Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Encarnita Raya-Ampil, MD
Personality
Differences
o
Piaget - cognitive development
o
Mahler - development of social relationship
o
Jung - personality organization
o
Bowlby - attachment in early life
o
Adler - individual psychology
Jean Piaget (1898-1980)
Born in Switzerland
Child psychologist
"Genetic epistemologist"
o
Study of the development of abstract thought on
the basis of a biological or innate substrate
o
Progressive development of human knowledge
Organization of Cognition
Cognitive Organization
o
Process of learning and knowing that occurs in a
predictable manner
Adaptation
o
Ability to adjust and interact with the environment
o
Occurs as a result of assimilation and
accommodation
Assimilation
o
People take in new experiences through their own
system of knowledge
Accommodation
o
People adjust to their own system of knowledge to
the reality demands of the environment
Object permanence
o
Critical achievement
o
Objects have existence independent of child's
involvement with them
o
Differentiate themselves from the world
o
Maintain mental image of an object
Symbolization
o
At 18 mos develop and use mental symbols
Characteristics
Birth - 2
mos
2-5
mos
5-9
mos
9 mos 1 yr
1 yr - 18
mos
18 mos
- 2 yrs
Egocentric
o
Unable to modify behavior for someone else
Animistic thinking
o
Endow physical events and objects with life-like
psychological attributes, such as feelings and
intentions
Semiotic Function
o
Represent something such as an object, an event,
or a conceptual scheme with a signifier, which
serves a representative function
Syllogistic reasoning
o
Can serialize, order and group things into classes
o
Logical conclusion is formed from two premises
Reversibility
Most important sign that children are still in this stage is that
they have not achieved conservation or reversibility
Understand concepts of quantity
o
Measures of substance, length, number, liquids and
area
Must be able to organize and order occurrences in the real
world
Dealing with the future and its possibilities occurs in the
formal operational stage
Hypotheticodeductive thinking
o
Highest organization of cognition
o
Enables persons to make a hypothesis or
proposition and to test it against reality
o
Deductive reasoning
Period
Cognitive Developmental
Characteristics
0 - 1.5 (to 2) Sensorimotor
Divided into six stages,
characterized by:
1. Inborn motor and sensory
reflexes
2. Primary circular reaction
3. Secondary circular reaction
4. Use of familiar means to obtain
ends
5. Tertiary circular reaction and
discovery through active
experimentation
6. Insight and object permanence
2-7
Preoperational Deferred imitation, symbolic play,
graphic imagery (drawing), mental
imagery, and language
7 - 11
Concrete
Conservation of quantity, weight,
operations
volume, length, and time based on
reversibility by inversion or
reciprocity; operations; class
inclusion and seriation
11 - end of
Formal
Combinatorial system, whereby
adolescence operations
variables are isolated and all
possible combinations are
examined; hypothetical-deductive
thinking
* This subperiod is considered by some authors to be a separate
developmental period.
Psychiatric Applications
Adolescent turmoil
o
May result from a normal adolescent's coming to
grips with newly-acquired abilities to deal with the
unlimited possibilities of the surrounding world
Develops gradually
o
Results in an infant's wanting to be with a preferred
person, who is perceived as stronger, wiser, and
able to reduce anxiety or distress
Attachment
o
Emotional tone between children and their
caregivers
o
Evidenced by an infant's seeking and clinging to the
caregiving person
Bonding
o
Mother's feelings for her infant
o
Facilitated by skin, voice, eye contact and even
representational models of babies in utero
Imprinting
o
Certain stimuli elicit innate behavior patterns
during first few hours of an animals behavioral
development
Phases of Attachment
1. Preattachment (birth - 8 or 12 weeks)
o
Orient by following eyes over 180 degrees range,
o
Turn towards mothers voice
2. Attachment in the making (8-12 weeks to 6 months)
o
Attachment to one or more persons in environment
3. Clear-cut attachment (6 - 24 months)
o
Infants cry and show other signs of distress when
separated from caretaker
4. 4th Stage (25 months)
o
Mother seen as independent figure
o
More complex relationship
Margaret Mahlers Stages of Development
Object (Freud)
o
That which will satisfy a need
o
Significant person or thing that is the object or
target of another's feelings or drives
Object relations
o
Interpersonal relations
o
Inner residues of past relationships that shape an
individuals current interactions with people
Object Relations Theorists
Stage of undifferentiation
o
Cannot differentiate between self and mother
(fusion and oneness)
o
Objectless
o
Absolute primary narcissism
Stages of Development: Normal Symbiosis (1-5 months)
Good mothering
o
Increased sensory awareness of environment
o
Smiling
Separation
o
Intrapsychic sense of separateness from the mother
Individuation
o
" I AM" ; early sense of being, assumes own
characteristics
o
Evolution of intrapsychic autonomy
Identity
o
"WHO I AM"
Separation and Individuation: Differentiation and Body Image
5-10 months
Hatching
o
Shift from inward-directed attention to
outward-directed attention and alertness
Separation and Individuation: Practicing (10-16 months)
Sense of omnipotence
Separation anxiety
o
Need to seek closeness with mother
Crisis
o
Protection of autonomy and increased need for
mother (ambivalence)
o
Fights with mother
o
Alteration between autonomy and closeness
o
Anxious reaction to strangers, indecisiveness
(conflicting wishes), clinging to mother
o
Vulnerable self esteem
o
Important: emotional availability of mother
Separation and Individuation: Constancy and Individuality
24-36 months
Superego precursors
Ego development
o
Reality principle replaces pleasure principle
o
Reality testing
Swiss psychiatrist
Therapeutic approach
o
Adequate adaptation to reality with fulfillment of
creative potentialities
o
Individuation as ultimate goal
Archetypes
o
Representational images and configurations with
universal symbolic meanings
o
Contribute to complexes
Introversion
o
Focus on inner world of thoughts, intuitions,
emotions, sensations
Extroversion
o
More oriented to the outer world, other
persons and material goods
Mixture of both
Persona
o
Mask covering the personality
o
Face that person presents to the outside world
o
If fixed, real person hidden
Inferiority complex
o
Sense of inadequacy and weakness
Oedipal longings
o
Organ inferiority