EVALUATION OF METAKAOLIN EFFICIENCY IN BINARY AND TERNARY

CEMENTITIOUS BLENDS OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE

Dr. M V Seshagiri Rao1 (FIE), S Shrihari2, Dr. V Srinivasa Reddy3 (MIE)
1

Professor and Dean, Department of Civil Engineering, CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad,
2
Research Scholar, JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad.
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, GRIET, Hyderabad.

Abstract
The mineral admixtures are usually industrial by-products and their use in civil engineering
applications can provide not only a major economic benefit but also have an environmental
advantage. The collective use of chemical and mineral admixtures can help to develop high
performance concrete (HPC). Mineral admixtures act as pozzolanic materials as well as fine
fillers; thereby the microstructure of hardened cement matrix becomes denser and stronger. Also
the concrete with mineral admixtures provides lower permeability reduced heat of hydration,
reduced alkali-aggregate reaction, higher strength and resistance to Chemical attack. However,
the effect of these mineral admixtures (MA) on the performance of concrete depends upon their
properties. Hence it is essential to know the effectiveness of different admixtures towards the
development of strength and also their optimum replacement. To produce HPC, there are many
types of mineral admixtures used to improve its strength and performance. Among the various
mineral admixtures, the contribution of each MA towards the improvement of strength of
concrete is different for their different replacement levels. Hence this paper presents the
methodology to find the efficiency factor for different mineral admixtures like fly ash (FA), silica
fume (SF) and metakaoline (MK) with different replacement levels so that in relation to the
target strength, the corresponding MA can be replaced to get HPC. The efficiencies are
calculated using Bolomeys equation. So far, the cement is replaced with the same percentage by
weight of MA without considering their specific gravity and efficiency. But the efficiency of MA
like fly ash, silica fume and metakaoline are more than that of cement. Hence if the efficiency of
MA is considered, the reduction of equivalent cement content will be more and hence the
economical mix proportion can be achieved. This paper presents an efficiency factor for fly ash,
silica fume and metakaoline as binary and ternary blended SCC at different replacement levels.
Keywords: Self Compacting Concrete, Metakaolin, Fly ash, Efficiency Factors, binary blended
SCC, quaternary blended SCC
1. INTRODUCTION
2. Extensive research work for decades is in progress throughout the globe in concrete
technology in finding alternative materials which can partially or fully replace ordinary
Portland cement (OPC) and which can also meet the requirements of strength and
durability aspects. Amongst the many alternative materials tried as partial cement
replacement materials, the strength, workability and durability performance of industrial
by products like fly ash (FA), blast furnace slag, microsilica, metakaolin, rice husk ash,
etc., now termed as Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are quite promising.
Subsequently, these have led to the development of binary, ternary and quaternary
blended concretes depending on the number of SCMs and their combinations used as

partial cement replacement materials. The use of appropriately proportioned ternary or

quaternary blended concretes allows the effect of one SCM to compensate for the
inherent shortening of another. The one of the main objectives of this research was to
investigate synergistic action of ternary self-compacting concretes (SCC) on rheological
properties, strength and their cementing efficiencies in SCC. Several research studies
have reported on the performance of Rice husk Ash (RHA) and Microsilica (MS) blended
SCC. However, very limited research information was reported on the synergic action of
Metakaolin and Microsilica in SCC for high performance concretes. The present
investigations are aimed to study (1) the effect of synergic action of Metakaolin (MK),
Microsilica (MS) and fly ash (FA) in SCC on Rheological behavior such as flowing,
passing and filling ability; Strength properties and (2) their cementing efficiencies of FA,
MS and MK in binary and ternary blended SCCs.
3.
4. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
5. Research work till date suggests that Metakaoline (MK) improve many of the
performance characteristics of the SCC such as strength, workability, permeability, and
durability. From the present investigations it is found that the compressive strength of
MK based SCC depends both on the age and the percentage replacement level. It is felt
that efficiency concept can be used to understand the behavior of MK in SCC. In the
present studies, Nan Su mix design method is adopted to determine the quantities of
materials in kg per cu.m for ordinary grade (M20) and standard grade (M40) of blended
Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). This paper presents a study on the behavior of MK in
SCC performance by evaluating the efficiency of MK at different percentages of
replacement for ordinary (M20) and standard (M40) grades in terms of efficiency factor
k. The strength efficiency factors for MK and MK+FA dosages (in terms of percentage
replacement) in SCC Mixes are computed based on the compressive strength of OPC
only SCC mixes.
6.
7. BOLOMEYS EMPIRICAL EXPRESSION
8. The Bolomeys empirical expression frequently used to predict the strength of concrete is
theoretically well founded when applied to hardened concrete.
9. Efficiency factors found from this strength equation are used to describe the effect of the
MK replacement. Efficiency factors are generally used to describe the impact of MK and
FA replacement on the compressive strength of SCC Mixes.
10. The Bolomeys equation is:
11. S = A [(c/w)] + B
------ (1)
12. S is the compressive strength in MPa, c is the cement content in kg / m 3, w is the
water content in kg/m3 and k denotes efficiency factor.
13. By knowing the amounts of c, w and the strength S achieved for each slag dosage
from the finally arrived experimental values, efficiency factor k has been computed for
each of the dosages.
14. Equation (1) has been shown to practically reduce to following two equations
15. S = A [(C/W) 0.5]
...... (2)

16. S = A [(C/W) + 0.5]

...... (3)
17. These two equations represent two ranges of concrete strengths and it is due to the often
observed fact that a change in slope occurs at about w/c = 0.40, when P/W (powder-water
ratio) is plotted against strength. However, it is found that the equation (2) is useful for
most of the present day concretes when an analysis was done on test results available and
also the extensive data published by Larrard who also mentions this equation in his
famous book, on 'Concrete Mix Proportioning A scientific approach . Therefore,
equation (2) can be generally used for re-proportioning. The value of constant A can be
found out for the given concrete ingredients, by considering a concrete mix of any w/c
ratio.
18. For structural concrete, Equation (1) can be simplified as
19. S = A [(C/W) 0.5]
----- (4)
20. A strength efficiency factor, k, can then be computed using modified bolomey equation
21. S = A [(C+ kP/W) 0.5]
------ (5)
22. Where P is the amount of powder replaced by weight of cement. Thus, W/(C+ kP) is the
water/effective powder ratio.
23.
24. 3.1 Cementing efficiency factor, k
25. This factor describes the mineral admixtures ability to act as cementing material
recognizing that mineral admixtures contribution to concrete strength which comes
mainly from its ability to react with free calcium hydroxide produced during cement
hydration. The rate of this reaction, called as pozzolanic reaction (PR), when compared to
cement hydration rate (CHR) determines the value of k. When k=1, both PR and CHR
would be same and the water-binder ratios of concretes with and without MA could be
almost same.
26. When k<1, PR would be slower than CHR and for equal strengths, the water-binder ratio
of concrete with mineral admixture need to be less than that of concrete without mineral
admixture and also, at same water-binder ratio, the strength of concrete with mineral
admixture would be less than that of concrete without mineral admixture . In this case,
the mineral admixture is less efficient than Portland cement in imparting strength to
concrete. The GGBS has generally k<1 at early ages and k would reach a value of unity
at later ages.
27.
28. When k>1, PR would be faster than CHR and for equal strengths, the water-binder ratio
of concrete with mineral admixture would to be more than that of concrete without
mineral admixture .However, at similar water-binder ratios, the strength of concrete with
mineral admixture would be more than that of concrete without mineral admixture. In
this case, the mineral admixture is more efficient than Portland cement in imparting
strength to concrete.
29.
30. The contribution of MK to any property of hardened concrete may be expressed in terms
of efficiency factor, k. Based on the average compressive strength of the control SCC
mix (100% OPC), A value was calculated using Bolomey equation. Then Efficiency
factors for MK and MK+FA replaced SCC mixes were then determined using same
bolomey equation. For this new material to be generally accepted by the building
industry, a good durability must be proven also in quantitative terms. Therefore a big

challenge for researchers within this field is to determine the strength efficiency of
MK+FA in SCC.
31.
32. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
33. 4.1 Determination of Quantities of materials for SCC mixes
34. Based on Nan Su mix design method, quantities required for 1 cu.m are evaluated for
ordinary grade (M20) and standard grade (M40) of binary and ternary blended Self
Compacting Concrete (SCC) made with SCMs such as Fly Ash (FA), Microsilica (MS)
and Metakaolin (MK). Final quantities, for all SCC mixes considered, are assumed after
several trial mixes on quantities computed using Nan Su mix design method subjected to
satisfaction of EFNARC flow properties. This phase identifies the optimum proportions
of fly ash, micro silica and metakaolin in binary and ternary blended SCC for enhanced
performance of SCC at all ages.
35. The following are the quantities of materials calculated using Nan Su mix design method
for ordinary grade (M20) and standard grade (M40) based Self Compacting Concrete
(SCC) and also presented the final quantities of materials after various trial mixes.
36.
37. Table-1: Quantities per 1 cu.m for Ordinary (M20) grade and Standard (M40) grade SCC obtained
using Nan Su method of Mix Design
39. C
e
m
e
n
t
49. 1
9
0
57. 3
4
4

38. Grade of SCC

Mix

47. M
20
55. M
40

48. Qu
ant
ity
kg/
m3

40. Poz
zola
na
41. (Fly
ash)

42. Fin
e
agg
reg
ate

43. Co
ars
e
44. agg
reg
ate

50. 257

51. 904

52. 812

53.
8.1

58. 180

59. 891

60. 738

61.
9.4

45.
S.

46. Wa
ter
54. 192
.34
L
62. 190
.35
L

63.
64. The amount of total powder (i.e., OPC+FA)( = 190+257) for M20 grade blended SCC is
447 kg/m3 and for M40 grade blended SCC is 524 kg/m3. Using Nan Su method, for M20
grade blended SCC ,computed total weight of pozzolanic material (100% fly ash) is 257
kg/m3 (53% of total powder) and for M40 grade blended SCC, computed total weight of
fly ash is 180 kg/m3 (35 % of total powder). For the above powder content shown in
Table-1, flow properties are not achieved as per EFNARC guidelines, so several trail
mixes were carried out to satisfy the flow properties. The following SCC mix proportions
are arrived at after several trail mixes conforming EFNARC specifications for the
required fresh properties.
65.
66. Table-2: Final Quantities per 1 cu.m for Ordinary grade (M20) and Standard (M40) grade SCC mix
after trail mixes
67. Grade of
SCC Mix

68.
Ce

69. P
o
z

71. F
i
n

72. C
o
a

74.
S.

75. W
a
t

76. Water
/Powd
er

77. M
2
0

86. M
4
0

78. Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
k
g
/
m

79.
225

88.
317

z
ol
a
n
a
70. (
F
ly
a
s
h
)
80. 2
6
1

81. 9
0
4

r
s
e
73. a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
82. 8
1
2

89. 2
1
4

90. 8
9
1

91. 7
8
6

e
a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e

e
r

83.
9.

92.
9.

84. 2
2
1
L
93. 1
8
5
L

Ratio

85. 0.45

94. 0.35

95.
96. The following tables will illustrate the process of optimization of quantities of SCMs
such as FA, MS and MK. For various binary and ternary blended SCC mixes of ordinary
grade (M20) and standard grade (M40), the tables demonstrate the flow properties and
strength achieved for various percentage replacements of pozzolanic materials considered
in the study. The table-5 presents the final Optimal Quantities of various grades of SCC
mixes. Table -6 presents Compressive strength properties for Optimum SCC mixes made
with combination of FA, MS and MK as SCMs. Table-7 presents total powder content
and water powder ratios for various grades of blended SCC mixes. Table-8 to Table-10
presents Bolomeys Coefficient (A) for Bolomeys equation and Cementing Efficiency
Factors.
97.

98. Table-3: Trail mixes of various ordinary grade (M20) blended SCC mixes to optimize quantities of
SCMs

99.
M

100.Mix
Desig
nation

101.Replacem
ent
Percentag
e
102.(bwp)*

103.Quantities
104.kg per
cu.m

114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121.

O
F M M
O
F M M

133.
C
149.
B
165.
B
181.
B
197.
B
213.
B
229.
B
245.
B
261.
B
277.
B
293.
B
309.
B

105.Slu
mp
flo
w

106.V
F
u
n
n
e
l

108.
Ac
107.
L-

109.
Str
110.
(
111.

122.
Sl

124. 126.
T
T

128.
T

130.
Bl

123.
M

125. 127.
s
s

129.
s

131.
R

132.

134.C100

135.
139.
136. 137. 138.
140. 141. 142.
1
4
-

143.
70

144. 145.
3.
6.

146.
8

147.
0.

148.
25

150.C60+
FA40

151.
155. 156.
152. 153. 154.
157. 158.
6
2
1
40 -

159.
71

160. 161.
3.
6.

162.
8

163.
0.

164.
30

166.C50+
FA50

167.
171. 172.
168. 169. 170.
173. 174.
5
2
2
50 -

175.
74

176. 177.
3.
6.

178.
7

179.
0.

180.
28

182.C40+
FA60

183.
187. 188.
184. 185. 186.
189. 190.
4
1
2
60 -

191.
76

192. 193.
3.
6.

194.
8

195.
0.

196.
12

198.C95+
MS5

199.
203.
205.
200. 201. 202.
204.
206.
9
4
2
5
-

207.
70

208. 209.
4.
7.

210.
7

211.
0.

212.
26

214.C90+
MS10

215.
219.
221.
216. 217. 218.
220.
222.
9
4
4
- 10 -

223.
68

224. 225.
4.
7.

226.
1

227.
0.

228.
27

230.C85+
MS15

231.
235.
237.
232. 233. 234.
236.
238.
8
4
7
- 15 -

239.
66

240. 241.
4.
8.

242.
1

243.
0.

244.
28

246.C80+
MS20

247.
251.
253.
248. 249. 250.
252.
254.
8
3
9
- 20 -

255.
65

256. 257.
4.
8.

258.
1

259.
0.

260.
29

262.C75+
MS25

263.
267.
269.
264. 265. 266.
268.
270.
7
3
1
- 25 -

271.
54

272. 273.
4.
8.

274.
1

275.
0.

276.
20

278.C95+
MK5

279.
283.
286.
280. 281. 282.
284. 285.
9
4
2
5
-

287.
70

288. 289.
3.
6.

290.
7

291.
0.

292.
26

295.
298. 299.
302.
296. 297.
300. 301.
9
1
4
4
-

303.
70

304. 305.
3.
7.

306.
9

307.
0.

308.
27

311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318.

8
1
4
7

319.
68

320. 321.
3.
7.

322.
1

323.
0.

324.
28

294.C90+
MK1
0
310.C85+
MK1

325.
B
341.
B
357.
B
373.
T
389.
T
405.
T
421.
T
437.
T
453.
T
469.
T
485.
T
501.
T
517.
T
533.
T
549.
T

5
326.C80+
MK2
0
342.C75+
MK2
5
358.C70+
MK3
0
374.C45+
FA50
+MS5
390.C40+
FA50
+MS1
0
406.C35+
FA50
+MS1
5
422.C30+
FA50
+MS2
0
438.C35+
FA60
+MS5
454.C30+
FA60
+MS1
0
470.C25+
FA60
+MS1
5
486.C20+
FA60
+MS2
0
502.C45+
FA50
+MK
5
518.C40+
FA50
+MK
10
534.C35+
FA50
+MK
15
550.C30+
FA50
+MK

327.
330. 331.
334.
328. 329.
332. 333.
8
2
3
9
-

335.
67

336. 337.
4.
7.

338.
1

339.
0.

340.
30

343.
346. 347.
350.
344. 345.
348. 349.
7
2
3
1
-

351.
66

352. 353.
4.
7.

354.
1

355.
0.

356.
30

359.
362. 363.
366.
360. 361.
364. 365.
7
3
3
1
-

367.
54

368. 369.
4.
8.

370.
1

371.
0.

372.
20

375.
379. 380. 381.
376. 377. 378.
382.
4
2
2
2
50 5
-

383.
68

384. 385.
3.
6.

386.
7

387.
0.

388.
28

391.
395. 396. 397.
392. 393. 394.
398.
4
1
2
4
50 10 -

399.
67

400. 401.
3.
6.

402.
9

403.
0.

404.
28

407.
411. 412. 413.
408. 409. 410.
414.
3
1
2
7
50 15 -

415.
67

416. 417.
3.
6.

418.
9

419.
0.

420.
29

423.
427. 428. 429.
424. 425. 426.
430.
3
1
2
9
50 20 -

431.
66

432. 433.
3.
6.

434.
1

435.
0.

436.
23

439.
443. 444. 445.
440. 441. 442.
446.
3
1
2
2
60 5
-

447.
63

448. 449.
4.
7.

450.
1

451.
0.

452.
19

455.
459. 460. 461.
456. 457. 458.
462.
3
1
2
4
60 10 -

463.
62

464. 465.
4.
7.

466.
1

467.
0.

468.
14

471.
475. 476. 477.
472. 473. 474.
478.
2
1
2
7
60 15 -

479.
61

480. 481.
3.
6.

482.
7

483.
0.

484.
12

487.
491. 492. 493.
488. 489. 490.
494.
2
9
2
9
60 20 -

495.
60

496. 497.
3.
6.

498.
9

499.
0.

500.
12

503.
507. 508.
510.
504. 505. 506.
509.
4
2
2
2
50 5
-

511.
71

512. 513.
3.
6.

514.
8

515.
0.

516.
28

519.
522. 523. 524.
526.
520. 521.
525.
4
1
1
2
4
50 -

527.
70

528. 529.
3.
7.

530.
9

531.
0.

532.
28

535.
538. 539. 540.
542.
536. 537.
541.
3
1
1
2
7
50 -

543.
69

544. 545.
3.
7.

546.
9

547.
0.

548.
29

551. 552. 553. 554. 555. 556. 557. 558.

3 50 2
1
2
9

559.
69

560. 561.
4.
7.

562.
1

563.
0.

564.
21

565.
T
581.
T
597.
T
613.
T
629.
T
645.
T
661.
T
677.
T

20
566.C35+
FA60
+MK
5
582.C30+
FA60
+MK
10
598.C25+
FA60
+MK
15
614.C20+
FA60
+MK
20
630.C25+
FA70
+MK
5
646.C20+
FA70
+MK
10
662.C15+
FA70
+MK
15
678.C10+
FA70
+MK
20

567.
571. 572.
574.
568. 569. 570.
573.
3
1
2
2
60 5
-

575.
66

576. 577.
4.
7.

578.
1

579.
0.

580.
26

583.
586. 587. 588.
590.
584. 585.
589.
3
1
1
2
4
60 -

591.
65

592. 593.
4.
7.

594.
1

595.
0.

596.
29

599.
602. 603. 604.
606.
600. 601.
605.
2
1
1
2
7
60 -

607.
71

608. 609.
3.
6.

610.
8

611.
0.

612.
33

615.
618. 619. 620.
622.
616. 617.
621.
2
2
9
2
9
60 -

623.
70

624. 625.
3.
7.

626.
9

627.
0.

628.
21

631.
635. 636.
638.
632. 633. 634.
637.
2
1
3
2
70 5
-

639.
69

640. 641.
3.
7.

642.
9

643.
0.

644.
19

647.
650. 651. 652.
654.
648. 649.
653.
2
1
9
3
4
70 -

655.
69

656. 657.
4.
7.

658.
1

659.
0.

660.
17

663.
666. 667. 668.
670.
664. 665.
669.
1
1
7
3
7
70 -

671.
66

672. 673.
4.
7.

674.
1

675.
0.

676.
14

679.
682. 683. 684.
686.
680. 681.
685.
1
2
4
3
9
70 -

687.
65

688. 689.
4.
7.

690.
1

691.
0.

692.
12

693.
694.
695.
696.
697.
698.
699.
700.
701.
702.
703.Table-4: Trail mixes of various standard grade (M40) blended SCC mixes to optimize quantities of
SCMs
704.
M

705.Mix
Desig
nation

706.Replacem
ent
Percentag
e
707.(bwp)

708.Quantities
709.kg per
cu.m

710.Slu
mp
flo
w

711.V
F
u
n
n
e

712.
L-

713.
Ac
714.
Str
715.

(
l

719. 720. 721. 722. 723. 724. 725. 726.

O
F M M
O
F M M

738.
C
754.
B
770.
B
786.
B
802.
B
818.
B
834.
B
850.
B
866.
B
882.
B
898.
B
914.
B
930.
T
946.
T
962.
T

716.

727.
Sl

729. 731.
T
T

733.
T

735.
Bl

728.
m

730. 732.
s
s

734.
s

736.
R

737.

739.C100

740.
744.
741. 742. 743.
745. 746. 747.
1
5
-

748.
72

749. 750.
3.
6.

751.
8

752.
0.

753.
48

755.C60+
FA40

756.
760. 761.
757. 758. 759.
762. 763.
6
3
2
40 -

764.
73

765. 766.
3.
6.

767.
8

768.
0.

769.
53

771.C50+
FA50

772.
776. 777.
773. 774. 775.
778. 779.
5
2
2
50 -

780.
76

781. 782.
3.
6.

783.
8

784.
0.

785.
35

787.C95+
MS5

788.
792.
794.
789. 790. 791.
793.
795.
9
5
2
5
-

796.
72

797. 798.
4.
7.

799.
8

800.
0.

801.
49

803.C90+
MS10

804.
808.
810.
805. 806. 807.
809.
811.
9
4
5
- 10 -

812.
70

813. 814.
4.
8.

815.
1

816.
0.

817.
50

819.C85+
MS15

820.
824.
826.
821. 822. 823.
825.
827.
8
4
7
- 15 -

828.
68

829. 830.
4.
8.

831.
1

832.
0.

833.
51

835.C80+
MS20

836.
840.
842.
837. 838. 839.
841.
843.
8
4
1
- 20 -

844.
67

845. 846.
4.
8.

847.
1

848.
0.

849.
36

851.C95+
MK5

852.
856.
859.
853. 854. 855.
857. 858.
9
5
2
5
-

860.
72

861. 862.
3.
7.

863.
7

864.
0.

865.
49

868.
871. 872.
875.
869. 870.
873. 874.
9
1
4
5
-

876.
72

877. 878.
4.
7.

879.
1

880.
0.

881.
50

884.
887. 888.
891.
885. 886.
889. 890.
8
1
4
7
-

892.
70

893. 894.
3.
7.

895.
1

896.
0.

897.
51

900.
903. 904.
907.
901. 902.
905. 906.
8
2
4
1
-

908.
69

909. 910.
4.
7.

911.
1

912.
0.

913.
53

916.
919. 920.
923.
917. 918.
921. 922.
7
2
3
1
-

924.
68

925. 926.
4.
8.

927.
1

928.
0.

929.
38

932.
936. 937. 938.
933. 934. 935.
939.
4
2
2
2
50 5
-

940.
70

941. 942.
3.
6.

943.
8

944.
0.

945.
31

948.
952. 953. 954.
949. 950. 951.
955.
4
2
2
5
50 10 -

956.
69

957. 958.
3.
7.

959.
9

960.
0.

961.
31

964. 965. 966. 967. 968. 969. 970. 971.

3 50 15 1
2
8
-

972.
69

973. 974.
3.
7.

975.
9

976.
0.

977.
32

867.C90+
MK1
0
883.C85+
MK1
5
899.C80+
MK2
0
915.C75+
MK2
5
931.C45+
FA50
+MS5
947.C40+
FA50
+MS1
0
963.C35+
FA50

978.
T
994.
T
1010.
T
1026.
T
1042.
T
1058.
T
1074.
T
1090.
T
1106.
T
1122.
T
1138.
T

+MS1
5
979.C55+
FA40
+MS5
995.C50+
FA40
+MS1
0
1011.
C45+FA4
0+MS
15
1027.
C45+FA5
0+M
K5
1043.
C40+FA5
0+M
K10
1059.
C35+FA5
0+M
K15
1075.
C30+FA5
0+M
K20
1091.
C35+FA6
0+M
K5
1107.
C30+FA6
0+M
K10
1123.
C25+FA6
0+M
K15
1139.
C20+FA6
0+M
K20

980.
984. 985. 986.
981. 982. 983.
987.
5
2
2
2
40 5
-

988.
65

989. 990.
4.
7.

991.
1

992.
0.

993.
42

996.
1000.1001.1002.
1004.
997. 998. 999.
1003.
5
2
2
5
64
40 10 -

1005. 1006. 1007. 1008.

4.
7.
1
0.

1009.
52

1012.
1016.1017.1018.
1020.
1013.1014.1015.
1019.
4
2
2
8
63
40 15 -

1021. 1022. 1023. 1024.

3.
6.
8
0.

1025.
35

1028.
1032.1033.
1035. 1036.
1029.1030.1031.
1034.
4
2
2
2
73
50 5
-

1037. 1038. 1039. 1040.

3.
6.
8
0.

1041.
33

1044.
1047. 1048.1049.
1051. 1052.
1045.1046.
1050.
4
1
2
2
4
72
50 -

1053. 1054. 1055. 1056.

4.
7.
9
0.

1057.
41

1060.
1063. 1064.1065.
1067. 1068.
1061.1062.
1066.
3
1
1
2
7
71
50 -

1069. 1070. 1071. 1072.

3.
7.
1
0.

1073.
52

1076.
1079. 1080.1081.
1083. 1084.
1077.1078.
1082.
3
2
1
2
9
71
50 -

1085. 1086. 1087. 1088.

4.
7.
1
1.

1089.
40

1092.
1096.1097.
1099. 1100.
1093.1094.1095.
1098.
3
1
3
2
68
60 5
-

1101. 1102. 1103. 1104.

4.
7.
1
1.

1105.
39

1108.
1111. 1112.1113.
1115. 1116.
1109.1110.
1114.
3
1
1
3
4
67
60 -

1117. 1118. 1119. 1120.

4.
8.
1
1.

1121.
32

1124.
1127. 1128.1129.
1131. 1132.
1125.1126.
1130.
2
1
1
3
7
73
60 -

1133. 1134. 1135. 1136.

3.
6.
8
0.

1137.
26

1140.
1143. 1144.1145.
1147. 1148.
1141.1142.
1146.
2
2
1
3
9
72
60 -

1149. 1150. 1151. 1152.

4.
7.
9
0.

1153.
24

1154.
1155.

Table-5: Final Optimal Quantities of various grades of SCC mixes

bwp* By weight of Total Powder content calculated from Nan Su mix design method

1156.
1157.
1158. 1159. 1160.
G
M
Mix
Designa
tion
1161.
(Values

1162.
Re
placement %
1163.
(bw
p)*

1164.
Addi
t
i
o
n

1167.

Qua
ntities
1168.
kg
per cu.m

1169.
To

1171.
W

1170.
P

1172.
W

indicate
percenta
ge by
weight
of P

a
l
1165.
% of
F
A
1166.
bwp
*
1176.1177. 1178. 1179.
O
F
M
M
1180.

1181. 1182. 1183. 1184.

O
F
M
M
1185.

1188.
1189.
C
C100

1190.
1191. 1192. 1193. 1194.
1
-

1195.
1199.
1196. 1197. 1198.
4
48
-

1200.
0.

1202.
1203.
B
C50+FA50

1204.1205.
1206. 1207. 1208.
5
5
-

1209. 1210.
1213.
1211. 1212.
2
2
48
-

1214.
0.

1216.
1217.
B
C80+MS20
1187.
M
1230.
1231.
B
C75+MK25

1218.
1220.
1219.
1221. 1222.
8
2
-

1223.
1225.
1227.
1224.
1226.
3
9
48
-

1228.
0.

1232.
1235.
1233. 1234.
1236.
7
2
-

1237.
1240. 1241.
1238. 1239.
3
1
48
-

1242.
0.

1244. 1245.
T
C35+FA50+
MS15
1258. 1259.
T
C25+FA60+
MK15
1272.
1273.
C
C100

1246.1247. 1248.
1249. 1250.
3
5
1
-

1251. 1252. 1253.

1255.
1254.
1
2
7
48
-

1256.
0.

1260.1261.
1263.
1262.
1264.
2
6
1
-

1265. 1266.
1268. 1269.
1267.
1
2
7
48
-

1270.
0.

1274.
1275. 1276. 1277. 1278.
1
-

1279.
1283.
1280. 1281. 1282.
5
53
-

1284.
0.

1286.
1287.
B
C60+FA40

1288.1289.
1290. 1291. 1292.
6
4
-

1293. 1294.
1297.
1295. 1296.
3
2
53
-

1298.
0.

1300.
1301.
B
C85+MS15
1271.
M
1314.
1315.
B
C80+MK20

1302.
1304.
1303.
1305. 1306.
8
1
-

1307.
1309.
1311.
1308.
1310.
4
7
53
-

1312.
0.

1316.
1319.
1317. 1318.
1320.
8
2
-

1321.
1324. 1325.
1322. 1323.
4
1
53
-

1326.
0.

1328. 1329.
T
C50+FA40+
MS10
1342. 1343.
T
C35+FA50+
MK15

1330.1331. 1332.
1333. 1334.
5
4
1
-

1335. 1336. 1337.

1339.
1338.
2
2
5
53
-

1340.
0.

1344.1345.
1347.
1346.
1348.
3
5
1
-

1349. 1350.
1352. 1353.
1351.
1
2
8
53
-

1354.
0.

1355.
1356.
1357.

G
rade of
SCC
Mix

1186.

Table-6: Determination of Hardened Properties for Optimum SCC mixes made with
combination of FA, MS and MK as SCMs
1358.
1359.
Mix
1362.
Compressive Strength
M
Designation
1363.
(MPa)
1360.
(Values
indicate percentage
1367. 1369.
1371.
1373. 1375. 1377.

1361.
by weight
of Total Powder)
1380.
C
1389.
B

1381.

C100

1390.

C50+FA5
0

1398.
1399.
B
1379.

C80+MS2
0

M
20

1407.
B

1408.

C75+MK
25

1416.
T

1417.

C35+FA5
0+MS15

1425.
T

1426.

C25+FA6
0+MK15

1434.
C
1443.
B

1435.

C100

1444.

C60+FA4
0

1452.
1453.
B
1433.

C85+MS1
5

M
40

1487.
1488.

1490.
Grade of
SCC
Mix
1505.
M20
1512.
M40

1461.
B

1462.

C80+MK
20

1470.
T

1471.

C50+FA4
0+MS10

1479.
T

1480.

C35+FA5
0+MK15

1374.
d

1376.
d

1378.
d

1384.
2

1385.
2

1386.
2

1387.
2

1392.
1

1393.
1

1394.
2

1395.
2

1396.
3

1400.
1

1401.
1

1402.
2

1403.
2

1404.
3

1405.
3

1409.
1

1410.
2

1411.
2

1412.
3

1413.
3

1414.
3

1418.
9

1419.
1

1420.
2

1421.
2

1422.
2

1423.
3

1427.
1

1428.
1

1429.
2

1430.
2

1431.
3

1432.
3

1436.
2

1437.
3

1438.
3

1439.
4

1440.
5

1441.
5

1445.
1

1446.
2

1447.
2

1448.
4

1449.
5

1450.
5

1454.
2

1455.
3

1456.
4

1457.
5

1458.
5

1459.
5

1463.
4

1464.
4

1465.
5

1466.
5

1467.
5

1468.
5

1472.
2

1473.
2

1474.
3

1475.
4

1476.
5

1477.
5

1481.
3

1482.
4

1483.
4

1484.
4

1485.
5

1486.
5

3
1368.
d

7
14
1370.
1372.
d
days

1382.
1

1383.
1

1391.
5

Table-7: Bolomeys Coefficients (A) for various grades of binary and ternary blended SCC
mixes
1489.
1491.
1493.
3
1494.
days
1506.
5.93
1513.
8.59

1495.
7
1496.
days
1507.
9.63
1514.
14.06

Bolomeys Coefficients (A)

1497.
14
1498.
days
1508.
11.86
1515.
16.76

1499.
28
1500.
days
1509.
14.82
1516.
20.33

1501.
60
1502.
days
1510.
14.91
1517.
21.17

1503.
90
1504.
days
1511.
16.29
1518.
22.40

1519.
Table-8: Cementing Efficiency Factors at different ages

1520.
1521.

1522.
G
rade of
SCC
Mix

1524.
Mix
Designation
1523.
1525.
(Values
M
indicate percentage
1526.
by weight
of Total Powder)
1544.
C

1545.

1553.
1554.
B
1562.
1563.
B
1543.

M
20

1571.
1572.
B
1580.
1581.
T
1589.
1590.
T
1602.
C
1611.
B

1612.

1620.
1621.
B

1597.
1598.
1599.

M
40

1600.
1601.

1603.

1629.
1630.
B
1638.
1639.
T
1647.
1648.
T

C100
C50+FA5
0
C80+MS2
0
C75+MK2
5
C35+FA5
0+MS15
C25+FA6
0+MK15
C100
C60+FA4
0
C85+MS1
5
C80+MK2
0
C50+FA4
0+MS10
C35+FA5
0+MK15

1527.
1531.
3
1532.
d

1533.
1535.
7 14
1534.
1536.
d day
s

1537. 1539. 1541.

2
6
9
1538. 1540. 1542.
d
d
d

1546. 1547. 1548. 1549. 1550. 1551.

1555. 1556. 1557. 1558. 1559. 1560.
0
0
0
0
1
1
1564. 1565. 1566. 1567. 1568. 1569.
1
1
2
1
2
1
1573. 1574. 1575. 1576. 1577. 1578.
3
1
2
1
2
1
1582. 1583. 1584. 1585. 1586. 1587.
0
0
1
0
1
1
1591. 1592. 1593. 1594. 1595. 1596.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1604. 1605. 1606. 1607. 1608. 1609.
1613. 1614. 1615. 1616. 1617. 1618.
0
0
0
0
1
1
1622. 1623. 1624. 1625. 1626. 1627.
2
0
1
1
1
1
1631. 1632. 1633. 1634. 1635. 1636.
5
2
2
1
1
1
1640. 1641. 1642. 1643. 1644. 1645.
0
0
0
0
1
1
1649. 1650. 1651. 1652. 1653. 1654.
1
1
1
1
1
1

1655.
1656.
1657.
1658.
1659.

Efficiency Factors

DISCUSSIONS

1660.
Table-1 presents the quantities per 1 cu.m for Ordinary (M20) grade and Standard
(M40) grade SCC obtained using Nan Su method of Mix Design but for the powder quantities
computed using this mix design method is not satisfying flow properties as per EFNARC
guidelines, so several trail mixes were carried out to satisfy the flow properties. The final powder
quantities for Ordinary grade (M20) and Standard (M40) grade SCC mix are arrived at after
several trail mixes conforming EFNARC specifications for the required fresh properties as
shown in Table-2. From these final quantities, for various percentage replacement of cement by
FA, MS, MK and their combinations are tried to optimize the quantities for binary and ternary
blended SCC mixes of grades considered. The percentage replacements, their corresponding
quantities, flow properties and desired strengths are tabulated in Table-3 and Table-4. In Table-5,
final optimal quantities of various grades of SCC mixes along with their total powder content
and water /powder ratios are mentioned. In Table-6, compressive strengths for various binary and
ternary blended optimal SCC mixes are tabulated.
1661.
For Ordinary grade SCC made with 100%OPC, EFNARC flow specifications and
target compressive strength at 28 days can be accomplished. Equivalent compressive strengths
can be achieved at 60 days for FA based binary and ternary blended SCC systems. In ternary
blended ordinary grade SCC system, for OPC+FA+MS and OPC+ FA+MK combinations ,
compressive strengths comparable to that of 28 days target strength of 100% OPC ordinary
grade SCC can be achieved. For all the above binary and ternary combinations of SCMs,
EFNARC flow specifications are satisfied.
1662.
Compressive strengths are achieved early in Metakaolin based binary and ternary
blended SCC of all grades than in microsilica based binary and ternary blended SCC. Due to
synergy effect, the interaction of two or more admixtures is so that their combined effect is
greater than the sum of their individual effects. In the other words, for reflecting synergic effect,
the efficiency factor of Metakaolin, microsilica and fly ash combination should be higher in
ternary blended SCC than in binary blended SCC system. For calculating the efficiency of
Metakaolin, microsilica and fly ash combination in binary and ternary blended SCC, an equation
has been proposed by author based on the principle of Bolomeys equation for predicting the
strength of concrete containing mineral admixtures. The efficiency factors evaluated can be used
for proportioning of blended SCC. For compressive strength of Mk based SCC mixes , k is in
the range of 1.08 to 1.69, which means that in a given SCC mix, 1 kg of MK based pozzolanic
material may replace 1.08 to 1.69 kg of cement without impairing the compressive strength. This
may be valid, provided that the water content is kept constant. Bolomeys coefficients A are
calculated from the control mixes. Using computed A value, calculate strength efficiency
factors k at all ages for all percentage replacement levels of MK+FA combination in SCC.
1663.
It is observed from efficiency factor is 1.69 for C75+MK25 and1.32 for
C25+FA60+MK15 ordinary grade M20 SCC mixes. For Standard grade M40 SCC mixes, k is
1.48 for C80+MK20 and 1.08 for C35+FA50+MK15 combinations.
1664.
MK based FA blended SCC mix is found to be more efficient because of high
usage of waste by-product FA and high reduction of cement content.
1665.

CONCLUSIONS

1666.
In summary, the Metakaolin based binary and ternary blended SCC gives better
cohesiveness and solves problem of bleeding of ternary blended microsilica based SCC and also
adjusts the loss of workability which is a case of SCC blended with Micro Silica. Metakaolin
based binary and ternary blended SCC reduces the setting times and imparts early strength when

compared to binary and ternary blend SCC with Micro Silica. It was observed that Metakaolin
based binary and ternary blended SCC requires less dosage of SP when compared binary and
ternary blend SCC with Micro Silica and which can be cost effective. Due to substantial saving
in quantity of cement, binary and ternary blended MK, FA based SCC is considered as Green
High Performance Concrete, because cement was replacing to maximum level with improvement
of the performance properties. Therefore binary and ternary blended SCC reduces environmental
and helps in sustainable development. The findings of the present work endorses the
recommendation that use of metakaolin in fly ash based SCC enhances both strength and
durability properties significantly and found to be cost effective in terms of less cement usage,
increased use of fly ash and also plays a major role in early strength development of FA based
SCC
1667.
1668.
REFERENCES
1. De Silva, P.S. and F.P. Glasser, 1990. Hydration of cements based on metakaolin:
thermochemistry. Advances in Cement Research, 3: 167-177.
2. Ambroise, J., S. Maxmilien and J. Pera, 1994. Properties of MK blended cement. Advanced
Cement Based Materials, 1: 161-168.
3. Wild, S., J.M. Khatib and A. Jones, 1996. Relative strength pozzolanic activity and cement
hydration in superplasticised MK concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 26: 1537-1544.
4. Wild, S., J.M. Khatib and M.J. Craythorne, 1997, Strength Development of Metakaolin Mortar.
5th International Conference on Modern Building Materials. Structures and Techniques,
Lithuania, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 1: 58-63.
5. Khatib, J.M., 2009. Low curing Temperature of Metakaolin Concrete. American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE) - Materials in Civil Engineering Journal, 21(8): 362-367.
6. Khatib, J.M., B.B. Sabir and S. Wild, 1996. Some properties of Metakaolin Paste and Mortar,
International Conference Concrete in the Service of Mankind: Concrete for Environment
Enhancement and Protection, (Eds. R.K. Dhir and T.D. Dyer), Dundee, pp: 637-643.
7. Sabir, B.B., S. Wild and J.M. Khatib, 1996. On the Workability and Strength Development of
Metakaolin Concrete, International Conference - Concrete in the Service of Mankind: Concrete
for Environment Enhancement and Protection, (Eds. R.K. Dhir and T.D. Dyer), pp: 651-662.
8. Sabir, B.B., J.M. Kinuthia, J.M. Khatib and M.A. Wustoff, 2001. Relative Strength and
Workability of Metakaolin - Fly Ash Concrete, Seventh International Conference on Modern
Building Materials, Structures and Techniques, Lithuania, Vilnius Gediminas Technical
University, 1: 43-51.
9. Curcio, F., B.A. De Angelis and S. Pagliolico, 1998. Metakaolin as a pozzolanic micro-filler for
high-performance mortars, Cement and Concrete Research, 28(6): 803-809.
10. Khatib, J.M. and S. Wild, 1996, Pore size distribution of metakaolin paste, Cement and Concrete
Research, 1545-1553.
1669.
1670.
1671.
1672.
1673.
1674.
1675.

1676.
1677.
1678.
1679.
BIOGRAPHIES:
1680.
1681.
Dr M V Seshagiri Rao , FIE
(FIE No: 015739/9)
1682.
Professor and Dean, Department of Civil
Engineering,
1683.
CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad,
1684.
Formerly Professor of Civil Engineering
1685.
JNTUH College of Engineering Hyderbad-85
1686.
Email: rao_vs_meduri@yahoo.com Ph: 944 036 1817
1687.
1688. Awards/ medals received:
1689.
1. Brij Mohan Lal best paper Award for the paper published in Vol.80; August 1999, IEI
Journal
1690.
2. Best paper award for the paper presented at the 67th Annual technical session of
1691.
The Institution of Engineers awarded in October 2005.
1692.
3. Outstanding Concrete technologist
2006 Award by Indian Concrete Institute (AP, Hyderabad )
1693.
4. Best paper award for the paper
presented at the 70th Annual technical session of the Institution of Engineers
1694.
awarded in October 2008.
1695.
5. Best Teacher Award for the year
2009 by the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh
1696.
6. Best Technical paper award for the
paper presented at the 77th and 78th Annual General Meeting technical session of the Institution of Engineers awarded in
October 2015 and 2016 respectively.
1697.
1698. Research Publications : 185
Teaching & Research Experience: 40 yrs
1699. Memberships
:
FIE (Life Member), MISTE (Life Member), MICI (Life Member)
1700.
M.I.W.R.S (life Member)
1701.
Number of PhD Scholars Guided: 21

1702.
1703.
Dr. V Srinivasa Reddy, MIE (M-146335-1)
1704.
Professor of Civil Engineering
1705.
Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and
Technology
1706.
Email: vempada@gmail.com Ph: 970 468 3149
1707.
1708. Research Publications
1709. Memberships
1710.
Honors:

: 61
: MIE, MISTE , MICI,ACI , C Engg.

ICI-APHC Executive Council member since Sep 2015.

Best Technical paper award for the paper presented at the 77 th and 78th Annual General Meeting
technical session of the Institution of Engineers awarded in October 2015 and 2016 respectively

1711.

1712.
Mr. S Shrihari,
1713.
Research Scholar in Department of Civil Engineering,
JNTUH.
1714.
He is currently working as Professor and HOD in JBIET,
Hyderabad.
1715.
He has published 5 publications in Journals and
Conferences.
1716.
1717.
1718.
1719.
1720.
1721.