located in the far northwest of the Indian
subcontinent, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, as well as the far eastern region of Bengal.
The movement progressed alongside with the Indian independence movement which had the similar views and
motives, but the Pakistan Movement sought to establish a nation-state that protected the religious identity and
political interests of Muslims in South Asia. The first organised political movements were in Aligarh where
another literary movement was led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan that built the genesis of the Pakistan movement. An
educational convention held in 1906 with joint efforts of Syed Ahmad Khan and Vikar-ul-Haq, the Muslim reformers
took the movement to the political stage in the form of establishing the mainstream and then newly formed All-India
Muslim League (AIML), with prominent moderate leaders seeking to protect the basic rights of Muslims in
the British Raj. During the initial stages of the movement, it adopted the vision of
philosopher Iqbal after addressing at the convention of the AIML's annual session. Muhammad Ali
Jinnah'sconstitutional struggle further helped gaining public support for the movement in the four provinces. Urdu
poets such as Iqbal and Faiz used literature, poetry and speech as a powerful tool for political awareness.
Feminists such as Sheila Pant and Fatima Jinnah championed the emancipation of Pakistan's women and their
participation in national politics.
[1]

[2]

[3]

[4][5]

[6]

[7][8]

[9]

[10]

The Pakistan Movement was led by a large and diversified group of people whose struggle ultimately resulted in
the British Empire announcing the Indian Independence Act 1947, which created the independent dominions of
India and Pakistan. The Pakistan Movement was the result of a series of social, political, and intellectual
transformations in Pakistani society, government, and ways of thinking. Efforts and struggles of the Founding
Fathers resulted in the creation of the democratic and independent government. In the following years, another
nationallyminded subset went on to established a strong government, followed by the military intervention in 1958.
Grievousness and unbalanced economic distribution caused an upheaval which led the East Pakistan declared
independence as the People's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971. After a strong concessions and consents reached
[11][12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

in 1973, the new Constitution established a relatively strong government, institutions, national courts,
a legislature that represented both states in the Senate and population in the National Assembly.
Pakistan's phase shift to republicanism, and the gradually increasing democracy, caused an upheaval of
traditional social hierarchy and gave birth to the ethic that has formed a core of political values in Pakistan.
[17]

[18]

Contents
[hide]

1 History of the movement

1.1 Background

1.2 Renaissance vision

1.3 Rise of organised movement and Muslims minority

1.4 World War II

1.5 The end of the war

2 Political campaigns and support

2.1 Punjab

2.2 Sindh

2.3 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

2.4 Balochistan

2.5 Other regions

3 Conclusion

3.1 Non-Muslims contribution and efforts

3.2 As an example or inspiration

3.3 Memory and legacy

4 Timeline

5 Notable quotations

6 Leaders and Founding fathers

7 See also

8 References

9 External links

History of the movement[edit]

Background[edit]
Main articles: 1600 in India, Britis Empire in India, Anglomania and Anglo-Saxons

[19]

Robert Clive meeting with Emperor Shah Alam II, 1765.

The East India Company was formed in 1600 and had gained a foothold in India in 1612 after Mughal
emperor Jahangir granted it the rights to establish a factory, or trading post, in the port of Surat on the western
coast. As the Mughal Empire quickly decline from the power, the British Empire expanded quick to gain control of
the subcontinent in the 1700s. The economic, social, public, and political influence of East India Company and the
strong military projection further limited the rule of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II. The defeat of Tipu
Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, proved to be an event which led the most of the South India fell under the direct or
indirect rule of the East India Company.
[20]

All over the subcontinent, the British government took over the state machinery, bureaucracy, universities, schools,
and institutions as well establishing its own. During this time, Lord Macaulay radical and influential educational
reforms led to the numerous changes to the introduction and teaching of Western languages
(e.g. English and Latin), history, and philosophy. Religious studies and the Arabic, Turkish,
and Persian languages were completely barred from the state universities. In a short span of time,
the English language had become not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835 in place
of Persian, disadvantaging those who had built their careers around the latter language.
[21]

[22][23]

[23]

After the Seringapatam battle, Emperor Tipu Sultan's children surrendered to Lord Cornwallis in 1799.

Traditional Hindu and Islamic studies were no longer supported by the British Crown, and nearly all of
the madrasas lost their waqf (lit. financial endowment). Discontent by these reforms, Muslim and Hindu rebels
initiated the first rebellion in 1857 which was inverted by the British forces, followed by final abdication of
last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II, also the same year. Noting the sensitivity of this issue, Queen
Victoria removed theEast India Company and consolidated the power by gaining the control
of subcontinent into British Empire. Directives issues by Queen Victoria led to the quick removal Mughal symbols
which spawned a negative attitude amongst some Muslims towards everything modern and western, and a
disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under the new regime. This tendency, had it continued for
long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community.
[22][23]

[21]

[21]

In justifying these actions, Macaulay's notably argument that Sanskrit and Arabic were wholly inadequate for
students studying history, science, andtechnology. He argued, "We have to educate a people who cannot at
present be educated by means of their mother-tongue. We must teach them some foreign language." The solution
was to teach English.
[24]

Lord Robert Clivemeeting with Mir Jafarafter the Battle of Plassey.

British forces storming of the Pettah Gate of Bangalore.

General Sir David Bairddiscovering body of Tipu Sultan, 1799.

British Army's last pushfor Mysore, 1700s.

Renaissance vision[edit]
Main articles: Aligar Movement, Urdu movement, Aligar Muslim University, Two-nation teory and University of
te Punjab

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan became an inspiration for the Pakistan Movement.

Eventually, many Muslims barred their children to be educated at English universities which had proved to be
disastrous for the Muslim communities.
Very few Muslim families had their children sent at the English
universities. On the other hand, the effects of Bengali renaissance made the Hindus population to be more
educated and gained lucrative positions at the Indian Civil Service; many ascended to the influential posts in
the British government.
[citation needed]

[citation needed]

During this time, Muslim reformer and educationist Sir Syed Ahmad Khan began to argue for the importance of
the British education. Sir Syed was a jurist and a scholar who was knighted by the British Crown for his services
to British Empire. Witnessing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to
[21]

revive the spirit of progress within the Muslim community of British India. At notable Muslim gatherings, he argued
that the Muslims, in their attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realize that mankind had entered a very
important phase of its existencean era of science and learning. Despite harsh criticism from the Islamic
orthodoxy, he helped convince many Muslim communities to realize that the very fact was the source of progress
and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for regeneration of
the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the Muslim outlook from a medieval one to a modern one.
[21]

[21]

[21][25]

[21]

In attendance, Sir Syed advised the Muslim communities to not participate in politics unless and until they got
modern education. He was of the view that Muslims could not succeed in the field of western politics without
knowing the system. In the 1900s, Sir Syed was invited to attend the first convention of Indian National Congress,
and many persuaded him to join the party but he reportedly refused to accept the offer. Instead, he urged the
Muslims to keep themselves away from the Indian National Congress and predicted that this convention would
prove to be a Hindu party in the times to come. In response to this, Sir Syed called in and established the first All
India Muhammadan Educational Conference where he provided Muslims with a platform on which he could discuss
their political problems. He also became an instrument of leading the Aligarh Movement to provide Western
education to Muslim communities. This led the establishment of the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) which
became pivotal place of providing modern teachings on science and technology, modern
politics, law and justice, literature, history, and contemporary arts. Sir Syed's writings and scholarly works played a
role in popularizing the ideals for which the Aligarh stood whilst also helped to create cordial relations between the
British Crown and the Indian Muslims. One of his biggest achievement was the removal of misunderstandings
about Islam and Christianity. It was from this platform that Syed Ahmad Khan strongly advised the Muslims
against joining the Hindu-dominated Congress and also promoted the idea that Hindus and Muslims are two
distinct nations. His writings, arguments, theory, and efforts later conjoined and his idea was now popular as the
"two-nation theory". At the time of his death, Sir Syed was known as the father of "two-nation theory" and earned
the title "Prophet of Education".
[26]

[26]

[26]

[26]

[26]

[26]

[26]

[26]

[26]

The Aligarh movement and the two-nation theory provided the basis of the Pakistan Movement. With the help of Sir
Syed and Nawab Vakar-ul-Mulk, the All-India Muslim League (AIML) was founded in 1906, followed by the vision of
Sir Mohammad Iqbal of a homeland for the Muslims floated in 1930, on to the Pakistan Resolution of 1940, and the
League gaining strength to finally attaining a separate homeland for the Muslims of India. Since his death and the
establishment of Pakistan, his name continues to be extremely respected in Pakistan, even as of today; Sir Syed
University of Engineering and Technology is named after him.
[27]

[25]

The Muslim League Governing Council at theLahore session. The woman wearing the black cloak is Muhatarma Amjadi Banu Begum, the wife ofMaulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, a prominent Muslim
League leader. Begum was a leading representative of the UP's Muslim women during the years of the Pakistan Movement. [28][29]

Rise of organised movement and Muslims minority[edit]

In 1876, Queen Victoria took the additional title of Empress of India. Passed by the Queen, the 1833
act appointed Lord William Bentinckas Governor-General of British India. The success of All India Muhammadan
Educational Conference as a part of the Aligarh Movement, the All-India Muslim League, was established with the
support provided by Syed Ahmad Khan in 1906. It was founded in Dhaka in a response to reintegration
of Bengal after a mass Hindu protest took place in the subcontinent. Earlier in 1905, viceroy Lord
Curzonpartitioned the Bengal which was favored by the Muslims, since it gave them a Muslim majority in the
eastern half.
[30]

[31]

In 1909, Lord Minto promulgated the Council Act and met with a Muslim delegation led by Aga Khan III to meet with
Viceroy Lord Minto,
a deal to which Minto agreed because it appeared to assist the British divide and
rule strategy.
The delegation consisted of 35 members, who each represented their respective region
proportionately, mentioned hereunder.
[32][33][34][35]

[citation needed]

Aga Khan III in 1936.

Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk,(left) who organised the Simla deputation, with Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (Centre), Sir Syed's son Justice Syed Mahmood (extreme right). Syed Mahmood was the first Muslim to
serve as a High Court judge in the British Raj.

1. Sir Aga Khan III. (Head of the delegation); (Bombay).

2. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. (Aligarh).
3. Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk. (Muradabad).
4. Maulvi Hafiz Hakim Ajmal Khan. (Delhi).
5. Maulvi Syed Karamat Husain. (Allahabad).
6. Maulvi Sharifuddin (Patna).
7. Nawab Syed Sardar Ali Khan (Bombay).
8. Syed Abdul Rauf. (Allahabad).
9. Maulvi Habiburrehman Khan. (Aligarh).
10.Sahibzada Aftab Ahmed Khan. (Aligarh).
11. Abdul Salam Khan. (Rampur).

12.Raees Muhammed Ahtasham Ali. (Lucknow)

13.Khan Bahadur Muhammad Muzammilullah Khan. (Aligarh).
14.Haji Muhammed Ismail Khan. (Aligarh).
15.Shehzada Bakhtiar Shah. (Calcutta).
16.Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana. (Shahpur).
17.Khan Bahadur Muhammed Shah Deen. (Lahore).
18.Khan Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chaudhary. (Mymansingh).
19.Nawab Bahadur Mirza Shuja'at Ali Baig. (Murshidabad).
20.Nawab Nasir Hussain Khan Bahadur. (Patna).
21.Khan Bahadur Syed Ameer Hassan Khan. (Calcutta).
22.Syed Muhammed Imam. (Patna).
23.Nawab Sarfaraz Hussain Khan Bahadur. (Patna).
24.Maulvi Rafeeuddin Ahmed. (Bombay).
25.Khan Bahadur Ahmed Muhaeeuddin. (Madras).
26.Ibraheem Bhai Adamjee Pirbhai. (Bombay).
27.Maulvi Abdul Raheem. (Calcutta).
28.Syed Allahdad Shah. (Khairpur).
29.Maulana H. M. Malik. (Nagpur).
30.Khan Bahadur Col. Abdul Majeed Khan. (Patiala).
31.Khan Bahadur Khawaja Yousuf Shah. (Amritsar).
32.Khan Bahadur Mian Muhammad Shafi. (Lahore).
33.Khan Bahadur Shaikh Ghulam Sadiq. (Amritsar).
34.Syed Nabiullah. (Allahabad).
35.Khalifa Syed Muhammed Khan Bahadur. (Patna).

[36]

The Muslim League's original goal was to define and protect the interests of educated upper and gentry class of
the Indian Muslims. Its educational activities were based on AMU, Calcutta University, and Punjab University;
though its headquarter was in Lucknow. British thinker, John Locke's (16321704) ideas on liberty greatly
influenced the political thinking behind the party's movement. It was the dissemination of western thought by John
Locke, Milton and Thomas Paine at the AMU that initiated the emergence of Muslim nationalism. Sir Aga Khan
III was appointed its first and founding president; Ali Johar wrote party's first constitution. Despite its activism and
educated mass, the party remained less influential in various areas as compared to political movements such
as Khaksars, Khudai Khidmatgar, Ahrar, and Hirat until the 1930s.
[37]

[37]

[37]

[37]

[37]

By the 1930s, Muhammad Iqbal had joined the party whose writings, speeches, philosophical ideas, and his British
education training played a crucial role in the expansion of the Muslim League. Furthermore, Muslim League's
[38]

pro-British stance, Jinnah, Ali Khan, and many other leaders constitutional struggle for Muslim rights made it an
extremely popular party in the Muslim dominated areas of the Subcontinent. Furthermore, the success of Muslim
League in 1934 elections in the Muslim dominated areas played a crucial role in the split between the Muslim
League and Congress became apparent when Congress refused to join coalition administrations with the Muslim
League in areas with mixed religion. The political scene was set that was to lead to post-1945 violence in India.
[39]

[39]

[39]

World War II[edit]

Main articles: Anglomania, Pakistan United Kingdom relations and Little Pakistan
On 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain announced the commencement of war
with Germany. The World War II became an integral for Pakistan Movement with the Muslim League playing a
decisive role in the World War II in the 1940s and as the driving force behind the division of India along religious
lines and the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in 1947. In 1939, the Congress leaders resigned from
all British India government to which they had elected. The Muslim League celebrated the end of Congress
led British Indian government, with Jinnah famously quoting: "a day of deliverance and tanksgiving." In a secret
memorandum writing to British Prime Minister, the Muslim League obliged to support the United Kingdom's war
efforts provided that the British had recognize it as the only organization that spoke for Indian Muslims.
[40]

[41][42]

[43]

[43]

[43]

The events leading the World War II, the Congress effective protest against the United Kingdom unilaterally
involving India in the war without consulting with the congress; the Muslim League went on to support the British
war efforts, which was allowed to actively propagandize against the Congress with the cry of "Islam in Danger"
[44]

The Indian Congress and Muslim League responded differently over the World War II issue. The Indian
Congress refused to oblige with the Britain unless the whole Indian subcontinent was granted the independence.
The Muslim League, on the other hand, supported Britain, with the means of political cooperation and human
contribution. The Muslim League leaders' British education training and philosophical ideas played a role that
brought the British government and the Muslim to be close to each other. Jinnah himself supported the British in
World War Two when the Congress failed to form any form of collaboration. The British government suddenly
made a pledge to the Muslims in 1940 that it would not transfer power to anIndependent India unless its
constitution was first approved by the Indian Muslims, a promise it did not subsequently keep.
[45]

[45]

[45]

[45]

[45]

The end of the war[edit]

In 1942, Gandhi called for the Quit India Movement against the United Kingdom. On the other hand, the Muslim
League advised the Prime Minister Winston Churchill that the Great Britainshould "divide and then Quit".
Negotiations between Gandhi and Viceroy Wavell failed, as did talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944. When
the World War II ended, the Muslim League's push for the Pakistan Movement and Gandhi's efforts for Indian
independence intensified the pressure on Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Given the rise
of American andRussian order in the world politics and the general unrest in India, Wavell called for the general
elections to be held in 1945. The elections marked the Muslim League won nearly all the seats in Muslim areas
while Congress did the same in predominantly Hindu areas. Polarisation was now obvious and violence erupted in
whole Subcontinent.
[45]

[45]

[45]

[45]

[39]

For Jinnah, Islam laid a cultural base for an ideology of ethnic nationalism whose objective was to gather the
Muslim community to defend the Muslim minorities in the subcontinent. Jinnah's representation of Indian
Muslims was quite apparent in 1928, when in the All-Party Muslim Conference, he was ready to swap the
advantages of separate electorates for a quota of 33% of seats at the Capital. He maintained his views at
the Round Table Conferences, while the Muslims of Punjab and Bengal were vying for a much
more decentralised political setup. Many of their requests were met in the 1935 Government of India Act. Jinnah
and the founding fathers played a peripheral role at the time and in 1937 could manage to gather only 5% of the
Muslim vote. Jinnah refused to back down and went ahead with his plan. He presented the two-nation theory in the
now famous Lahore Resolution in March 1940, seeking a separate Muslim nation-state.
[46][not specific enoug to verify]

The idea of a separate state had first been introduced by Sir Iqbal in his speech in December 1930 as the
President of the Muslim League. The nation state that he visualised, "within the British Empire, or without the
British Empire", included only four provinces of North-West India: Punjab, Sindh, Afgania, and Balochistan. Three
years later, the name Pakistan was proposed in a pamphlet published in 1933 by Rahmat Ali, a graduate of
the University of Cambridge. Again, Bengal was left out of the proposal.
[47]

[48]

[49]

[49]

In a book written in 2004, Idea of Pakistan by American historian of Pakistan, Stephen P. Cohen, writes on the
influence of South Asian Muslim nationalism on the Pakistan movement:
[50]

"It begins with a glorious precolonial empire when the Muslims of South Asia were politically united and culturally,
civilizationally, and strategically dominant. In that era, ethnolinguistic differences were subsumed under a common
vision of an Islamic-inspired social and political order. However, the divisions among Muslims that did exist were
exploited by the British Empire, who practiced divide and rule politics, displacing the Mughals and circumscribing

other Islamic rulers. Moreover, the Hindus were the allies of theBritish Empire, who used them to strike a balance
with the Muslims; many Hindus, a fundamentally insecure people, hated Muslims and would have oppressed them
in a one-man, one-vote democratic India. The Pakistan Movement united these disparate pieces of the national
puzzle, and Pakistan was the expression of the national will of India's liberated Muslims...."
Stepen Coen, Idea of Pakistan (2004), source

[50]

Political campaigns and support[edit]

Punjab[edit]
Main articles: Punjab Muslim League and Punjab Assembly

Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah and Liaquat presiding the session.

First Session of All India Jamhur Muslim League

The Western Punjab had become a major center of activity of the Muslim League's pushed for Pakistan Movement.
On 29 December 1930, SirMuhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental presidential address to the All India Muslim
League annual session held in Lahore. He said:
[51]

I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province [now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa], Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self government within the Briti

On 28 January 1933, Chaudhry Rehmat Ali, founder of Pakistan National Movement voiced his ideas in the
pamphlet entitled "Now or Never: Are We to Live or Perish Forever?" In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed
the etymology in further detail. "Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from
the names of all our South Asia homelands; that is, Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It means
the land of the Pure".
[52]

[53]

In 1940 Muslim League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said: "Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different
religions, philosophies, social customs and literature.... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their
inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes and different episodes.... To
yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must
lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a
state." At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state, including
Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would be "wholly autonomous and
sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions. The Lahore Resolution, moved by the
sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq, was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed the
foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve
agreement. This was the last attempt to reach a single-state solution.
[54]

[55]

In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as Quaid-eAzam (Great Leader). The general electionsheld in 1945 for the Constituent Assembly of British Indian Empire,

the Muslim League secured and won 425 out of 496 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes)
on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not
granted. The Congress which was led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India. The
partition seems to have been inevitable after all, one of the examples being Lord Mountbatten's statement on
Jinnah: "There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible
dream of Pakistan."
[56]

The Western Punjab was home to a small minority population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus up to 1947 apart from
the Muslim majority. In 1947, the Punjab Assembly cast its vote in favor of Pakistan with supermajority rule, which
made many minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while Muslim refugees from India settled in the Western
Punjab and across Pakistan.
[57]

[58]

Sindh[edit]
Main article: Sind Assembly
Sindh is the birthplace andburial place of Jinnah, the Founder of Pakistan.

The local leaders and Sindhi nationalists never submitted to British crown, and the Hurs led by Sindhi
nationalist, Pir Pagara-I has fought against theBritish forces in 1857. After Western Punjab, Sindh had been an
influential and ideological place of Muslim League, since the Jinnah family were hailed from Karachi. When the
support for Pakistan Movement reached to Sindh, it became an important center of activities during the Khilafat
Movement. These activities led Sindh to be separated from the Bombay Presidency when the Muslim
League passed a resolution in 1925 urging separation of Sindh. Furthermore, Sindh was also a birth place
of Muhammad Ali Jinnah who had spent his teenage years in Karachi.
[59]

[60]

[60]

[60]

[59]

A convention held by Muslim League in 1938, the Muslim League devised a scheme of constitution under which
Muslims may attain full independence. It was the province of Sindh which first adopted the resolution for an
independent Muslim state. The Muslim League had secured an exclusive mandate of Sindh during the general
elections held in 1945. The Muslim majority in Sindh was in support of the policy and the programme of the Muslim
League as the Muslim League had good equation with the Sindhi nationalists.
[59]

[60]

[60]

Sindhi nationalist leader, G. M. Syed, who reaffirmed his role as one of the leading figure in the movement. His
role as founding father and key role in the Muslim League, G. M. Syed proposed the 1940 Pakistan Resolution in
the Sindh Assembly, which ultimately resulted in the creation of Pakistan. On 26 June 1947, the special session
held in Sindh Assembly decided to join the new Pakistan Constituent Assembly. Thus, Sindh became the first
province to opt for Pakistan.
[59]

[60]

[60]

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa[edit]
Furter information: Provincial Assembly of Kyber Paktunkwa

Bacha Khan with Gandhi in 1946.

Unlike Punjab, Balochistan, and Sindh, the Muslim League had little support in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa where Congress and the Pashtun nationalist Abdul Ghaffar Khan had considerable support for the
cause of the Independent India. Abdul Ghaffar Khan (also known as Bacha Khan) initiated a Kudai
Kidmatgar movement and dubbed himself as "Frontier Gandhi" due to his efforts in following in the foot steps
ofGandhi.
[61][62]

[62]

Alongside, another movement, known as Red Sirts (now known as Awami National Party) and the people of
the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwainterpreted their program in their own way. For Pashtun intelligentsia, the Red
Sirts political program was based on the promotion of Pashtun culture and elimination of non-Pashtun influence in
the their province. For Islamic hardliners and Ulemas, their program was mainly Anti-Britishand their religious
stand became a cause of attraction for the poor peasants which meant to check economic oppression of the
[63]

British-appointedpolitical agents. Furthermore, the strong emphasis on Pashtun identity created by Bacha Khan
made it extremely difficult for Muslim League's support for the Pakistan Movement. The Red Shirts and
the Congress were able to contain the Muslim League to non-Pashtun regions, such asHazara Division and Attock
District.
[63]

[63]

The Red Shirts membership rose to about 200,000 activists, which shows its fame and popularity. The Kudai
Kidmatgar, Red Shirts, and Bacha Khan himself joined hands with theCongress against the Pakistan Movement.
During the 1945 general elections, the Muslim League could only managed to win 17 seats
against Congress who secured 30 seats. TheMuslim League was highly benefited with its activists who played
crucial role in gathering support for the Pakistan Movement, specifically Jalal-u-din Baba, an ethinc Hazara. His
strong activism with the Muslim League captured a strong mandate of Hazara District and Attock District. Many
activists, such as Roedad Khan, Ghulam Ishaq, Sartaj Aziz, and Abdul Qayyum Khan, helped up lifted the cause
and image of the Muslim League in the province. Finally, a referendum was held in 1946 to decide the fate of the
NWFP as to whether the people of the NWFP ( now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) want to vote for Pakistan or India. In
this refrendum, majority of vote was cast in favor of Pakistan , despite Bacha Khan wanting to accede with India.
[63]

[63]

[63]

[63]

[63]

It is well documented when the Congress accepted the referendum without consulting the Kudai Kidmatgar,
Bacha Khan told the Congress "you have thrown us to the wolves." The spirit of the Kudai Kidmatgar movement
took its last breath when it was proclaimed as a political party after the creation of Pakistan. The aims and
objectives were changed and gradually people lost their interest in the movement.
[64]

[63]

[63]

Balochistan[edit]
Main article: Balocistan Assembly

Jinnah meeting with Balochistan's leaders.

The province of Balochistan had mainly consisted of Nawabs and local princely states, under the British Indian
Empire. Three of these states willingly joined with Pakistan when the referendum was held in 1947 at
the Balochistan Assembly. However, the Khan of Kalat chose independence as this was one of the options given
to all of the 535 princely states (out of which 534 accede with Pakistan) by British Prime Minister Clement Attlee.
[65]

[65]

[66]

However, "Nehru persuaded Mountbatten to force the leaders of the princely states to decide whether to join India
or Pakistan", and hence independence "was not an option". Nehru later went on to annex other princely states
like Hyderabad with military force. The Muslim League's Pakistan Movement programme was generally supported
by the people of Baluchistan. One of its leader and founding father of Pakistan, Jafar Khan
Jamali (whose nephew later became the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 2002) was an important and key figure of
the Muslim League. Jafar Khan Jamali's heavily lobbying for Balochistan to accede with Pakistan highly benefited
the Muslim League. Another influential Baloch figure was Akbar Bugti who well received Jinnah who came to visit
Balochistan.
[66]

[66]

[66]

[67]

[67]

[67]

[68]

Bugti was a staunch supporter and loaylist of Jinnah who played crucial role in supporting the idea of Pakistan in
Baluchistan. Another young activist, Mir Hazar, helped initiate student rallies and public support for Pakistan
Movement in Balochistan. In 2013, Mir Hazar Khoso, who noted and described Jinnah as his inspiration, also
became Prime Minister of Pakistan in 2013. In 1947, the Balochistan Assembly passed the resolution and cast its
vote in favor of Pakistan, with a majority approving the accession with Pakistan.
[68]

[69][70]

[69][70]

[65]

Other regions[edit]

Map of United Bengal: .

Although, Jinnah, Iqbal and other Founding Fathers of Pakistan were initially struggling for the independence
of Four Provinces to create anation-state, Pakistan. The concept and phenomenon of Pakistan Movement was
highly popular in the East Bengal, which was also the birthplace of the Muslim League, in the 1940s. The Muslim
League's notable statesman and activists were hailed from the East Bengal, including Husyen
Suhrawardy, Nazimuddin, and Nurul Amin, who later became Prime ministers of Pakistan in the successive periods
of Pakistan. Following the partition of Bengal, the violence erupted in the region, which mainly maintained
to Kolkata and Noakhali. It is documented by the historians of Pakistan that Huseyn Suhrawardy wanted Bengal to
be an independent state that would neither join Pakistan orIndia but to be remained unpartitioned. Despite the
heavy criticism from the Muslim League, Jinnah realized the validity of Suhrawardy's argument gave his tacit
support to the Bengal's plan for independence.
However, the plan failed after a successful involvement
ofCongress in Western Bengali; therefore the Muslim-majority Eastern Bengal was left no choice but to became a
part of Pakistan.
[11]

[11]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74][75][76]

[77]

During the Pakistan Movement in the 1940s, Rohingya Muslims in western Burma had an ambition to annexe and
merge their region into East-Pakistan. Before the independence of Burma in January 1948, Muslim leaders from
Arakan addressed themselves to Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, and asked his assistance in annexing of the
Mayu region to Pakistan which was about to be formed. Two months later, North Arakan Muslim League was
founded in Akyab (modern: Sittwe, capital of Arakan State), it, too demanding annexation to Pakistan. However, it
is noted that the proposal was never materialised after it was reportedly turned down by Jinnah.
[78]

[78]

[78]

[78]

In 1947, another armed revolution took place in Jammu and Kashmir over the issue of referendum to either join
India or Pakistan. Kashmir's Sikh maharaja, Hari Singh, fearing the lost of control requested the Indian
intervention in Kashmir. The conflict remained stalemate as the "Line of Control" became the permanent border of
both countries. The Western Kashmiracceded with Pakistan while the Eastern Kashmir acceded with India in
194748.
[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

Conclusion[edit]
Furter information: Partition of India, Indian Independence Act 1947, Banglades Liberation War, 1969 uprising in
East Pakistan and Breakup of East and West Pakistan
Part of the Politics series on

Republicanism
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By country[show]

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Politics portal

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (18171898) philosophical ideas plays a direct role in the Pakistan Movement. His TwoNation Theory became more and more obvious during the Congress rule in the Subcontinent. In 1946, the Muslim
majorities agreed to the idea of Pakistan, as a response to Congress's one sided policies, which were also the
result of leaders like Jinnah leaving the party in favour of Muslim League, winning in seven of the 11 provinces.
Prior to 1938, Bengal with 33 million Muslims had only ten representatives, less than the United Provinces of Agra
and Oudh, which were home to only seven million Muslims. Thus the creation of Pakistan became inevitable and
the British had no choice but tocreate two separate nations Pakistan and India in 1947.
[37]

[83]

[83][84]

[85]

[86][87][88][89]

But the main motivating and integrating factor was that the Muslims' intellectual class wanted representation; the
masses needed a platform on which to unite. It was the dissemination of western thought by John
Locke, Milton and Thomas Paine, at the Aligarh Muslim University that initiated the emergence of Pakistan
Movement. According to Pakistan Studies curriculum, Muhammad bin Qasim is often referred to as the first
Pakistani. Muhammad Ali Jinnah also acclaimed the Pakistan movement to have started when the first Muslim put
a foot in the Gateway of Islam.
[37]

[37]

[90]

[91]

After the independence in 1947, the violence and upheavals continued to be faced by Pakistan, as Liaquat Ali
Khan becoming the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1947. The issue involving the equal status
of Urdu and Bengali languages created divergence in the country's political ideology. Need for good governance
led to the military take over in 1958 which was followed by rapid industrialization in the 1960s. Economic
grievances and unbalanced financial payments led to a bloody and an armed struggle of East Pakistan in the
1970s, in which eventually resulted with East Pakistan becoming Bangladesh in 1971.
[92]

[16]

[92]

[16]

Realizing the problems and causes of the East Pakistan's separation led another nationalist subset to work on the
more reform constitution that guaranteed equals rights in the country. Much of Islamic texture and basic
rights defined by Holy Quran were inserted in the Constitution of Pakistan in 1973; the year when the Constitution
of Pakistan was promulgated. In the successive periods of tragedy of East-Pakistan, the country continued to
rebuild and reconstruct itself in terms constitutionally and its path to transformed into republicanism. After 1971
catastrophic episode, Pakistan's phase shift to parliamentary republicanism and the gradually increasing
in democracy caused an upheaval of traditional social hierarchy and gave birth to the ethic that has formed a core
of political values in Pakistan. The XIII amendment (1997) and XVIII amendment (2010) transformed the country
into becoming a parliamentary republic as well as also becoming a nuclear power in the subcontinent.
[19]

[19]

[13]

[19]

[18]

Non-Muslims contribution and efforts[edit]

Main articles: Cristianity in Pakistan, Hinduism in Pakistan, Sikism in Pakistan and Protestantism in Pakistan
Jinnah's vision was supported by few of the Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, Jews and Christians that lived in Muslimdominated regions of undivided India. The most notable and influential Hindu figure in the Pakistan Movement
was Jogendra Nath Mandal from Bengal. Jagannath Azad was from the Urdu-speaking belt. Mandal represented
the Hindu contingent calling for an independent Pakistan, and was one of the founding-fathers of Pakistan. After
the independence, Mandal was given ministries of Law, Justice, and Work-Force by Jinnah in Liaquat Ali Khan's
government. He, however, realised his folly in 1950, when some lower caste Hindus were died in clases in East
Bengal, generating a wave of refugees to India. He himself fled to India and submitted his resignation to Liaquat Ali
Khan, the then-Prime Minister of Pakistan. Another person, Zafarullah Khan who was an Ahmedi who stood with
Jinnah.
[93][94]

[95]

[93]

[93]

Some local Christians also stood behind Jinnah's vision, playing a pivotal role in the movement. The notable
Christians included Sir Victor Turner and Alvin Robert Cornelius. Turner was responsible for the economic,
financial planning of the country after the independence. Turner was among one of the founding fathers of
Pakistan, and guided Jinnah and Ali Khan on economic affairs, taxation and to handle the administrative units.
Alvin Robert Cornelius was elevated as Chief Justice of Lahore High Court bench by Jinnah and served as Law
Secretary in Liaquat Ali Khan's government. The Hindu, Christian, and Parsi communities also played their due
role for the development of Pakistan soon after its creation.
[96]

[97]

[97]

[97]

[97]

[97]

[96]

As an example or inspiration[edit]
Main article: Pakistanisation
The cause of Pakistan Movement became an inspiration in different countries of the world. Protection of one's
beliefs, equal rights, and liberty were incorporated in the state's constitution. Arguments presented by Ali
Mazrui pointed out that the South Sudan's movement led to the partition of the Sudan into Sudan proper, which is
primarily Muslim, and South Sudan, which is primarily Christian and animistic.
[98]

Memory and legacy[edit]

Main articles: Minar-e-Pakistan, Tomb of Muammad Iqbal, Tomb of Jinna and Azme Alisan

The Minar-e-Pakistan in Lahore, Pakistan glances at night.

The Pakistan Movement has a central place in Pakistan's memory. The founding story of Pakistan Movement is
not only covered in the school and universities textbooks but also in innumerable monuments. Almost all key
events are covered in Pakistan's textbooks, literature, and novels as well. Thus, Fourteenth of August is one of
major and most celebrated national day in Pakistan. To many authors and historians, Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan.
[99]

[100]

[100]

[101]

[102]

The Minar-e-Pakistan is a monument which has attracted ten thousand visitors. The Minar-e-Pakistan still
continues to project the memory to the people to remember the birth of Pakistan. Jinnah's estates in Karachi and
Ziarat has attracted thousands visitors.
[103]

[103]

[104]

Historian of Pakistan, Vali Nasr, argues that the Islamic universalism had become a main source of Pakistan
Movement that shaped patriotism, meaning, and nation's birth. To many Pakistanis, Jinnah's role is viewed as a modern Moses-like leader; whilst many other founding
[9]

[105]

fathers of the nation-state also occupies extremely respected place in the hearts of the people of Pakistan. [106]

Timeline[edit]

1849 Annexation of the Punjab

1933 Pakistan National Movement

1850 Urdu becomes the official language in all of the west Pakistan provinces,

1933 Pakistan Declaration / Now or Never Pamphlet

1935 Government of India Act

1937 Elections

193739 Congress Rule in 7 out of 11 Provinces

1937 Strong anti congress governments in Punjab and Bengal

1938 A. K. Fazlul Huq of Bengal joined Muslim League

1938 Jinah Sikandar pact

1938 Pirpur Report

1939-45 World War II

excludingSindh

1857 War of Independence

1885 Formation of the Indian National Congress

1901 Partition of Punjab

1905 Partition of Bengal

1906 Simla Deputation

1906 Founding of the All-India Muslim League

1909 MintoMorley Reforms

1911 Annulment of the Partition of Bengal

191418 World War I

1916 Lucknow Pact

1940 Pakistan Resolution

1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

1940 19 March Khaksar Massacre in Lahore[107][108]

1939 Resignation of congress ministries and non-congress power players got golden
chance

1919 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

1942 India Movement and non congress players further got space

191923 Khilafat Movement

1942 Cripps' mission

192229 HinduMuslim Riots

1944 Gandhi Jinnah Talks

1927 Delhi Muslim Proposals

1945 The Simla Conference

1928 Nehru Report

1946 The Cabinet Mission the last British effort to united India

1929 Fourteen Points of Jinnah

1946 Direct Action Day in the aftermath of cabinet mission plan

1930 Simon Commission Report

1946 Interim Government installed in office

1930 Separation of a strong Punjabi group from congress and formation of Majlis-e-
Ahrar-ul-Islam

1946 Quit Kashmir Campaign as the formation of the interim government of Azad
Kashmir

1930 Allama Iqbal Address

1947 June 6 Partition Plan

1931 Kashmir Resistance movement

1947 Creation of Pakistan

193032 Round Table Conferences

1932 Communal Award (1932)

Notable quotations[edit]
Allama Iqbal
I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British
Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India. [109]
Choudhary Rahmat Ali
At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name
of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who live in Pakistan by which we mean the five Northern units of India, Viz: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province
(Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind and Baluchistan for your sympathy and support in our grim and fateful struggle against political crucifixion and complete annihilation. [49]
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact,
different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will
lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither intermarry
nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is
quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of
one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority,
must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state."[110][111]

Leaders and Founding fathers[edit]

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Allama Muhammad Iqbal

Liaquat Ali Khan

Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar

Aga Khan III

Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

A. K. Fazlul Huq

Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi

Ghulam Bhik Nairang

Khwaja Nazimuddin

Jalal-ud-din Jalal Baba

Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy

Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi

Maulana Zafar Ali Khan

Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan

See also[edit]

A Short History of Pakistan, a book edited by I H Qureshi

History of Pakistan

National Monument, Islamabad

Raja, Masood Ashraf. Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and te Rise of Muslim National Identity, 18571947, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-547811-2

Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan

Pakistani nationalism

Pakistan Zindabad

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Two Nation Theory

Outline
1 TWO NATION THEORY
2 Meaning of Two Nation Theory
3 THE BASIS OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN
4 1.Religious Differences
5 2.Hindu Nationalism
6 3.Cultural Differences
7 4.Social Differences
8 5.Economics Differences

9 6.Educational Differences
10 7.Political Differences
11 (i) Hindi Urdu Controversy
12 (ii) Congress Attitude
13 (iii) Partition of Bengal
14 8.Language
15 Sir syed Ahmed Khan-The Pioneer of Two Nation Theory
16 TWO NATION THEORY IN THE VIEW OF ALLAMA IQBAL
17 QUAID-E-AZAM'S STATEMENT ON TWO NATION THEORY
18CONCLUSION

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Meaning of Two Nation Theory

The Two Nation Theory in its simplest way means the cultural,political,religious,economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities.Hindus and Muslims of the Sub
Continent.These difference of out look ,in fact,were greatly instrumental in giving rise to two distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the partition of India into two independent
states.
THE BASIS OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN
The Two Nation Theory was the basis of the struggle for creation of Pakistan which held that Hindus and Muslims are two separate Nations.They in spite of living together for centuries could not
forget their individual cultures and civilization.Al-Beruni recorded his ideas in 1001 A.D in his famous book "Kitab-ul-Hind" as:
"The Hindus society maintained this peculiar character over the centuries.The two socities,Hindus and Muslims,like two streams have sometimes touched but never merged,each following its
separate course."
There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent into two Nations.Let us examine each of them separately.
1.Religious Differences
The Hindus and Muslims belong to different religions.Islam preaches Tawheed (oneness of Allah) and believes in equality of man before law.Muslims are the believers of God,The Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H) the Holy Book Quran and hold a cohesive approach towards life.
Hinduism,on the other hand is based on the concept of multiple Gods.Their society follows a caste system and is divided into four classes and have a very narrow approach towards life.
2.Hindu Nationalism
A number of Hindu nationalist movements,which emerged from time to time in the Indian history ,added fuel to the fire by playing up the tension and antagonism which already existed
between the two communities.
The Hindu nationalist leaders totally ignored the great contribution made by the Muslims in the indian society by way of promoting education and other social activities.Their writings and ideas
flared up the communal discord between Hindus and Muslims to further pollute the political condition.
3.Cultural Differences
Muslim followed the Islamic culture while Hindus inherited a self build culture.The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while Muslims burred them.Hindus considered the 'Mother cow' as a sacred
animal and worshiped it while Muslims slaughtered it.they performed 'sati' while Muslims abhorred this tradition .The Hindus and Muslims did not intermarry nor they inter-dine.
4.Social Differences
The two communities of the Sub Continent differ in their social life as well.The clothes,the foods,the household utensils,the layout of homes,the words of salutation,the gestures and every thing
about them was different and immediately pointed to their distinctive origin.
5.Economics Differences
After 1857,the Muslim economic was crushed and all trade policies were framed in such a way so as to determent the Muslim condition .They were thrown out of Government services and the
their estates and properties were confiscated,while the Hindus were provided with ample opportunities to progress economically.
6.Educational Differences
The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly and readily took the english education.While Muslims did not receive modern education which heavily affected their
economic conditions.
7.Political Differences
The political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played an important role in the developement and evolution of Two Nation Theory.
(i) Hindi Urdu Controversy
In 1867,Hindus demande that Urdu should be written in Hindi Script instead of Persian script.This created another gap between Hindus and Muslims.
(ii) Congress Attitude
The Indian national Congress was founded in 1885.It claimed to represent all communities of India but oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported the Hindus.
(iii) Partition of Bengal
In 1905,the partition of Bengal ensured a number of political benefits for the Muslims,but the Hindus launched an agitation against the partition and partition was annulled in 1911.
8.Language
The Muslimsand Hindus wrote and spoke two different languages .The language of the former was Urdu and it was written in Arabic Script.On the other hand ,the Hindi language was spoken by
Hindus and it was written in Sanskrit.Urdu and Hindi language had the difference in writing,thoughts of poetry,arts,painting and words of music.Even this small difference lead to a stirring
conflict between the two nations.
Sir syed Ahmed Khan-The Pioneer of Two Nation Theory
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,the pioneer of two nation theory,used the word 'two nation' for Hindus and Muslims after being concinced of the Hindus and Congress hatred,hostility and prejudice for
the Muslims.
The entire freedom movement revolved around the two nation theory which was introduced by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.He considered all those lived in India as one nation and was a great
advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity.Speaking at the meeting of Indian Association he said:
"I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes and consider them as my own eyes.By the word 'Nation' I mean only Hindus and Muslims and nothing else,We,Hindus and Muslims live
together on the same soil under the same government.Our intrests and problems are common,and therfore,I consider the two factions as one nation."
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan did his best to make the Muslims realize their differences ewith the Hindus with regard to religions,social and language national and international identity and for this
purpose he diverted attention of the Indian Muslims towards a new idea of "Two Nation" or "Two entities."
After Hindi-Urdu controversy Sir Syed felt that it was not possible for Hindus and Muslims to progress as a single nation.He said:
" I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation as their religion and way of life was quite distinct from each other."
TWO NATION THEORY IN THE VIEW OF ALLAMA IQBAL
Allama Iqbal was the first important figure who propounded the idea of separate homeland on the basis of two nation theory.He firmly believed in the separate identity of the Muslims as a
nation and suggested that there would be no possibility of peace in the country unless and untill they were recognized as a nation.In the annual session of Muslim League at Allahabad in
1930,he said:
"India is a continent of human beings belonging to different languages and professing different religions...I,therefore,demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best interests
of the Muslims of India and Islam."

QUAID-E-AZAM'S STATEMENT ON TWO NATION THEORY

The most clear and emphatic exposition is found in Jinnah's statement and speeches.He expounded the two nation theory in such detail that most Muslims and even some Hindus came to
believe in its truth.He declared:
" Muslims are not a minority,They are one nation by every definition of the word nation.By all canons of international law we are a nation."
Quaid-e-Azam reiterated that Hindus and Muslims could ever evolve a common nationality was on idle dream.They are a totally different nation .They have an unbridgeable gulf between them
and they stand miles apart in regards to their ideals,culture and religion.In 1973,he said:
"Hindustan is neither one country,nor its inhabitants one nation.This is Sub Continent which consist of many nations of which the Hindus and Muslims are two major nations."
CONCLUSION
The Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they remained a part of Hindu society.They also came to realize the above mentioned differences between them and the Hindus
and hence demanded separate electorate on the ground that they were different nation from Hindus.
Hence it is right to say that this theory i.e two nation theory is the basis of the creation of Pakistan because without this as a base,Pakistan would not come into being on 14th August ,
1947,and we would not be breathing freely in this open air of Pakistan.