International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012)

Study of Compact Hilbert Curve Fractal Antennas for

Implantable Medical Applications
S. Suganthi1, Dr. S. Raghavan2, Dr. D. Kumar3, Dr. J. Arputha Vijaya Selvi4
1

Department of ECE, Shri Angalamman College of Engg. and Tech., Tiruchirappalli, India
2
Department of ECE, National Institute of Technology,Tiruchirappalli, India
3
Department of ECE, Periyar Maniammai University, Thanjavur, India
4
Department of ECE, Kings College of Engineering, Punalkulam, India
There have been many antennas designed and
investigated in the recent years for the air-to-air wireless
applications whereas designing antennas for body
embedded applications is extremely challenging because of
the reduced antenna efficiency, impact of the body
environment and high losses etc. Small medical devices
kept inside the body for health monitoring purposes need
miniaturized antennas embedded in lossy environments [1].
This work provides a design methodology of a very small
Hilbert fractal curve antenna whose characteristics are
found useful for implantable applications.
The conventional microstrip antennas take any shape
like square, rectangular, triangle and so on. They provide
normally single resonance frequency with high quality
factor because of narrow bandwidth. However, the fractal
antennas are able to provide either multi-band resonances
or broad bandwidth because of the self-similar and spacefilling properties. The term fractal was originally coined by
Mandalbrot in 1975. Investigators as described in [10-12]
have reported the performances of fractal shaped
implantable
antennas.
Many
handy
wireless
communication devices are required to operate atleast in
two frequency bands. It leads to the use of single antenna
satisfying these requirements. There have been varieties of
fractal shapes and antennas reported by many researchers
[3-5] and [7-9]. Antenna designers have been facing
challenges of excessive losses in the body environment,
single resonant frequency and very narrow bandwidth with
the antennas designed for operating in at microwave
frequencies. Improved gain and multiple frequency
operation within the resonant bandwidth are preferred for
antennas in implantable and external wireless devices. This
paper utilizes the Hilbert curve in modified forms to design
microstrip antennas suitable for implantable device
communication.

Abstract - Two new miniaturized compact fractal shaped

implantable microstrip antennas are proposed in this work.
The objective is to design a HCFA (Hilbert Curve Fractal
Antenna) for communication with implantable medical
devices in the Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band
and test its performance using Ansoft HFSS 3D
electromagnetic simulation software. The simulation was
carried out in air as well as human muscle tissue
environments in order to analyze the behavior of antenna for
air-to-air communication and when embedded inside the body
environment respectively. The antenna needs to be small
enough so that it can rest on the titanium battery pack of
20mm x 20mm size, while embedding inside the body. Copper
is used to construct the antenna which occupies a small area
on a dielectric slab of 20mm x 20mm in one case and 18mm x
16.5mm in the other. Two layers of FR4 dielectric material of
0.5mm thickness are used as substrate and superstrate. When
simulated in air environment the HCFA resonated at four
frequencies 1.1 GHz, 2.11 GHz, 3.05 GHz and 5.396 GHz. In
the human tissue mimicking environment it resonated at two
frequencies 4.83 GHz and 5.73 GHz with comparatively
broader bandwidths. Investigation of another co-planar
waveguide (CPW) fed modified HCFA was also performed in
both the environments and found resonating at 10.18 GHz in
a wide band of 2.87 GHz in air and at 5.22 GHz and 5.88 GHz
with a broadband of 1.13 GHz in human muscle tissue
environment. Both performances are appreciable with good
bandwidth, low return loss and voltage standing wave Ratio
(VSWR) values indicating well-matched conditions. The
analysis reports that the antennas are suitable for wireless as
well as (Implantable Medical Device (IMD) applications.
Keywords - Antenna, fractal, implantable,
microwave, miniature and resonance

medical,

I. INTRODUCTION
The need for miniaturized antenna is ever growing in
view of the advancements in wireless communication
technology.

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Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012)
The fractal shaped structures possess space filling and
self-similarity properties. The proposed antenna is able to
provide better bandwidth while retaining all primary
characteristics appreciably.
C. Antenna Geometry, Design and Simulation
The steps involved in getting the third iteration of
Hilbert curve are depicted in Figure 1. The truncated view
of the fourth iterated structure as shown in Figure 1(d) is
combined with the third iteration unit as shown in Figure
1(c) which results in new antenna structure as depicted in
Figure 2(a). This proposed antenna is placed on the top of
the substrate. However, as reported in [10], a superstrate
layer is also required to protect antenna from being shorted
while placing it in the muscle tissue environment. Because
the human muscle tissue has r of 42.807 and conductivity
of 0.6463 S/m. Hence, two 20mmX20mm sized FR4
(Flame Retardant 4) board (r=3.2 and thickness h=0.5mm)
are used as substrate and superstrate materials. With this
arrangement the size and weight of the antenna become
very small. Also a 40mmx40mmx15mm block can be
considered as human tissue mimicking lossy environment
in the simulation.
D. Simulation
The third iterated modified Hilbert antenna of size
11.5mmx7.5mm is designed using HFSS electromagnetic
3D simulation software. The antenna in the simulation
environment is depicted in Figure 2(b). The width of strip
is 0.5mm, spacing is 0.5mm and the length of the feed strip
is 8mm in the proposed Hilbert Curve Fractal Antenna
1(HCFA1). The structure of this HCFA1 is placed in air
environment as shown in Figure 2(c) and the simulation is
carried out. Later it is placed between two substrate layers
as found in Figure 2(d). Then, the air is replaced by human
muscle tissue with the property as mentioned above and the
performance is tested in the simulation.

II. METHODOLOGY AND ANTENNA DESIGN

A. Methodology
Compared to other fractal shapes, the Hilbert curve can
pack longer curves in a given area. This is illustrated in the
Figure 1. The self-similarity and space filling properties
allow many iterations of the fractal shaped microstrip
antenna possibly to be created. The multiple square curves
are the main reasons to make the antenna work at multiple
frequencies. It can be noticed that the perimeter of the
antenna is increased because of the fractal edges and at the
same time the electrical length of the antenna becomes
smaller. This makes resonance in multiple harmonic
frequencies.
The feed mechanism also plays a vital role in the
performance of the antenna. Though there have been many
works [3] investigated using separate ground plane
underneath the substrate, they all require coaxial feed
system sometimes along with shorting pin through via.
However, the coplanar waveguide (CPW) system has been
widely used recently as feeding networks. Varieties of
works have been reported utilizing the CPW feed system
[6-8] and [16]. CPW lines provide many advantages such
as negligible radiation leakage, less dispersion, little
dependence on the characteristic impedance on substrate
height and uni-plane structure.
B. Materials
Antennas are normally made up of good conducting
materials printed on some dielectric material. The
commonly available conducting material is copper. The
dielectric FR4 may be preferred as substrate since it is the
readily available low cost material for fabrication.
However, Macor and Silicon have been identified as
biocompatible materials as found in [10]. The height of the
substrate, the width of the antenna and the characteristic
impedance play vitally in the performance of the antenna.
The dimensions can be calculated as per the standard
formulae available in [15, 17].
The strip feeding the antenna should also be a fraction of
the wavelength, say approximately /10 size for better
performance. This work presents an attempt to obtain the
performance of the antenna in the lossy body environment.
The same antenna has been tested in the air environment
and the comparison on the results is also reported.
There are many techniques reported by various
researchers to improve the performance of the antenna for
medical applications. This includes shifting the operation
of antenna to higher frequency bands in view of increasing
medical data transfer rate [14].

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1. HCFA Antenna Structures (a). Basic structure

(b). Second Iteration (c). Third Iteration (d). Truncated portion
(attached with the third iteration to have structure modification)

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012)
No shorting pin is used in this model. Selection of thin
substrate serves this purpose also. Also this work utilizes
the easily available, low cost and very thin FR4 substrate
layers.
Implantable medical device (IMD) applications require
antennas of very small dimensions, light weight and easy
implementation. Fractal shaped microstrip antennas
provide all attractive features that are expected in IMDs.
Though theoretical analysis in [17] shows that increasing
the substrate thickness can broaden the impedance
bandwidth, this paper uses very thin substrate with a view
to reduce the overall size and weight. This antenna operates
well in the ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical 902-928
MHz, 2.4-2.483 GHz and 5.725-5.875 GHz) band and
provides good performance characteristics.
Further modifications can also be done in the structure
so that the one can see the possibility of size reduction as
well as broad frequency coverage [4]. Additionally, with a
view to improve the resonance and bandwith performance
of the antenna, another modified version of antenna called
HCFA2 is designed as seen in Figure 5(a). In this the
dimensions of the antenna are trimmed to achieve
resonance at the desired bandwidths. Initially air
environment was chosen and the simulation was carried
out. This HCFA2 makes use of a CPW feed system which
is seen to provide improvement in the overall performance.
The HCFA2 is designed to fit a size of 15.5mm x 7.5mm
with microstrip width of 0.5mm and spacing of 0.5mm.
The antenna is sandwitched between two FR4 substrates of
18mm x 16.5mm and thickness of 0.5mm each. Instead of
separate ground plane, a CPW is used to feed this HCFA2.
This eliminates the need for double side printed substrate
board.
It is the fact that the fringing fields are responsible for
the radiation. Hence these fields on the edge of the
microstrip antenna add up in phase and produce the
radiation [2]. The currents add up in the antenna. However,
there appear equal but oppositely directed currents on the
ground plane, which cancel the radiation. This is the reason
explaining why a microstrip antenna is able to radiate while
the microstrip transmission line is not able to do so. Also
the radiation in the antenna takes place due to the voltage
distribution. There are several research papers reporting the
effect of distinct dielectrics used under the antenna and the
transmission lines [11-13]. Radiation at the back of the
antenna is expected to get suppressed due to the metal
plane surface of the small titanium battery pack of
20mmx20mm square size supplying energy to the antenna
in the practical implementation.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 2.The proposed antenna and different layers (a).HCFA1

(b).Pictorial view of HCFA1 in simulation (c).Side view of different
layers(air environment) (d).Side view of different layers(human
muscle environment)

The main difference between the design in [10] and in

this work is that the proposed antenna is slightly larger in
size along with inclusion of additional truncated part of
third iteration with itself as seen in Figure 2(a). Also, the
need for coaxial feed at the bottom of the structure is
avoided and a lumped port is used at the end for feeding.

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Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012)
Radiation Pattern 2

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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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The simulation results of HCFA1 in the air environment

are shown in Figure 3. The wave propagation in HCFA1
was inhibited in the 1 to 6 GHz frequency band. The
investigations involved the study of return loss levels of the
antennas at resonant frequencies, active frequency bands,
VSWR and radiation pattern. With air boundary, the
HCFA1 resonates at four resonant frequencies 1.1 GHz,
2.11 GHz, 3.05 GHz and 5.396 GHz demonstrating the
property of fractal with low return loss levels. The Table I
displays all the values extracted from the graphs of
simulation results. The return loss (S11 in dB) values
exhibited by the antenna at four resonances are
satisfactorily low and can be seen to be -16.66 dB, -14.76
dB, -14.63 dB and -12.17 dB respectively. The
corresponding VSWR values at all the resonant frequencies
are 1.34, 1.44, 1.46 and 1.65 (all in GHz) respectively and
all are well below value 2 indicating the well matched
condition. The return loss of -9.5 dB return loss itself
corresponds to a VSWR of 2. The bandwidths
corresponding to the respective resonant frequencies are 40
MHz (3.9%), 60 MHz (3%), 40 MHz (1.4%) and 100 MHz
(1.9%) which are good enough for air-to-air wireless
communications.

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Figure.3 Simulation results of HCFA1 (air environment) (a).Return

loss (b).VSWR (c).Near field pattern [co-polarization (at radius
10mm)] (d)..Near field pattern [cross-polarization] (e).Near Field gain
(f).3D polar plot (near field) (g).Far-field gain (h).3D Polar plot (farfield) (i).Farfield pattern(co-polarization) (j).Far-field(cross
polarization)

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Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012)

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Figure.4. Simulation results of HCFA1 (human muscle tissue

environment) (a).Return loss (b).VSWR (c).Near field pattern [copolarization(at radius 10mm)] (d).Near Field pattern [crosspolarization] (e).Near Field gain (f).3D polar plot (near field) (g).Farfield gain (h).3D Polar plot (far-field) (i).Farfield pattern(copolarization) (j).Far-field(cross polarization)

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Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012)

(d)
Figure 5. The proposed modified antenna and different layers (a).
HCFA2 (b).Pictorial view for simulation (c).Side view of different
layers(air environment (d).Side view of different layers (human
muscle tissue environment)

The Figure 4 depicts the results of simulation in human

muscle environment in the same frequency range of 1 to 6
GHz. The HCFA1 exhibits same characteristics with
different magnitudes, as far as the radiation is concerned.
However, the resonance occurs at two shifted points. The
antenna resonates at 4.83 GHz and 5.73 GHz providing
return loss of -19.7 dB and -23.9 dB and bandwidths of 260
MHz (5.4%) and 280 MHz (4.9%) respectively. The
VSWR values are 1.23 and 1.14 at the respective
resonances which indicate matched conditions.
The gain for the near field radiation is greater in both air
as well as muscle tissue environments. This is depicted in
Figure 3 and 4. The near field pattern indicates that the
maximum radiation is in the =80 and =40 degrees
directions and broader beam of radiation with reduced
magnitude is obtained when the distance of reception point
is increased. Also the radiation maximum is found to get
shifted towards =0 degree direction. However, as a
general fact, the far field is dominating beyond /6
distance. The co-polarization (=90 and =all) and cross
polarization levels (=90 and =all) are seen to be
appreciable for handheld wireless and implantable medical
devices. From the 3D polar plot one can notice that the
radiation pattern is maximum towards Z direction, while
the antenna is resting on the XY plane. The far-field pattern
is broader compared to the near field pattern as it is
dominating at and beyond boundary.

(a)

(b)

(c)

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Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012)
The modified CPW fed antenna HCFA2 and the
different layers are shown in Figure 5. The entire structure
of this antenna was kept in air as well as human muscle
tissue equivalent environments as described earlier. The
simulation was inhibited in the 1 to 12 GHz band. The
results of simulation are presented in the Figure 6 for air
environment. From the simulation in air environment, it is
found that the resonance occurs at 10.18 GHz with a low
return loss of -24.86 dB. A broad bandwidth of 2.87 GHz
(28%) is achieved with a VSWR of 1.12 which much lower
than 2. The near and far-field radiations are broader. The
3D near-field polar plot indicates that the radiation is in all
directions. However, the maximum occurs in the =90 and
=30 degrees direction. The maximum far-field occurs in
the =90 and =0 directions since the antenna rests on the
XY plane with broad side in the X direction.
The same antenna resonates at two shifted frequencies
when simulated in the human musce tissue environment.
The results are displayed in Figure 7. The antenna
resonates at 5.22 GHz and 5.85 GHz with much lower
return loss of -28.6dB and -22.8 dB respectively in a single
broad bandwidth of 1.13 GHz (23% and 19% ). The wellmatched conditions are noticed with VSWR values of 1.1
and 1.16.

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Figure.6. Simulation results of HCFA (air environment) (a).Return

loss (b).VSWR (c).Near field pattern [co-polarization(at radius
10mm)](d). Near field pattern [cross-polarization] (e).Near Field gain
(f).3D polar plot (near field) (g).Far-field gain (h).3D Polar plot (farfield) (i).Farfield pattern(co-polarization) (j).Far-field(cross
polarization)

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Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012)
Radiation
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Figure.7 Simulation results of HCFA (human muscle tissue

environment) (a).Return loss (b).VSWR (c).Near field pattern [copolarization(at radius 10mm)] (d).Near Field pattern [crosspolarization] (e).Near Field gain (f).3D polar plot (near field) (g).Farfield gain (h).3D Polar plot (far-field) (i).Farfield pattern(copolarization) (j).Far-field(cross polarization)

[5]

[6]

The gain and radiation fields are seen improved in this

modified antenna both for air as well as muscle tissue
environments. There are appreciable far field and near field
radiation patterns with this antenna. From the 3D polar
patterns it is noted that the radiation coverage angle is
slightly lesser than the one simulated in the air
environment.

[7]

[8]

[9]

IV. CONCLUSION
The investigation on the performance of two Hilbert
curve based fractal implantable microstrip antennas
(HCFA1 and HCFA2) have been carried out in this work
using numerical simulations. The original Hilbert curve has
been modified and the new structures were explored and
simulated to find the suitability of the same for air-to-air
wireless and IMD applications. The use of CPW feed
system resulting in broader bandwidth is remarkable. The
antennas were simulated in the air as well as human muscle
tissue environments and found resonating in the
recommended ISM band with nominally good antenna
characteristics. Also the near and far filed characteristics
are satisfactorily good. The proposed antennas are compact,
wideband and easy to fabricate providing suitability for
meeting the present demand for low profile wireless and
IMD antennas.

[10]
[11]

[12]
[13]
[14]

[15]

[16]

Acknowledgment
The author 1 would like to thank the technical support
and expertise provided by the author 2 in MIC laboratory
of National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli.

[17]

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REFERENCES
Kamya Yekeh Yazdandoost and Ryuji Kohno, 2007, An Antenna
for Medical Implant Communications System, Proceedings of the
37th European Microwave Conference, EuMA, .968-971
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012)
Biography

Dr. D. Kumar is a Professor and Dean

(Research), in Periyar Maniyammai
University, Thanjavur, India. He
received his Ph.D. from IIT, Chennai
and PDF from ULowa USA. He is in the
teaching profession for 22 years. His
areas of interest are optical imaging,
biomedical applications, image processing and bio-inspired
antennas.

S.Suganthi, is a research scholar in the

Department
of
Information
and
Communication Engineering of Anna
University of Technology, India. She is
also a professor in Shri Angalamman
College of Engineering and Technology
and is in the teaching profession for 24
years. She is a graduate student member
of IEEE, life member of TSI and ISTE and member of
IEEE MTT and AP societies, member of IACSIT, IAENG
and IJETAE. Her areas of interest are MIC, fractal,
implantable, reconfigurable and metamaterial antennas.

Dr. J. Arputha Vijaya Selvi is a Professor

in Electronics and Communication
Engineering and also the Principal of
Kings
College
of
Engineering,
Punalkulam, India. She received her
Ph.D. from National institute of
Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India. She is
in teaching profession for 14 years. Her areas of interest are
communication systems, process control and embedded
systems.

Dr. S. Raghavan, is a Professor in

Electronics
and
Communication
Engineering and Technology in
National Institute of Technology,
Tiruchirappalli, India. He received his
Ph.D. from IIT, Delhi. He is a
member and life member of various
societies: Senior Member IEEE (MTT
and EMBS), FIETE, FIE, ISSS, ISTE, MRSI, BMSI,
BESI, CE,CSI, TSI, ISOI, ASI, NPC, STERM, SBAO,
ILA, IATLIS. He is a senior faculty and is in the
engineering teaching profession for 30 years. He is a
visiting professor of various institutions and universities in
the nation. His areas of interest are MIC, biomedical
applications, nanotechnology, implantable, reconfigurable
and metamaterial antennas.

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