Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GROUP MEMBERS:
CHANG HUI YI
FOO
YONG
13UEB03218
SHENG
13UEB04620
13UEB06752
13UEB05369
LECTURER:
SITE:
ASSESSMENT:
INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS AND PHOTO
CONCLUSION
REPORT STRUCTURE
TOTAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1.0
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................3
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Structural Elements...................................................................................................................6
1.5
Types of Structure.....................................................................................................................6
2.0
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
Structural materials..........................................................................................................12
2.2
Vertical Elements....................................................................................................................13
2.2.1
Column............................................................................................................................13
2.2.1.1
Tributary Loads........................................................................................................17
2.2.1.2
Load Accumulation..................................................................................................18
2.2.1.3
Vertical Continuity...................................................................................................19
2.2.1.4
2.2.1.5
2.2.2
Loadbearing Wall.............................................................................................................22
2.2.2.1
2.3
Bearing Walls...........................................................................................................23
Horizontal Elements................................................................................................................24
2.3.1
Floor Slab........................................................................................................................24
2.3.1.1
Types of slab.............................................................................................................25
2.3.1.2
Slab thickness...........................................................................................................25
2.3.1.3
Grade of concrete.....................................................................................................26
2.3.2
Beam................................................................................................................................26
2.3.2.1
1.1.1.1
Hollow beam............................................................................................................28
3.0
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................30
4.0
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................31
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1
Our group had selected an apartment that consists of 5 stories which is located at SS4, Jalan SS4/4C
Kelana Jaya as a case study for this assignment. In this report, we are going to study and explain the
building structural system that found in the selected building.
CONDOMINIUM
SEMI-D
Figure 1.1.1
First and foremost, for introducing the site, a row of Semi-D housing under progress is on our left
hand side, and the 5 stories of apartment on our right as shown in the Figure above. The floor where
we were standing on is the basement car park. Semi-D housing and the 5 stories apartment is located
at the same site and there are under a same developer. However, we are focus on the analysis of the
apartment in this assignment.
Error:
Reference
Reference
Figure 1.1.2
Construction site
Figure 1.1.2 shows that between the site and the electric transmission line, there is a drainage that
exists before the construction site. From the photo, Kelana Jaya LRT station is at the most right hand
side. Thus, the location of the housing area will bring convenience to the dwellers as public
transportation is easy to be obtained. We had visited the site and collected information from Ms
Joanne and Mr Ng from the site.
Figure 1.1.3
Apartment view
In Figure 1.1.3, it shows that the end product of the apartment which is designed by the architect.
Figure 1.1.4
Figure 1.1.4 shows that the drawing of the view of apartment with the facilities after completion.
1.2
In a building construction, structure is a body or assemblage of bodies in space to form a system that
able to support the loads safely to the ground without exceeding the stress allowed in the members. It
is a system or sub-system which is means holding the components of a certain system and transfers
the load through the members of a structure to provide stability and durability of a building.
1.3
II.
III.
1.4
Structural Elements
The common elements from structure are beams, columns and tie rods.
Beam is the horizontal member of a structure, which is able to carry transverse loads that can resist
bending due to applied loads. A beam is in rectangular shape in cross-section. It carries the floor slab
or the roof slab and transfers all the loads including the weight of itself to the columns or wall.
Column is members that is generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads. Column transmits the
load from ceiling or roof slab and beam, including the weight of itself to the foundation.
Tie rods is a structural member that subjected to a tensile force. It is used to brace steel columns or
heavy timber beams or also to support canopies and awnings.
1.5
Types of Structure
Structural system is the combination of structural elements and the materials from which they are
composed. Each of the system is constructed one or more of four basic type of structure. The types of
structure can be categories as 4 of the following:
I.
Trusses
A truss is a structure that is composed of slender members joined together at their end
points to form a stable configuration. They are usually joined by welds or gusset plates. Its
member will either elongate or shorten when there are loads applied to the truss only at the
joints. Therefore, the member of an ideal truss is always either in uniform tension or in
uniform compression. Trusses are the most commonly used types of structures. This is due
to the light weight of their high strength. This kind of structure able to apply for variety
used, the range can be from supporting roofs of a building to serving as support structures
II.
in a space station.
Cables and Arches
Cable and arch are another two forms of structure which is used to stretch long distance.
Cables are usually flexible and carry the loads in tension. However, the disadvantage of
cables in building bridges is when the cables has span greater than 46meter. The cable will
become unstable and suddenly collapse. The arch archives it strength in compression,
since it has a revers curvature to that of the cables. In order to maintain its shapes, its
6
shapes will result in secondary loading involving shear and moment, which must be
III.
IV.
level and micro-level. Macro-level analysis is concerning on the performance of the structure, by
incorporating all components as a whole. The interactions and connections between components and
components, elements and elements are the focus for this level of research. Under this session, type of
the structural system, structural pattern, structural material as well as spanning system will be
discussed. The next stage is micro-level analysis, which emphasizing on performance of every single
structural element and the variables that making them to have different performances. In this level of
analysis, structural members will be categorized into two general types vertical elements and
horizontal elements, and eventually be analysed independently.
2.1.1
invented and it leads to variation of structure types. Conventionally, structures can be divided into 6
categories: mass structure, vaulted structure, frame structure, truss structure, shell structure and
suspension structure (Gmez, 2011). Undoubtedly, there are a lot of differences for all these
categories and there are many minor divisions under each category, but for the purpose of presenting a
concentrated study, further analysis will only focus on the category that this building fall under.
Based on observation from the structural drawings and on site visitation, the structure of the
entire building is understood as frame structure. As its name implies, frame structures are the
structures having the combination of beam, column and slab to resist both lateral and gravity loads.
These structures are commonly used to cope with the large moments developing due to the applied
loading. It is evidently characterized by its dominance of linear horizontal (beam) and vertical
(column) load supporting elements as shown in Error: Reference source not found.
It is a rigid structure frame as most of the structural elements are arranged in linear grid pattern
with no diagonal bracing element. Furthermore, it is a fixed ended structure frame as the entire
structure is fixed on the ground with piles as foundation.
For most of the structural elements, they were constructed by using in-situ concrete with timber
formwork. This is one of the common approaches of construction that being implemented in most of
the project in Malaysia.
Figure 2.1.5
Frame Structure
There are some reasons for this making such decisions on the structure type:
1. Frame structure is chosen due to its ease in construction. It is requiring unskilled labour and
low tech machines for construction and ultimately it brings faster yet cost saving construction
process (WebTechTix, n.d.). (WebTechTix)
2. Rigid frame allows the internal space to be used effectively; it is suit for construction that high
rising and having multiple storeys. The building is divided into several floor levels for
occupancy, rigid frame will minimize the space occupied by structure compare with braced
structure.
3. Fixed ended frame is chosen as the entire building does not require being flexible due to its
function. Unlike factories or stores that need certain extent of flexibility of structure, for
residential building it is better to enhance the stability of structure by fixing it to the ground.
4. In-situ concrete frame allows almost unlimited possibilities to the form of the building as well
as reduce the cost of transportation compare with precast concrete framing.
Figure 2.1.6
2.1.2
arrangement of the structural members in general is depends on the spatial quality that the architect
wish to create. Vertical supporting planes, bearing walls, series of columns, columns and beam
10
frames are some of the common patterns we could found in constructions. Another factors of
consideration in structural patterns is the spanning system, basically it is either one way or two ways
spanning system (Ching, Onouye, & Zuberbuhler, 2009, p. 41).
In terms of structural pattern, this construction is having series of columns as supports and most
of the spanning system is one-way spanning system. For supporting system, there is no load bearing
wall being used in the entire design other than lift wall. One of the main reasons of making such
decision is related to the selection of foundation system pile foundation is more effective in carrying
concentrated load from column compare with distributed load from load bearing wall.
On the other hand, one way system is chosen as the spanning system for most of the parts in the
structure. As its name implies, load is collected to pairs or more parallel horizontal elements before
transferred to column. This type of spanning system is typically suitable for building that is in
rectangular, linear layout with the ratio of the long to the short dimension of 1.5:1 (Ching, 2008, p.
19). As the site boundary restricts the design to be linear and rectangular form, one way system is
chosen to generate linear pattern of space.
Error: Reference source not found is showing spanning pattern of part of the ground floor
structure which is typically understood as one-way spanning. The space under the ground floor
structure, which most likely is car park driveway, is linear in shape.
Figure 2.1.7
11
Figure 2.1.8
2.1.3
Structural Pattern
Structural materials
In terms of structural design, selection of materials play significant role in ensuring the
durability and stability of the building. For structural members, steel, reinforced concrete and timber
are the three most common materials that being used in most of the occasions for a frame structure.
The selected building is applied reinforced concrete as its main structural materials.
Reinforced concrete is a composite material that contains concrete and rebar that responsible to
cope with compressive stress and tensile stress respectively. Since both concrete and steel bar are
controllable variable, unlimited types of reinforced concrete beam, column and slab can be designed.
Engineers could manipulate the grade of the concrete, the amount of cement, the thickness of the steel
bars, number of steel bars, etc. and all these combinations form infinite possibilities. This is probably
the reason of choosing reinforced concrete as structural material in this project, as well as many other
projects.
Other than this, reinforced concrete has plenty of advantages over other materials
(CivilToday.com, 2014):
2.2
2.2.1
Vertical Elements
Column
Column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits the
weight of the structure above to other structural elements below through compression. For the
purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces. Other
compression members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress conditions. Columns
are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In
architecture, "column" refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and
decorative features. A column might also be a decorative element not needed for structural purposes;
many columns are to say form part of a wall.
Figure 2.2.9
Based on our observation, the column is reduced by its length and width when moving towards
another level of the floor. At the same time, the number and size of the rebar also reduced when
moving to higher floor. This is meant to reduce the load and the cost of materials.
13
The size and dimension of the columns is designed based on the calculation of the loading to
overcome the applied load and also based on the design of the building as well. All the columns and
the wall are using concrete G25 concrete. The load-bearing capacity of each column is 1800 kN to
2300 kN.
From our observation at the site, the shape columns designed in this construction site is rectangular
shape but not square in shape. The reason is because of the thickness of the column is same as the
wall. Thus, the columns will be hidden in the wall after plastering for aesthetic. This is the columns
are purpose for support the structure and transmitted the load to the foundation.
Figure 2.2.11
14
Figure 2.2.10
Due to variation of loads, the columns are specifically designed in order to achieve highest efficiency
of performance. For instance, C9 is only required to support little amount of load of the balcony
(>350kN), thus only 8T12 steel bars is needed for the 250mm column; contrary, C3 is a continuous
column extended from stump until upper roof, more loads are stressing on it, thus 10T20
steel bars with double link bars is selected for that column. In addition, the dimension of
the column also amended to avoid buckling or crushing.
RF - URF
GF -
1F - RF
GF - 1F
LGF - GF
Other than position of the column within same level will affect the loadbearing
requirement, which level it is located will determine its capacity requirement as well. In
multi-storey building, gravity force accumulates and increases as they are directed
downward along columns or bearing wall. Therefore, design of the columns is different
15
STUMP
between upper most and lowest part as they deal with different amount of load. Taking column C3 as
example (details are on left), the column connected roof floor and upper roof is only erected by 6T12
steel bars with dimension of 200mm x 300mm; on the other hand, stump, which is connecting lower
ground floor and pile cap, requires 14T20 steel bars with 3 sets of link bar as well as amendment of
column size to 230mm x 600mm.
Figure 2.2.12
The photograph on left shows extensions of steel bars at the end of the column. It is named as lapping
and serves function of connecting steel bars of columns at next level. The lapping with length of 40
is where two bars are tied together provides stronger connection.
Concrete that being used for majority of columns in this studied construction is G25. According to
contractor Mr Ng, G20 is the common grade of concrete in low rise building, but for high rise
building, at least G40 is required in order to ensure the load can be safely transmitted. In this case,
G25 is enough for the studied site which only has maximum floor levels of 5.
There is one feature column had been designed at the loading driveway of club house it is named as
Y column. Y column is characterized by its shape that is looks like an alphabet Y. However, it is only
designed for aesthetics purpose instead of serving structural function.
16
17
Inter
ior
colu
mn
Peri
mete
Columns redirect the gravity loads collected from beams and girders as vertical concentrated loads. In
multistory buildings these gravity loads accumulate and increase as they are directed downward along
bearing walls and columns through successive floors from the roof through to the foundation.
Roof load
Roof load plus the gravity load from the 5th floor
Roof and 5th floor loads plus the gravity load from the 4th
floor
Roof, 5th floor, and 4th floor loads plus the gravity load from
the 3rd floor
Roof, 5th floor, 4th floor, and 3rd floor loads plus the gravity
load from the 2nd floor
Figure 2.2.13
18
gravity load from the Roof and all the floors above.
Figure 2.2.14
19
In general, the most efficient column cross sections for axial loads are those having an equal
radius of gyration about the x- and y-axes. Both axes are equivalent and thus result in the
same slenderness ratio for the column.
A circular cross section possesses an unlimited number of buckling axes, all being equal.
None is weaker or stronger than the others.
A square cross section has the same radius of gyration and slenderness ratio about the x- and
y-axes and so buckling could result about either axis.
A rectangular cross section has two different radii of gyration. The smaller radius of gyration
about its weaker axis produces a larger slenderness ratio, thereby resulting in a smaller axial
load capacity. This type of column is widely used in this building.
Whenever possible, vary required steel reinforcement rather than column size; when necessary, vary
only one dimension of a column at a time. With the aid of a variety of steel connectors, reinforced
concrete columns can also support a grid of timber or steel beams.
20
Figure 2.2.15
moment-resistant joints
buckling.
possible.
permanently exposed to
earth
bearing
supporting
capacity
soil
exceeded.
of
the
is
not
2.2.2
Loadbearing Wall
loadbearing
wall
is
lifts/elevators as it is necessary
machine.
In Figure 2.2.2.1 shows the
walls are built to creating a flat site. The foundation type of this construction is pile foundation.
Figures below showing the retaining walls to resist and support ground load.
Figure 2.2.19
Figure 2.2.18
Uniform load
Concrete
or masonry
bearing wall
Header to
span opening
Concrete footing
2.3
2.3.1
Horizontal Elements
Floor Slab
Floor systems are the horizontal planes that must support both live loadspeople, furnishings,
and movable equipmentand dead loadsthe weight of the floor construction itself. Floor slabs
are the plate structures that form a platform between the beams where allows occupancy and
activities. The horizontal spans may be traversed by nearly homogeneous slabs of reinforced
concrete or by hierarchical layers of steel or wood girders, beams, and joists supporting a plane
of structural sheathing or decking. For our studied building, it is using concrete slab, a plate
structure that reinforced to span either one or both directions of a structural bay. It was used
because of its non-combustibility feature and it can be used in all types of construction.
Figure 2.3.20
Roof Plan
Figure 2.3.21
Floor Plan
2.3.2
Beam
All floor and roof structures consist of linear and planar elements, such as joists, beams and
slabs, designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements. Beams
is defined as horizontal linear spans of a building that playing role in distributing load across the
space above to supporting elements. It is crucial to design a beam to be strong in tension as it has
to cope with deflection that might happen from effect of loading.
space.
The horizontal structure of the visited building mainly is designed in line with rule of thumbs of
concrete construction, namely: beam span (column spacing) is range between 6.706 m and 8.23
m (column spacing designed for space configuration is not counted), which is in line with
standard of 6m to 9m.
lift10 meters
The span of the longest beam of entire structures Entrance
is longer of
than
GB295GB186GB173
However, there is one exception at the podium level two beams is spanning longer than 10 m.
The reason of designing them span longer than usual length instead of providing an addition
Figure 2.3.1.5.1Long spanned beams
column as support is due to placement of new column will either block the entrance of lift or the
driveway. Therefore, make it long spanned by thicker and stronger rebar as well as larger beam
dimension (850mm x 900mm) is the best solution in this case.
2.3.2.2 Hollow beam
There is one special feature of
horizontal
beam is characterized by
Hollow
structure
implementing
hollow
wall
is
The
faade
Suspended
because
wall
of
is
structure, load act on the cantilever hollow beams will be reduced therefore structure at the
bottom part does not required increment of size. Hollow beam is constructed by putting two thin
beams in close distance.
3.0 CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, the significant main components of each structural system of the building and
correlate with architectural design were being identified and explained in this assignment. The
character of a multi-stories building structure is to transmit the applied loads to the foundations.
The structural frame transfers the load from their point of application to the foundations. In our
point of view, it should combine the structural efficiency with least effect on the economy and
the purpose of the other elements of the building. Hence, when selecting the structural grid, it
explains the column positions and it is very essential to the decision for design. From this
assignment, we learnt that structural analysis is very crucial and important as it will affect the
stability and durability of a whole building.
The structural grid is being defined mainly by the positions of column and the spanning of major
beams between them. The formation of this kind of structural grid is very critical in making
design evaluation and the following points should be considered:
The safe performance of a structure must be assessing cautiously as if there is collapse or failure
on a structure, it entire building will be unserviceable. This means that the particular building is
unsafe due to unexpected design scenario, or we can judge it as an unwise design.
Structural engineering is the science and art of planning, designing, and constructing safe and
economical structures which that will serve their intended functions and purposes. After this
assignment, as architecture students, we will be more considerate of the structural system that
needed in our architectural design in the future so that we are able to build a building not only
based on the aesthetic but also be mindful of the structural system.
4.0 REFERENCES
Anchor Bolt and Construction Fastener Manufacturer. (n.d.). Retrieved August 10, 2015, from
Tie Rods: http://www.portlandbolt.com/products/rods/tie-rods/
Ching, F. D. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. Haboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ching, F. D., Onouye, B., & Zuberbuhler, D. (2009). Building Structures Illustrated: Patterns,
Systems, and Designs. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CivilToday.com. (2014, November 3). Advantages and Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete.
Retrieved from CivilToday.com: http://civiltoday.com/civil-engineeringmaterials/concrete/23-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-reinforcedconcrete#sthash.t79mUrsT.dpuf
Consulting & Engineering. (n.d.). Retrieved August 10, 2015, from Live Loads vs. Dead Loads:
Determining Building Design Loads for Structural Claims:
http://www.pieglobal.com/live-loads-vs-dead-loads-determining-building-design-loadsfor-structural-claims/
Gmez, J. (2011, March 25). Types of structures. Retrieved from SlideShare.net:
http://www.slideshare.net/jgc.tecnologia/types-of-structures
Mbrsalman. (2011, June 2). SlideShare. Retrieved August 8, 2015, from Civil Engineering
(Beams,Columns): http://www.slideshare.net/mbrsalman/civil-engineeringbeamscolumns
TATA STEEL. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2015, from Factors affecting choice of structural
system: http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teachingresources/architectural-teaching-resource/design/choice-of-structural-systems/factorsaffecting-choice-of-structural-system
WebTechTix. (n.d.). Frame Structures - Definition & Types of Frame Structures. Retrieved from
Civil Engg. Dictionary: http://www.aboutcivil.org/frame-structures-definition-types.html