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TKK-TER-33
AB
TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULU
TEKNISKA HGSKOLAN
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITT HELSINKI
UNIVERSITE DE TECHNOLOGIE DHELSINKI
Introduction
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8
Prof. Frantiek Wald
Czech Technical University in Prague
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
Summary
List of content
Timing
National Annexes
CeStruCo
Access STEEL
Summary
Lessons
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations
CeStruCo
Introduction
Basis of design
Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins
Welded connections
Analysis, classification and modelling
Structural joints connecting H or I sections
Hollow section joints
Summary
List of content
Timing
National Annexes
CeStruCo
Access STEEL
Summary
Development of Eurocodes
Lessons
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations
CeStruCo
ECCS
Concept in 1978
ECCS
First draft in 1984
CEN
Started with Eurocodes in 1990
CEN
ENV 199x-x-x in 1992 (actions nationally only)
CEN
EN 199x-x-x in 2005
Advantages
European agreement
All structural materials under one safety concept
Weakness
Copyrights
Size (some countries only rules, some textbooks)
5
List of Eurocodes
EN 1990
EN 1991
EN 1992
EN 1993
Eurocode 0:
Eurocode 1:
Eurocode 2:
Eurocode 3:
EN 1995
EN 1996
EN 1997
EN 1998
EN 1999
Eurocode 5:
Eurocode 6:
Eurocode 7:
Eurocode 8:
Eurocode 9:
EN 1993-1-1
EN 1993-1-2
EN 1993-1-3
EN 1993-1-4
EN 1993-1-5
EN 1993-1-6
EN 1993-1-7
EN 1993-1-8
EN 1993-1-9
EN 1993-1-10
EN 1993-1-11
EN 1993-1-12
EN 1993-2
EN 1993-3-1
EN 1993-3-2
EN 1993-4-1
EN 1993-4-2
EN 1993-4-3
EN 1993-5
EN 1993- 6
Basic rules
Fire resistance
Thin walled
Corrosion resistant
Plates
Shells
Plates 2
Connections
Fatigue
Brittle fracture
Tensile members (cables)
HSS
Bridges
Mast
Chimneys
Silos
Tanks
Pipelines
Pilots
Crane girders
(20 documents)
First package
05/05
04/05
05/05
05/05
05/05
National Annexes
UK 12/2007;
France 12/2006; Poland 2010;
Development of EN 1993-1-8
Chapter 6 Connections
Annex J Joints
Annex L Base plates
Annex K Hollow section joints
Summary
Translations
UK N/A;
List of content
Timing
National Annexes
CeStruCo
Access STEEL
Conclusions
Lessons
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations
CeStruCo
12
Alternative procedures
Nationally Determined Parameters
Numerical values of partial safety factors for joints are not changed, the values
in Table 2.1 should be used.
13
CeStruCo =
Civil enginnering Structural Connections
Summary
List of content
Timing
National Annexes
CeStruCo
Access STEEL
Summary
Lessons
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations
CeStruCo
Review
KREKON Design office, Rotterdam, Netherlands Czech
EXCON a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
Constructional Steelwork Association Ostrava, CR
15
ESDEP
WIVISS
SteelCall
Stainless SteelCall
SSEDTA
CeStruCo
NFATEC
SDCWASS
DIFISEK
16
Textbook
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Introduction
Bolts
Welding
Structural Modelling
Simple Connections
Moment Resistance Connections
Column Bases
Seismic Design
Fire Design
Hollow Section Joints
Cold-Formed Member Joints
Aluminium Connections
Design Cases
18
Internet / CD Version
PowerPoint Presentations
20
Software
Based on
Fire test on 8th storey building Cardington, January 16, 2003
Coimbra University
Prediction of behaviour by component method
with nonlinear force - deformation diagram of components
21
Video Film
22
CeStruCo on CD
Educational material to support conversion
of ENV 1993-1-1 to EN1993-1-8
CD / Internet lessons
www.fsv.cvut.cz/cestruco
Lessons
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations
CeStruCo
24
Summary
List of content
Timing
National Annexes
CeStruCo
Access STEEL
Summary
Lessons
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations
CeStruCo
25
26
Topics
Project Initiation
Scheme Development
Detailed Design Verification
Multi-storey Buildings
Single Buildings
Residential Construction
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Access STEEL
Summary
35
36
Bases of Design
according to EN 1993-1-8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
Topics
General Requirements
All joints should have a design resistance
such that the structure is capable
of satisfying all the basic design requirements
given in EN 1993-1-1.
Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary
3
Recommended values
M2 = M3 = 1,25 (EN 1993-1-1 M0 = 1,00, M1 = 1,10)
Frequency bar chart
M3,ser = M7 = 1,10
Effect of actions
M4 = M5 = M6,ser = 1,00
Resistance
Resistance of Joints
Topics
Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary
Reduction of Resistance
of Angles Connected by One Leg
Eccentricity at Intersections
With 1 bolt:
Nu,Rd
With 2 bolts:
Nu,Rd
Nu,Rd
Centroidal axes
Fasteners
Reduction factors
Fasteners
Pitch
p1 < 2,5 do
2 bolts
0,4
0,7
3 bolts or more 3
0,5
0,7
2,0(e2 0,5d0 )t fu
M2
2 Anet fu
=
M2
=
3 Anet fu
M2
> 5,0 do
Topics
10
Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary
STIFFNESS
Rigid
Semi - rigid
Pinned
11
RESISTANCE
Full-strength
Partial-strength
Pinned
Continuous
Semi-continuous
Semi-continuous Semi-continuous
Simple
12
M
2
3 M j,Rd
M j,Sd
Sj,ini
M j,Rd
Mj,Sd
Sj,ini
Sj,ini /
Sj,ini
M j,Rd
Mj,Sd
14
Sj,ini /
Type of connection
Welded
Bolted end-plates
Bolted flange cleats
Base plates
M j,Rd
Cd
15
16
MODELLING
M
M j,Rd
S j,ini
Cd
Elastic analysis
Rigid-plastic
analysis
Elastic-plastic analysis
Continuous
Rigid
Full-strength
Rigid/full strength
Semicontinuous
Semi-rigid
Partial-strength
Rigid/partial-strength
Semi-rigid/full-strength
Semi-rigid/partial-strength
Pinned
Pinned
Pinned
Simple
17
18
Topics
Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary
Type of component
Transverse loading
Eccentricity
Compression chord
Tension chord
Brace member
Yes
Not
if criter. is satisfied
Joint
No
Yes
No
Not (if criter. is satisfied)
19
20
Secondary Moments
22
Centric
0,55 d0 e 0,25 d0
0,55 h0 e 0,25 h0
Negative eccentricity
e
d0
h0
Positive eccentricity
23
eccentricity
diameter of the chord
depth of the chord, in the plane of the lattice girder
24
Topics
Based on Resitance
Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary
Moment, M
M b,pl,Rd
Rotation,
25
Based on Stiffness
26
Accuracy of calculation
5% Ultimate Limit State
20% Serviceability Limit State
E Ic
=
L c M c,pl,Rd
Rigid
column base
0,4
S j.ini.c.s = 12 E I c / L c
0,2
0,01
0,002
Brittle connection
o = 1,36
(Class 3)
Rotation,
28
Ultimate rotation
of connected beam
Ductile connection (Class 1)
Semi-ductile connection (Class 2)
S j.ini.c.n = 30 E I c / L c
0,6
Moment,
Elastic rotation
M
of connected beam
Accurate boundary
for
0 ,5
for
4
6
8
10 0
Relative slenderness of column
29
30
Classification of Joints
Topics
National Annex
may give additional information
on the classification of joints
by their stiffness and strength
in Cl 5.2.2.1(2)
Pin is difficult to define
Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary
31
32
Shear Panel
Ma
Mb
Joint
Ma
a
Shear panel
separatelly
Mb
Shear panel
in connections
33
z3
z2
= F t1.Rd
= F t1.Rd
= Ft2.Rd
= F t2.Rd
<F
t2.Rd
<F
<F
t3.Rd
F c.Rd
Plastic distribution
t3.Rd
c.Rd
F c.Rd
Elastic distribution
Elastic-plastic distribution
Shear forces
A bolt row in shear only
Rest of shear resistance of each bolt row
Supplement of shear resistance of each bolt row
Vb2,Ed
Vb1,Ed
M b2,Ed
N b1,Ed
Mb1,Ed
34
Topics
= F t1.Rd
= F t3.Rd
z1
N b2,Ed
35
Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary
36
Welded Connections
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8
Prof. Frantiek Wald
Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
Topics
Bases of Design
Bases of design
Fillet weld
Design model
Design independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Design example
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
Fillet welds
But weld
Plug welds
Groove welds
a
EN 1993-1-8 requirements
Design rules + Design models
Fillet welds
Definition of Effective Throat Thickness a
Topics
The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld should not be less than 3 mm
Bases of design
Fillet weld
Design throat thickness of flare groove welds in rectangular structural hollow section
5
Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
Plane Stresses
2 + 3 2 + 2II
f u ( w Mw )
f u Mw
fu
w Correlation factor
EN 10025
EN 10210
EN 10219
Correlation factor
w
S 235
S 235 W
S 235 H
S 235 H
0,80
S 275
S 275 N/NL
S 275 M/ML
S 275 H
S 275 NH/NLH
S 275 H
S 275 NH/NLH
S 275 MH/MLH
0,85
S 355
S 355 N/NL
S 355 M/ML
S 355 W
S 355 H
S 355 NH/NLH
S 355 H
S 355 NH/NLH
S 355 MH/MLH
0,90
S 420 MH/MLH
1,00
S 460 NH/NLH
S 460 MH/MLH
1,00
S 420 N/NL
S 420 M/ML
Topics
S 460 N/NL
S 460 M/ML
S 460 Q/QL/QL1
S 460 NH/NLH
N Sd
F w,Rd
Design model
Design independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
10
Bases of design
Fillet weld
Design Model
F w,Sd
F w,Rd
V ,Sd
La
V // ,Sd
fvw ,d =
fu
3 w Mw
Fw ,Rd = a fvw ,d
11
12
Topics
Bases of design
Fillet weld
Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Design example
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
//
13
//
//
Lw
0,8
0,6
0,4
0
L/a
0
50
Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Design examples
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
16
= 0
= F 2a l
= = R
14
Bases of design
Fillet weld
Lw
0,2
//
Topics
//
Lw
Long welds
//
w Mw
Has to be satisfied
2 + 3 2 f u ( w Mw )
After substitution
(
17
) (
2 +3 R
R f u w Mw 2
)=
2
2 2R f u ( w Mw )
18
Flange - Web
Weld
Connection of Cantilever
V
Shear force
Transferred by web
fillets
Bending moment
Sd
= FSd.
Sd
V l = V Sd S I
where V
= F Sd e
2 = 2 = M Sd
shear force
2 W we ,1
Sd
1 = 1 = M Sd
VSd
II = FSd 2 a h
Vl
Shear stress
II = V l 2 a f u w Mw 3
2 W we , 2
19
20
Topics
Bases of design
Fillet weld
Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Worked Examples
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
21
22
Effective Width
Effective Width
t fb
beff = twc + 2 s + 7 t fc
t 2 f
beff = twc + 2 s + 7 fc yc
t f
fb yb
twc
tfc
tfb
s
rc
t fc
M0
f t
k = min yc fc ; 1
f t
yb fb
beff
t wc
t fb fyb
twc
tfc
tfb
s
24
Topics
Bases of design
Fillet weld
a > 0,7
Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
VSd
= VSd / (t h)
t
VSd the design shear force in weld
full capacity of a plate the thickness S235
a > 0,85
= FSd / (t h)
the acting design force
FSd
plate design strength
fu
t
the thinness of connecting plate
b
width of connecting plate
full capacity of a plate the thickness S235:
(f / ) t
( 235 / 1,10 ) t
a > 0,7 y M 0 = 0,7
= 0,52 t 0,5 t
fu / Mw
360 / 1,25
26
0,5 t
0,4 t
f /( 3 M 0 ) t
235 /( 1,1 3 ) t
t
0,85 y
= 0,85
= 0,36 t 0,4 t
fw / Mw
fu / Mw
360 / 1,25
27
Topics
Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
28
Bases of design
Fillet weld
FSd
Weld Design
or Full Resistance of Connecting Members
t
fu / Mw
29
r/t
25
10
3,0
2,0
1,5
1,0
any
any
24
12
10
6
30
Topics
Butt welds
Bases of design
Fillet weld
1/2 V
U
Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
31
32
t
anom
anom
a nom
a nom.2
anom ,1 + anom ,2 t
t
c nom
5
cnom 3 mm
t
anom
a nom.1
a nom
c nom
a nom.2
33
Topics
Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
34
Summary
Bases of design
Fillet weld
c nom
a = anom 2 mm
anom
a nom.1
Component method
35
36
Bolted Connections
(Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins)
Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
Material
General
Design resistance of individual fasteners
Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts
B
Slip-resistant at serviceability
Fv,Ed.ser Fs,Rd,ser
Fv,Ed Fv,Rd
Fv,Ed Fb,Rd
C
Slip-resistant at ultimate
Fv,Ed Fs,Rd
Fv,Ed Fb,Rd
Fv,Ed Nnet,Rd
4.8
5.6
5.8
6.8
8.8
10.9
fyb (N/mm2)
240
320
300
400
480
640
900
fub (N/mm2)
400
400
500
500
600
800
1000
Shear connections
Fv,Ed Fv,Rd
Fv,Ed Fb,Rd
4.6
Bolt class
Normal
from 4.6 to 10.9
+1 mm for M 12
+2 mm for M 16 up M 24
+3 mm for M 27 and bigger
8.8 or 10.9
8.8 or 10.9
Tension connections
D
Non-preloaded
Ft,Ed Ft,Rd
Ft,Ed Bp,Rd
E
Preloaded
Ft,Ed Ft,Rd
Ft,Ed Bp,Rd
8.8 or 10.9
e1
e2
p2
End distance e1
1,2 d0
Edge distance e2
1,2 d0
1,5 d0
1,5 d0
Spacing p1
Spacing p2
2,2 d0
2,4 d0
Staggered Rows
Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts
10
Fv ,Rd = (0,6 f ub A s ) M2
For classes 8.8 a 10.9
Fv , Rd = (0,5 f ub A s ) M2
A s Core area of cross section of bolt
12
d0
Resistance in Bearing
Fb,. Rd = (2 ,5 f u d t ) M2
Fv , Rd
= (0,6 f ub A ) M2
e1
p1
e1 3 d 0 ; p1 3 d 0 - 1 4 ; f ub f u ; 1,0
diameter of bolt
Fb.Sd
d0 diameter of hole
f ub strength of bolt
f u strength of material
13
Resistance in Bearing
14
Inner bolt
20
30
e1 40
p 1 60
e1 40
tw
5,6
Outer bolt
IPE 200
P 10 - 140 x 100
M 20 - 5.6
L 140
tp
10
10
50
VSd = 110 kN
4
4
10
15
16
e1
1,2 d 0
=
= 0,4
3 d0 3 d0
e1 = 1,2 d 0
F
Tensile Resistance
e1
p1 = 3 d0
Holes 1
Holes 2
As
3 d0
p1
0,25 =
0,25 = 1 0,25 = 0,75
3 d0
3 d0
M2
M2
Ft,Rd = (k 2 fub A s ) M2
M2
M2
f ub
F t,exp
F t 1,0
Bp,Rd = 0,6 dm tp fu / M2
F v,S
Ft,S
+
F v,R
1 ,4 F t,R
tp plate thickness
0,5
d1 + d 2
2
d w dm
d1
d2
Fb ,Rd
1,5 fu d t
M2
M 16 - 5.6
P5 - 60 x 840
FSd
30 30
21
9d
8 d + 3 tp
22
18
18
40 40 8 16 8
40 40 8 16 8
M 16
M 16
10
35
50
25
10
35
50
25
110
110
p
tp
1,0
0,5
0,3 d
1,0 d
1,5 d
Force, F, kN
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
22
p 1,0
Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts
p =
0,5
19
Displacement , mm
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
45
40
23
24
Long Connection
Lf = 1
General
Design resistance of individual fasteners
L j 15d
200 d
Lt 1,0
Lt
1
Lt 0,75
0,8
0,75
0,6
Lj
0,4
0,2
0
0
15d
65d
Lj
25
Rivet Connections
Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long connections
Rivets
Anchor bolts
26
27
Anchor Bolts
Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts
28
29
Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts
30
Slip-resistant Connections
using 8.8 or 10.9 Bolts
Friction Coefficient
Fp.Cd
Prestressing force
Fs.Rd
ks
(= 0,7 f ub A s),
friction coefficient
EN 14399-2:2002 High strength structural bolting for preloading Part 2 : Suitability Test for Preloading
Fs,. Rd = (k s n M3,ser ) F p, Cd
F p,Cd is design prestressing force of bolt
Tests
Slip factor
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
31
Description
ks
Normal holes
1,0
Oversized holes
or short slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to
the direction of load transfer
Long slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to
the direction of load transfer
Short slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to the
direction of load transfer
Long slotted holes
with the axis of the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer
0,85
0,76
M2
Fb
bolt
preload
Fp
Fb
total bolt force
Fj
Ft
external
tensile force
Fj
p,ext
plate shortening
b,ext
0,63
33
34
Block Tearing
Block tearing consists of failure in shear at the row of bolts
along the shear face of the hole group accompanied by
tensile rupture along the line of bolt holes on the tension
face of the bolt group.
Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts
k s n ( Fp ,C 0,8 Ft ,Ed )
General
Design resistance of individual fasteners
Fs,Rd =
0,7
32
N Ed
N Ed
N Ed
35
N Ed
36
Test
FE Model
Rupture
Design Model
240
100
35
25
70
L - 100 x 100 10
materil 1.4401
e2
fu Ant 1
A
(2 240 6 18 2 9)10 = 72 + 409 = 481kN
0,5 530 (35 2 9) 10 1
+
fy nv = =
+ 220
M2
3 M0
1,25103
1,1103
3
d
t
N u .Rd =
60
240
Eccentric loading
Veff,2,Rd = 0,5 fu Ant / M2 + (1/3) fy Anv / M0
Fb ,Rd
30 + 7 x 30 +30
8 x M16; 70
35
70
40
1,5 fu d t
p1
M2
Nu .Rd =
2 ,0 e 2 0 ,5 d 0 t f u
M2
M2
52,5
d 0 d0
p1
p1
Nu .Rd =
p1
2 Anet fu
p1
3 Anet fu
p1
M2
Reduction factors
Pitch p1
41
2 bolts 2
0,4
0,7
0,5
0,7
42
3 x M20, 8.8
P10 - 230 x 110
meteril S235
35
IPE 300
S235
HEA 200
S235
10
80
45
70
70
45
230
70
70
70
45
230
70
50
50
45
VSd = 100 kN
In beam web
50 50
60
VRd,11 =
0 ,5 fu,b1 Ant
M2
1
A
fy,b1 nv
M0
3
0 ,5 360 276 ,9
1
1171,5
+
235
= 199 kN
1,25
1,0
3
43
44
General
Design resistance of individual fasteners
45
70
70
70
70
45
50
50
In beam web
NRd,u,6 =
fu,b1 Ant
M,u
A
1
fy,b1 nv
M0
3
553 ,8
360 681,6
1
+
235
= 298 kN
1,0
1,1
3
45
Lug Angles
Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts
46
1. The lug angle to transmit a force 1,2 times the force in the outstand of
the angle connected.
2. The fasteners connecting the lug angle to the outstand of the angle
member should be designed to transmit a force 1,4 times the force in
the outstand of the angle member.
3. The connection of a lug angle to a gusset plate or other supporting part
should terminate at the end of the member connected.
4. The connection of the lug angle to the member should run from the end
of the member to a point beyond the direct connection of the member to
the gusset or other supporting part.
47
Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts
48
Pin Connections
Design of Pin
Analysis
Given thickness t
FEd M 0 2 d 0
F
d
: c Ed M 0 + 0
+
2 t fy
3
2 t fy
3
Given geometry
d = 30
F Sd
d3 =
20
t2
t1
c
t 1 = 10
c =1
t1
c
t 1 = 10
c =1
t2 = 18
t 0,7
M Sd
FEd M 0
49
fy
: d 0 2,5 t
50
F Sd
applied force
f yp
F Sd
f up
applied force
strength of pin
Mp = 1,45
Mp = 1,45
(MSd
t1
c
M Sd
51
Analysis of Pin
Combination of Bending and Shear
t2
t1
52
2
2
M Rd ) + (Fv ,Sd Fv , Rd ) 1
t2
t1
c
t1
c
fy
f yp
Mp = 1,45
M Sd
53
54
Replaceable pin
the contact bearing stress should satisfy h,Ed fh,Rd
h,Ed = 0,591
E FEd ,ser ( d 0 d )
d2 t
Injection Bolts
Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts
56
2
1
2
t2
t1
t2
Fb,Rd,resin =
1,33
1,0
t2
t1
1,33
1,0
M4
1.0
2.0
t1/ t2
Summary
General
Design resistance of individual fasteners
Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts
59
60
Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
Different Approaches
General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly
lt
Function
hb
ta
Moment-Rotation Characteristic
Elastic
limit
2/3 M j, Rd
Experiment
= C1( kM )1 + C3 ( kM )3 + C5 ( kM )5
M-N interaction
Summary
Joint
resistance
M j, Rd
Experimentation
Curve fitting
Finite element analysis
Simplified analytical models Component Method
Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity
Rotational stiffness
Moment resistance
Rotation capacity
M, moment, kNm
Initial stiffness Sj, ini
Experimental curve
General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity
Design curve
Rotation, , mrad
5
M-N interaction
Summary
Procedure
Rotational Capacity
Decomposition of joint
Component description
Joint assembly
Experimental curve
Bilinear model
Connection
j.Rd
Plastic
rotational
capacity
Components in tension
Classification
Representation
Modelling in analyses
pl
Components in compression
Rotational
capacity
of joint
el
Cd
Rotation, mrad
Decomposition of Joint
Background References
Zoetemeijer P.: Summary of the research on bolted
beam-to-column connections, TU-Delft report 26-6-90-2,
Delft, 1990.
Zoetemeijer P.: Summary of the Research on Bolted
Beam-to-Column Connections (period 1978 - 1983), Ref.
No. 6-85-M, Steven Laboratory, Delft, 1983.
Zoetemeijer P.: Proposal for Standardisation of
Extended End Plate Connection based on Test results Test and Analysis, Ref. No. 6-83-23, Steven Laboratory,
Delft, 1983.
glfe eflg
c
to
c Unstiffened column web in shear
o Unstiffened column web in compression
t Beam flange in compression
f Column flange in bending
l Bolt row in tension
g End plate in bending
e Unstiffened column web in tension
ot
Practical Application
of the Component Method
10
Spring Models
Parallel configuration
F
Design tables
Green book
Blue book
2
2
Fu = F1.u + F2.u
k = k1 + k2
Computer programs
Serial configuration
= min (1; 2)
1
= 1 + 2 .
11
12
General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity
Fc,Ed
Ft,Ed
Ft,Ed
M-N interaction
Summary
Ft,Ed
Ft,Ed
13
Bolts in Tension
Ft,Ed
Analytical model
14
End-plate in Bending
Ft,Ed
Analytical model
F L
b = t ,Ed b
2 E As
Stiffness coefficient
kb =
Stiffness coefficient
Ft ,Ed m 3
2 Leff ,ini t 3
3E I
3
F
F 3E I
Leff ,ini t 3
12
=
=
0
5
k p = t ,Ed = t ,Ed
,
E p E Ft ,Ed m 3
m3
m3
p =
Ft ,Ed
A
= 2,0 s
E b
Lb
k b = k 10 =1,6
Resistance, see bolts
Deformation capacity - britle
As
Lb
Leff t 3
m3
16
Ft,Ed
End-Plate Resistance
Failure Modes
F
n
m
t
B
L eff
2
18
Effective Length
F/2
F/2
Mode 1 only
dw
F/2
Circular failure
Single bolt
Bolt group
dw
F/4
F/4
Q/2
Q/2
F/2 F/2
F/4
F/4
Q/2
Q/2
Another failure
Single bolt
Bolt group
19
Circular Failure
20
Bolt in Corner
F
Leff ,op = m
In EN 1993-1-8
graph only
2r
r=m
Virtual work
on cone deformation
m
2 = 2
m+e
m
1 =
m+e
/2
Leff ,cp = 2 m
r=n
/2
/2
1,4
=8
2p
5,5
4,75
4,45
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
21
Bolt at Oversize
22
T stub Position
e
e
mx
mx
Weld
e
mx
e
mx
bp
Yield lines
23
24
FT,1,Rd =
e bp
h bp
e bp
4M pl ,1,Rd + 2M bp ,Rd
m
2
Influence of Gap
Another Components
g 0,4 ta
g > 0,4 ta
emin
m
0,8 r a
ra
g 0,4 t
26
emin
m
0,5 t a
ra
g >0,4 t
see EN 1993-1-8
ba
27
28
Design Resistance
General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly
Welded connection
Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity
M-N interaction
Summary
Ft,Rd
M j,Rd
Fc,Rd
29
30
Design Resistance
Ft.Rd
z
M j ,Rd =
Fc.Rd
i ti ,Rd
Fc.Rd
zi
31
Resistence
of
first bolt row
Column web in
compression
Column flange in
bending
Ft1.Rd
Ft1.Rd
Beam flange in
compression
Ft1.Rd
Ft1.Rd
End plate in
bending
t1.Rd
Ft1.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Column flange in
bending,
Resistance
of
both bobt rows
Beam flange in
compression
Ft1.Rd
Ft1.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft1.Rd
Ft2.Rd
34
Ft3.Rd
t1.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Part in compression
t1.Rd
Part in tension
Resistance
of
second bolt row
Column web in
compression
Ft1.Rd
Ft2.Rd
t1.Rd
33
Limit
By shear
and compressed
part
Ft1.Rd
32
t1.Rd
35
General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity
M-N interaction
Summary
36
Rotational Stiffness
Sj = M /
Rotatinal stiffness
Rotation in joint
j = i
z
Joint with more springs
Mj
Fi z
=
i
Fi
E
Fi z 2
i =
Deformation or a component
S j .ini =
1
ki
Rotation, , mrad
37
38
Equivalent stiffness
Mj
Design curve
More Components
p q lg
pq
lg
n
o
i
Elastic
limit
2/3 M j, Rd
E z2
Sj
M
= Sd
M
j ,Rd
j,
Joint
resistance
M j, Rd
E z2
1
ki
M, moment, kNm
k
i
Fi
ki E
S j ,ini
k eq =
z1 z z
2
2
n
o
k eff =
zi
z
1
1
k
i
p
q
g
l
eff ,i
i p
q
g
l
Lever arm
z1
k
z=
k
eff ,i z i
z4
eff ,i z i
39
Rotation Capacity
For platic global analyses
M
For basic safety
General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly
M j.Rd
Cd
Ductile components
Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity
M-N interaction
Summary
40
Plate in bending
0,0
Column web in shear
el
Cd
Brittle components
41
Bots, welds
42
In EN 1993-1-8
Deem to satisfy criteria
F
Brittle
Welded joints
Ductile
CD ,min = 0,015
Unstiffned
Unstiffned in tension + Stiffened in compression + No shear
influece
Cd,1
Cd ,min = 0,025 hc / hb
Cd,2
Ductile
Boted joints
Brittle
Plate failure
End plate/column flange thickness
Cd,1
t 0,36 d fub / fy
43Cd,2
44
M-N Interaction
For most portal frame connections (pitched rafters)
In EN 1993-1-8
General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity
Component method
M-N interaction
Summary
45
Example
VSd
46
M Sd
NSd
NSd
M
+ Sd 1
N j ,Rd M j ,Rd
Normal force, kN
Normal force
Nj,t,M=0,Rd
5 % error
Linear interaction
d Moment
M j.c.N
M
j.t.N
Component method
47
F1,t
Nj,c,M,Rd
N j,c,M=0,Rd
et
Component method
et
F2,c
Linear interaction
F 3,t
F2,t
Nj,t,M,Rd
Moment,
kNm
N j,t,M,Rd
Linear interaction
N j,c,M,Rd
F1,c
48
Stiffness
Simplification to two springs
Bolts
Compressed part in centre of flage
zt
M Sd
N Sd
Fc.t.Rd
Ft.Rd
zt
NSd
MSd
Neutral axis
MSd
F c.Rd
Active part
Fc.Rd
zc
NSd
z
c.t
c.b
Fc.b.Rd
50
Evaluation on Tests
Moment, kNm
Normal force, kN
30
200
Test
SN 1500
100
-10
20
10
0
0
Moment,
kNm
Interaction
-200
20
Prediction of resistance
by interaction
15
SN 1000
-100
Test SN 1500
25
10
Component method
5
0
Rotation, rad
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
51
52
Moment, kNm
Normal force, kN
800
Interaction
400
0
0
-50
-400
50
Component method
120
Experiments
100
EE7
Moment,
EE6
kNm
EE1
EE2
EE3
EE4
EE5
Test EE7
80
Prediction of resistance
by interaction
60
40
20
Rotation, rad
0
0
53
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
54
Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
SSEDTA Lecture
Flow Charts
Passive examples
1. Fin plate
2. Supported beam
3. Column
4. Supporting beam
7
VRd,1
VRd,2
VRd,3
VRd,4
VRd,5
VRd,6
VRd,7
VRd,8
VRd,9
VRd,10
VRd,11
VRd,12 9
Ductility requirements
not guided by bolt shear failure
10
hb1 600
hb1 > 600
Fin plate
thickness
tp (mm)
Beam edge
distance
e2,b (mm)
10
100
10
40
50
10
120
20
40
60
or
2. Limit of hight and calculate required rotation
hp hb 2t f,b1 2r
bp
gh
e1,b
gv
e1
a
p1
hp
p1
e1
e 2 e 2,b
z
11
1. Fin plate
2. Supported beam
3. Column
4. Supporting beam
he
12
Summary
Bolts in shear
Fin plate in bearing
NRd,u,1
NRd,u,2
NRd,u,3
NRd,u,4
NRd,u,5
NRd,u,6
NRd,u,7
NRd,u,8
Tables
Green book UK
Blue book
Germany
ECCS TC10 document (in preparation)
13
14
Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
15
16
Simple Joints
EC 3 Requirement
Rigid Joints:
Expensive to fabricate and construct.
Simple Joints:
Need to be flexible
Joint Requirements
Joint Properties
Joints must:
Transfer actions.
Accept required rotations.
Stiffness Requirement
Strength Requirement
where:
S j,ini is the initial rotational stiffness of the connection.
is the second moment of area of the connected
Ib
beam.
is the length of the connected beam.
Lb
Rotation Capacity
Mpbisisfully
fullyplastic
plasticmoment
momentofofresistance
resistanceofofcolumn.
beam.
Mpc
Mpc
Mpc
Mpb
Mpb
Mpc
Mpc
10
Practicalities
12
Transfer of Forces
13
14
15
16
Supporting
beam
Supported
beam
Figure 4:
Beam to beam
connections
Single
notched
angle
Double
notched
end
plateconnection
connection
2.1.2 Should any tying forces need to be considered ( as is the case in the
U.K.NAD). Then the connection must also be checked for such action which
will involve consideration of the following potential failure modes, remembering
that it will often be necessary to combine the axial and the shear forces to
obtain a resultant action.
17
18
Transfer of Forces
a1
Lv
a3
a2
19
20
Transfer of Forces
21
22
Summary
23
24
Column Bases
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
Basis of design
Components
ENV
Background Materials
Assembly
1993-1-1
Annex L (1992)
Annex A2 Design of Joints (1992, 1999)
COST
C1
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design
Classification
Worked examples
Summary
Component Method
Baseplate and concrete
in compression
Baseplate in bending
anchor bolts in tension
Major components
Anchor bolt
in shear
Basis of design
Components
Base-plate in bending
and anchor bolts in tension
Column flange
Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design
e m
t
l eff
Classification
Worked examples
Summary
Base plate
b = p n
m
Q=0
Q=0
Lb .lim
8 ,82m 3 As
=
Leff t 3
<
>
Lb
Force, kN
180
L bf
L
L be
40
160
Experiment W13/98
Experiment W14/97 24 - 355
Prediction
P6 - 40 x 50 40
140
120
100
80
315
5
50
10
60
10
6
40
P10 - 95 x 95
20
Lbe 8 d
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
1,6
Deformation, mm
95
95
F / B t.Rd
1
n
Mode 2
Mode 3
0,8
FRd.3
FRd.1
FRd.2
B t.Rd
Bt.Rd
Bt.Rd
Bt.Rd
Mode 3
a)
b)
Mode 1
Mode 1
0,6
Mode 1*
0,4
Mode 2
c)
0,2
FRd.1*
0
0
0,5
1,5
2
2,5
4 l eff M pl.Rd / B t.Rd
Force, kN
350
FRd.1*
Resistance
350 Force, kN
300
300
Simplified prediction
250
W97-12
250
Experiment
200
m = 32
Complex calculation
150
Rd .1
Complex calculationm = 67
150
Simplified prediction
100
100
50
50
2 Leff M pl .Rd
200
W97-02
Deformation, mm
0
0
Deformation, mm
0
0
Stiffness
No prying
0 ,425 Leff t 3
kp =
m3
Prying accured
0 ,85 Leff t 3
kp =
m3
kb = 2 ,0
As
Lb
A
kb = 1,6 s
Lb
e m
Prying occured
l 1 = 2 m (4 m + 1,25 e )
l2 = 2 m
Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 )
Leff ,2 = l 1
No prying
l 1 = 2 m (4 m + 1,25 e )
l2 = 4 m
Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 )
Leff ,2 = l 1
e
ex
mx
(not in EN 1993-1-8)
a
ac
bp
Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 ;l 6 )
Leff .1 = m
Basis of design
Components
Column flange
(a a c )2 + (b bc )2
Leff .3 =
ea
2
2
+ eb
8 e a eb
e a + eb
2
(a ac )2 + (b bc )2
FSd
FRd
c
Assembly
tw
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design
m
ea
Leff .4
m=
eb
b
2
a
=
2
Leff .2 =
Leff .5 = m
Leff ,2 = min(l 1 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 )
bc
Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 ;l 6 )
Leff ,2 = min(l 1 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 )
b
(a)
No prying
l 1 = 4.m x+1,25 e x
l 2 = 4 mx
l 3 = 0,5 bp
l 4 = 0,5 w + 2 mx + 0,625 ex
l 5 = e + 2 mx + 0,625 ex
l 6 = 2 mx + 4 e
Prying
l 1 = 4.m x+1,25 e x
l 2 = 2 mx
l 3 = 0,5 bp
l 4 = 0,5 w + 2 mx + 0,625 ex
l 5 = e + 2 mx + 0,625 ex
l 6 = mx + 2 e
Base plate
Classification
Worked examples
Summary
fj
Flexible
base plate
3D behaviour concrete in crushing
Joint coefficient
Effective width
Effective width
kj =
a 1 b1
ab
a + 2 a r
5 a
a 1 = min
+
a
h
5b1
b + 2 br
5 b
b1 = min
+
b
h
5 a 1
a1
a
cc
c
ar
c
c
t
t
h
b b1
br
a1 a
Effective width
1
M = t 2 fydfyd
M
6
b1 b
c=t
1 1 f 2c 2 =1 1 2t 2 f
f j cj = 6t fy y
22
6
fy
3 Mc0 =f jt
fy
3 M0 fj
1
M = 1f j c 2 2
M =2 f j c
Comparison to FE simulation
Contact Area
0,0
elastic deformation
glob
Ap
0,1
edge
predicted value
axis
A eq
edge
axis
Vertical deformation, mm
0,1
Stiffness
Comparison to Experiments
F ar
=
E c Ar
F
tw
1600
1000
kc
E c a eq . el L
E c a eq . el L
F
=
=
=
E
1 ,5 * 0 ,85 E
1 ,275 E
800
Prediction based on local and global deformation,
600
fy
3 f j
400
M 0
cfl
200
0
E Ip
0,1
Grout
t
tg
45
tg
45
j = 2 / 3
f c.g 0,2 f c
t g 0,2 min (a ; b)
t g 0,2 min (a ; b)
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
Deformation, mm
tg
tg
Experiment
Concrete and grout
Concrete
1200
ar
Calculated strength
1400
0 ,85 F
Ec
Force, kN
1800
Basis of design
Components
Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
Base plate in bending and concrete in compression
Anchor bolt in shear
lower nut
packings
Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design
Classification
Worked examples
Summary
Components in Shear
Resistance in tension
Fh
5.6
4.6
F v .Rd =
0 ,375 f ub As
F v .Rd =
Mb
0 ,250 f ub As
Mb
Resistance
N Rd
Basis of design
Components
Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
Base plate in bending and concrete in compression
Anchor bolt in shear
rb
N Rd = Aeff f j Ft .Rd
M=0
Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design
compression
M Rd = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .
Interaction diagram
Basis of design
Components
Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
Base plate and concrete in compression
Anchor bolt in shear
M N=0
Ft.Rd
N Rd = fAeff f j Ft .Rd
M 2, N 2
tension
N Rd = Aeff Mf jRd- =
FFt .tRd.Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .
M Rd = F t . Rd rb + Aeff f j rc
Classification
Worked examples
Summary
M1 , N
F t.Rd
Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design
M Rd
Classification
Worked examples
Summary
History of Loading
MRd
NSd
Moment
Non-proportional loading
Proportional loading
Nonlinear part of the curve
Plastification of one component
Ft
Fc
kp
kb
kc
kc
FT .Rd z
Fc .Rd z
;
M Rd = min
zc
zt
1+
1
M Sd / N Sd
M Sd / N Sd
Rotation
cc
M Rd = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .
S j.ini
z
zc
zT
Normal force
c
c
Non-proportional
loading
Proportional
loading
Column base
resistance
Moment
MSd
kc
Stiffness
M Sd / N Sd
Ez
1
M Sd / N Sd
ki
z k z k
= c c t t
N Rd = Aeff f j
kc + kt
Sj =
= ( 1,5 )
2 ,7
1+
c
c
30
25
1 000
20
15
Simplified prediction
10
15
20
25
30
M
Rd = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .
kc
HE 200 B
M pl.Rd
Sd
Components
M 24
t
30
N pl.Rd
h = 1 000
100
590
420
0
200
100
Moment, kNm
1 600
Ekb
Anchor bolt
0
0,5
200 Force, kN
100 E k p
1 600
420 590
M Rd = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .
Assembly
Force, kN
200
N Rd = Aeff fColumn
F
j
resistancet .Rd
100
Rotation, mrad
kc
M 20 - 10.9
15
kc
Rd
kb
60
20
NSd
400 kN
HE 160 B
20
40
t .Rd
cc
c F
Normal force, kN
2 000
80
t = 30
25
100
M Sd / N Sd
=
r/2
M Rd / N Sd +
M Sd / N Sd
Simplified contact area
3 000
Moment, kNm
120
Base plate
0,5
E k c Force, kN
0,5 Concrete
Deformation, , mm
Moment, kNm
80
Experiment
W7-4.20-prop
60
N
HE 160 B
t = 20
h = 500
Comparison to experiment
10
Rotation, mrad
Pre-design, stiffness
E z2t
S j .ini .app =
20
Sd
Sd
N Rd = Aeff f j Ft .Rd
Lever arm
Classification
According
Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design
M Rd = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .
z
Basis of design
Components
Classification
Worked examples
Summary
Non-Sway by Resistance
to stiffness
t = 12 mm
a 1 = b1 = 280 mm
a = b = 500 mm
h = 1000 mm
M 24 -420
S j,ini,pin = 7 100 kNm / rad
t = 40 mm
a 1 = b1 = 420 mm
a = b = 500 mm
h = 1000 mm
M 24 -420
S j,ini,stif = 74 800 kNm / ra
Fcr.pin
Fcr,res
Accuracy
0,9
S j,ini,pin
0,8
S j,ini,stif
0,7
Simillar
to beam-to-column joints
o 2
pro o 0,5
pro 0,5 < o < 3,93
pro o 3,93
o 1,36
Sj,ini 0
Sj,ini 7 (2 o - 1) E Ic / Lc
Sj,ini 48 E Ic / Lc
0,6
0,0001
0,01
1,00
100,0
log S
y
HE 200 B
1,0
0,6
S j,ini,pin
0,4
5m
S j,ini,stif
0,2
0
0,0001
4m
HE 200 B
0,8
Sj,ini 12 E Ic / Lc.
115 kN
5 kN
yS / yP
0,01
100
log S
Relative moment
1,0 Rigid
connection
0,8
S
0,6
= 30 E Ic / L c
j.ini.c.n
0,4
j.ini.c.s
0,2
0
0,1
o = 1,36
= 12 E I c / Lc
Semi-rigid connection
0,2
Hinge
Relative rotation,
0,3
Basis of design
Components
Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design
In relative values
Classification
Worked examples
Summary
bc =200
c tw=9 c
a1 = 1600
MSd
FSd
a = 420
ar = 590
HE 200 B
t = 30
30
c
c
tf =15
M 24
e a = 50
br = 590
eb = 90
p = 240
b = 420
h = 1000
hc =200
b1 = 1600
b eff r
c
tf =15 c
c
rb = 160
e c = 60
rb
Contact area
1,0
Sd
0,8
S
0,6
0,4
j.ini.c.s
Sd
Sd
Sd
Sd
Sd
Sd
Sd
IPE 550
1,2 m
= 12 E I c / L c
HE 340 B
0,2
0
Sd
= 30 E I c / L c
j.ini.c.n
HE 340 B
9m
0,1
0,2
0,3
= E I c / Lc
Worked diagram
24 m
Fy
Fy
Fy
Fy
Fy
2
Fx
Fx
Fx Fx
2
Fx = 0,38 kN
Fy = 23,00 kN
w
1
w1 = 2,64 kN/m
Fy
Fx
Fy
Fy
Fx
Fy
2
Fx
Fy
2
Fy
Fy
Fy
Fy
Fy
Fy
Fy
Fy
2
Fx
2
w2
N
H
Fy = 26,79 kN
w = 1,65 kN/m
2
Load combination
H
N
Comparison
Elastic
Maximal
moment
in base plate
kNm
S j .ini.b c =
S j .ini.b b
Maximal
moment
in corner
kNm
Maximal
moment
in rafter
kNm
Vertical
deformation
of rafter
mm
Horizontal
sway
of corner
mm
337,85
318,10
113,68
73,70
108,20
290,13
307,62
109,80
27,43
214,09
305,90
274,73
95,54
19,42
3
2,5
2
S j .ini.cb
1,5
1
0,5
0
Basis of design
Components
Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
Base plate and concrete in compression
Anchor bolt in shear
Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design
Classification
Worked examples
Summary
Summary
Component method
Good accuracy
Worked examples
Savings by taking into account of
stiffness (for serviceability only)
Hand calculation unusual
Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
Thermal analyses
of fire compartment or local fire
(EN 1991-1-1)
(EN 199x-1-2)
Mechanical loading at fire situation
(EN 1990, EN 1991-1-x)
EN 1993-1-2 Approaches
Concrete slab
h 400 mm
0,62 0
h h
h
h > 400 mm
0,70 0
0,75 0
0,88 0
0,88 0
0,88 0
Accuracy Demonstration
on 7th Large Scale Fire Experiments on Steel Frame
A
9000
9000
9000
9000
9000
9000
o
n
6000
1
Fire Compartment for Structural Integrity Fire Test, January 16, 2003
Fire Compartment
Interier
Fire Test
Motivation
6000
10
Instrumentation
148
57
10
37
10
2
thermocouples
low temperature strain gauges
high temperature strain gauges
deformations
video cameras
thermo-imaging cameras
12
Moderate Fire
No Collapse Reached
13
Instrumentation
D
C463 - 471
G525
G522
G526
C441 - 449
G529
G531
FIRE COMPARTMENT
D2
E2
G524
G528
C480 - 482
120
D1/2-E1/2
G534
North view
C483
C484
C485
G535
G536
G532
Window
Fire compartment
C449
C446
G533
G530
C450 - 453
C483 - 485
G527
C475 - 479
C447
C444
C448
C445
C442
C443
C472 - 475
C486 - 488
G521
G523
West view
C441
Walls
C454 - 462
DE1/2
West view
C450 4th bolt row
C451 3rd bolt row
C4522nd bolt row
C453 1st bolt row
N
D1
E1
120
E1/2-D1/2
15
t = 26 min.
con, = 275 C
t = t0t +t==028
h min
28
26
980,0C
14
16
T=
330 C
con,
= 275
330=C
C
con,
con,
980,0C
Time
60
600
600
400
600
30
800
Gas temperature
Gas temperature
, C Heating
1000
0
0
800
90
400,0C
1000
0
0
t,min
17
, C Heating
400
600
Time
30
60
90
400,0C
t,min
18
t = t0 +t =042
h min
42
con,Tcon,
= 645=C645 C
t = t0 +t =044
h min
44
con,Tcon,
= 660=C660 C
980,0C
980,0C
1000
, C
800
800
600
600
400
600
0
0
30
60
90
1000
, C
400
600
400,0C
0
0
t,min
400,0C
30
60
90
t,min
25
t = t0 +t =046
h min
46
26
con,Tcon,
= 685=C685 C
t = t0 +t =048
h min
48
con,Tcon,
= 710=C710 C
980,0C
1000
, C
800
800
600
600
400
600
0
0
980,0C
30
60
90
1000
, C
400
600
400,0C
0
0
t,min
400,0C
30
60
90
t,min
27
t = t0 +t =050
h min
50
28
con,Tcon,
= 730=C730 C
t = t0 +t =052
h min
52
980,0C
1000
, C
0
0
400,0C
30
980,0C
800
800
600
600
400
600
60
90
1000
29
, C
400
600
0
0
t,min
con,Tcon,
= 775=C775 C
400,0C
30
60
90
t,min
30
t = t0 +t =054
h min
54
con,Tcon,
= 810=C810 C
t = t0 +t =056
h min
56
980,0C
Gas temperature
, C
Cooling
1000
30
60
90
800
600
600
Gas temperature
, C
Cooling
400
1000
600
400,0C
Time
0
0
0
0
t,min
400,0C
Time
30
60
90
t,min
31
t = t0 +t =058
h min
58
32
con,Tcon,
= 855=C855 C
t = t0 +t =160
h min
00
con,Tcon,
= 880=C880 C
980,0C
Gas temperature
Cooling
, C
980,0C
800
800
600
600
400
1000
30
60
t,min
90
0
0
34
800
800
600
600
1000
35
, C
400
600
0
0
t,min
con,Tcon,
= 885=C885 C
980,0C
400
90
t,min
980,0C
400,0C
60
90
t = t0 +t =164
h min
04
, C
30
60
con,Tcon,
= 900=C900 C
Maximal temperature
of fin plate connection 908,3C
was reached in 63 min
600
30
33
t = t0 +t =162
h min
02
1000
400
400,0C
Time
0
0
Time
0
0
Gas temperature
, C Cooling
1000
600
400,0C
600
980,0C
800
400
600
con,Tcon,
= 835=C835 C
400,0C
30
60
90
t,min
36
t = t0 +t =178
h min
18
con,Tcon,
= 775=C755 C
t = t0 +t =180
h min
20
con,Tcon,
= 745=C745 C
980,0C
1000
, C
800
800
600
600
400
600
0
0
980,0C
30
60
90
1000
, C
400
600
400,0C
0
0
t,min
400,0C
30
60
90
t,min
43
t = t0 +t =182
h min
22
44
con,Tcon,
= 740=C740 C
t = t0 +t =184
h min
24
con,Tcon,
= 730=C730 C
980,0C
980,0C
1000
, C
800
600
600
400
600
0
0
800
30
60
90
1000
, C
400
600
400,0C
0
0
t,min
400,0C
30
60
90
t,min
45
t = t0 +t =176
h min
26
46
con,Tcon,
= 720=C720 C
t = t0 +t =178
h min
28
980,0C
1000
, C
0
0
400,0C
30
980,0C
800
800
600
600
400
600
60
90
1000
47
, C
400
600
0
0
t,min
Tcon,
710 C
con,
= 710=C
400,0C
30
60
90
t,min
48
Measured temperature, C
D2
E2
D1
E1
Difference shown
1000 by the thermo
imaging
800 camera
600
400
200
0
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
Predicted
from gas measured temp.
based on "section factor"
1000
800
D2
E2
D1
E1
600
Predicted
from beam bottom flange
based on measured temp.
400
68
200
Measured
0
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
70
Fv ,t ,Rd = Fv ,Rd k b , m
Bolt
0,9
k b,
0,8
0,7
Carbon steel
0,6
0,5
k y,
0,4
0,3
Weld
k w,
0,2
0,1
0
0
200
400
600
800
m ,fi
1000
a ,C
71
Fb ,t ,Rd = Fb ,Rd k b ,
m
m ,fi
m
m ,fi
72
Fw ,t ,Rd = Fw ,Rd k w ,
m
m ,fi
74
Component Method
Decomposition of joint
Componnet description
Joint assembly
e
f gi
d
e fgi
c dh
75
76
Component Method
Component Method
Decomposition of joint
Componet description
Joint assembly
Decomposition of joint
Componnet description
Joint assembly
Component
Force
Joint
Moment
F i ; = k y , F i ; 20 C ;
Deformation F
i ;
i ; =
K i ;
k y ;
k E ;
Stiffness
K i ; = k E , K i ; 20 C ;
e
f gi
d
M i ; = k y ; M i ; 20 C ;
i ; 20 C
Rotation
i ;
Stiffness
Si ;
k y ;
M
= i ; =
i ; 20 C ;
k E ;
Si ;
E z2
=
= k E ; Si ; 20 C ;
1
i k
77
i ;
e fgi
c dh
M, kNm
Moment
100C
500C
50
20 C
600C
0
20
40
800C
60
700C
80
Rotation
, mrad
100 78
P 28
500 kN
Fire Resistance
Unprotected
Am / V = 54 ,0 / 1 ,24 = 43 ,18 m - 1
Section factor
Fire resistance
t = 44 min
(exposed to nominal standard fire curve)
P 28
500 kN
150
Worked Example
85
125
40 45
4 x M24
500 kN
500 kN
150
85
125
4 x M24
40 45
dp = 15 mm
Protected
Intumescent paint
Am p
0 ,1
= 43 ,18
= 288 Wm - 3 K - 1
Fire resistance
V dp
0 ,015
(exposed to nominal standard fire curve) t = 112 min 80
79
Structural Integrity
Resistance of connections
to horizontal forces at ultimate limit state
(for fu)
81
82
Experiment in Cardington
I. Beam only
II. One section
III. Full floor
100
0
40
20
60
-100
80
100
Time, min
-200
- 300
Heating
Model of structure
720C
Cooling
6 x 3,75 m
Observed joint
I.
II.
III.
4 x 6,0 m
83
84
D1
Internal wall
of the fire compartment
11,0 m
7,0 m
99
97
103
101
5th floor
500
107
105
111
109
91
107, 111
89
83
85
87
E1
UC 305 x 305 x 137
83,87
95
115
20
113
119
309,2
(314,5)
320,5
y
13,8 (339,9)
(19,1)
(31,4)
21,7
20
127
125
123
121
127, 123
89, 93
4th floor
500
117
115, 119
15,2
105, 109
93
91, 95
81, 85
500
Protected Columns
E1
113,117
At external
columns
121, 125
500
20
3rd floor
Internal
85
86
Stress, MPa
Column E1
91
89
Column D1
83
81
150
93
100
87
95
87
50
85
95
93
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
81
83
89
91
-100
-150
3rd floor
D1, E1
4th floor
500 mm
a-D1
2nd floor
210
c-D1; c-E1
b-D1
c-E1
200
-50
d-D1; d-E1
4th floor
c-D1
400
Time, min.
5th floor
b-D1
Time, min.
0
60
D2
D1
120
d-E1
d-D1
-200
a-D1
-200
Everage
c-E1
c-D1
200
3rd floor
(5th foor)
100
0
60
-100
-200
4th floor
-300
-400
-500
d-D1
120
3rd floor
Time, min.
d-D1
d-E1
d-D1; d-E1
c-D1; c-E1
b-D1
a-D1
Column ties
Ft,3
Ft,3
88
2nd floor
D2
D1
Tie anchoring
re-entrant corner
Everage
c-D1
c-E1
A
Beam model
Tie anchoring
free column A
Forces at 3rd, 4th and 5th floor calculated from strainganges at level c,d
89
Edge ties
Column ties
Tie anchoring
re-entrant corner
A
Tie anchoring
free column A
Edge ties
the mean transverse spacing of the ties adjacent to that being checked
91
92
Summary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Thermal analyses
of fire compartment
or local fire
EN 1991-1-2
Transfer of heat
into structure
Mechanical behaviour
at elevated temperature
Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
EN 199x-1-2
93
95
94
Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
Principles
Basic conditions
Principles
Design criteria
Over-strength demand
Ductility demand (rotation capacity)
Robustness demand
(reliable detailing together with material behaviour)
Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology
Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary
Detailing practices
Welding
3
Principles
Design criteria
Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology
Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary
Welded Joints
Bolted Joints
Through-Thickness Strength
Base Material Notch-Toughness
Weld Wire Notch-Toughness
Weld backing and Run out Tabs
Reinforcing Fillet Welds
Cope Hole Size, Shape, Workmanship
Principles
Design criteria
Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology
EN 1993-1-8
Rotational stiffness of a joint Sj
axial force NSd in the connected member not exceed 10%
Rotation capacity
9
Beam-to-Column Typologies
Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary
10
Connection Types
Connection types
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Beam-to-Column Typologies
Beam-to-Column Typologies
Stiffener
Stiffener
.
.
.
10M20 - 10.9
A-A
19
Beam-to-Column Typologies
Beam-to-Column Typologies
20
.
.
3M20 - 6.6
C-C
B-B
21
General Rules
for Steel Connections in Dissipative Structures
Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology
Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary
22
Rd 1,35 R fy
23
24
General Rules
for Steel Connections in Dissipative Structures
Bolted joints
25
Connection design
Plastic rotation capacity Cd in the plastic hinge
Not less than 35 mrad for structures of ductility class H
and 25 mrad for structures of ductility class M with q>2.
Under cyclic loading without degradation of strength and stiffness
greater than 20%
Supported by experimental evidence
Material properties
Yield-to-Ultimate Stress Ratio (YUSR)
YUSR (fy/fu) = 0,65 or 0,80
YUSR = 0,95
Reduced plastic hinge length at a plastic rotation capacity of 0,030 rad
27
28
Principles
Design criteria
Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology
Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary
29
30
Principles
Design criteria
Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology
25
25
10
10
20
38
25
20
25
50
Standard
Modified
Configurations of weld access hole
31
Strain-Rate Loading
Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary
32
Stress
Conventional speed
E
Strain
33
34
DIF , fy = f y ,dyn / f y
DIF , fu = f u .dyn / f u
800
Stress, MPa
502 s
-1
10 -2s -1
10 -4s -1
600
DIF.fy
>1s
100 ms
10 ms
1 ms
1,0
1,1
1,6
1,9
DIF .fu
140 s -1
400
50 s -1
200
1,00
1,05
1,05
1,05
Strain, %
0
15
35
30
45
60
75
36
M - Modelling
Stable behaviour
Unstable curve
Slip in connection
Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology
Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary
37
M - Modelling
38
Parametres
Rotational capacity
Stable behaviour
Unstable curve
Slip in connection
.i =
Energy
Rotational capacity and
energy
39
e =
Ei
M j .el (i el )
E .i =
Ei i
el M j .el (ix el )
S .i =
Stiffness
S j .i
S j .ini
M .i =
Resistance
Models
Exponential Curve
Initial stiffness
Moment resistance
Unloading
Curve fitting
Initial stiffness
Moment resistance
Unloading
j .i
j .el
Ma
M j .i
M j .ini
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Sj.ini
M0
Sj,ini
M0
Sj,s
Sj.s
Sj.ini
Sj.s
- M0
Component
M j = S j .i i = M i 1
(S j .ini S j .s )(a ) S ( )
j .s a
1/ n
(S j .ini S j .s )( a )n
1 +
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2 M0
42
Principles
Design criteria
Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology
Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary
43
44
beff
Ls
beff
45
Principles
Design criteria
Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology
Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary
46
47
Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
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