r

=
2
0

(O

ij

Eij )

Eij

i =1 j =1

6. The critical value is 0.05 , 3

= 7.815
2
7. The calculated test statistic is .0 = 26.97 .
2

8.

02 >>> 02.05,3 , reject H0 and conclude that the opinions on the change are not independent of class

standing. P-value 0

9-99

a)
1. The variable of interest is successes.
2. H0: successes are independent of size of stone.
3. H1: successes are not independent of size of stone.
4. = 0.05
5. The test statistic is:
r

=
2
0

i =1 j =1

(O

ij

Eij )

Eij

6. The critical value is .05 ,1 = 3.84

2

7. The calculated test statistic

8.

>
2
0

2
0.05,1 ,

2
0

= 13.766 with details below.

reject H0 and conclude that there is enough evidence to claim that number of

successes and the stone size are not independent.

1
2
All
55
25
80
66.06 13.94
80.00
2
234
36
270
222.94 47.06 270.00
All
289
61
350
289.00 61.00 350.00
Cell Contents:
Count
Expected count
Pearson Chi-Square = 13.766, DF = 1, P-Value = 0.000
1

b) P-value < 0.005

Supplemental Exercises
9-100

=0.01

85 86
= (2.33 0.31) = (2.02) = 0.9783
16 / 25

85 86
= (2.33 0.63) = (1.70) = 0.9554
n=100 =
z 0.01 +
16 / 100

85 86
= (2.33 1.25) = (1.08) = 0.8599
n=400 =
z 0.01 +
16 / 400

85 86
= (2.33 3.13) = (0.80) = 0.2119
n=2500 =
z 0.01 +
16 / 2500

a.) n=25

= z 0.01 +

9-48

z0 =

b) n=25

n=100

z0 =

n=400

z0 =

n=2500

86 85

= 0.31

16 / 25
86 85
16 / 100
86 85

P-value:

1 (0.31) = 1 0.6217 = 0.3783

= 0.63 P-value: 1 (0.63) = 1 0.7357 = 0.2643

= 1.25 P-value: 1 (1.25) = 1 0.8944 = 0.1056

16 / 400
86 85
z0 =
= 3.13 P-value: 1 (3.13) = 1 0.9991 = 0.0009
16 / 2500

The data would be statistically significant when n=2500 at =0.01

9-101

a.

Sample Size, n
50

p(1 p)
n
Sampling Distribution
Normal

b.

80

Normal

c.

100

Normal

Sample Mean = p Sample Variance =

Sample Mean
p

Sample Variance
p(1 p)
50
p(1 p)
80
p(1 p)
100

d) As the sample size increases, the variance of the sampling distribution decreases.

9-102

a.

n
50

b.

100

c.

500

1000
d.

Test statistic

z0 =

0.095 0.10

= 0.12
0.10(1 0.10) / 50
0.095 0.10
z0 =
= 0.15
0.10(1 0.10) / 100
0.095 0.10
z0 =
= 0.37
0.10(1 0.10) / 500
0.095 0.10
z0 =
= 0.53
0.10(1 0.10) / 1000

e. The P-value decreases as the sample size increases.

9-103.

= 12, = 205 200 = 5,

a) n = 20:

= 0.025, z0.025 = 1.96,

2

5 20

= (0.163) = 0.564
= 1.96

12

9-49

P-value
0.4522

conclusion
Do not reject H0

0.4404

Do not reject H0

0.3557

Do not reject H0

0.2981

Do not reject H0

5 50

= (0.986) = 1 (0.986) = 1 0.839 = 0.161

= 1.96

12

b) n = 50:

c) n = 100:

5 100

= (2.207) = 1 (2.207) = 1 0.9884 = 0.0116

= 1.96

12

d) , which is the probability of a Type II error, decreases as the sample size increases because the variance
of the sample mean decreases. Consequently, the probability of observing a sample mean in the
acceptance region centered about the incorrect value of 200 ml/h decreases with larger n.

9-104

= 14, = 205 200 = 5,

= 0.025, z0.025 = 1.96,

2

a) n = 20:

5 20
= (0.362) = 0.6406
= 1.96
14

b) n = 50:

5 50
= (0.565) = 1 (0.565) = 1 0.7123 = 0.2877
= 1.96
14

c) n = 100:

5 100
= (1.611) = 1 (1.611) = 1 0.9463 = 0.0537
= 1.96
14

d) The probability of a Type II error increases with an increase in the standard deviation.

9-105

= 8, = 204 200 = 4,

= 0.025, z0.025 = 1.96.

2

4 20
= ( 0.28) = 1 (0.28) = 1 0.61026 = 0.38974
a) n = 20: = 196
.
8

Therefore, power = 1 = 0.61026

4 50
= ( 2.58) = 1 (2.58) = 1 0.99506 = 0.00494
.
b) n = 50: = 196
8

Therefore, power = 1 = 0.995

4 100
= ( 3.04) = 1 (3.04) = 1 0.99882 = 0.00118
c) n = 100: = 196
.
8

Therefore, power = 1 = 0.9988

d) As sample size increases, and all other values are held constant, the power increases because the
variance of the sample mean decreases. Consequently, the probability of a Type II error decreases,
which implies the power increases.
9-106

a) =0.05
n=100

0.5 0.6
= (1.65 2.0) = (0.35) = 0.3632

0.5(0.5) / 100

Power = 1 = 1 0.3632 = 0.6368

n=150

= z 0.05 +

= z 0.05 +

= (1.65 2.45) = (0.8) = 0.2119

0.5(0.5) / 100

0.5 0.6

9-50

Power = 1 = 1 0.2119 = 0.7881

0.5 0.6
= (1.65 3.46) = (1.81) = 0.03515

0.5(0.5) / 300

Power = 1 = 1 0.03515 = 0.96485

n=300

= z 0.05 +

b) =0.01

0.5 0.6
= (2.33 2.0) = (0.33) = 0.6293

0.5(0.5) / 100

Power = 1 = 1 0.6293 = 0.3707

n=100

= z 0.01 +

0.5 0.6
= (2.33 2.45) = (0.12) = 0.4522

0
.
5
(
0
.
5
)
/
100

Power = 1 = 1 0.4522 = 0.5478

n=150

= z 0.01 +

0.5 0.6
= (2.33 3.46) = (1.13) = 0.1292

0.5(0.5) / 300

Power = 1 = 1 0.1292 = 0.8702

n=300

= z 0.01 +

Decreasing the value of decreases the power of the test for the different sample sizes.
c) =0.05
n=100

0.5 0.8
= (1.65 6.0) = (4.35) 0.0

0.5(0.5) / 100

Power = 1 = 1 0 1

= z 0.05 +

The true value of p has a large effect on the power. The further p is away from p0 the larger the power of the
test.
d)

z / 2 p0 (1 p0 ) z p(1 p)

n=

p p0

2.58 0.5(1 0.50) 1.65 0.6(1 0.6)

= (4.82) 2 = 23.2 24
=

0.6 0.5

z / 2 p0 (1 p0 ) z p(1 p)

n =

p p0

2.58 0.5(1 0.50) 1.65 0.8(1 0.8)

= (2.1) 2 = 4.41 5
=

0.8 0.5

The true value of p has a large effect on the sample size. The further p is away from p0 the smaller the
sample size that is required.

9-51

9-107

a) Rejecting a null hypothesis provides a stronger conclusion than failing to reject a null hypothesis.
Therefore, place what we are trying to demonstrate in the alternative hypothesis.
Assume that the data follow a normal distribution.
b) 1) the parameter of interest is the mean weld strength, .
2) H0 : = 150
3) H1 : > 150
4) Not given
5) The test statistic is:

t0 =

x 0
s/ n

6) Since no critical value is given, we will calculate the P-value

7) x = 153.7 , s= 11.3, n=20

t0 =
P-value =

153.7 150
11.3 / 20

= 1.46

P (t 1.46 ) = 0.05 < P value < 0.10

8) There is some modest evidence to support the claim that the weld strength exceeds 150 psi.
If we used = 0.01 or 0.05, we would not reject the null hypothesis, thus the claim would not be
supported. If we used = 0.10, we would reject the null in favor of the alternative and conclude the
weld strength exceeds 150 psi.
9-108

a)
d=

| 0 | | 73 75 |
=
=
=2

Using the OC curve for = 0.05, d = 2, and n = 10, we get 0.0 and
power of 10.0 1.
d=

| 0 | | 72 75 |
=
=
=3

Using the OC curve for = 0.05, d = 3, and n = 10, we get 0.0 and
power of 10.0 1.

b) d =

| 0 | | 73 75 |
=
=
=2

Using the OC curve, Chart VII e) for = 0.05, d = 2, and 0.1 (Power=0.9),

n* = 5 .

d=

Therefore,

n=

n* + 1 5 + 1
=
=3
2
2

| 0 | | 72 75 |
=
=
=3

Using the OC curve, Chart VII e) for = 0.05, d = 3, and 0.1 (Power=0.9),

n* = 3 .

Therefore,

n=

n* + 1 3 + 1
=
=2
2
2

9-52

c) = 2 .
d=

| 0 | | 73 75 |
=
=
=1
2

Using the OC curve for = 0.05, d = 1, and n = 10, we get 0.10 and
power of 10.10 0.90.
d=

| 0 | | 72 75 |
=
=
= 1.5
2

Using the OC curve for = 0.05, d = 1.5, and n = 10, we get 0.04 and
power of 10.04 0.96.
d=

| 0 | | 73 75 |
=
=
=1

Using the OC curve, Chart VII e) for = 0.05, d = 1, and 0.1 (Power=0.9),

n * = 10 . Therefore, n =

d=

n * + 1 10 + 1
=
= 5.5 n 6
2
2

| 0 | | 72 75 |
=
=
= 1.5

Using the OC curve, Chart VII e) for = 0.05, d = 3, and 0.1 (Power=0.9),

n * = 7 . Therefore, n =

n* + 1 7 + 1
=
=4
2
2

Increasing the standard deviation lowers the power of the test and increases the sample size
required to obtain a certain power.
9-109

Assume the data follow a normal distribution.

a) 1) The parameter of interest is the standard deviation, .
2) H0 : 2 = (0.00002)2
3) H1 : 2 < (0.00002)2
4) = 0.01
5) The test statistic is:

20 =

( n 1)s2
2

6) 20.99 ,7 = 124
. reject H0 if 20 < 1.24
7) s = 0.00001 and = 0.01

02 =

7(0.00001) 2
= 1.75
(0.00002) 2

1.75 > 1.24, do not reject the null hypothesis; that is, there is insufficient evidence to conclude the
standard deviation is at most 0.00002 mm.
b) Although the sample standard deviation is less than the hypothesized value of 0.00002, it is not
significantly less (when = 0.01) than 0.00002. The value of 0.00001 could have occurred as a result of
sampling variation.
9-110

Assume the data follow a normal distribution.

1) The parameter of interest is the standard deviation of the concentration, .
2) H0 : 2 =42
3) H1 : 2 < 42

9-53

4) not given
20 =

5) The test statistic is:

( n 1)s2

2
6) will be determined based on the P-value
7) s = 0.004 and n = 10

02 =

9(0.004) 2
= 0.000009
(4) 2

P value 0.
P-value = P < 0.00009 ;
The P-value is approximately 0, therefore we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the standard
deviation of the concentration is less than 4 grams per liter.
2

9-111

Create a table for the number of nonconforming coil springs (value) and the observed number of times the
number appeared. One possible table is:

Value
Obs

0
0

1
0

2
0

3
1

4
4

5
3

6
4

7
6

8
4

9
3

10
0

11
3

12
3

13
2

14
1

15
1

16
0

17
2

The value of p must be estimated. Let the estimate be denoted by psample

0(0) + 1(0) + 2(0) + + 19(2)

= 9.325
40
sample mean 9.325
=
=
= 0.1865
50
n

sample mean =

p sample

Value
Observed
Expected
0
0
0.00165
1
0
0.01889
2
0
0.10608
3
1
0.38911
4
4
1.04816
5
3
2.21073
6
4
3.80118
7
6
5.47765
8
4
6.74985
9
3
7.22141
10
0
6.78777
11
3
5.65869
12
3
4.21619
13
2
2.82541
14
1
1.71190
15
1
0.94191
16
0
0.47237
17
2
0.21659
18
1
0.09103
19
2
0.03515
Since several of the expected values are less than 3, some cells must be combined resulting in the
following table:
Value
0-5
6
7
8

Observed
8
4
6
4

9-54

Expected

3.77462
3.80118
5.47765
6.74985

18
1

19
2

9
10
11
12
13

3
0
3
3
9

7.22141
6.78777
5.65869
4.21619
6.29436

The degrees of freedom are k p 1 = 9 1 1 = 7

a) 1) The variable of interest is the form of the distribution for the number of nonconforming coil springs.
2) H0: The form of the distribution is binomial
3) H1: The form of the distribution is not binomial
4) = 0.05
5) The test statistic is
20 =

( O i E i )2

i =1

Ei

6) Reject H0 if 20 > 20.05,7 = 14.07

7)
(8 - 3.77462) 2 (4 38
. .011) 2
( 9 6.29436) 2
+
+ +
= 17.929
3.77462
38011
.
6.29436
8) Since 17.929 > 14.07 reject H0. We are able to conclude the distribution of nonconforming springs is
not binomial at = 0.05.
b) P-value = 0.0123 (from Minitab)
20 =

9-112

Create a table for the number of errors in a string of 1000 bits (value) and the observed number of times the
number appeared. One possible table is:
Value
0
1
2
3
4
5
Obs
3
7
4
5
1
0
The value of p must be estimated. Let the estimate be denoted by psample

0(3) + 1(7) + 2(4) + 3(5) + 4(1) + 5(0)

= 1.7
20
1.7
sample mean
=
=
= 0.0017
1000
n

sample mean =

p sample

Value
Observed
Expected

0
3
3.64839

1
7
6.21282

2
4
5.28460

3
5
2.99371

4
1
1.27067

5
0
0.43103

Since several of the expected values are less than 3, some cells must be combined resulting in the
following table:
Value
0
1
2
3
Observed
3
7
4
6
Expected
3.64839
6.21282
5.28460
4.69541
The degrees of freedom are k p 1 = 4 1 1 = 2
a) 1) The variable of interest is the form of the distribution for the number of errors in a string of 1000 bits.
2) H0: The form of the distribution is binomial
3) H1: The form of the distribution is not binomial
4) = 0.05
5) The test statistic is
k

(Oi Ei )2

i =1

Ei

=
2
0

9-55

6) Reject H0 if 20 > 20.05,2 = 5.99

7)

02 =

(3 3.64839)2 +
3.64839

(6 4.69541)2
4.69541

= 0.88971

8) Since 0.88971 < 9.49 do not reject H0. We are unable to reject the null hypothesis that the distribution
of the number of errors is binomial at = 0.05.
b) P-value = 0.6409 (found using Minitab)

9-113

Divide the real line under a standard normal distribution into eight intervals with equal
probability. These intervals are [0,0.32), [0.32, 0.675), [0.675, 1.15), [1.15, ) and their negative
counterparts. The probability for each interval is p = 1/8 = 0.125 so the expected cell frequencies
are E = np = (100) (0.125) = 12.5. The table of ranges and their corresponding frequencies is
completed as follows.
Interval Obs. Frequency. Exp. Frequency.
x 5332.5
1
12.5
5332.5< x 5357.5
4
12.5
5357.5< x 5382.5
7
12.5
5382.5< x 5407.5
24
12.5
5407.5< x 5432.5
30
12.5
5432.5< x 5457.5
20
12.5
5457.5< x 5482.5
15
12.5
x 5482.5
5
12.5

The test statistic is:

(1 - 12.5) 2
( 4 12 . 5 ) 2
02 =
+
+
12 . 5
12 . 5

and we would reject if this value exceeds

(15 - 12.5)
12 . 5

( 5 12 . 5 ) 2
= 63 . 36
12 . 5

20.05,5 = 11.07 . Because o2 > 02.05,5 , reject the

hypothesis that the data are normally distributed

9-114

a) In order to use t statistics in hypothesis testing, we need to assume that the underlying distribution
is normal.
1) The parameter of interest is the true mean concentration of suspended solids, .
2) H0 : = 50
3) H1 : < 50
4) = 0.05
5) Since n>>30 we can use the normal distribution
z0 =

s/ n

6) Reject H0 if z0 <- z where z0.05 =1.65

7) x = 59.87 s = 12.50 n = 60
z0 =

59.87 50

12.50 / 60

= 6.12

8) Since 6.12>-1.65, do not reject the null hypothesis and conclude there is insufficient evidence to indicate that
the true mean concentration of suspended solids is less than 50 ppm at = 0.05.

b) The P-value = (6.12) 1 .

9-56

c) We can divide the real line under a standard normal distribution into eight intervals with equal
probability. These intervals are [0,.32), [0.32, 0.675), [0.675, 1.15), [1.15, ) and their negative
counterparts. The probability for each interval is p = 1/8 = .125 so the expected cell frequencies
are E = np = (60) (0.125) = 7.5. The table of ranges and their corresponding frequencies is
completed as follows.
Interval Obs. Frequency. Exp. Frequency.
x 45.50 9
7.5
45.50< x 51.43 5
7.5
51.43< x 55.87 7
7.5
55.87< x 59.87 11
7.5
59.87< x 63.87 4
7.5
63.87< x 68.31 9
7.5
68.31< x 74.24 8
7.5
x 74.24
6
7.5
The test statistic is:

2o =

(9 7.5) 2 (5 7.5) 2
+
+
7.5
7.5

and we would reject if this value exceeds

(8 7.5) 2 (6 7.5) 2
+
= 5.06
7.5
7.5

20.05,5 = 11.07 . Since it does not, we cannot reject

the hypothesis that the data are normally distributed.

9-115

a) In order to use t statistics in hypothesis testing, we need to assume that the underlying distribution
is normal.
1) The parameter of interest is the true mean overall distance for this brand of golf ball, .
2) H0 : = 270
3) H1 : < 270
4) = 0.05
5) Since n>>30 we can use the normal distribution
z0 =

s/ n

6) Reject H0 if z0 <- z where z0.05 =1.65

7) x = 1.25 s = 0.25 n = 100
z0 =

260.30 270.0
13.41 / 100

= 7.23

8) Since 7.23<-1.65, reject the null hypothesis and conclude there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the
true mean distance is less than 270 yard at = 0.05.

b) The P-value 0
c) We can divide the real line under a standard normal distribution into eight intervals with equal
probability. These intervals are [0,.32), [0.32, 0.675), [0.675, 1.15), [1.15, ) and their
negative counterparts. The probability for each interval is p = 1/8 = .125 so the expected cell
frequencies are E = np = (100) (0.125) = 12.5. The table of ranges and their corresponding
frequencies is completed as follows.
Interval Obs. Frequency. Exp. Frequency.
x 244.88
16
12.5

9-57

244.88< x 251.25
251.25< x 256.01
256.01< x 260.30
260.30< x 264.59
264.59< x 269.35
269.35< x 275.72
x 275.72

6
17
9
13
8
19
12

12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5

The test statistic is:

(16 12.5) 2 (6 12.5) 2

=
+
+
12.5
12.5

and we would reject if this value exceeds

(19 12.5) 2 (12 12.5) 2

+
+
= 12
12.5
12.5

20.05,5 = 11.07 . Because it does, we can reject the

hypothesis that the data are normally distributed.

9-116

a) In order to use t statistics in hypothesis testing, we need to assume that the underlying distribution
is normal.
1) The parameter of interest is the true mean coefficient of restitution, .
2) H0 : = 0.635
3) H1 : > 0.635
4) = 0.01
5) Since n>30 we can use the normal distribution
z0 =

s/ n

6) Reject H0 if z0 > z where z0.05 =2.33

7) x = 0.624 s = 0.0131 n = 40
z0 =

0.624 0.635
0.0131 / 40

= 5.31

8) Since 5.31< 2.33, do not reject the null hypothesis and conclude there is insufficient evidence to indicate
that the true mean coefficient of restitution is greater than 0.635 at = 0.01.

b) The P-value

(5.31) 1

c.) If the lower bound of the CI was above the value 0.635 then we could conclude that the mean coefficient
of restitution was greater than 0.635.

9-117

a) In order to use t statistics in hypothesis testing, we need to assume that the underlying distribution
is normal. Use the t-test to test the hypothesis that the true mean is 2.5 mg/L.
1) State the parameter of interest: The parameter of interest is the true mean dissolved oxygen level, .
2) State the null hypothesis H0 : = 2.5
3) State the alternative hypothesis H1 : 2.5
4) Give the significance level = 0.05
5) Give the statistic
t0 =

s/ n

6) Reject H0 if |t0 | <t/2,n-1

7) Sample statistic x = 3.265 s =2.127 n = 20
and calculate the t-statistic t0 =

9-58

x
s/ n

8) Draw your conclusion and find the P-value.

b) Assume the data are normally distributed.

1) The parameter of interest is the true mean dissolved oxygen level, .
2) H0 : = 2.5
3) H1 : 2.5
4) = 0.05
5)Test statistic
t0 =

s/ n

6) Reject H0 if |t0 | >t/2,n-1 where t/2,n-1= t0.025,19b =2.093

7) x = 3.265 s =2.127 n = 20
t0 =

3.265 2.5

2.127 / 20

= 1.608

8) Since 1.608 < 2.093, do not reject the null hypotheses and conclude that the true mean is not significantly
different from 2.5 mg/L
c) The value of 1.608 is found between the columns of 0.05 and 0.1 of table V. Therefore the P-value is
between 0.1 and 0.2. Minitab provides a value of 0.124
d) The confidence interval found in exercise 8-81 b. agrees with the hypothesis test above. The value of 2.5 is
within the 95% confidence limits. The confidence interval shows that the interval is quite wide due to the large
sample standard deviation value.

x t 0.025,19
3.265 2.093

n
2.127

x + t 0.025,19

3.265 + 2.093

20
2.270 4.260

2.127
20

9-118 a)
1) The parameter of interest is the true mean sugar concentration, .
2) H0 : = 11.5
3) H1 : 11.5
4) = 0.05
5) t0 =

x
s/ n

6) Reject H0 if |t0| > t/2,n-1 where t/2,n-1 = 2.093

7) x = 11.47 , s = 0.022 n=20

t0 =

11.47 11.5
0.022 / 20

= 6.10

8) Since 6.10 > 2.093, reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is sufficient evidence that
the true mean sugar concentration is different from 11.5 at = 0.05.
From table V the t0 value in absolute value is greater than the value corresponding to 0.0005 with
19 degrees of freedom. Therefore 2*0.0005 = 0.001>P-value

9-59

b) d =

| 0 | | 11.4 11.5 |
=
=
= 4.54

0.022

Using the OC curve, Chart VII e) for = 0.05, d = 4.54, and n = 20 we find
0 and the Power 1.
c) d =

| 0 | | 11.45 11.5 |
=
=
= 2.27

0.022

Using the OC curve, Chart VII e) for = 0.05, d = 2.27, and 1->0.9 (<0.1),
We find that n should be at least 5.
d) 95% two sided confidence interval

s
s
x t 0.025,19
x + t 0.025,19

n
n
0.022
0.022
11.47 2.093
11.47 + 2.093

20
20
11.46 11.48
We can conclude that the mean sugar concentration content is not equal to 11.5 because that value
is not inside the confidence interval.
e) The normality plot below indicates that the normality assumption is reasonable.
Probability Plot of Sugar Concentration
Normal
99

95
90

Percent

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5

11.40

9-119

11.42

11.44
11.46
11.48
Sugar Concentration

11.50

a)
1) The parameter of interest is the true mean body weight, .
2) H0 : = 300
3) H1 : 300
4) = 0.05
5) t0 =

x
s/ n

6) Reject H0 if |t0| > t/2,n-1 where t/2,n-1 = 2.056

7) x = 325.50 , s = 198.79 n=27

9-60

11.52

t0 =

325.5 300
198.79 / 27

= 0.667

8) Since 0.667< 2.056, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is not sufficient
evidence that the true mean body weight is different from 300 at = 0.05.
b) From table V the t0 value is found between the values of 0.25 and 0.4 with 26 degrees of
freedom, so 0.5 < P-value < 0.8 The smallest level of significance at which we would willing to
reject the null hypothesis is the P-value
c) 95% two sided confidence interval

s
s
x t 0.025,19
x + t 0.025,19

n
n
198.79
198.79
325.5 2.056

325.5 2.056
27
27
246.84 404.16
There is not enough evidence to conclude that the mean body weight differs from 300 because 300
is within the 95% confidence interval.
9-120
a)
1) The parameter of interest is the true mean percent protein, .
2) H0 : = 80
3) H1 : > 80
4) = 0.05
5) t0 =

s/ n

6) Reject H0 if t0 > t,n-1 where t0.05,15 = 1.753

7) x = 80.68 s = 7.38 n = 16
t0 =

80.68 80
= 0.37
7.38 / 16

8) Since 0.37 < 1.753, do not reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is not
sufficient evidence to indicate that the true mean percent protein is greater than 80 at =
0.05.
b) From the normal probability plot, the normality assumption seems reasonable:

9-61

Probability Plot of percent protein

Normal
99

95
90

Percent

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5

60

70

80
percent protein

90

100

c) The 0.25 < P-value < 0.4, based on Table V.

9-121

a) In order to use the 2 statistic in hypothesis testing and confidence interval construction, we
need to assume that the underlying distribution is normal.
1) The parameter of interest is the true variance of tissue assay, 2.
2) H0 : 2 = 0.6
3) H1 : 2 0.6
4) = 0.01
5) 20 =

( n 1)s2
2

6) Reject H0 if 20 < 12 / 2,n 1 where

02.995,11 = 2.60 or 02 > 2 / 2,n1 where

02.005,11 = 26.76
7) n = 12, s = 0.758
20 =

(n 1) s 2

11(0.758) 2
= 10.53
0.6

8) Since 2.6< 10.53 <26.76 we fail to reject H0 and conclude there is not sufficient evidence to
indicate the true variance of tissue assay is significantly different from 0.6 at = 0.01.
b) P-value: 0.1<p-value/2<0.5 then 0.2<p-value<1
c) 99% confidence interval for , first find the confidence interval for 2
For = 0.05 and n = 12,

02.995,11 = 2.60 and 02.005,11 = 26.76

11(0.758) 2
11(0.758) 2
2

26.76
2.60

0.236 2 2.43
Because 0.6 falls within the 99% confidence bounds we would conclude that we dont have
enough evidence to conclude that the population variance is different from 0.6
9-122

9-62

a) In order to use the 2 statistic in hypothesis testing and confidence interval construction, we
need to assume that the underlying distribution is normal.
1) The parameter of interest is the true variance of the ratio between the numbers of
symmetrical and total synapses, 2.
2) H0 : 2 = 0.02
3) H1 : 2 0.02
4) = 0.05
5) 20 =

( n 1)s2
2

6) Reject H0 if 20 < 12 / 2,n 1 where

02.975,30 = 16.79 or 02 > 2 / 2,n1 where

02.025,30 = 46.98
7) n = 31, s = 0.198
20 =

(n 1) s 2

30(0.198) 2
= 58.81
0.02

8) Because 58.81 > 46.98 reject H0 and conclude that the true variance of the ratio between the
numbers of symmetrical and total synapses is significantly different from 0.02 at = 0.05.
b) P-value/2<0.005 so that P-value<0.01
9-123

a)
1) The parameter of interest is the true mean of cut-on wave length, .
2) H0 : = 6.5
3) H1 : 6.5
4) A value for is not given. We assume that = 0.05.
5) t0 =

x
s/ n

6) Reject H0 if |t0| > t/2,n-1 where t/2,n-1 = 2.228

7) x = 6.55 , s = 0.35 n=11

t0 =

6.55 6.5
= 0.47
0.35 / 11

8) Since 0.47< 2.228, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is not
sufficient
evidence that the true mean of cut-on wave length is different from 6.5 at = 0.05.
b) From table V the t0 value is found between the values of 0.25 and 0.4 with 10 degrees of
freedom, so 0.5<P-value<0.8
c)

d=

| 0 | | 6.25 6.5 |
=
=
= 0.71

0.35

Using the OC curve, Chart VII e) for = 0.05, d = 0.71, and 1- > 0.95 (<0.05),
We find that n should be at least 30.
d)

d=

| 0 | | 6.95 6.5 |
=
=
= 1.28

0.35

Using the OC curve, Chart VII e) for = 0.05, n=11, d = 1.28, we find 0.1

9-63

9-124

a) 1) the parameter of interest is the variance of fatty acid measurements, 2

2) H0 : 2 = 1.0
3) H1 : 2 1.0
4) =0.01
20 =

5) The test statistic is:

6)

( n 1)s2
2

02.995,5 = 0.41 reject H0 if 02 < 0.41 or 02.005,5 = 16.75 reject H0 if 02 > 16.75

7) n = 6, s = 0.319

5(0.319) 2
=
= 0.509
12
2
0

P-value: 0.005<P-value/2<0.01 so that 0.01<P-value<0.02

8) Since 0.509>0.41, do not reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is insufficient evidence to
conclude that the variance is not equal to 1.0. The P-value is greater than any acceptable significance
level, , therefore we do not reject the null hypothesis.
b) 1) the parameter of interest is the variance of fatty acid measurements, 2 (now n=51)
2) H0 : 2 = 1.0
3) H1 : 2 1.0
4) =0.01
5) The test statistic is:
6)

2
0.995, 50

20 =

( n 1)s2
2

= 27.99 reject H0 if 02 < 27.99

or

02.005,5 = 79.49 reject H0 if 02 > 79.49

7) n = 51, s = 0.319

02 =

50(0.319) 2
= 5.09
12

P-value: P-value/2 < 0.005 so that P-value < 0.01

8) Since 5.09<27.99, reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is sufficient evidence to conclude
that the variance is not equal to 1.0. The P-value is smaller than any acceptable significance level, ,
therefore we do reject the null hypothesis.
c.) The sample size changes the conclusion that is drawn. With a small sample size, the results are
inconclusive. A larger sample size helps to make sure that the correct conclusion is drawn.
9-125

a) 1) the parameter of interest is the standard deviation,

2) H0 : 2 = 400
3) H1 : 2 < 400
4) Not given
5) The test statistic is:

20 =

( n 1)s2

2
6) Since no critical value is given, we will calculate the p-value
7) n = 10, s = 15.7

20 =

P-value = P 2 < 5546

.
;

9(15.7) 2
= 5546
.
400
01
. < P value < 0.5

9-64

8) The P-value is greater than any acceptable significance level . Therefore, we do not reject the null
hypothesis. There is insufficient evidence to support the claim that the standard deviation is less than
20 microamps.
b) 7) n = 51, s = 20

20 =

50(15.7) 2
= 30.81
400

P-value = P 2 < 30.81 ;

0.01 < P value < 0.025

8) The P-value is less than 0.05, therefore we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the standard
deviation is significantly less than 20 microamps.
c) Increasing the sample size increases the test statistic 20 and therefore decreases the P-value, providing
more evidence against the null hypothesis.

Mind Expanding Exercises

9-126

The parameter of interest is the true,.

H0 : = 0
H1 0

9-127

a) Reject H0 if z0 < -z- or z0 > z

X 0
X 0
X 0 X 0
<
= | = 0 ) + P(
>
| = 0 ) P
/ n
/ n
/ n / n
P( z0 < z ) + P( z0 > z ) = ( z ) + 1 ( z )
P(

= (( )) + (1 (1 )) =
b) = P(z

z when

1 = 0 + d )

or = P( z < Z 0 < z | 1 = 0 + )
= P( z <

x0

< z | 1 = 0 + )
2 /n

= P( z
< Z < z
)
2
/n
2 /n

= ( z
) ( z
)
2
/n
2 /n

9-128

1) The parameter of interest is the true mean number of open circuits, .

2) H0 : = 2
3) H1 : > 2
4) = 0.05
5) Since n>30 we can use the normal distribution
z0 =

/n

6) Reject H0 if z0 > z where z0.05 =1.65

7) x = 1038/500=2.076 n = 500

9-65