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Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Steel Structures Publications 33

Teknillisen korkeakoulun tersrakennetekniikan laboratorion julkaisuja 31


Espoo 2007

TKK-TER-33

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS TO EUROCODE


Preview of MS Power Point presentations
F. Wald

AB

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULU
TEKNISKA HGSKOLAN
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITT HELSINKI
UNIVERSITE DE TECHNOLOGIE DHELSINKI

List of Lessons at Seminar

Introduction
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8
Prof. Frantiek Wald
Czech Technical University in Prague

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1

Summary

List of content
Timing
National Annexes
CeStruCo
Access STEEL
Summary

List of Content in EN 1993-1-8


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Lessons
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations

CeStruCo

Introduction
Basis of design
Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins
Welded connections
Analysis, classification and modelling
Structural joints connecting H or I sections
Hollow section joints

Summary

List of content
Timing
National Annexes
CeStruCo
Access STEEL
Summary

Development of Eurocodes

Lessons
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations

CeStruCo

ECCS
Concept in 1978
ECCS
First draft in 1984
CEN
Started with Eurocodes in 1990
CEN
ENV 199x-x-x in 1992 (actions nationally only)
CEN
EN 199x-x-x in 2005
Advantages
European agreement
All structural materials under one safety concept

Weakness
Copyrights
Size (some countries only rules, some textbooks)
5

List of Eurocodes

EN 1990
EN 1991
EN 1992
EN 1993

Eurocode 0:
Eurocode 1:
Eurocode 2:
Eurocode 3:

Eurocodes List of Actions


Basis of Structural Design
Actions on structures
Design of concrete structures
Design of steel structures
Project team Prof. F. Bijlaard

EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete struc.


Project team Prof. D. Anderson

EN 1995
EN 1996
EN 1997
EN 1998
EN 1999

Eurocode 5:
Eurocode 6:
Eurocode 7:
Eurocode 8:
Eurocode 9:

Design of timber structures


Design of masonry structures
Geotechnical design
Design of structures for earthquake resistance
Design of aluminium structures
7

Structural Steel Eurocodes

EN 1993-1-1
EN 1993-1-2
EN 1993-1-3
EN 1993-1-4
EN 1993-1-5
EN 1993-1-6
EN 1993-1-7
EN 1993-1-8
EN 1993-1-9
EN 1993-1-10
EN 1993-1-11
EN 1993-1-12
EN 1993-2
EN 1993-3-1
EN 1993-3-2
EN 1993-4-1
EN 1993-4-2
EN 1993-4-3
EN 1993-5
EN 1993- 6

Basic rules
Fire resistance
Thin walled
Corrosion resistant
Plates
Shells
Plates 2
Connections
Fatigue
Brittle fracture
Tensile members (cables)
HSS
Bridges
Mast
Chimneys
Silos
Tanks
Pipelines
Pilots
Crane girders

(20 documents)
First package

05/05
04/05

05/05
05/05
05/05

Eurocode Implementation - Examples


Czech Rep. 8/2006

National Annexes
UK 12/2007;
France 12/2006; Poland 2010;

Czech Rep. 8/2006

Eurocodes be adopted for government construction


UK unknown;
France Not;
Poland 2010;
Czech Rep. 2008
Eurocodes be adopted for non-government construction
UK unknown;
France Not;
Poland 2010;
Czech Rep. 2008
Poland 2010;

Development of EN 1993-1-8
Chapter 6 Connections
Annex J Joints
Annex L Base plates
Annex K Hollow section joints

ECCS TC10 comments to ENV 1993-1-1


CEN/TS250/SC3 project team, head Mr. Jouko Kouhi
prEN 1993-1-8 document N 1054 E
900 national comments
Final draft
Voting
Acceptation by CEN

May 12, 1992


VTT, Finland
Sept. 9, 2001
Nov. 20, 2001
April 16, 2004
May 11, 2005
10

Summary

France 12/2006; Poland 2007;

National standards withdrawn


UK 2010;
France 2010;

EN 1991-1-1 Actions Dead load published 04/02


EN 1991-1-2 Actions Fire
11/02
EN 1991-1-3 Actions Snow
07/03
EN 1991-1-4 Actions Wind
04/05
EN 1991-1-5 Actions Temperature
11/03
EN 1991-1-6 Actions During erection
06/05
EN 1991-1-7 Actions Exceptional
05/06
EN 1991-2 Actions Transport on bridges 09/03
EN 1991-3 Actions Crane girders
11/06
EN 1991-4 Actions Silos and tanks
08/05

From ENV 1991-1

Translations
UK N/A;

List of content
Timing
National Annexes
CeStruCo
Access STEEL
Conclusions

Lessons
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations

CeStruCo

Czech Rep. 2010


11

12

National Annex for EN 1993-1-8

National Choice (Czech Rep.)

Alternative procedures
Nationally Determined Parameters

Clause 1.2.6 Reference Standards, Group 6: Rivets


SN 02 2300: Rivets, Overview (Czech national standards).

Clause 2.2 Partial safety factors, paragraph (2)

National choice is allowed in EN 1993-1-8 through (only):


1.2.6(6) Reference standard Rivets
2.2(2)
Partial safety factors
3.1.1(3) Bolt classes
3.4.2(1) Hand tightening of the nut is considered adequate
5.2.1(2) Classification of joints
6.2.7.2(9) Requirements for elastic distribution of forces in bolt
rows

Numerical values of partial safety factors for joints are not changed, the values
in Table 2.1 should be used.

Clause 3.1.1(3) General, paragraph (2)


All bolt classes listened in Table 3.1 may be used.

Clause 3.4.2 Tension connections, paragraph (1)


If the preload is not explicitly required in design for slip resistance, the hand
tightening of the nut is considered adequate without the control of preload.

Clause 5.2.1 General, paragraph (2)


No additional information on classification of joints by their stiffness and strength
are given to that included in 5.2.1(2).

Clause 6.2.7.2 Beam-to-column joints with bolted end-plate


connections, paragraph (9)
The requirements for elastic distribution of forces in the bolt rows introduced
14
in (6.26) are not changed.

13

CeStruCo =
Civil enginnering Structural Connections

Summary

List of content
Timing
National Annexes
CeStruCo
Access STEEL
Summary

Lessons
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations

CeStruCo

Review
KREKON Design office, Rotterdam, Netherlands Czech
EXCON a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
Constructional Steelwork Association Ostrava, CR

15

ESDEP
WIVISS
SteelCall
Stainless SteelCall
SSEDTA
CeStruCo
NFATEC
SDCWASS
DIFISEK

16

Textbook

European Educational Projects

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece


Bouwen met Staall, Netherlands
Building Research Establishment Ltd., United Kingdom
Czech Technical University (contractor), Czech Republic
Lule University of Technology, Sweden
University of Coimbra, Portugal
Politechnica University of Timisoara, Romania

Basic European educational project


CD lessons
Virtual office
Internet/CD
PP presentation + lessons
Connection design
Internet courses
Austenitic stainless steel
Fire design
17

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Introduction
Bolts
Welding
Structural Modelling
Simple Connections
Moment Resistance Connections
Column Bases
Seismic Design
Fire Design
Hollow Section Joints
Cold-Formed Member Joints
Aluminium Connections
Design Cases
18

Internet / CD Version

Lessons in Window Help Format

Lessons in Window help format


Textbook in PDF file
Worked examples
Presentations
PowerPoint
Programme Nonlinear analyses of joints by component method
Video film

Tools for connection design


Example of Software
Example of Tables
19

PowerPoint Presentations

Prepared by RoboHelp tool at Czech Technical University in Prague

20

Software

Non-linear Analysis of Steel Connections

Based on
Fire test on 8th storey building Cardington, January 16, 2003

Coimbra University
Prediction of behaviour by component method
with nonlinear force - deformation diagram of components
21

Video Film

22

CeStruCo on CD
Educational material to support conversion
of ENV 1993-1-1 to EN1993-1-8
CD / Internet lessons

Statically Stressed Bolts in Dynamically Loaded Connections


prepared at Delft University
23

www.fsv.cvut.cz/cestruco

Lessons
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations

CeStruCo

24

Access STEEL Informational tool


at www.access-steel.com

Summary

List of content
Timing
National Annexes
CeStruCo
Access STEEL
Summary

Lessons
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations

CeStruCo

25

26

Access STEEL Information System

Access STEEL - Documents

Eurocodes 1993-1-x and EN 1994-1-x for not steel specialists

Topics

Project Initiation
Scheme Development
Detailed Design Verification

Multi-storey Buildings
Single Buildings
Residential Construction

For practising designers, architects and their clients

Fire Safety Engineering

Detailed design of elements


Step-by-step guidance
Full supporting information
Worked examples
Interactive worked examples

250 separate technical resources + 50 interlinked modules


Client's guide
Concept designs
Flow Charts

English, French, German and Spanish


Project of EU eContent Programme
27

Example - Client's Guide

Non-conflicting Complementary Information


Worked examples (Pasive and Interactive)

28

Example - Concept Designs

29

30

Example - Flow Charts

Example - Non-Conflicting Complementary Information

31

Example Pasive Worked Example

32

Example Interactive Worked Example

33

34

Access STEEL

Summary

Informational system based on hypertext engine

EN 1993-1-8 Connectors and joints


EN 1993-1-8 Will be used from 2007 (mostly)
CeStruCo Educational material to EN 1993-1-8
Access STEEL Informational tool for EC3 on internet

35

36

List of Lessons at Seminar

Bases of Design
according to EN 1993-1-8

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8


Prof. Frantiek Wald

Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1

Topics

General Requirements
All joints should have a design resistance
such that the structure is capable
of satisfying all the basic design requirements
given in EN 1993-1-1.

Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary
3

Partial safety factors for joints

Applied Forces and Moments

Resistance of members and cross-sections


M0, M1, M2
Resistance of bolts, rivets, pins, welds, plates in bearing M2
Slip resistance
M3, M3,ser
Bearing resistance of an injection bolt
M4
Resistance of joints in hollow section lattice girder
M5
Resistance of pins at serviceability limit state
M6,ser
Preload of high strength bolts
M7

The forces and moments applied to joints


at the ultimate limit state
should be determined
according to the principles in EN 1993-1-1.

Recommended values
M2 = M3 = 1,25 (EN 1993-1-1 M0 = 1,00, M1 = 1,10)
Frequency bar chart
M3,ser = M7 = 1,10
Effect of actions
M4 = M5 = M6,ser = 1,00

Resistance

Resistance of Joints

Topics

On the basis of the resistances of its basic components


Linear-elastic or elastic-plastic analysis
Fasteners with different stiffnesses
With the highest stiffness should be designed to carry the load.
(An exception bolts and slip resistant bolts).

Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary

Reduction of Resistance
of Angles Connected by One Leg

Eccentricity at Intersections

(and other unsymmetrically connected members in tension)

The joints and members should be designed for the resulting


moments and forces
Except in the case of particular types of structures - lattice girders

In the case of joints of angles or tees attached by either a single


line of bolts or two lines of bolts

With 1 bolt:

Nu,Rd

With 2 bolts:

Nu,Rd

With 3 or more bolts:

Nu,Rd

Centroidal axes

Fasteners

Reduction factors

Fasteners

Pitch

p1 < 2,5 do

2 bolts

0,4

0,7

3 bolts or more 3

0,5

0,7

2,0(e2 0,5d0 )t fu

M2
2 Anet fu
=
M2
=

3 Anet fu
M2

> 5,0 do

Setting out lines


9

Topics

10

Types of Joint Modelling

Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary

STIFFNESS

Rigid
Semi - rigid
Pinned

11

RESISTANCE
Full-strength

Partial-strength

Pinned

Continuous

Semi-continuous

Semi-continuous Semi-continuous

Simple

12

Elastic analysis at the Serviceability Limit State

Elastic analysis at the Ultimate Limit State

Design joint properties based on the type of global analysis

Modified stiffness Sj,ini and resistance Mj,Rd

Initial stiffness Sj,ini and resistance Mj.Rd

M
2
3 M j,Rd
M j,Sd

Sj,ini

M j,Rd
Mj,Sd

Sj,ini

Sj,ini /

is stiffness modification coefficient


13

Stiffness Modification Coefficient

Rigid - Plastic Analysis

Sj,ini

M j,Rd
Mj,Sd

14

Resistance Mj,Rd and deformation capacity Cd

Sj,ini /

Type of connection
Welded
Bolted end-plates
Bolted flange cleats
Base plates

Other types of joints


(beam-to-beam joints,
Beam-to-column joints
beam splices, column
base joints)
2
3
2
3
2
3,5
3

M j,Rd

Cd

15

16

Elastic - Plastic Analysis

Joint Modelling and Frame Global Analysis

Full curve description

MODELLING

M
M j,Rd

S j,ini

Cd

Elastic analysis

Rigid-plastic
analysis

Elastic-plastic analysis

Continuous

Rigid

Full-strength

Rigid/full strength

Semicontinuous

Semi-rigid

Partial-strength

Rigid/partial-strength
Semi-rigid/full-strength
Semi-rigid/partial-strength

Pinned

Pinned

Pinned

Simple

17

TYPE OF FRAME ANALYSIS

18

Topics

Global Analysis of Lattice Girders


Hollow sections
Assumption the members connected by pinned joints
(for the distribution of axial forces)

Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary

Secondary moments (due to rigidity of joints)


Moments resulting from transverse loads
Moments resulting from eccentricities

Type of component

Source of the bending moment


Secondary effects

Transverse loading

Eccentricity

Compression chord
Tension chord
Brace member

Yes
Not
if criter. is satisfied

Joint

No

Yes

No
Not (if criter. is satisfied)

19

20

Secondary Moments

Moments Resulting from Transverse Loads

Moments, caused by the rotational stiffness's of the joints,


may be neglected in the design of members and joints.

Momets should be taken into account in the design of the


members to which they are applied

Joint geometry is within the range


Ratio of the system length to the depth of the
member in the plane is not less than 6

Brace members may be considered


as pin-connected to the chords.
Moments resulting from transverse loads applied to
chord members need not be distributed into brace
members, and vice versa.

Chords may be considered as continuous


beams, with simple supports at panel points.
21

Moments resulting from Eccentricities

22

Moments resulting from Eccentricities


May be neglected in the design
of tension chord members and brace members
May be neglected in the design of connections
if the eccentricities are within the limits:

Centric

0,55 d0 e 0,25 d0
0,55 h0 e 0,25 h0

Negative eccentricity

e
d0
h0

Positive eccentricity
23

eccentricity
diameter of the chord
depth of the chord, in the plane of the lattice girder
24

Topics

Based on Resitance

Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary

Moment, M
M b,pl,Rd

Full strength connection


Partial strength connection
Bending moment resistance
of connected beam

Rotation,
25

Based on Stiffness

26

Based on Rotational Capacity

(Values for Column Bases)

Deformation capacity of connected member

Accuracy of calculation
5% Ultimate Limit State
20% Serviceability Limit State

Relative moment M j / M pl,Rd


1,0
0,8

E Ic
=
L c M c,pl,Rd

Rigid
column base

0,4

S j.ini.c.s = 12 E I c / L c

0,2

Semi-rigid column base


0

0,01

0,002

Brittle connection

o = 1,36

(Class 3)
Rotation,

Pinned column base


,27rad
0,003

28

Column Bases Braced Frames

Column Bases Braced Frames

Prediction of column resistance


based on the lower support bending stiffness

Prediction of column resistance


based on the lower support bending stiffness

Relative stiffness of base plate


S j.ini
Simplified boundary
E I c/ L c
50
40
30
20
10
0

Ultimate rotation
of connected beam
Ductile connection (Class 1)
Semi-ductile connection (Class 2)

S j.ini.c.n = 30 E I c / L c

0,6

Moment,
Elastic rotation
M
of connected beam

Accurate boundary

is the limit S j .ini > 0 ,

for

0 ,5

for

0 ,5 < < 3,93 is the limit S j .ini 7 ( 2 1 )E I c / Lc ,

and for 3 ,93

is the limit S j .ini 48 I c / Lc .

The limiting stiffness 12 E Ic / Lc (slenderness lower than = 1,36 )


0

4
6
8
10 0
Relative slenderness of column

29

30

Classification of Joints

Topics

National Annex
may give additional information
on the classification of joints
by their stiffness and strength
in Cl 5.2.2.1(2)
Pin is difficult to define

Small moment resistance


Small stiffness
High deformation/rotational capacity

Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary

31

32

Shear Panel

Modelling of Joint by Rotational Springs


Component method

Ma

  

Mb

Joint

Ma

a


Shear panel
separatelly

Mb

Forces and moments acting on the joint

Shear panel
in connections
33

Distribution of Internal Forces

z3

z2

= F t1.Rd

= F t1.Rd

= Ft2.Rd

= F t2.Rd

<F

t2.Rd

<F

<F

t3.Rd

F c.Rd

Plastic distribution

t3.Rd

c.Rd

F c.Rd

Elastic distribution
Elastic-plastic distribution

Shear forces
A bolt row in shear only
Rest of shear resistance of each bolt row
Supplement of shear resistance of each bolt row

Vb2,Ed

Vb1,Ed

M b2,Ed

N b1,Ed
Mb1,Ed

Forces and moments acting on the web panel at the connections

34

Topics

= F t1.Rd
= F t3.Rd

z1

N b2,Ed

35

Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Classification of Joints
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary
36

List of Lessons at Seminar


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Welded Connections
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8
Prof. Frantiek Wald

Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1

Topics

Bases of Design

Bases of design
Fillet weld

Design model
Design independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Design example
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members

Welding in cold-formed zones


Design of partially penetrated butt weld
Summary

Fillet welds
But weld
Plug welds
Groove welds
a

EN 1993-1-8 requirements
Design rules + Design models

Fillet welds
Definition of Effective Throat Thickness a

Topics

The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld should not be less than 3 mm

Bases of design
Fillet weld

Design throat thickness of flare groove welds in rectangular structural hollow section
5

Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members

Welding in cold-formed zones


Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld
Summary

Plane Stresses

Design Model of Fillet Welds

Huber Misses- Henckey condition of plasticity (HMH)


Triaxial state of stress (needed exceptionally only)
Plane state of stress (needed very often)
z
x2 + z2 - x2 z2 + 32 (fy / M) 2

effective throat thickness of the fillet weld


normal stresses perpendicular to the throat
normal stresses parallel to the axis of weld (omitted)
shear stresses perpendicular to the axis of weld
shear stresses parallel to the axis of weld

2 + 3 2 + 2II

Standard and steel grade

f u ( w Mw )
f u Mw

Ultimate tensile strength of connected material

fu

Uniaxial state of stress (from the material tests)


fy / M0
fy / (M0 3)

w Correlation factor

EN 10025

EN 10210

EN 10219

Correlation factor
w

S 235
S 235 W

S 235 H

S 235 H

0,80

S 275
S 275 N/NL
S 275 M/ML

S 275 H
S 275 NH/NLH

S 275 H
S 275 NH/NLH
S 275 MH/MLH

0,85

S 355
S 355 N/NL
S 355 M/ML
S 355 W

S 355 H
S 355 NH/NLH

S 355 H
S 355 NH/NLH
S 355 MH/MLH

0,90

S 420 MH/MLH

1,00

S 460 NH/NLH
S 460 MH/MLH

1,00

S 420 N/NL
S 420 M/ML

Mw partial safety factor for material of welds


9

Topics

S 460 N/NL
S 460 M/ML
S 460 Q/QL/QL1

S 460 NH/NLH

N Sd
F w,Rd

Design model
Design independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members

Welding in cold-formed zones


Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld
Summary

10

Design Independent of the Direction of Loading

Bases of design
Fillet weld

Correlation factor w for fillet welds

Design Model

F w,Sd
F w,Rd
V ,Sd

La

V // ,Sd

fvw ,d =

fu
3 w Mw

Fw ,Rd = a fvw ,d
11

12

Topics

Very Long Welds

Bases of design
Fillet weld

Overloading of weld ends


due to the different deformation of the connected elements

Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Design example
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members

//

13

//

//

Lw

0,8
0,6
0,4
0

L/a
0

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400


15

Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Design examples
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members

Welding in cold-formed zones


Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld
Summary

16

Fillet Weld in Normal Shear

Two Fillet Welds in Parallel Shear

= 0

= F 2a l

= = R

From plane stress analysis is


F 2a l fu

14

Bases of design
Fillet weld

Lw

0,2

//

Topics

Reduction of design strength


Lw = 1,2 0,2 (Lw 150 a ) 1,0
1

//

Lw

Welding in cold-formed zones


Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld
Summary

Long welds

//

w Mw

Has to be satisfied
2 + 3 2 f u ( w Mw )
After substitution

(
17

) (

2 +3 R

R f u w Mw 2

)=
2

2 2R f u ( w Mw )
18

Flange - Web
Weld

Connection of Cantilever
V

Shear force
Transferred by web
fillets
Bending moment

Sd

= FSd.

Sd

V l = V Sd S I
where V

= F Sd e

Centre of gravity, Iwe and cross section modulus W we


Wwe,1 and stress is

For weld at lower flange cross section modulus

2 = 2 = M Sd

shear force

This longitudinal force is carried by two welds effective thickness

2 W we ,1

For upper weld on flange is

Sd

S Static moment of flange to neutral axis


I moment of inertia

Transferred by the shape of.weld

1 = 1 = M Sd

VSd

Welds are loaded by longitudinal shear force

II = FSd 2 a h

Vl

Shear stress
II = V l 2 a f u w Mw 3

2 W we , 2

Maximum stress is at the point of maximum shear force

19

20

Topics

Effective Width of Welded Beam-to-Column Connection

Bases of design
Fillet weld

Connection to plate deformed out of its plate

Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Worked Examples
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members

Welding in cold-formed zones


Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld
Summary

21

22

Effective Width

Effective Width
t fb

Unstiffened column flanges

Unstiffened column flanges


In EN1993-1-8 Clause 6.2.4.4

In EN 1993-1-8 Chapter 4.10

Ft ,fc ,Rd = (twc + 2 s + 7 k t fc )

beff = twc + 2 s + 7 t fc

t 2 f
beff = twc + 2 s + 7 fc yc
t f
fb yb
twc
tfc
tfb
s

rc
t fc

thickness of column web


thickness of column flange
thickness of beam flange
equal to fillet radius rc for hot rolled column sections
23

M0

f t

k = min yc fc ; 1
f t

yb fb

beff

t wc

t fb fyb

twc
tfc
tfb
s

is thickness of column web


thickness of column flange
thickness of beam flange
is equal to fillet radius rc for hot rolled column sections

24

Weld Design for Full Resistance


of Connecting Members - Loading by Normal Force

Topics

Not directly in code

Bases of design
Fillet weld

a > 0,7

Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members

Throat thickness of a fillet weld used in a hollow section joints


Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld
Summary
25

VSd

= VSd / (t h)
t
VSd the design shear force in weld
full capacity of a plate the thickness S235
a > 0,85

= FSd / (t h)
the acting design force
FSd
plate design strength
fu
t
the thinness of connecting plate
b
width of connecting plate
full capacity of a plate the thickness S235:
(f / ) t
( 235 / 1,10 ) t
a > 0,7 y M 0 = 0,7
= 0,52 t 0,5 t
fu / Mw
360 / 1,25

26

Loading by shear force

0,5 t

Loading by normal force

0,4 t

f /( 3 M 0 ) t
235 /( 1,1 3 ) t
t
0,85 y
= 0,85
= 0,36 t 0,4 t
fw / Mw
fu / Mw
360 / 1,25

27

Topics

May be carried out


within a length 5 t either side of a cold-formed zone

Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members

Welding in cold-formed zones


Design of partially penetrated butt weld
Summary

28

Welding in Cold-Formed Zones

Bases of design
Fillet weld

FSd

Weld Design
or Full Resistance of Connecting Members

Weld Design for Full Resistance


of Connecting Members - Loading by Shear Force

t
fu / Mw

Cold-formed zones are normalized after cold-forming but before


welding
r / t - ratio satisfy the relevant values:

29

r/t

Maximum thickness (mm)


Fully killed Aluminium-killed steel
(Al 0,02 %)

25
10
3,0
2,0
1,5
1,0

any
any
24
12
10
6

30

Topics

Butt welds

Bases of design
Fillet weld

Fully suply the cross-section

1/2 V
U

Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members

For low quality is decreased design strength


Calculation as fillet weld

Welding in cold-formed zones


Design of partially penetrated butt weld
Summary

31

32

t
anom

Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld

anom

a nom

a nom.2

anom ,1 + anom ,2 t
t
c nom
5
cnom 3 mm

t
anom

a nom.1

a nom

c nom
a nom.2

Partial penetration with an effective width


.

anom ,1 + anom ,2 < t


a1 = anom,1 2 mm
a2 = anom,2 2 mm

33

Topics

Chapter 4 Welded connections


+
Rules for connection of open sections

Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members

Welding in cold-formed zones


Design of partially penetrated butt weld
Summary

34

Summary

Bases of design
Fillet weld

c nom

Full penetration T joints

a = anom 2 mm

anom

a nom.1

Component method

Rules for connection of hollow sections


Welded

35

36

List of Lessons at Seminar


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Bolted Connections
(Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins)

Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8


Prof. Frantiek Wald

Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1

Scope of the Lecture

Material

General
Design resistance of individual fasteners

Nominal values of the yield strength fyb


and the ultimate tensile strength fub for bolts

Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts

Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts


Design for block tearing
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary

B
Slip-resistant at serviceability

Fv,Ed.ser Fs,Rd,ser
Fv,Ed Fv,Rd
Fv,Ed Fb,Rd

C
Slip-resistant at ultimate

Fv,Ed Fs,Rd
Fv,Ed Fb,Rd
Fv,Ed Nnet,Rd

4.8

5.6

5.8

6.8

8.8

10.9

fyb (N/mm2)

240

320

300

400

480

640

900

fub (N/mm2)

400

400

500

500

600

800

1000

Holes (ENV 1990)

Shear connections
Fv,Ed Fv,Rd
Fv,Ed Fb,Rd

4.6

Note: Bolts 12.9 are not allowed

Categories of Bolted Connections


A
Bearing type

Bolt class

Normal
from 4.6 to 10.9

+1 mm for M 12
+2 mm for M 16 up M 24
+3 mm for M 27 and bigger

8.8 or 10.9

Extra large With loose 3 mm (M12) up 8 mm (M27)


Slotted (elongated)
Accurate flushed bolts

8.8 or 10.9

Tension connections
D
Non-preloaded

Ft,Ed Ft,Rd
Ft,Ed Bp,Rd

from 4.6 to 10.9

E
Preloaded

Ft,Ed Ft,Rd
Ft,Ed Bp,Rd

8.8 or 10.9

for bolt M20 must be the clearance d < 0,3 mm


5

Positioning of Holes for Bolts and Rivets

Maximum Values for Spacings


p1

Edge and end distances are unlimited, except :

e1

Minimum values for spacings

e2
p2

End distance e1

1,2 d0

Edge distance e2

1,2 d0

Distance in slotted holes e3

1,5 d0

Distance in slotted holes e4

1,5 d0

Spacing p1
Spacing p2

2,2 d0
2,4 d0

for compression members in order to avoid local buckling


and to prevent corrosion in exposed members and;
for exposed tension members to prevent corrosion.

Local Buckling of Plate

Staggered Rows

in compression between the fasteners:

minimum line spacing of p2 = 1,2d0

need not to be checked if p1 / t is smaller than 9


= 235 / fy

according to EN 1993-1-1 using 0,6 p1 as buckling length


t thickness of the thinner outer connected part
9

Resistance in Shear in One Shear Plane

Scope of the Lecture


General
Design resistance of individual fasteners

Plane of shear is going through threads of bolt:


For classes 4.6 a 5.6

Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts

Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts


Design for block tearing
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary

10

Fv ,Rd = (0,6 f ub A s ) M2
For classes 8.8 a 10.9
Fv , Rd = (0,5 f ub A s ) M2
A s Core area of cross section of bolt

f ub Ultimate strength of bolt


11

M2 Partial safety factor of bolt

12

d0

Resistance in Shear in One Shear Plane

Resistance in Bearing
Fb,. Rd = (2 ,5 f u d t ) M2

Plane of shear is going through shaft of bolt

Fv , Rd

= (0,6 f ub A ) M2

e1

p1

where is minimum from formulas

e1 3 d 0 ; p1 3 d 0 - 1 4 ; f ub f u ; 1,0

A Full area of cross section of bolt


fub Ultimate strength of bolt

minimum thickness in one direction

M2 Partial safety factor of bolt

diameter of bolt

Fb.Sd

d0 diameter of hole
f ub strength of bolt
f u strength of material

13

Resistance in Bearing

(0,8 in oversized holes)

14

Bearing of Plate and Bolt

In oversized holes reduction 0,8

Inner bolt

Load on a bolt is not parallel to the edge,


the bearing resistance may be verified separately
for the bolt load components parallel and normal to the end
R 10

20

30
e1 40
p 1 60
e1 40
tw
5,6

Outer bolt

IPE 200
P 10 - 140 x 100
M 20 - 5.6

L 140

tp
10

10

50

VSd = 110 kN

4
4

10
15

16

Bearing Resistance of Bolt Group


p1

For the holes 2:


=

e1
1,2 d 0
=
= 0,4
3 d0 3 d0

e1 = 1,2 d 0
F

For the holes 1:


=

Tensile Resistance

e1

p1 = 3 d0

Holes 1

Holes 2

As

3 d0
p1
0,25 =
0,25 = 1 0,25 = 0,75
3 d0
3 d0

M2

M2

2)Total bearing resistance is based on smallest of the


individual resistances
2,5 d t fu
2,5 d t fu
2,5 d t fu
Fb .Rd = ( )
= (2 0,4 + 2 0,40)
= 1,6 17
M2

Area of core of bolt

Mb Partial safety factor

1)Total bearing resistance is based on direct summarising


2,5 d t fu
2,5 d t fu
2,5 d t fu
Fb ,Rd = ( )
= (2 0,4 + 2 0,75 )
= 2,3
M2

Ft,Rd = (k 2 fub A s ) M2

M2

M2

f ub

Ultimate bolt strength

k2 = 0,90 for regular bolt head


k2 = 0,63 for countersunk bolt
18

Punching Shear Resistance

Combined Shear and Tension


Experimental tensile resistance / predicted tensile resistance

F t,exp
F t 1,0

Bp,Rd = 0,6 dm tp fu / M2

Treads in shear plane


Shank in shear plane

F v,S
Ft,S
+
F v,R
1 ,4 F t,R

tp plate thickness

0,5

dm the mean of the across points and across


flats dimensions of the bolt head or the nut,
whichever is smaller
dm =

d1 + d 2
2

d w dm

d1
d2

Fb ,Rd

Scope of the Lecture


General
Design resistance of individual fasteners

1,5 fu d t

M2

M 16 - 5.6
P5 - 60 x 840
FSd

30 30

21

Shear and Bearing pass through Packing

Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts


Design for block tearing
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary

9d
8 d + 3 tp

22

18

18
40 40 8 16 8

40 40 8 16 8

M 16

M 16

10
35
50
25

10
35
50
25

110

110

p
tp

1,0

0,5

0,3 d

1,0 d

1,5 d

Force, F, kN

200
180

Circular holes, (test 1c-16-1-d+2)

160
140
120
100

Slotted holes, (test 5c-16-1-d+2,5)

80
60
40
20
0

22

60% of resistance in circular holes


(force perpendicular to the long direction of the slot)

p 1,0

Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts

Bearing Resistance in Slotted Holes

Reduction of bolt shear resistance

p =

0,5

Owens G.W., Cheal D.B.: Structural Steelwork Connections, Butterworths, 1989.20

19

Single Lap Connection with One Bolt


Reduction of bearing resistance

Experimental shear resistance


predicted tensile resistance
F v,exp
1,0
Ft

Displacement , mm
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

45

40

23

24

Long Connection

Scope of the Lecture

Reduction of shear resistance

Lf = 1

General
Design resistance of individual fasteners

L j 15d

200 d

Lt 1,0

Lt
1

Lt 0,75

0,8
0,75
0,6

Lj

0,4
0,2
0
0

15d

65d

Lj

25

Rivet Connections

Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long connections
Rivets
Anchor bolts

Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts


Design for block tearing
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary

26

Scope of the Lecture


General
Design resistance of individual fasteners

Philosophy of design was used for bolts


(class A)

Bolts spacing's recommendations are coming from rivets

27

Anchor Bolts

Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts

Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts


Design for block tearing
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary

28

Scope of the Lecture


General
Design resistance of individual fasteners

The nominal yield strength does not exceed


when the anchor bolts act in shear 640 N/mm2
otherwis not more than
900 N/mm2

For bolts with cut threads reduction by a factor of 0,85

29

Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts

Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts


Design for block tearing
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary

30

Slip-resistant Connections
using 8.8 or 10.9 Bolts

Friction Coefficient
Fp.Cd

Prestressing force

Fs.Rd

number of friction planes


coefficient corresponding to clearance of hole

ks

Table for class of friction surfaces

Class of friction surfaces

(= 0,7 f ub A s),

friction coefficient

EN 14399-2:2002 High strength structural bolting for preloading Part 2 : Suitability Test for Preloading

With painted surface treatments a loss of pre-load may occur


over time.

Fs,. Rd = (k s n M3,ser ) F p, Cd
F p,Cd is design prestressing force of bolt

Tests

Slip factor

A blasted, metal spraying (EN 1090)

0,5

B blasted (EN 1090)

0,4

C cleaned (EN 1090)

0,3

D cleaned (EN 1090)

0,2

31

Hole Size Coefficient ks

Combined Tension and Shear

Description

ks

Normal holes

1,0

Oversized holes
or short slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to
the direction of load transfer
Long slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to
the direction of load transfer
Short slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to the
direction of load transfer
Long slotted holes
with the axis of the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer

0,85

0,76

M2
Fb

bolt
preload
Fp

Fb
total bolt force

Fj

Ft
external
tensile force

Fj

p,ext

plate shortening

b,ext

0,63
33

34

Block Tearing
Block tearing consists of failure in shear at the row of bolts
along the shear face of the hole group accompanied by
tensile rupture along the line of bolt holes on the tension
face of the bolt group.

Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts

Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts


Design for block tearing
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary

k s n ( Fp ,C 0,8 Ft ,Ed )

elongation of the bolt

General
Design resistance of individual fasteners

Fs,Rd =

0,7

Scope of the Lecture

32

N Ed

N Ed

N Ed

35
N Ed

36

Test

FE Model

Rupture

Orbison J.G., Wagner M. E., Fritz W.P.: Tension plane behavior in


single-row bolted connections subject to block shear, Journal of
37
Constructional Steel Research, 49, 1999, s. 225 239.

Topkaya C.: A finite element parametric study on block shear failure


of steel tension members, Journal of Constructional Steel Research,
60 , 2004, s. 1615 1635, ISSN 0143-974X.
38

Design Model

Worked Example - Angle


P10; 1.4401

Symmetric bolt group subject to concentric loading


Veff,1,Rd = fu Ant / M2 + (1/3) fy Anv / M0

240
100

35
25

70

L - 100 x 100 10
materil 1.4401

In plate (staggered rows)


Veff,1,Rd =

Single Lap Connection

e2

fu Ant 1
A
(2 240 6 18 2 9)10 = 72 + 409 = 481kN
0,5 530 (35 2 9) 10 1
+
fy nv = =
+ 220
M2
3 M0
1,25103
1,1103
3

In angle (staggered rows)


Veff,2,Rd =
39

d
t

N u .Rd =

60
240

Eccentric loading
Veff,2,Rd = 0,5 fu Ant / M2 + (1/3) fy Anv / M0

Fb ,Rd

30 + 7 x 30 +30

8 x M16; 70

Ant net area subjected to tension


Anv net area subjected to shear

Reduction of bearing resistance

35

70
40

0,5 fu,p Ant


M2

(240 3 18 9)10 = 70 + 204 = 274kN


0,5 530 (60 189)10 1
1
A
+ 220
fy,p nv = =
1,25103
1,1103
M0
3
3
40

Single Lap Connection

1,5 fu d t

p1

M2

Nu .Rd =

2 ,0 e 2 0 ,5 d 0 t f u

M2

M2

52,5
d 0 d0

p1

p1
Nu .Rd =

p1

2 Anet fu

p1

3 Anet fu

p1

M2

Reduction factors
Pitch p1

41

2 bolts 2

0,4

0,7

3 and more bolts 3

0,5

0,7
42

Worked Example Fin Plate

Worked Example Fin Plate, Shear Resistance

3 x M20, 8.8
P10 - 230 x 110
meteril S235
35
IPE 300
S235

HEA 200
S235

10

80

45
70

70

45

230
70

70

70

45

230
70

50
50

45

VSd = 100 kN

In beam web

50 50
60

VRd,11 =

0 ,5 fu,b1 Ant

M2

1
A
fy,b1 nv
M0
3

0 ,5 360 276 ,9
1
1171,5
+
235
= 199 kN
1,25
1,0
3

43

44

Scope of the Lecture

Worked Example Fin Plate, Tying Resistance

General
Design resistance of individual fasteners

45
70

70

70

70
45
50
50

In beam web
NRd,u,6 =

fu,b1 Ant

M,u

A
1
fy,b1 nv
M0
3

553 ,8
360 681,6
1
+
235
= 298 kN
1,0
1,1
3
45

Lug Angles

Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts

Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts


Design for block tearing
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary

46

Scope of the Lecture


General
Design resistance of individual fasteners

1. The lug angle to transmit a force 1,2 times the force in the outstand of
the angle connected.
2. The fasteners connecting the lug angle to the outstand of the angle
member should be designed to transmit a force 1,4 times the force in
the outstand of the angle member.
3. The connection of a lug angle to a gusset plate or other supporting part
should terminate at the end of the member connected.
4. The connection of the lug angle to the member should run from the end
of the member to a point beyond the direct connection of the member to
the gusset or other supporting part.
47

Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts

Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts


Design for block tearing
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary

48

Pin Connections

Design of Pin

Analysis

Given thickness t

As bolt (shear, bearing)


As beam (bending)
Combination of shear and bending

FEd M 0 2 d 0
F
d
: c Ed M 0 + 0
+
2 t fy
3
2 t fy
3

Given geometry

d = 30
F Sd
d3 =
20

t2

t1
c
t 1 = 10
c =1

t1
c

t 1 = 10
c =1
t2 = 18

t 0,7

M Sd

FEd M 0

49

Analysis of Pin - Shear

fy

: d 0 2,5 t
50

Analysis of Pin - Bending


Resistance of pin in bending

Resistance of one shear area of pin in shear

M Rd = (0,8 W el A f yp ) Mp M Sd = (FSd 8 )(t + 4 c + 2 t 1 )

Fv . Rd = (0,6 A f up ) Mp Fv .Sd = 0,5 FSd

F Sd

applied force

f yp

yield point of pin

F Sd
f up

applied force
strength of pin

Mp = 1,45

partial safety material factor

Mp = 1,45

partial safety material factor

cross sectional area of pin

Cross sectional area of pin

W el = d 3 32 cross sectional elastic modulus of pin

Stresses due to bending and shear:

(MSd

t1
c

M Sd

51

Analysis of Pin
Combination of Bending and Shear

t2

t1

52

Analysis of Pin - Bearing


Bearing stress of plate and pin

2
2
M Rd ) + (Fv ,Sd Fv , Rd ) 1

Fb, Rd = 1,5 t d f y Mp pro f yp f y a 2 t 1 t

t2

t1
c

t1
c

fy

yield point of plates

f yp

yield point of pin

Mp = 1,45

partial safety material factor

M Sd
53

54

Analysis of Pin - Serviceability

Scope of the Lecture


General
Design resistance of individual fasteners

Replaceable pin
the contact bearing stress should satisfy h,Ed fh,Rd
h,Ed = 0,591

E FEd ,ser ( d 0 d )
d2 t

fh,Ed = 2,5 fy / M6,ser


d
the diameter of the pin;
d0
the diameter of the pin hole;
FEd,ser the design value of the force to be transferred in bearing,
under the characteristic load combination
for serviceability limit states
55

Injection Bolts

Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts

Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts


Design for block tearing
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary

56

Bearing Strength of an Injection Bolt

2
1
2

t2
t1
t2

Fb,Rd,resin =

1,33
1,0

k t k s d t b ,re sin f b ,re sin


1

t2
t1

1,33
1,0

M4

coefficient depending of the thickness ratio 1.0 2.0 t / t


fb,resin bearing strength of the resin
tb, resin effective bearing thickness of the resin
1,0 for serviceability limit state
kt
1,2 for ultimate limit state
1,0 for holes with normal clearances or (1,0 - 0,1 m),
ks
for oversized holes;
m the difference (in mm) between the normal and oversized
hole dimensions
58
2

1.0

2.0

t1/ t2

Bolts of class 8.8 or 10.9


The design ultimate shear load of any bolt in a Category A
Preloaded injection bolts should be used for Category B
and C connections
57

Scope of the Lecture

Summary

General
Design resistance of individual fasteners

Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins


in Chapter 3 of EN 1993-1-8
Non-preloaded bolts
Preloaded bolts preload (0,7 fub)
Injection bolts (replacement of rivets;
bolts 8.8 and 10.9)
Pins (including serviceability)

Non-preloading bolts
Single lap joints
Bearing through packing
Slotted holes
Long joints
Rivets
Anchor bolts

Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts


Design for block tearing
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary

59

60

List of Lessons at Seminar


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Basics of structural joints


(Structural Joints Connecting Open Sections)

Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8


Prof. Frantiek Wald

Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1

Different Approaches

Scope of the Lecture

General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly

lt

Function

hb

ta

Moment-Rotation Characteristic

Elastic
limit
2/3 M j, Rd

Experiment

= C1( kM )1 + C3 ( kM )3 + C5 ( kM )5

M-N interaction
Summary

Joint
resistance
M j, Rd

Experimentation
Curve fitting
Finite element analysis
Simplified analytical models Component Method

Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity

Rotational stiffness
Moment resistance
Rotation capacity

Scope of the Lecture

M, moment, kNm
Initial stiffness Sj, ini
Experimental curve

General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity

Design curve

Deformation capacity j,Cd

Rotation, , mrad
5

M-N interaction
Summary

Procedure

Rotational Capacity

Decomposition of joint
Component description
Joint assembly

Bending moment, kNm

Experimental curve

Column web in tension

Bilinear model

Connection

j.Rd

Plastic
rotational
capacity

Components in tension

Classification
Representation
Modelling in analyses

pl

Components in compression

Rotational
capacity
of joint

Web panel in shear


Column web in compression
Joint

el

Cd

Rotation, mrad

Decomposition of Joint

Background References
Zoetemeijer P.: Summary of the research on bolted
beam-to-column connections, TU-Delft report 26-6-90-2,
Delft, 1990.
Zoetemeijer P.: Summary of the Research on Bolted
Beam-to-Column Connections (period 1978 - 1983), Ref.
No. 6-85-M, Steven Laboratory, Delft, 1983.
Zoetemeijer P.: Proposal for Standardisation of
Extended End Plate Connection based on Test results Test and Analysis, Ref. No. 6-83-23, Steven Laboratory,
Delft, 1983.

glfe eflg
c
to
c Unstiffened column web in shear
o Unstiffened column web in compression
t Beam flange in compression
f Column flange in bending
l Bolt row in tension
g End plate in bending
e Unstiffened column web in tension

ot

Practical Application
of the Component Method

10

Spring Models
Parallel configuration
F

Design tables

Green book
Blue book

2
2

Fu = F1.u + F2.u
k = k1 + k2

Computer programs

Serial configuration

= min (1; 2)
1

Simplified hand calculation

Fu = min (F1.u; F2.u)


1 / k = 1 / k1 +1 / k2

= 1 + 2 .
11

12

Scope of the Lecture

Description of Basic Components

General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly

The structural properties of basic joint components are


described in Chapter 6 of EN 1993-1-8.
e.g.
VEd

Column web panel in shear


Column web in transverse compression
Column web in transverse tension
Column flange in bending
End-plate in bending
Flange cleat in bending
etc.
VEd

Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity

Fc,Ed

Ft,Ed

Ft,Ed

M-N interaction
Summary

Ft,Ed

Ft,Ed

13

Bolts in Tension

Ft,Ed

Analytical model

14

End-plate in Bending

Ft,Ed

Analytical model
F L
b = t ,Ed b
2 E As

Stiffness coefficient

kb =

Stiffness coefficient

Ft ,Ed m 3
2 Leff ,ini t 3
3E I
3
F
F 3E I
Leff ,ini t 3
12
=
=
0
5
k p = t ,Ed = t ,Ed
,
E p E Ft ,Ed m 3
m3
m3

p =

Ft ,Ed
A
= 2,0 s
E b
Lb

k b = k 10 =1,6
Resistance, see bolts
Deformation capacity - britle

As
Lb

Leff.ini = 1,7 Leff


k p = k 4 = k 5 = k 6 = 0,85
15

Leff t 3
m3

16

Ft,Ed

End-Plate Resistance

Failure Modes

By equivalent T-stub in tension

Mode 1 - Plate failure

F
n

m
t
B

Mode 2 - Plate and bolts failure

L eff
2

Mode 3 - Bolts failure

Deformation capacity - ductile


17

18

Bolt head / washer size influence


F/2

Effective Length

F/2

F/2

Mode 1 only

dw

F/2

Circular failure

Single bolt
Bolt group

dw

F/4

F/4

Q/2

Q/2

F/2 F/2

F/4

F/4

Q/2

Q/2

Another failure

Single bolt
Bolt group

19

Circular Failure

20

Bolt in Corner
F

Leff ,op = m

In EN 1993-1-8
graph only

2r

r=m

Virtual work
on cone deformation

m
2 = 2
m+e
m
1 =
m+e

/2

Leff ,cp = 2 m

r=n

/2

/2

1,4

=8

2p

5,5

4,75

4,45

1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

21

Bolt at Oversize

22

T stub Position
e

e
mx

mx
Weld
e
mx

e
mx

bp
Yield lines

23

24

Column Flange with Backing Plates


Increase of resistance Mode 1
only

FT,1,Rd =

Flange Cleat in Bending


As equivalent T-stub flange

e bp
h bp
e bp

4M pl ,1,Rd + 2M bp ,Rd
m
2

M pl,1,Rd = 0,25l eff ,1t f fy / M 0


2

M bp,Rd = 0,25l eff ,1t bp fy ,bp / M 0


25

Influence of Gap

Another Components

g 0,4 ta

g > 0,4 ta
emin
m
0,8 r a

ra

g 0,4 t

26

emin
m
0,5 t a

ra

g >0,4 t

Effective length eff = 0,5ba

see EN 1993-1-8

ba
27

28

Scope of the Lecture

Design Resistance

General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly

Welded connection

Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity

M-N interaction
Summary

Ft,Rd

M j,Rd

Fc,Rd

M j ,Rd =Ft ,Rd z

29

30

Design Resistance

Simplified Lever Arm

Boted connection one bolt row


Ft.Rd

Ft.Rd
z

M j ,Rd =

Fc.Rd

i ti ,Rd

Fc.Rd

zi

31

More Bolt Rows - Firs Bolt Row (start from top)


Limits
by
shear and
compressed
part

Resistence
of
first bolt row

Colum web in shear

Column web in
compression

Column flange in
bending

Ft1.Rd

Column web in tension

Ft1.Rd

More Bolt Rows Second Bolt Row

Beam flange in
compression

Ft1.Rd

Ft1.Rd

End plate in
bending

t1.Rd

Ft1.Rd
Ft2.Rd

Ft2.Rd

Ft3.Rd

Ft3.Rd

Ft3.Rd

Column flange in
bending,

Resistance
of
both bobt rows

Beam flange in
compression

Ft1.Rd

Ft1.Rd

Ft2.Rd
Ft2.Rd

Ft2.Rd

Column web in tension

Ft2.Rd

End plate in bending

Ft2.Rd

Column flange in bending Column web in tension


Ft1.Rd

Ft2.Rd

Ft2.Rd

Ft2.Rd

Ft1.Rd
Ft2.Rd

34

Scope of the Lecture


Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd

Ft3.Rd

t1.Rd

Ft2.Rd

Ft2.Rd

Ft3.Rd

Ft3.Rd

Ft2.Rd

Ft2.Rd

Ft3.Rd

Ft3.Rd

Part in compression
t1.Rd

Part in tension

Resistance
of
second bolt row

Column web in
compression

Ft1.Rd

Column web in tension

More Bolt Rows - Third Bot Row

Ft2.Rd

Colum web in shear

t1.Rd

33

Limit
By shear
and compressed
part

Ft1.Rd

Taking into account bolt


rows groups
Etc.

32

t1.Rd

35

General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity

M-N interaction
Summary

36

Rotational Stiffness
Sj = M /

Rotatinal stiffness

Rotation in joint
j = i
z
Joint with more springs
Mj

Fi z

=
i

Fi
E

Fi z 2

From curve fitting

i =

Deformation or a component

S j .ini =

Shape Stiffness Ratio Factor

1
ki

Shape by stiffness ratio factor

Rotation, , mrad

37

38

Equivalent stiffness

Mj

Design curve

Deformation capacity j,Cd

More Components
p q lg
pq
lg
n
o
i

Initial stiffness S ini

Elastic
limit
2/3 M j, Rd

E z2

Sj

M
= Sd
M
j ,Rd

j,

Joint
resistance
M j, Rd

E z2
1
ki

M, moment, kNm

k
i

Fi
ki E

S j ,ini

k eq =

z1 z z
2

2
n
o

k eff =

zi

z
1
1

k
i

p
q
g
l

eff ,i

i p
q
g
l

Lever arm

z1

k
z=
k

eff ,i z i

z4

eff ,i z i

39

Scope of the Lecture

Rotation Capacity
For platic global analyses
M
For basic safety

General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly

M j.Rd

Cd

Ductile components

Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity

M-N interaction
Summary

40

Plate in bending
0,0
Column web in shear

el

Cd

Brittle components
41

Bots, welds

42

Upper Limits for Material


In the US standard only

In EN 1993-1-8
Deem to satisfy criteria

F
Brittle

Welded joints

Ductile

CD ,min = 0,015
Unstiffned
Unstiffned in tension + Stiffened in compression + No shear
influece

Cd,1

Cd ,min = 0,025 hc / hb

Cd,2

Ductile

Boted joints

Brittle

Plate failure
End plate/column flange thickness

Cd,1

Scope of the Lecture

t 0,36 d fub / fy

43Cd,2

44

M-N Interaction
For most portal frame connections (pitched rafters)
In EN 1993-1-8

General
Component method
Basic components
Assembly

Limit 5% of normal force resistance of connected element


Linear interaction
NSd
M
+ Sd 1
N j ,Rd M j ,Rd

Resistance
Stiffness
Rotation capacity

Component method

M-N interaction
Summary

45

Example

VSd

46

Application of EN 1993-1-8 Procedure

M Sd
NSd

NSd
M
+ Sd 1
N j ,Rd M j ,Rd

Normal force, kN

Normal force

Nj,t,M=0,Rd

5 % error

Linear interaction

d Moment

M j.c.N
M

j.t.N

Component method

47

F1,t

Nj,c,M,Rd

N j,c,M=0,Rd

et

Component method

et

F2,c

Linear interaction

F 3,t
F2,t
Nj,t,M,Rd

Moment,
kNm

N j,t,M,Rd
Linear interaction

N j,c,M,Rd

F1,c

48

Component Method - Resistance

Stiffness
Simplification to two springs

Centre of the part in tension


F t.Rd

Bolts
Compressed part in centre of flage

zt
M Sd

N Sd

Fc.t.Rd

Ft.Rd

Centre of the part in compression


zc

zt

NSd
MSd

Neutral axis

MSd

F c.Rd

Active part

Fc.Rd

zc

NSd
z

c.t

c.b

Fc.b.Rd

Bolts and compressed part

Two compressed parts

As for base plates


49

50

M - Diagram Praha Test

Evaluation on Tests

Moment, kNm

Normal force, kN

30

200
Test
SN 1500

100
-10

20

10

0
0

Moment,
kNm

Interaction
-200

Prediction by component method

20
Prediction of resistance
by interaction

15

SN 1000

-100

Test SN 1500

25

10

Component method

5
0

Rotation, rad
0

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

51

52

M - Diagram Coimbra Test

Evaluation on Coimbra Tests

Moment, kNm

Normal force, kN
800
Interaction

400
0
0

-50
-400

50

Component method

120

Experiments

100

EE7
Moment,
EE6
kNm
EE1
EE2
EE3
EE4
EE5

Test EE7

Prediction by component method

80

Prediction of resistance
by interaction

60
40
20

Rotation, rad
0
0
53

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06
54

List of Lessons at Seminar


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Design of Simple Connections (of Open Sections)


Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8
Prof. Frantiek Wald

Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1

SSEDTA Lecture

List of Lessons related to Connection Design

New and Flexible Approach to Training for


Engineers in Construction

Flow Charts

Non-conflicting Complementary Information

Leson 16 Design of Simple Joints


Access STEEL information tool on internet

Simple connections - fin plates


Simple connections - end plates
Column splices for both axial load & moment
Column bases (axial load only)
Design model for simple end plate connections
A: Detailing guidance
B: Shear resistance
C: Tying resistance
Design model for simple fin plate connections
A: Detailing
B: Shear resistance
C: Tying resistance
Design model for simple Column splices (non-bearing)
Initial sizing for non-bearing splices
Design model for simple Column bases - axially loaded

Passive examples

Beam to beam fin plate connection


Beam to column end plate connection
Column splice (non-bearing)
Column base, axially loaded
Column splice (bearing)

Example Fin Plate


Flow chart

Example Fin Plate


Subject to shear
1

1. Fin plate
2. Supported beam
3. Column
4. Supporting beam
7

Example Fin Plate

Example Fin Plate

Mode of failure - subject to shear


Bolts in shear

VRd,1

Fin plate in bearing

VRd,2

Fin plate in shear (gross section)

VRd,3

Fin plate in shear (net section)

VRd,4

Fin plate in shear (block shear)

VRd,5

Fin plate in bending

VRd,6

Fin plate in buckling (LTB)

VRd,7

Beam web in bearing

VRd,8

Beam web in shear (gross section)

VRd,9

Beam web in shear (net section)

VRd,10

Beam web in shear (block shear)

VRd,11

Supporting column web or supporting beam web (punching shear)

VRd,12 9

Ductility requirements
not guided by bolt shear failure

10

Example Fin Plate

Example Fin Plate

Rotation capacity requirements

Subject to tying forces

1. Given rules in initial design


Depth of
supported beam
hb1 (mm)

hb1 600
hb1 > 600

Fin plate
thickness
tp (mm)

Fin plate width Horizontal gap


gh (mm)
bp (mm)

Beam edge
distance
e2,b (mm)

Fin plate edge


distance
e2 (mm)

10

100

10

40

50

10

120

20

40

60

or
2. Limit of hight and calculate required rotation
hp hb 2t f,b1 2r

available > required

bp
gh
e1,b

gv

e1
a

p1

hp

p1
e1
e 2 e 2,b
z

11

1. Fin plate
2. Supported beam
3. Column
4. Supporting beam

he

12

Example Fin Plate

Summary

Mode of failure subject to tying

Design of simple connections not described


in EN 1993-1-8

Bolts in shear
Fin plate in bearing

NRd,u,1
NRd,u,2

Fin plate in tension (block tearing)

NRd,u,3

Fin plate in tension (net section)

NRd,u,4

Beam web in bearing

NRd,u,5

Beam web in tension (block tearing)

NRd,u,6

Beam web in tension (net section)

NRd,u,7

Supporting column web in bending

NRd,u,8

Tables
Green book UK
Blue book
Germany
ECCS TC10 document (in preparation)

Access STEEL materials on internet

13

14

List of Lessons at Seminar


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1

Thank you for your attention

15

16

Simple Joints

Structural Steelwork Eurocodes

Frames are traditionally analysed assuming joints to


be either:

Design of Simple Joints


Pinned.
Rigid.

Design Considerations of Joints

EC 3 Requirement

Rigid Joints:
Expensive to fabricate and construct.

Real Pin Joints:


Also expensive

Simple Joints:
Need to be flexible

EC3 states that:


A nominally pinned connection shall be designed
so that it cannot develop significant moments
which might adversely affect members of the
structure.

Joint Requirements

Joint Properties

However few joints meet these ideals.

Joints must:
Transfer actions.
Accept required rotations.

Joints have three principal properties:


1. Strength:
able to transfer moments & forces.
2. Stiffness:
have an appropriate slope on M - curve.
3.Deformability:
Have adequate rotation capacity.

Stiffness Requirement

Strength Requirement

S j,ini not greater than: 0,5 E Ib / Lb.

Depends upon the members connected.

where:
S j,ini is the initial rotational stiffness of the connection.
is the second moment of area of the connected
Ib
beam.
is the length of the connected beam.
Lb

Ensures that joint has only a small resistance


compared to the connected members.

Remember that shear and any axial load must be


transferred between members.

Maximum Moment Resistance

Rotation Capacity

Mpbisisfully
fullyplastic
plasticmoment
momentofofresistance
resistanceofofcolumn.
beam.
Mpc

Joint must not fail as a consequence of any large


rotations required.

Not sufficient to consider just the detail of the


connection in initial state.

Mpc

Mpc
Mpb

Mpb

Mpc

Mpc

If Mpb < 2Mpc


then Mj,Rd = 0.25Mpb

If Mpb > 2Mpc


then Mj,Rd = 0.25*2*Mpc

Figure 1: Maximum moment resistance requirement for simple joints

10

Effect of Gap Closure

Practicalities

Many joints currently assumed to operate as simple


joints transfer moments in excess of EC3 limits.

Resulting designs function satisfactorily.

Supported by extensive research.

Contact between beam


flange and column face

Figure 2 : Effect of gap closure


11

12

Beam to Column Joints


Example 1

Transfer of Forces

Joints likened to links in a chain.

Strength determined by weakest link.

Principal transfers by:


Welding.
Bolting.
Riveting,(occasionally ).

Top and seat cleats


(major and minor axes

Seat and stability cleats


(major and minor axes)

13

14

Beam to Column Joints


Example 2

Double web cleats (minor


Single web cleat (major axis:
axis: Welded to beam,
bolted to beam and column)
bolted to column).
Welded fin plate: (minor axis:
bolted to beam, welded to column. Tab plate: (major axis:
welded to beam, bolted to
column).

Beam to Column Joints


Example 3

Shear plate (major axis)

Shear plate (major axis)

15

16

Typical Beam to Beam Joint

Simple Web Angle Connection

Supporting
beam
Supported
beam
Figure 4:
Beam to beam
connections

Single
notched
angle
Double
notched
end
plateconnection
connection
2.1.2 Should any tying forces need to be considered ( as is the case in the
U.K.NAD). Then the connection must also be checked for such action which
will involve consideration of the following potential failure modes, remembering
that it will often be necessary to combine the axial and the shear forces to
obtain a resultant action.
17

18

Simple Web Angle Connection

Transfer of Forces

Shear force must be transferred to column.

This involves several steps:


Beam into bolts.
Bolts into angle.
Angle into bolts.
Bolts into column flange.

a1
Lv
a3
a2

19

20

Transfer of Forces

Checks Needed for Tying


Forces

Web of beam into bolts:


Block shear.
Web of beam into bolts:
Bearing.
Shear failure in bolts.
Bearing and block shear in angle legs.
Shear in bolts to column flange.
Bearing in bolts to column flange.

21

22

Other Detailing Guidance

Summary

Block shear in beam web (amended failure zone).


Bearing in bolts to beam web.
Shear in bolts.
Tensile capacity of web cleats.
Tensile capacity of bolts to column face.

Minimum end distance.


Minimum edge distance.
Maximum end and edge distances.
Minimum bolt spacing.
Maximum bolt spacing.

23

The philosophy of simple joints in terms of idealised and


real behaviour has been introduced.
The concept of joints as an assemblage of components
has been put forward.
Requirements for strength, stiffness and rotation capacity
have been described.
Examples of practical details are provided.

24

List of Lessons at Seminar


1.

Column Bases

2.
3.
4.

Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8

5.
6.

Prof. Frantiek Wald

7.
8.
9.

Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1

Scope of the Lecture

Basis of design
Components

ENV

Base plate in bending and bolt in tension


Base plate and concrete in compression
Anchor bolt in shear

Background Materials

Assembly

1993-1-1

Annex L (1992)
Annex A2 Design of Joints (1992, 1999)
COST

C1

- Semirigid connections (EU project, finished 1999)

Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design

Classification
Worked examples
Summary

Fixing by Base Plate


Base plate in bending
and anchor bolts in tension

Component Method
Baseplate and concrete
in compression

Baseplate in bending
anchor bolts in tension

Column web in compression


Base plate in bending
and concrete in compression

Anchor bolts in shear

Major components

Column flange and web


in compression

Anchor bolt
in shear

Scope of the Lecture

Basis of design
Components

Base-plate in bending
and anchor bolts in tension
Column flange

Base plate in bending and bolt in tension


Base plate in bending and concrete in compression
Anchor bolt in shear

Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design

e m

t
l eff

Classification
Worked examples
Summary

Base plate

Contact of Edge of T stub

b = p n
m

Q=0

Q=0

Lb .lim

Embedded Anchor Bolt

8 ,82m 3 As
=
Leff t 3

<
>

Lb

Force, kN
180

L bf
L
L be

40

160
Experiment W13/98
Experiment W14/97 24 - 355
Prediction
P6 - 40 x 50 40

140

120
100
80

315
5

50
10

60

10
6

40

P10 - 95 x 95

20

Lbe 8 d

0
0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,2

1,4

1,6
Deformation, mm

CEB documents for anchor bolts resistance

95

95

F / B t.Rd

1
n

Mode 2

Mode 3

0,8
FRd.3

FRd.1

FRd.2
B t.Rd

Bt.Rd
Bt.Rd

Bt.Rd

Mode 3

a)

b)

Mode 1

Mode 1

0,6

Mode 1*

0,4

Mode 2

c)

0,2

End plate contact or no contact

FRd.1*

0
0

Base plate no contact

0,5

1,5

2
2,5
4 l eff M pl.Rd / B t.Rd

Force, kN

350

FRd.1*

Resistance

350 Force, kN

300

300

Simplified prediction

250

W97-12

250
Experiment

200

m = 32
Complex calculation

150

Rd .1

Complex calculationm = 67

150

Simplified prediction

100

100

50

50

2 Leff M pl .Rd

200

W97-02

Deformation, mm

0
0

Deformation, mm

0
0

Effective length of T stub

Stiffness

No prying
0 ,425 Leff t 3
kp =
m3
Prying accured
0 ,85 Leff t 3
kp =
m3

kb = 2 ,0

As
Lb

A
kb = 1,6 s
Lb

e m

Prying occured
l 1 = 2 m (4 m + 1,25 e )
l2 = 2 m
Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 )
Leff ,2 = l 1

No prying
l 1 = 2 m (4 m + 1,25 e )
l2 = 4 m
Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 )
Leff ,2 = l 1

e
ex

Effective Length for Hollow Sections

mx

(not in EN 1993-1-8)
a
ac

bp

Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 ;l 6 )

Leff .1 = m

Basis of design
Components

Column flange

(a a c )2 + (b bc )2

Leff .3 =

ea

2
2
+ eb

8 e a eb

e a + eb
2

(a ac )2 + (b bc )2

FSd

FRd
c

Assembly

tw

Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design

m
ea

Base plate in bending


and concrete in compression

Base plate in bending and bolt in tension


Base plate and concrete in compression
Anchor bolt in shear

Leff .4

m=

eb

L eff = min ( Leff .1 ; Leff .2 ; Leff .3 ; Leff .4 ; Leff .5 )

Scope of the Lecture

b
2
a
=
2

Leff .2 =

Leff .5 = m

Leff ,2 = min(l 1 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 )

bc

Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 ;l 6 )

Leff ,2 = min(l 1 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 )

b
(a)

No prying
l 1 = 4.m x+1,25 e x
l 2 = 4 mx
l 3 = 0,5 bp
l 4 = 0,5 w + 2 mx + 0,625 ex
l 5 = e + 2 mx + 0,625 ex
l 6 = 2 mx + 4 e

Prying
l 1 = 4.m x+1,25 e x
l 2 = 2 mx
l 3 = 0,5 bp
l 4 = 0,5 w + 2 mx + 0,625 ex
l 5 = e + 2 mx + 0,625 ex
l 6 = mx + 2 e

Base plate

Classification
Worked examples
Summary

fj

Flexible

base plate
3D behaviour concrete in crushing

Concrete 3D Resistance in Crushing


(the same as EN 1992-1-1)

Joint coefficient

Effective width

Effective width

kj =

a 1 b1
ab

a + 2 a r
5 a

a 1 = min

+
a
h

5b1

b + 2 br
5 b

b1 = min

+
b
h

5 a 1

a1
a

cc

c
ar

c
c

t
t
h

b b1
br

a1 a

Effective width

1
M = t 2 fydfyd
M
6

Elastic resistance ensuring small deformations, to unit length


Bending moment to unit length
Equivalent length of cantilever
Effective width

b1 b

c=t

1 1 f 2c 2 =1 1 2t 2 f
f j cj = 6t fy y
22
6

fy
3 Mc0 =f jt

fy
3 M0 fj

1
M = 1f j c 2 2
M =2 f j c

Comparison to FE simulation

Contact Area

Vertical deformation at the surface, mm

0,0

Vertical deformation along the block height


top of the concrete block
elastic deformation of the whole block

elastic deformation

glob

local deformation under plate

Ap

deformation at the edge

0,1

edge

predicted value

deformation at the axis

axis

A eq
edge

axis

Vertical deformation, mm

foot of the concrete block


0

0,1

Stiffness

Comparison to Experiments

F ar
=
E c Ar

F
tw

1600

1000

kc

E c a eq . el L
E c a eq . el L
F
=
=
=
E
1 ,5 * 0 ,85 E
1 ,275 E

800
Prediction based on local and global deformation,

600

fy

a eq.el = t w + 2,5 t a eq.str = t w + 2 c = t w + 2 t

3 f j

400
M 0

cfl

Prediction based on local deformation only

200
0

E Ip

0,1

Grout
t
tg

45

tg
45

j = 2 / 3
f c.g 0,2 f c
t g 0,2 min (a ; b)
t g 0,2 min (a ; b)

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9
Deformation, mm

Scope of the Lecture

tg

tg

Experiment
Concrete and grout
Concrete

1200

ar

Calculated strength

1400

0 ,85 F
Ec

Force, kN

1800

deformation of elastic hemisphere

Basis of design
Components
Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
Base plate in bending and concrete in compression
Anchor bolt in shear

lower nut

packings

Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design

Classification
Worked examples
Summary

Components in Shear

Anchor Bolt in Shear


Fh

Resistance in tension

Fh

Reduce resistance in tension

Resistance in bending and shear

5.6

4.6
F v .Rd =

0 ,375 f ub As

F v .Rd =

Mb

0 ,250 f ub As

Mb

Format as bolts in shear

Resistance

Scope of the Lecture

N Rd

Basis of design
Components
Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
Base plate in bending and concrete in compression
Anchor bolt in shear

rb

N Rd = Aeff f j Ft .Rd

M=0

Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design

compression

M Rd = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .

Interaction diagram

Basis of design
Components
Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
Base plate and concrete in compression
Anchor bolt in shear

M N=0

Scope of the Lecture

Ft.Rd

N Rd = fAeff f j Ft .Rd

Plastic design force equilibrium


Complex shape of contact area

M 2, N 2

tension

N Rd = Aeff Mf jRd- =
FFt .tRd.Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .
M Rd = F t . Rd rb + Aeff f j rc

Classification
Worked examples
Summary

M1 , N

Aeff active part

F t.Rd

Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design

M Rd

Classification
Worked examples
Summary

History of Loading
MRd

NSd

Moment
Non-proportional loading
Proportional loading
Nonlinear part of the curve
Plastification of one component

N Rd = Aeff fkj Ft .Rd

Anchor bolts in tension and one flange in compression


e0 NSd

Ft

Fc

kp

kb

kc

kc

FT .Rd z
Fc .Rd z
;
M Rd = min

zc
zt
1+
1
M Sd / N Sd
M Sd / N Sd

Rotation

cc

M Rd = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .

S j.ini

z
zc

zT

Normal force

c
c

Non-proportional
loading
Proportional
loading
Column base
resistance

Moment

MSd

kc

Simplified contact area

Stiffness

xc <N Sd / MSd <

MSd / NSd = konst.


2

M Sd / N Sd
Ez
1
M Sd / N Sd

ki
z k z k
= c c t t
N Rd = Aeff f j
kc + kt
Sj =

= ( 1,5 )

2 ,7

1+

c
c

30
25
1 000

20
15

Simplified prediction

10

15
20
25
30
M
Rd = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .

kc

Sensitivity study, base plate thickness

HE 200 B

M pl.Rd

Sd

Components
M 24

t
30

N pl.Rd

h = 1 000

100

590
420

0
200
100

Moment, kNm

1 600

Sensitivity study, base plate thickness, resistance

Ekb

Anchor bolt
0
0,5
200 Force, kN
100 E k p

1 600
420 590

M Rd = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .

Assembly

Force, kN
200

N Rd = Aeff fColumn
F
j
resistancet .Rd
100

Rotation, mrad

kc

M 20 - 10.9

15

kc

Rd

N Rd = Aeff f j 10Ft .Rd

kb

60

20

NSd

Base plate thickness, t, mm

400 kN
HE 160 B

20

40

t .Rd

Lever arm is changing by the activation of one bolt row


Lever arm is changing by the activation of both bolt rows
40

cc

c F

Normal force, kN

2 000

80

t = 30
25

100

/ 2Rd = Ftk.Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .


rM

M Sd / N Sd
=
r/2
M Rd / N Sd +
M Sd / N Sd
Simplified contact area

3 000

Moment, kNm
120

Base plate
0,5
E k c Force, kN
0,5 Concrete
Deformation, , mm

Moment, kNm
80
Experiment
W7-4.20-prop

60

N Rd40 = Aeff f j Prediction


Ft .Rd

N
HE 160 B
t = 20
h = 500

M Rd20 = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .


0
0

Comparison to experiment

10

Rotation, mrad

Pre-design, stiffness

Scope of the Lecture

E z2t

S j .ini .app =

20

Sd

Base plate in bending and bolt in tension


Base plate and concrete in compression
Anchor bolt in shear

Sd

N Rd = Aeff f j Ft .Rd

Lever arm

Classification
According

Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design

M Rd = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .
z

Basis of design
Components

Classification
Worked examples
Summary

Non-Sway by Resistance

to stiffness

t = 12 mm
a 1 = b1 = 280 mm
a = b = 500 mm
h = 1000 mm
M 24 -420
S j,ini,pin = 7 100 kNm / rad
t = 40 mm
a 1 = b1 = 420 mm
a = b = 500 mm
h = 1000 mm
M 24 -420
S j,ini,stif = 74 800 kNm / ra

Fcr.pin

Fcr,res

Accuracy

0,9

5% in resistance and 10% in serviceability

S j,ini,pin

0,8

S j,ini,stif
0,7

Simillar

to beam-to-column joints

o 2
pro o 0,5
pro 0,5 < o < 3,93
pro o 3,93
o 1,36

Sj,ini 0
Sj,ini 7 (2 o - 1) E Ic / Lc
Sj,ini 48 E Ic / Lc

0,6
0,0001

0,01

1,00

100,0

log S

Sway Frames for Serviceability


115 kN

y
HE 200 B

1,0

0,6

S j,ini,pin

0,4

5m

S j,ini,stif

0,2

Asked stiffness for relative slenderness

0
0,0001

4m

HE 200 B

0,8

Sj,ini 12 E Ic / Lc.

115 kN

5 kN

yS / yP

0,01

100

log S

Relative moment
1,0 Rigid
connection
0,8
S
0,6

Scope of the Lecture

= 30 E Ic / L c

j.ini.c.n

0,4

j.ini.c.s

0,2
0

0,1

Base plate in bending and bolt in tension


Base plate and concrete in compression
Anchor bolt in shear

o = 1,36

= 12 E I c / Lc
Semi-rigid connection
0,2

Hinge
Relative rotation,

0,3

Basis of design
Components

Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design

In relative values

Classification
Worked examples
Summary

Worked Example Base plate

bc =200

c tw=9 c
a1 = 1600

MSd

FSd

a = 420

ar = 590

HE 200 B
t = 30
30

c
c

tf =15

M 24
e a = 50

br = 590

eb = 90
p = 240

b = 420

h = 1000

hc =200
b1 = 1600

b eff r
c

tf =15 c
c

rb = 160

e c = 60

rb

Contact area

Worked Example Frame (sway)


Mj.Rd / M Ny.pl.Rd

1,0

Sd

0,8
S

0,6

0,4

j.ini.c.s

Sd

Sd

Sd

Sd

Sd

Sd

Sd

IPE 550

1,2 m

(for o < 1,36 )

= 12 E I c / L c

HE 340 B

0,2
0

Sd

= 30 E I c / L c

j.ini.c.n

HE 340 B
9m

0,1

0,2

0,3

= E I c / Lc

Worked diagram
24 m

Fy

Fy

Fy

Fy

Fy
2
Fx
Fx
Fx Fx
2
Fx = 0,38 kN
Fy = 23,00 kN
w
1
w1 = 2,64 kN/m

Fy
Fx

Fy

Fy

Fx

Fy
2

Fx

Fy
2

Fy

Fy

Fy

Fy

Fy

Fy

Fy

Frame imperfections by equivalent forces


Element imperfections by stability check

Fy
2

Fx
2
w2

N
H

Fy = 26,79 kN

w = 1,65 kN/m
2

First load combination

Second load combination

Load combination

H
N

Comparison
Elastic

Maximal
moment
in base plate
kNm

design connection stiffness, pre-design

S j .ini.b c =

S j .ini.b b

E z 2 t 210 000 * 700 2 * 20


=
= 242 100 kNm/ rad
kf
8 ,5

E z 2 t 210 000 * 700 2 * 20


=
=
= 343 000 kNm/ rad
kf
6

Maximal
moment
in corner
kNm

Maximal
moment
in rafter
kNm

Vertical
deformation
of rafter
mm

Horizontal
sway
of corner
mm

337,85

318,10

113,68

73,70

108,20

290,13

307,62

109,80

27,43

214,09

305,90

274,73

95,54

19,42

3
2,5
2

S j .ini.cb

1,5

E z 2 t 210 000 * 400 2 * 30


=
=
= 50 400 kNm/ rad
kf
20

1
0,5
0

Scope of the Lecture

Basis of design
Components
Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
Base plate and concrete in compression
Anchor bolt in shear

Assembly
Resistance
Stiffness
Pre-design

Classification
Worked examples
Summary

Summary

Component method
Good accuracy

Worked examples
Savings by taking into account of
stiffness (for serviceability only)
Hand calculation unusual

List of Lessons at Seminar


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Fire Design of Connections


Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8
Prof. Frantiek Wald

Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1

Scope of the Lecture

Structural Fire Design Procedure of Design

Structural fire design


Temperature of connections
Connectors at elevated temperature
Component method
Structural integrity
Summary

Thermal analyses
of fire compartment or local fire

Transfer of heat into the structure

(EN 1991-1-1)

(EN 199x-1-2)
Mechanical loading at fire situation
(EN 1990, EN 1991-1-x)

Mechanical modelling of structure at elevated temperature


(EN 199x-1-2)

Connections under Fire

EN 1993-1-2 Approaches

Steel looses with temperature strength and stiffness

Fire protection is applied to the member


and its connections

Steel structures expand when heated and contract


on cooling
Temperature within the connections is lower
compare to connecting steel members

Rules based to protect as members

Component approach in EN 1993-1-8


together with a method for calculation
the behaviour of welds and bolts
at elevated temperature
Connection moment, shear and axial capacity can be
evaluated at elevated temperature

Scope of the Lecture

Analytical Models of Heat Transfer


1. Section factor (Am /V) method simmilar as for members
Am /V surface/volume ratio
2. Based on the temperature of the beam lower flange

Structural fire design


Temperature of connections
Connectors at elevated temperature
Component method
Structural integrity
Summary

Concrete slab
h 400 mm
0,62 0

h h
h

h > 400 mm
0,70 0

0,75 0

0,88 0

0,88 0

0,88 0

Accuracy Demonstration
on 7th Large Scale Fire Experiments on Steel Frame
A

9000

9000

9000

9000

9000

9000

o
n

6000
1

Fire Compartment for Structural Integrity Fire Test, January 16, 2003

Fire Compartment

Interier

January 16. 2003

Temperatures in elements and connections


Internal forces in the connections
Behaviour of the composite slab

Fire Test

Motivation

6000

10

Instrumentation

Exterier, Fire load 11

148
57
10
37
10
2

thermocouples
low temperature strain gauges
high temperature strain gauges
deformations
video cameras
thermo-imaging cameras

12

Moderate Fire

No Collapse Reached

Maximal temperature 1108 C in 55 min

Deflections over 1000 mm; residual deflections 925 mm

13

Fin Plate Connection before the Experiment

Instrumentation
D

C463 - 471
G525

G522

G526
C441 - 449

G529

G531

FIRE COMPARTMENT
D2

E2

G524

Fin plate connection

G528

C480 - 482

120
D1/2-E1/2

G534

North view

C483
C484
C485

G535
G536

G532

Window

Thermocouples at elements and connections, numbered Cijk


Thermocouples in compartment 300 mm below ceiling, numbered Gijk

Fire compartment

C449

C446
G533

G530
C450 - 453

C483 - 485

G527

C475 - 479

C447
C444
C448
C445

C442
C443

C472 - 475

C486 - 488

G521

G523

West view
C441

Walls
C454 - 462

DE1/2

West view
C450 4th bolt row
C451 3rd bolt row
C4522nd bolt row
C453 1st bolt row

N
D1

E1

120
E1/2-D1/2

15

t = 26 min.

con, = 275 C

t = t0t +t==028
h min
28
26

980,0C

14

16

T=
330 C
con,
= 275
330=C
C
con,
con,

980,0C

In 26 min of fire is temperature


of the structure under 400C

Time
60

600

600

400

600

30

800

Gas temperature

Gas temperature
, C Heating

1000

0
0

800

90

400,0C

1000

0
0

t,min

17

, C Heating

400

600

Time
30

60

90

400,0C

t,min

18

t = t0 +t =042
h min
42

con,Tcon,
= 645=C645 C

t = t0 +t =044
h min
44

con,Tcon,
= 660=C660 C

980,0C

980,0C

Buckling of beam lower flange

1000

, C

800

800

600

600

400

600
0
0

Buckling of beam lower flange

30

60

90

1000

, C

400

600

400,0C

0
0

t,min

400,0C
30

60

90

t,min

25

t = t0 +t =046
h min
46

26

con,Tcon,
= 685=C685 C

t = t0 +t =048
h min
48

con,Tcon,
= 710=C710 C

980,0C

1000

, C

800

800

600

600

400

600
0
0

980,0C

30

60

90

1000

, C

400

600

400,0C

0
0

t,min

400,0C
30

60

90

t,min

27

t = t0 +t =050
h min
50

28

con,Tcon,
= 730=C730 C

t = t0 +t =052
h min
52

980,0C

1000

, C

0
0

400,0C
30

980,0C

800

800

600

600

400

600

60

90

1000

29

, C

400

600
0
0

t,min

con,Tcon,
= 775=C775 C

400,0C
30

60

90

t,min

30

t = t0 +t =054
h min
54

con,Tcon,
= 810=C810 C

t = t0 +t =056
h min
56

The maximal temperature of 1088 C


of secondary beam was reached
by its lower flange in 57 min

980,0C

Gas temperature
, C
Cooling

1000

30

60

90

800

600

600

Gas temperature
, C
Cooling

400

1000
600

400,0C

Time

0
0

0
0

t,min

400,0C
Time
30

60

90

t,min

31

t = t0 +t =058
h min
58

32

con,Tcon,
= 855=C855 C

t = t0 +t =160
h min
00

con,Tcon,
= 880=C880 C

980,0C

Gas temperature
Cooling
, C

980,0C

800

800

600

600

400

1000

30

60

t,min

90

0
0

34

800

800

600

600

1000

35

, C

400

600
0
0

t,min

con,Tcon,
= 885=C885 C

980,0C

400
90

t,min

980,0C

400,0C
60

90

t = t0 +t =164
h min
04

, C

30

60

con,Tcon,
= 900=C900 C

Maximal temperature
of fin plate connection 908,3C
was reached in 63 min

600

30

33

t = t0 +t =162
h min
02

1000

400
400,0C

Time

0
0

Time

0
0

Gas temperature
, C Cooling

1000
600

400,0C

600

980,0C

800

400

600

con,Tcon,
= 835=C835 C

400,0C
30

60

90

t,min

36

t = t0 +t =178
h min
18

con,Tcon,
= 775=C755 C

t = t0 +t =180
h min
20

con,Tcon,
= 745=C745 C

980,0C

1000

, C

800

800

600

600

400

600
0
0

980,0C

30

60

90

1000

, C

400

600

400,0C

0
0

t,min

400,0C
30

60

90

t,min

43

t = t0 +t =182
h min
22

44

con,Tcon,
= 740=C740 C

t = t0 +t =184
h min
24

con,Tcon,
= 730=C730 C

980,0C

980,0C

1000

, C

800

600

600

400

600
0
0

800

30

60

90

1000

, C

400

600

400,0C

0
0

t,min

400,0C
30

60

90

t,min

45

t = t0 +t =176
h min
26

46

con,Tcon,
= 720=C720 C

t = t0 +t =178
h min
28

980,0C

1000

, C

0
0

400,0C
30

980,0C

800

800

600

600

400

600

60

90

1000

47

, C

400

600
0
0

t,min

Tcon,
710 C
con,
= 710=C

400,0C
30

60

90

t,min

48

Fin plate connection after the fire test

Temperature Differences Measured by Thermocouples

Measured temperature, C
D2

E2

D1

E1

Difference shown
1000 by the thermo
imaging
800 camera
600
400

Fin plate, by 4th bolt

200

Beam, bottom flange

0
0

15

30

45

60

75

90

105

120

135 Time, min

Maximal temperature of fin plate by 4th bolt 908 C in 63 min


67

Analytical Prediction Compared to Test


Connection temperature, C

Scope of the Lecture

Predicted
from gas measured temp.
based on "section factor"

1000
800

D2

E2

D1

E1

600
Predicted
from beam bottom flange
based on measured temp.

400

68

200
Measured

Structural fire design


Temperature of connections
Connectors at elevated temperature
Component method
Structural integrity
Summary

0
0

15

30

45

60

75

90

105

120

135 Time, min

Measured 908 C in 63 min.; predicted 878 C in 53 min


69

70

Bolts and Welds Properties at Elevated Temperature

Bolt Resistance at Elevated Temperature

Factors kb,; kw, are used to describe the strength reduction

Marked loss of strength between 300 and 700C


Shear resistance of bolts in fire

Fv ,t ,Rd = Fv ,Rd k b , m

Bolt

0,9

k b,

0,8
0,7

Carbon steel

0,6
0,5

k y,

Tension resistance of a bolts in fire

0,4
0,3

Weld
k w,

0,2
0,1
0
0

200

400

600

800

m ,fi

Bearing resistance of bolts in fire

1000

a ,C
71

Fb ,t ,Rd = Fb ,Rd k b ,

m
m ,fi

Ften ,t ,Rd = Ft ,Rd k b ,

m
m ,fi

partial safety factor for the resistance


,fi partial safety factor for fire

72

Filled Weld Resistance at Elevated Temperature

Butt Weld Resistance at Elevated Temperature

Design strength per unit length of a fillet weld


in a fire

For full penetration butt weld up to 700C


as equal to the strength of the weaker part
of the joint
using the appropriate reduction factors for steel

Fw ,t ,Rd = Fw ,Rd k w ,

m
m ,fi

For temperatures higher than 700C


the reduction factors for fillet welds
to butt welds

partial safety factor for the resistance


,fi partial safety factor for fire
73

Scope of the Lecture

74

Component Method
Decomposition of joint
Componnet description
Joint assembly

Structural fire design


Temperature of connections
Connectors at elevated temperature
Component method
Structural integrity
Summary

e
f gi
d

e fgi

c dh

75

76

Component Method

Component Method

Decomposition of joint
Componet description
Joint assembly

Decomposition of joint
Componnet description
Joint assembly

Component
Force

Joint
Moment

F i ; = k y , F i ; 20 C ;
Deformation F
i ;

i ; =

K i ;

k y ;
k E ;

Stiffness
K i ; = k E , K i ; 20 C ;

e
f gi
d

M i ; = k y ; M i ; 20 C ;

i ; 20 C

Rotation

i ;
Stiffness

Si ;

k y ;
M
= i ; =
i ; 20 C ;
k E ;
Si ;

E z2
=
= k E ; Si ; 20 C ;
1
i k
77
i ;

e fgi

c dh

M, kNm
Moment
100C
500C

50

20 C

600C
0

20

40

800C
60

700C
80

Rotation
, mrad
100 78

P 28
500 kN

Fire Resistance

Fire resistance of an end plate connection


of the truss lower flange
Required R30

Unprotected
Am / V = 54 ,0 / 1 ,24 = 43 ,18 m - 1
Section factor
Fire resistance
t = 44 min
(exposed to nominal standard fire curve)

P 28

500 kN

150

Worked Example

85

125

40 45

4 x M24

500 kN

500 kN
150

85

125

4 x M24

40 45

dp = 15 mm
Protected
Intumescent paint
Am p
0 ,1
= 43 ,18
= 288 Wm - 3 K - 1
Fire resistance
V dp
0 ,015
(exposed to nominal standard fire curve) t = 112 min 80

79

Scope of the Lecture

Structural Integrity

Structural fire design


Temperature of connections
Connectors at elevated temperature
Component method
Structural integrity
Summary

If used catenary actions of beams and slabs


In case of advanced design models

Resistance of connections
to horizontal forces at ultimate limit state
(for fu)
81

82

FE Simulation of Cardington Test


Normal force, kN
300
200

Experiment in Cardington

I. Beam only
II. One section
III. Full floor

100
0

40

20

60

-100

80

100
Time, min

-200
- 300
Heating

Model of structure

720C
Cooling

6 x 3,75 m

Observed joint
I.

II.
III.

4 x 6,0 m

83

84

Low Temperature Strain Gauges


PLAN

D1

Internal wall
of the fire compartment
11,0 m
7,0 m

99

97

103

101

Window 1,27 x 8,70 m


D1
UC 305 x 305 x 198

5th floor

500

107

105

111

109

91

107, 111
89

99, 103 97, 101


81

83

85

87
E1
UC 305 x 305 x 137

83,87

95

115

20

113

119

309,2
(314,5)
320,5
y
13,8 (339,9)
(19,1)

(31,4)
21,7

20

127

125

123

121
127, 123

89, 93

4th floor

500

117
115, 119

15,2

105, 109

93
91, 95

81, 85
500

UC 305 x 305 x 137


(UC 305 x 305 x 198)
20

Protected Columns
E1

113,117

At external
columns

121, 125
500

20

3rd floor

Internal

85

Measured Stresses at External Columns

External (with 1 m of beam)

86

Measured Bending Moments in Columns

Stress, MPa
Column E1
91
89

Column D1
83
81

150

Bending moments, kNm


600

93

100

87

95
87

50

85

95

93

15

30

45

60

75

90

105

120

135

150

165

180

195

81
83
89
91

-100
-150

3rd floor

D1, E1
4th floor

500 mm

a-D1

2nd floor

210

c-D1; c-E1
b-D1

c-E1

200

-50

d-D1; d-E1

4th floor

c-D1

400

Time, min.

5th floor

b-D1

Time, min.
0

60

D2

D1

120

d-E1

d-D1

-200
a-D1

-200

Section 500 mm above the floor at 4th floor


87

Measured Forces in External Columns


Force, kN
300

Everage

c-E1

c-D1

200
3rd floor
(5th foor)

100
0

60

-100
-200

4th floor

-300
-400
-500

Ft,5 5th floor

d-D1
120

Required Tie Forces - References


Ft,5

Ft,4 4th floor Ft,4


d-E1

3rd floor

Time, min.
d-D1
d-E1

d-D1; d-E1
c-D1; c-E1
b-D1

BS 5950: Structural use of steelwork in buildings


EN 1991-1-7 Actions Exceptional loading

a-D1
Column ties

Ft,3

Ft,3

88

2nd floor
D2

D1
Tie anchoring
re-entrant corner

Everage
c-D1

c-E1
A

Beam model

Tie anchoring
free column A

Forces at 3rd, 4th and 5th floor calculated from strainganges at level c,d
89

Edge ties

Beams not used as ties


90

Required Tie Forces

Scope of the Lecture

Column ties

Tie anchoring
re-entrant corner

A
Tie anchoring
free column A
Edge ties

Ft = min [0,5 ( 1,4 gk + 1,6 qk ) st L; 75]

Beams not used as ties

Structural fire design


Temperature of connections
Connectors at elevated temperature
Component method
Structural integrity
Summary

gk the characteristic value of permanent action,


qk the characteristic value of variable action,
L the beam span
st

the mean transverse spacing of the ties adjacent to that being checked

91

92

Summary

List of Lessons at Seminar

Well designed connections at ambient temperature


do not need to be recalculated at elevated temperature,
if are not directly exposed to fire
The structural fire design according to EN 1993-1-2
is ready for design of connections exposed to fire

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Thermal analyses
of fire compartment
or local fire
EN 1991-1-2

Transfer of heat
into structure

Mechanical behaviour
at elevated temperature

Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1

EN 199x-1-2
93

Thank you for your attention

95

94

List of Lessons at Seminar


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Seismic Design of Connections


Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8
Prof. Frantiek Wald

Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1

Scope of the Lecture

Principles
Basic conditions

Principles
Design criteria

Over-strength demand
Ductility demand (rotation capacity)
Robustness demand
(reliable detailing together with material behaviour)

Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology

Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary

Northridge and Kobe earthquake


Unexpected damages to connections

Detailing practices
Welding
3

Scope of the Lecture

Design Criteria for Seismic Resistant Frames

Principles
Design criteria

Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology

Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary

Strong Column/Weak Beam design principle


Panel zone strength
Connection strength and degradation characteristics
P- effects
Member local buckling

Requirements for Connection


Successful Performance

Design Criteria in USA

Welded Joints

Guidelines designs for frames with different


anticipated seismic demands

1997 NEHRP Provisions

AISC Seismic Provisions


Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames (OMRF)
Plastic rotation capacities of 0,01 rad

Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames (IMRF)


Plastic rotation capacities of 0,02 rad

Bolted Joints

Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF)


Plastic rotation capacities of 0,03 rad

Through-Thickness Strength
Base Material Notch-Toughness
Weld Wire Notch-Toughness
Weld backing and Run out Tabs
Reinforcing Fillet Welds
Cope Hole Size, Shape, Workmanship

Bolt Sizing, Hole Type, Tightening


Net Section Strength

Design Criteria in Europe

Scope of the Lecture

EN 1998-1-1 basic provisions concerning steel joints

Principles
Design criteria

General rules for steel connections in dissipative


structures
Requirements for MRF (Moment Resistant Frame)
beam-to-column connections

Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology

EN 1993-1-8
Rotational stiffness of a joint Sj
axial force NSd in the connected member not exceed 10%

Rotation capacity
9

Beam-to-Column Typologies

Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary

10

Connection Types

FEMA/SAC test programmes

Prescriptive Moment Frame Connection

Connection type classified for certain ranges of


Member size
Plastic rotation angle

Connection types

Welded Unreinforced Flange (WURF)


Welded Cover Plated Flange (WCPF)
Welded Flange Plates (WFP)
Welded Vertical Ribbed Flange (WVRF)
Welded Column Tree with Bolted Beam (WCT/BB)
Welded Single Haunch (WSH)
Welded Double Haunch (WDH)

11

12

Welded Flange Plate Connection

Welded Column Tree with Bolted Beam

13

Field Bolted Types of Connections

Field Bolted Types of Connections

Guidelines as pre-qualified for certain conditions


of use

14

Bolted end plate (BEP)

Bolted end plate (BEP)


Welded flange plates with bolted beam (WFPBB)
Bolted single haunch (BSH)
Bolted double haunch (BDH)

15

Field Bolted Types of Connections

16

Field Bolted Types of Connections

Welded flange plates with bolted beam (WFPBB)

17

Bolted double haunch (BDH)

18

Beam-to-Column Typologies

Beam-to-Column Typologies

Specific joints in Japan

Specific joints in Europe


Extended end plate joint

Stiffener

Stiffener

.
.
.
10M20 - 10.9
A-A

19

Beam-to-Column Typologies

Beam-to-Column Typologies

Specific joints in Europe


Welded joint

20

Specific joints in Europe


B

Welded flange plate joint

.
.

3M20 - 6.6
C-C

B-B

21

General Rules
for Steel Connections in Dissipative Structures

Scope of the Lecture


Principles
Design criteria

Localisation of plastic strains, high residual stresses,


and fabrication defects
By experimental evidence

Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology

Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary

22

Non dissipative connections of dissipative members


Full penetration butt welds
Deemed to satisfy the overstrength criterion

For fillet weld or bolted non dissipative connections

Rd 1,35 R fy
23

24

General Rules
for Steel Connections in Dissipative Structures
Bolted joints

Requirements for Moment Resistant Frame


beam-to-column connections
Structure dissipate energy in the beams

In shear categories B and C (slip resistant) only


Un tension category E With controlled tightening of the bolts
Shear joints with fitted bolts are also allowed.

Bolted shear connection


The shear resistance of the bolts should be higher than 1,2 times
the bearing resistance

The strength and ductility of members and their connections


under cyclic loading
Should be supported by experimental evidence
For all types of connections in dissipative zones
Available plastic rotation
= /( 0 ,5 L )
p

25

Requirements for Moment Resistant Frame


Beam-to-Column Connections

Connections between the beams and the columns should be


designed for the required degree of overstrength
Moment resistance Mpl.Rd and the shear force (VG, Ed + VM,Ed)
evaluated in 6.6.2 of standard EN 1998-1

Dissipative semi-rigid and/or partial strength connections


are permitted provided all of the following conditions
Connections have a rotation capacity consistent with global
deformations
Members framing into the connections are demonstrated to be
stable at the ultimate limit state (ULS)
Effect of connections deformation on global drift is taken into
account
26

Design and Fabrication Recommendations

Connection design
Plastic rotation capacity Cd in the plastic hinge
Not less than 35 mrad for structures of ductility class H
and 25 mrad for structures of ductility class M with q>2.
Under cyclic loading without degradation of strength and stiffness
greater than 20%
Supported by experimental evidence

Material properties
Yield-to-Ultimate Stress Ratio (YUSR)
YUSR (fy/fu) = 0,65 or 0,80

For a plastic rotation capacity up to 0,030 rad.

YUSR = 0,95
Reduced plastic hinge length at a plastic rotation capacity of 0,030 rad

The plastified length of the beam with YUSR = 0,95

Partial strength connections


Column capacity design from the plastic capacity of connections

Half the corresponding length in YUSR = 0,80

27

Scope of the Lecture

28

Design and Fabrication Recommendations


Access Hole Size and Geometry

Principles
Design criteria
Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology

Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary

29

30

Design and Fabrication Recommendations

Scope of the Lecture

Access Hole Size and Geometry


Increasing the size of the web cope

Principles
Design criteria

Easier welding on the beam bottom flange


Better weld quality

Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology

25
25

10
10

20

38

25

20
25

50

Standard
Modified
Configurations of weld access hole
31

Strain-Rate Loading

Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary

Strain-Rate of Carbon Steel

The strain-rate loading has an important influence on the


behaviour of joints
A strain rate typical for steel members yielding under
seismic action in the range of 0,03-0,06 s-1

32

Stress

Increases the yield strength


Lower ultimate strength of welded connections
Ductility is reduced by up to 27%
Decrease of ductility due to high strain rates is not straightforward
for cyclic loading

Conventional speed
E

Very high speed

Strain

33

Strain-Rate of Carbon Steel

34

Strain-Rate of Austenitic Steel

DIF , fy = f y ,dyn / f y
DIF , fu = f u .dyn / f u

800

Stress, MPa

502 s

-1

10 -2s -1

10 -4s -1

600

Time to yield stress

DIF.fy

>1s
100 ms
10 ms
1 ms

1,0
1,1
1,6
1,9

DIF .fu

140 s -1

400
50 s -1
200

1,00
1,05
1,05
1,05

Strain, %

0
15

35

30

45

60

EN 10088-2 1.4307 (304L)


increase of f02 o cca 7% - 28%

75

36

M - Modelling

Scope of the Lecture


Principles
Design criteria

Stable behaviour
Unstable curve
Slip in connection

Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology

Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary

37

M - Modelling

38

Parametres
Rotational capacity

Stable behaviour
Unstable curve
Slip in connection

.i =

Energy
Rotational capacity and
energy

39

e =

Ei
M j .el (i el )

E .i =

Ei i
el M j .el (ix el )

S .i =

Stiffness

S j .i
S j .ini

M .i =

Resistance

Models

Exponential Curve
Initial stiffness
Moment resistance
Unloading

Curve fitting
Initial stiffness
Moment resistance
Unloading

j .i
j .el

Ma

M j .i
M j .ini

40

Sj.ini

M0

Sj,ini
M0
Sj,s

Sj.s
Sj.ini

Sj.s
- M0

Component

M j = S j .i i = M i 1

Component cycling description


Assembling

(S j .ini S j .s )(a ) S ( )
j .s a
1/ n
(S j .ini S j .s )( a )n
1 +

41

2 M0

42

Scope of the Lecture

Column Web Panel


T joints or double T joints with unsymmetrical loads strong
influence on the behaviour of the joint
The resistance of the joint is reduced by between 20 - 40%
and the ductility is increased by 150 - 200%, due to the web
panel.
Adding supplementary web plates on the column web panel
can increase the resistance of the joint.

Principles
Design criteria
Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology

Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary

43

Column Web Panel

44

High Strength Bolts in Seismic Joints


High strength bolts (in US HSFG, High Strength Friction
Grip bolts) can be used as ordinary bolts in seismic joints
It is recommended that they are tightened at a level of 50%
of their preloading force.
In this case the surfaces of the plates do not have to be
prepared for working as a slip-resistant connection

beff
Ls
beff

For static loads

For seismic loads

45

Scope of the Lecture

List of Lessons at Seminar


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Principles
Design criteria
Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations
Welding technology

Strain-rate loading
M - modelling
Column web panel
Summary

46

47

Introduction
Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Basics of structural joints
Design of simple connections
Column bases
Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
48

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