2 MARKS

1) Need for sustainable development

Many countries struggle with the consequences of unsustainable growth programs, affecting the
climate, people and natural resources. Local authorities and their inhabitants are faced with droughts,
floods, air pollution, land degradation, deforestation and rising sea levels. By developing sustainable
growth policies, local governments in partnership with the community, can improve the quality of life
of citizens and contribute to protecting the global environment.

2) Three dimensions of Sustainability

Environmental Protection

We should conserve and enhance our resource base, by gradually changing the ways in which
we develop and use technologies.

Social Development

Developing nations must be allowed to meet their basic needs of employment,

food, energy, water and sanitation. If this is to be done in a sustainable manner, then there is
a definite need for a sustainable level of population.

Economic Development

Economic growth should be revived and developing nations should be allowed a growth of
equal quality to the developed nations.

3) Ecological Footprint
An ecological footprint is a measure of human impact on Earth's ecosystems. It's typically measured in
area of wilderness or amount of natural capital consumed each year. A common way of estimating
footprint is, the area of wilderness of both land and sea needed to supply resources to a
human population; This includes the area of wilderness needed to assimilate human waste.

At a global scale, it is used to estimate how rapidly we are depleting natural capital. The Global
Footprint Network calculates the global ecological footprint from UN and other data. They estimate
that as of 2007 our planet has been using natural capital 1.5 times as fast as nature can renew it.

4) Ways to reduce embodied energy

Buildings should be designed and materials selected to balance embodied energy with factors such as
climate, availability of materials and transport costs.
Lightweight building materials often have lower embodied energy than heavyweight materials, but in
some situations, lightweight construction may result in higher energy use. For example, where heating
or cooling requirements are high, this may raise the overall energy use of the building.
Conversely, for buildings with high heating or cooling requirements but where there is a large diurnal
(day/night) temperature range, heavyweight construction (typically with high embodied energy) and
the inclusion of high levels of insulation can offset the energy use required for the building.
When selecting building materials, the embodied energy should be considered with respect to:

the durability of building materials

how easily materials can be separated

use of locally sourced materials

use of recycled materials

specifying standard sizes of materials

avoiding waste

selecting materials that are manufactured using renewable energy sources.

5) Life cycle Analysis

Life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave
analysis) is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's
life from cradle to grave (i.e., from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture,
distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling). Designers use this process to
help critique their products. LCAs can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental concerns by:

Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and

environmental releases;

Evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified inputs and releases;

Interpreting the results to help make a more informed decision.

6) 4 Sustainable building materials

Recycled materials and bricks made from building rubble

Earth bag construction
Adobe bricks
Stabilized earth blocks
Compressed sand bricks
Hydraform bricks
Fly-ash bricks

7) Need for green buildings

Green building, or sustainable design, is the practice of increasing the efficiency with which
buildings and their sites use energy, water, and materials, and reducing building impacts on
human health and the environment over the entire life cycle of the building. Green building
concepts extend beyond the walls of buildings and can include site planning, community and land
use planning issues as well.
The growth and development of our communities has a large impact on our natural environment.
The manufacturing, design, construction, and operation of the buildings in which we live and work
are responsible for the consumption of many of our natural resources.

8) Two reasons why we should use eco-friendly construction materials

Enhance and protect biodiversity and ecosystems

Improve air and water quality

Reduce waste streams

Conserve and restore natural resources

9) How does sustainable development make economic sense for the society?

Enhance and protect biodiversity and ecosystems

Improve air and water quality

Reduce waste streams

Conserve and restore natural resources

10) Urban Ecology

Urban Ecology is the study of ecosystems that include humans living in cities and urbanizing
landscapes.

The application of the principles of ecology to a study of urban environments.

The term urban ecology has been used variously to describe the study of humans in cities, of
nature in cities, and of the coupled relationships between humans and nature.

Urban ecology is the study of the co-evolution of human-ecological systems

It is an emerging, interdisciplinary field that aims to understand how human and ecological
processes can coexist in human-dominated systems and help societies with their efforts to
become more sustainable.

"Ecology of cities" and "ecology in cities"

11) Two rating systems followed in India

Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)

Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

12) Two effects of Urban Heat Island

Elevated temperatures from urban heat islands, particularly during the summer, can affect
a communitys environment and quality of life. While some impacts may be beneficial,
such as lengthening the plant-growing season, the majority of them are negative. These
impacts include:

Increased energy consumption

Elevated emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases

Compromised human health and comfort

Impaired water quality

13) Biomimicry
Biomimetic architecture is a contemporary philosophy of architecture that seeks
solutions for sustainability in nature, not by replicating the natural forms, but by
understanding the rules governing those forms. It is a multi-disciplinary approach to
sustainable design that follows a set of principles rather than stylistic codes. It is part
of a larger movement known as biomimicry, which is the examination of nature, its
models, systems, and processes for the purpose of gaining inspiration in order to solve
man-made problems.
14) Differences between Renewable and Non-Renewable resources

Renewable Resources
Renewable resources are those resources which can be renewed or replaced over time.
Great examples of infinite, renewable resources are: wind, sunlight, tides, biomass, etc.
Some of the renewable resources are supposed to have continuous supplies, such as wind
energy and solar energy, while some others take a greater time in their renewal like wood,
oxygen, etc.

Non-renewable Resources
Non-renewable resources are those natural resources which cannot be renewed once they
are completely consumed. The resources which are replenished very slowly are also
considered non-renewable resources. This is because these resources will not be available
again or available only after a long time. The best examples of non-renewable resources
are fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gases.

15) Ecological Footprint

Refer Question no. 3

16) Sustainable Architecture

Sustainable architecture is architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental

impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and
development space and the ecosystem at large. Sustainable architecture uses a conscious
approach to energy and ecological conservation in the design of the built environment.

The idea of sustainability, or ecological design, is to ensure that our actions and decisions
today do not inhibit the opportunities of future generations.

17) Objectives of Brundtland Report

Refer Question no. 2

18) Urban Ecosystem

Urban ecosystems are the cities, towns, and urban strips constructed by humans. This is the
growth in the urban population and the supporting built infrastructure has affected both urban
environments and also on areas which surround urban areas. These include semi or 'periurban' environments that fringe cities as well as agricultural and natural landscapes.

19) Carrying Capacity of an Ecosystem

The carrying capacity of a biological species in an environment is the maximum population
size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food,
habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment. For the human
population, more complex variables such as sanitation and medical care are sometimes
considered as part of the necessary establishment. The carrying capacity could support a
positive natural increase, or could require a negative natural increase. Thus, the carrying
capacity is the number of individuals an environment can support without significant
negative impacts to the given organism and its environment.

20) Any two Eco-Friendly Building materials

Straw bales

Recycled plastic

Hempcrete

Bamboo

Grasscrete

Wood

Mycellium

Ferrock