R E F E R E N C E PA G E 1

Cut here and keep for reference

ALGEBRA

GEOMETRY

Arithmetic Operations

Geometric Formulas
a
c
ad  bc

b
d
bd
a
d
ad
b
a

c
b
c
bc
d

ab  c ab  ac
a
c
ac

b
b
b

Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V:

Triangle

Circle

Sector of Circle

A 12 bh

A r 2

A 12 r 2

C 2 r

s r   in radians

12 ab sin 

Exponents and Radicals

m

x
x mn
xn
1
xn n
x

x m x n x mn
x x
m n

mn

x
y

xyn x n y n

xn
yn

n
n
x mn s
x m (s
x )m

n
x 1n s
x

n
n
n
xy s
xs
y
s

Sphere

Cylinder

Cone

V 43  r 3

V  r 2h

V 13  r 2h

A 4 r 2

A  rsr 2  h 2

n
x
x
s
n
y
sy

r
r

Factoring Special Polynomials

x 2  y 2 x  yx  y
x 3  y 3 x  yx 2  xy  y 2
x 3  y 3 x  yx 2  xy  y 2

Distance and Midpoint Formulas

Binomial Theorem
x  y2 x 2  2xy  y 2

x  y2 x 2  2xy  y 2

Distance between P1x1, y1 and P2x 2, y2:

d sx 2  x12  y2  y12

x  y3 x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3
x  y3 x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3
x  yn x n  nx n1y 


nn  1 n2 2
x y
2

n nk k
x y 


 nxy n1  y n
k

nn  1


n  k  1
n
where

k
1 2 3

Midpoint of P1 P2 :

x1  x 2 y1  y2
,
2
2

Lines
Slope of line through P1x1, y1 and P2x 2, y2:
m

Quadratic Formula
If ax 2  bx  c 0, then x

b sb 2  4ac
.
2a

y2  y1
x 2  x1

Point-slope equation of line through P1x1, y1 with slope m:

Inequalities and Absolute Value

y  y1 mx  x1

If a  b and b  c, then a  c.

Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b:

If a  b, then a  c  b  c.
If a  b and c  0, then ca  cb.

y mx  b

If a  b and c  0, then ca  cb.

If a  0, then

x a
x  a
x  a

means

x a or

x a

means a  x  a
means

xa

or

x  a

Circles
Equation of the circle with center h, k and radius r:
x  h2  y  k2 r 2

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

R E F E R E N C E PA G E 2

TRIGONOMETRY
Angle Measurement

Fundamental Identities

 radians 180

csc 

1
sin 

sec 

1
cos 

tan 

sin 
cos 

cot 

cos 
sin 

 in radians

cot 

1
tan 

sin 2  cos 2 1

Right Angle Trigonometry

1  tan 2 sec 2

1  cot 2 csc 2

sin sin 

cos cos 

tan tan 

sin


  cos 
2

tan


  cot 
2


rad
180

1 rad

180


s r

sin 
cos 

opp
hyp

csc 

adj
hyp

sec 

opp
tan 
adj

hyp
opp

hyp

hyp
adj

opp

adj

adj
cot 
opp

cos


  sin 
2

Trigonometric Functions
sin 

y
r

csc 

r
y

cos 

x
r

sec 

r
x

tan 

y
x

cot 

x
y

The Law of Sines

sin A
sin B
sin C

a
b
c

(x,y)

The Law of Cosines

b 2 a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
y

y=tanx

Addition and Subtraction Formulas

x
_1

2 x

c 2 a 2  b 2  2ab cos C

y=cosx
2

a 2 b 2  c 2  2bc cos A

y
y=sinx

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

y

_1

sinx  y sin x cos y  cos x sin y

sinx  y sin x cos y  cos x sin y
cosx  y cos x cos y  sin x sin y

y=cscx

y=secx

cosx  y cos x cos y  sin x sin y

y=cotx

2 x

2 x

2 x

tanx  y

tan x  tan y
1  tan x tan y

tanx  y

tan x  tan y
1  tan x tan y

_1

_1

Double-Angle Formulas
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x

Trigonometric Functions of Important Angles

cos 2x cos 2x  sin 2x 2 cos 2x  1 1  2 sin 2x

radians

sin 

cos 

tan 

0
30
45
60
90

0
6
4
3
2

0
12
s22
s32
1

1
s32
s22
12
0

0
s33
1
s3

tan 2x

2 tan x
1  tan2x

Half-Angle Formulas
sin 2x

1  cos 2x
2

cos 2x

1  cos 2x
2

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.