GED0068_ESAP PR CB jkt_ESAP Course Book Jkt 12/10/2011 11:16 Page 1

in Higher Education Studies

English for Public Relations is a skills-based course designed specifically for students of public
relations who are about to enter English-medium tertiary level studies. It provides carefully graded
practice and progression in the key academic skills that all students need, such as listening to lectures
and speaking in seminars. It also equips students with the specialist public relations language they
need to participate successfully within a public relations faculty. Extensive listening exercises come
from public relations lectures, and all reading texts are taken from the same field of study. There is
also a focus throughout on the key public relations vocabulary that students will need.

Speaking: how to participate effectively in a variety of realistic situations, from seminars to

presentations, including how to develop an argument and use stance markers.

WINNER
The Duke of Edinburgh
English-Speaking Union
English Language Award

2009

Course Book

Listening: how to understand and take effective notes on extended lectures, including how to
follow the argument and identify the speakers point of view.

English for Public Relations

ENGLISH FOR PUBLIC RELATIONS

Reading: how to understand a wide range of texts, from academic textbooks to Internet
articles, including how to analyze complex sentences and identify such things as the writers
stance.
Writing: how to produce coherent and well-structured assignments, including such skills as
paraphrasing and the use of appropriate academic phrases.
Vocabulary: a wide range of activities to develop students knowledge and use of key
vocabulary, both in the field of public relations and of academic study in general.
Vocabulary and Skills banks: a reference resource to provide students with revision of the key
words and phrases and skills presented in each unit.
Full transcripts of all listening exercises.
The Garnet English for Specific Academic Purposes series covers a range of academic subjects.
All titles present the same skills and vocabulary points. Teachers can therefore deal with a range
of ESAP courses at the same time, knowing that each subject title will focus on the same key skills
and follow the same structure.

Series Editor: Terry Phillips

Marie McLisky
Marie McLisky

Marie McLisky authored Garnet Educations English for Banking. She holds an MA in
Sociology and an M.Ed in Educational Technology and TESOL. Marie tutored
Sociology at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, then at the University of
Maryland (Asian Division) in Korea. While in Korea, Marie gained her RSA Certificate
in TEFLA and worked as an ESOL instructor to university students
and adults.
In 1992, Marie moved to Indonesia to work as an English language instructor and
trainer for the British Council, and as a certified examiner for the IELTS exam. Her
work in Indonesia included ESP and ESAP material development. While working
there she completed the RSA Diploma in TEFLA and her M.Ed at the University
of Manchester. Since her return to New Zealand, Marie has worked in a variety of
roles, including teacher trainer on the Trinity College Certificate in TESOL Course.

Series Editor
Terry Phillips has been an ELT teacher, teacher trainer and textbook author for
over 35 years. Terry devised the ESAP series as a result of observing good practice
in university language support units around the world.

English for

PUBLIC RELATIONS
in Higher Education Studies

Suitable for:

Upper intermediate
to proficiency

Course Book

IELTS 5.0 7.5+

CEF B2 C2

E D U C A T I O N

www.garneteducation.com

GARNET
EDUCATION

arnet

arnet
E D U C A T I O N

GED0068_ESAP CB PR Prelims_v1_ESAP Business CB prelims 12/10/2011 11:30 Page 1

Marie McLisky

English for

PUBLIC
RELATIONS
in Higher Education Studies

Course Book
Series editor: Terry Phillips

arnet
E D U C A T I O N

GED0068_ESAP CB PR Prelims_v1_ESAP Business CB prelims 12/10/2011 11:30 Page 2

Published by
Garnet Publishing Ltd.
8 Southern Court
South Street
Reading RG1 4QS, UK
www.garneteducation.com
Copyright 2011 Garnet Publishing Ltd.
The right of Marie McLisky to be identified as the author
of this work has been asserted in accordance with the
Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publisher.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to
this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and
civil claims for damages.
First published 2011
ISBN 978 1 85964 532 1
British Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from
the British Library.
Production
Series editor:
Terry Phillips
Project management: Claire Forsyth
Editorial team:
Penny Analytis, Louise Elkins,
Claire Forsyth, Amanda Ilic,
Karen Kinnair-Pugh
Academic review:
Sally Chalmers
Design:
Christin Helen Barnett,
Neil Collier, Mike Hinks, Bob House
Illustrations:
Doug Nash
Photography:
gettyimages.com, clipart.com,
corbis.com, istock.com
Audio recorded at Motivation Sound Studios produced by
EFS Television Production Ltd.
The author and publisher would like to thank the following
for permission to reproduce copyright material:
Definitions from the Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary on
page 15 reproduced with kind permission of Cambridge University
Press; results listings on page 35 with kind permission of Google;
Shelter logo on page 39 from www.shelter.org.uk; CARE logo on
page 39 reproduced with kind permission of CARE International.
CARE is an international humanitarian organization fighting
global poverty, with a special focus on working with women and
girls to bring lasting change in their communities; UNICEF logo on
page 39 reproduced with kind permission of UNICEF; Amnesty
International logo on page 39 from
www.amnestyinternational.com; Solve Poverty logo from
www.solvepoverty.com; case study on page 49 reproduced with
kind permission of Indo Pacific Edelman; text on page 51
reproduced with kind permission of Jonathan Bernstein; London
School of PR, Jakarta; logo on page 55 from www.lspr.edu;
graphs on page 59 reproduced with kind permission of Indo
Pacific Edelman; data for table on page 74 and graph on page 75
from www.un.org; image on page 94 from
http://eileenII.worldpress.com/2008/11/26/3; text on page 95 from
http://www.cipr.co.uk/sites/default/files/Social%20Media%20Guid
elines.pdf (January 2009); reports on pages 9899 reproduced
with kind permission of Indo Pacific Edelman; graphs on page 99
reproduced with kind permission of Indo Pacific Edelman.
Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and we
apologize in advance for any unintentional omission. We will be
happy to insert the appropriate acknowledgements in any
subsequent editions.

Printed and bound in Lebanon by International Press:

interpress@int-press.com

GED0068_ESAP CB PR Prelims_v1_ESAP Business CB prelims 12/10/2011 11:30 Page 3

THE BUSINESS OF BUSINESS

Introduction
English for Public Relations is designed for students who plan to take a public relations course entirely or
partly in English. The principal aim of English for Public Relations is to teach students to cope with input
texts, i.e., listening and reading, in the discipline. However, students will be expected to produce output
texts in speech and writing throughout the course.
The syllabus focuses on key vocabulary for the discipline and on words and phrases commonly used in
academic English. It covers key facts and concepts from the discipline, thereby giving students a flying start
when they meet the same points again in their faculty work. It also focuses on the skills that will enable
students to get the most out of lectures and written texts. Finally, it presents the skills required to take
part in seminars and tutorials and to produce essay assignments.
English for Public Relations comprises:
this student Course Book, including audio transcripts and wordlist
the Teachers Book, which provides detailed guidance on each lesson, full answer keys, audio
transcripts and extra photocopiable resources
audio CDs with lecture and seminar excerpts
English for Public Relations has 12 units, each of which is based on a different aspect of public relations.
Odd-numbered units are based on listening (lecture/seminar extracts). Even-numbered units are based
on reading.
Each unit is divided into four lessons:
Lesson 1: vocabulary for the discipline; vocabulary skills such as word-building, use of affixes, use of
synonyms for paraphrasing
Lesson 2: reading or listening text and skills development
Lesson 3: reading or listening skills extension. In addition, in later reading units, students are introduced
to a writing assignment which is further developed in Lesson 4; in later listening units, students
are introduced to a spoken language point (e.g., making an oral presentation at a seminar)
which is further developed in Lesson 4
Lesson 4: a parallel listening or reading text to that presented in Lesson 2 which students have to use
their new skills (Lesson 3) to decode; in addition, written or spoken work is further practised
The last two pages of each unit, Vocabulary bank and Skills bank, are a useful summary of the unit
content.
Each unit provides between 4 and 6 hours of classroom activity with the possibility of a further 24 hours
on the suggested extra activities. The course will be suitable, therefore, as the core component of a
faculty-specific pre-sessional or foundation course of between 50 and 80 hours.
It is assumed that prior to using this book students will already have completed a general EAP (English for
Academic Purposes) course such as Skills in English (Garnet Publishing, up to the end at least of Level 3),
and will have achieved an IELTS level of at least 5.
For a list of other titles in this series, see www.garneteducation.com/

GED0068_ESAP CB PR Prelims_v1_ESAP Business CB prelims 12/10/2011 11:30 Page 4

Book map
Unit

Topics

1 What is public relations?

Listening Speaking

2 Public relations practice

definition of public relations

functions of public relations: communication research planning evaluation
components of PR: identifying target audiences fostering media relationships

PR practitioner activities: press agentry, publicity, promotion, lobbying, etc.

differentiating between various PR activities

Reading Writing

3 Public relations research

Listening Speaking

4 Researching PR careers using technology

Reading Writing

5 PR for non-profit organizations

Listening Speaking

6 Crisis communication
Reading Writing

7 External influences on public relations

Listening Speaking

8 Public relations marketing

Reading Writing

9 Corporate social responsibility

Listening Speaking

10 Investor relations
Reading Writing

11 Public relations regulation

Listening Speaking

12 Communication and technological change

Reading Writing

data collection methods

Grunig and Hunts four models of public relations practice
link between theory and research

using computers for research

using the Internet to search for jobs
new communication tools and media channels used in PR

defining non-profit organizations

types of non-profit organizations
changes in non-profit organizations
role of PR in non-profit organizations

broad types of crisis

the phases in managing a crisis
a crisis management plan
case study: implementing a crisis management plan to resolve a crisis

PR in a global economy
external factors: technology economic factors globalization
measuring corporate performance
challenges facing global PR in the 21st century

changes in PR marketing
changes in the communication environment
niche marketing
integrated marketing

defining corporate social responsibility

sustainability
understanding useful terms: statutory obligation, voluntary action, etc.

defining investor relations

the role of Investor Relations Officers (IROs)
changes influencing investor relations
challenges for investor relations

informal regulations (ethics)

formal regulations (laws)
codes of ethics/practice/conduct
civil law and criminal law
effects of globalization on regulation

communication methods
use of online resources and social media for communication
information strategy and change
communication theories
communication and technology
.

GED0068_ESAP CB PR Prelims_v1_ESAP Business CB prelims 12/10/2011 11:30 Page 5

Vocabulary focus

Skills focus

words from general English with a special meaning

in public relations
prefixes and suffixes

Listening

Speaking

speaking from notes

Reading

using research questions to focus on relevant information in a text

using topic sentences to get an overview of the text
identifying paragraph structure

Writing

writing topic sentences

summarizing a text

Listening

Speaking

reporting research findings

asking for information
formulating questions

Reading

identifying topic development within a paragraph

using the Internet effectively
evaluating Internet search results

Writing

reporting research findings

synonyms, antonyms, etc.

the language of trends
common lecture language

Listening

understanding signpost language in lectures

using symbols and abbreviations in note-taking

Speaking

making effective contributions to a seminar

synonyms, replacement subjects, etc., for sentence-level

paraphrasing

Reading

locating key information in complex sentences

Writing

reporting findings from other sources: paraphrasing

writing complex sentences

compound nouns
fixed phrases from public relations
fixed phrases from academic English
common lecture language

Listening

understanding speaker emphasis

Speaking

asking for clarification

responding to queries and requests for clarification

synonyms
nouns from verbs
definitions
common direction verbs in essay titles (discuss, analyze,
evaluate, etc.)

Reading

understanding dependent clauses with passives

Writing

paraphrasing
expanding notes into complex sentences
recognizing different essay types/structures: descriptive analytical
comparison/evaluation argument
writing essay plans and writing essays

Listening

using the Cornell note-taking system

recognizing digressions in lectures

Speaking

making effective contributions to a seminar

referring to other peoples ideas in a seminar

neutral and marked words

fixed phrases from public relations and finance
fixed phrases from academic English

Reading

recognizing the writers stance and level of confidence or tentativeness

inferring implicit ideas

Writing

writing situationproblemsolutionevaluation essays

using direct quotations
compiling a bibliography/reference list

Listening

recognizing the speakers stance

writing up notes in full

Speaking

building an argument in a seminar

agreeing/disagreeing

Reading

understanding how ideas in a text are linked

Writing

EnglishEnglish dictionaries: headwords definitions

parts of speech phonemes stress markers
countable/uncountable transitive/intransitive

stress patterns in multi-syllable words

two-word phrases

computer jargon
abbreviations and acronyms
discourse and stance markers
verb and noun suffixes

fixed phrases from public relations

fixed phrases from academic English

words/phrases used to link ideas (moreover, as a result, etc.)

stress patterns in noun phrases and compounds
fixed phrases from academic English
words/phrases related to PR regulatory issues

verbs used to introduce ideas from other sources

(X contends/suggests/asserts that )
linking words/phrases conveying contrast (whereas),
result (consequently), reasons (due to), etc.
words for quantities (a significant minority)

preparing for a lecture

predicting lecture content from the introduction
understanding lecture organization
choosing an appropriate form of notes
making lecture notes

preparing for a lecture

predicting lecture content
making lecture notes
using different information sources

Unit

10

11

12

deciding whether to use direct quotation or paraphrase

incorporating quotations
writing research reports
writing effective introductions/conclusions

GED0068_ESAP PR U1_V2_ESAP_Banking Unit2 12/10/2011 11:34 Page 6

WHAT IS PUBLIC RELATIONS?

1.1 Vocabulary

guessing words in context prefixes and suffixes

Read the sentences below. The red words are probably familiar to you in general English. But can you
think of a different meaning for each word in the field of public relations?
1 The angry crowd demanded the release of the prisoner.
2 After two years in the job, she was promoted to account executive.
3 Even a brief exposure to radiation is very dangerous.
4 To call for service, press the bell.
5 I always invite my relations to my birthday party.
6 The children took turns to spin the top.
7 The police are trying to establish the series of events leading up to the murder.

Read part of a book review. Complete each sentence with one of the red words from Exercise A.
Change the form if necessary.

Edward L. Bernays, the subject of Larry Tyes book The Father of

, is generally
seen as the first representative of the public
(PR) profession. Bernays pioneered
many of the PR industrys techniques, including the development of media
.
He used these techniques to
products such as cigarettes; he also used them to
improve the public image of high-profile people, including US presidents Calvin Coolidge and
Herbert Hoover. Together with other early practitioners such as Ivy Lee (who is credited with
issuing the first press
), Bernays worked for the US government during the First
World War to influence public opinion. Bernays concluded that similar techniques could be used
in peacetime. He believed that with the right
, including media coverage such as
editorials in the
, public opinion could be manipulated. This led to the
perception of PR as propaganda.

Study the words in box a.

1 What is the connection between all the words?

coordinate disinterested embody

ensure informal international
misinform nonverbal
outbid overanalyze rewrite
underestimate unlimited

accessible coverage editorial

effective interviewee lobbyist
management perception professional
publicity relationship scientifically
useful verifiable

2 What is the base word in each case?

3 What do we call the extra letters?
4 What is the meaning of each prefix?
5 Can you think of another word with each prefix?

Study the words in box b.

1 What is the connection between all the words?
2 What is the base word in each case?
3 What do we call the extra letters?
4 What effect do the extra letters have on the
base word?
5 Can you think of another word with each suffix?

E
6

Use words from this page to discuss the pictures on the opposite page.

GED0068_ESAP PR U1_V2_ESAP_Banking Unit2 12/10/2011 11:34 Page 7

WHAT IS PUBLIC RELATIONS?

GED0068_ESAP PR U1_V2_ESAP_Banking Unit2 12/10/2011 11:34 Page 8

1.2 Listening

preparing for a lecture predicting lecture content making notes

You are a student in the Public Relations Faculty of Hadford

University. The title of your first lecture is What is public relations?
1 Write a definition of public relations.
2 What other ideas will be in this lecture? Make some notes.
See Skills bank

Listen to Part 1 of the talk. What does the lecturer say

about public relations? Tick the best choice.

a Public relations is mainly propaganda.

____

b Public relations is mainly about organizing social events.

____

c Public relations doesnt improve the image of most

companies.

____

d Public relations is more than just free advertising.

____

In Part 2 of the talk, the lecturer describes different definitions

of public relations.
1 How many different definitions can you think of?
2 What points are common to most definitions?
3

Listen and check your ideas.

4 What will the lecturer talk about next?

In Part 3 of the talk, the lecturer mentions the words advertising

and publicity.
1 What do these words mean in the context of public relations?
2 What does the sponsor control in advertising?
3

Listen and check your ideas.

In the final part of the talk, the lecturer defines some PR

communication techniques and gives some examples. Listen
and mark each word in the box C if it is a communication
technique or E if it is part of an explanation or example.
advertising _____ benefit _____
climate of acceptance _____ education subsidy _____
favourable opinion _____ lobbying _____
lucky number prize _____ marketing _____
merchandizing _____ promotion _____ public legislation _____

Rewrite your definition of public relations from Exercise A.

Use more than one sentence if necessary. Use ideas and words
from this lesson.

Look back at your notes from Exercise A. Did you predict:

the main ideas?
most of the special vocabulary?

GED0068_ESAP PR U1_V2_ESAP_Banking Unit2 12/10/2011 11:34 Page 9

1.3 Extending skills

lecture organization choosing the best form of notes

What or who can public relations

1 promote?

3 merchandize?

5 influence?

2 advertise?

4 lobby?

6 target?

How can you organize information in a lecture? Match the beginnings and endings.
1 question and

a contrast

2 problem and

b definition

3 classification and

c disadvantages

4 advantages and

d effect

5 comparison and

e events

6 cause and

f supporting information

7 sequence of

g process

8 stages of a

h solution

9 theories or opinions then

WHAT IS PUBLIC RELATIONS?

i answer

How can you record information during a lecture? Match the illustrations with the words and phrases
in the box.
tree diagram

flowchart

headings and notes

spidergram

table

timeline

two columns

1.

1. 1
1. 2

18th
19th
1920

Match each organization of information in Exercise B with a method of note-taking from Exercise C.
You can use one method for different types of organization.

Listen to five lecture introductions. Choose a possible way to take notes from Exercise C in
each case.
Example:
You hear: Today I want to discuss the publics of public relations
You choose: tree diagram

GED0068_ESAP PR U1_V2_ESAP_Banking Unit2 12/10/2011 11:34 Page 10

1.4 Extending skills

making notes speaking from notes

Study the pictures.

1 What do the pictures show? Use relevant words from the box.
academic staff budget elderly internal public management non-academic staff
presenter protestors shareholders slogan speaker students trainer
2 What is the connection between the three groups which make up picture 2?

Cover the opposite page. Listen to the lecture introductions from Lesson 1.3
again. Make an outline on a separate sheet of paper for each introduction.

Look at your outline for each lecture. What do you expect the lecturer to talk
about in the lecture? In what order?

Listen to the next part of each lecture. Complete your notes.

Uncover the opposite page. Check your notes with the model notes. Are yours the same or different?

Work in pairs.
1 Use the notes on the opposite page. Reconstruct one lecture.
2 Give the lecture to another pair.

10

GED0068_ESAP PR U1_V2_ESAP_Banking Unit2 12/10/2011 11:34 Page 11

WHAT IS PUBLIC RELATIONS?

PUBLIC RELAtIoNS PUBLICS

WHo?
PUBLIC @ LARgE
(WHoLE PoPULAtIoN)

SPECIfIC gRoUPS/PEoPLE

tARgEt AUDIENCE
- RECIPIENtS of SoMEtHINg
- BASICALLY PASSIvE

INtERNAL PUBLICS

SEgMENtED gRoUPS WItHIN tHE PoPULAtIoN

CoNNECtED BY CoMMoN INtERESt, EtC.
- PotENtIAL to IMPACt AN oRgANIzAtIoN
- INHERENtLY ACtIvE CHooSE oRg. foR AttENtIoN
vS. MARKEtS WHo ARE CHoSEN BY AN oRg.
- ExISt oUtSIDE tHE oRgANIzAtIoN

Development of PR

Early 20th
century

dev. mass media, changed

way or ganizations +
gr oups communicated

W W 1 Edward
Bernays + Ivy Lee
= members
Committee on
Public Information
or ganized US
govt. publicity
during W W 1 .

1920s
-30s
WW2

1940s
-60s
1990s

Implementing a PR plan

1904 Ivy Lee opened PR

office in NYC

White House pr ess

counsellor = Amos Kendall

1st

slogans = important r ole

e.g., Winston Chur chill
,
keep fighting for victory
etc.
UK Ministry info. pr ovided
to
public with factual info.
maintain morale
gr owth corporate sector

Involves

focus

Initial

Resear ch into or ganizations

backgr ound + activities

Identifying goals, missions,

objectives, aspirations, image
r equir ed

Second

Identity development, i.e., pr esenting

concepts + pr ogramme to client

obtaining consensus,
commitment + agr eement

third

Working with chief executive to

formulate strategy, measurable
goals + objectives

Implementing the pr ogramme

final

Evaluation

Assessing extent of success

Resear ch: r e. public opinion,

tr ends, issues, etc.

Management
of people, budgets, events,
businesses

Phases

Strategic planning:
identifying needs +
objectives

Measur eable
Include deadlines
Realistic

Help client identify goals/objectives

Identify means of achieving goals

Newly cr eated privatized

companies 1 PR industry

Media r elations
communicating with public
via mass media

good plans

Why?

functions
of PR
practitioners

Examples

Public type

Influence on or ganization

traditional

ongoing long-term
r elationships

employees, new media, governments,

investors, customers, community gr oups

non-traditional

not familiar with or g.

grps. in public at lar ge

primary

have signif. infl. on or g.

secondary

minimal infl. on or g.

internal

exist within an institution

ed. institute = staff academic/

non-academic, pupils

external

exist outside the

institution

,
e.g., r elevant institutions, e.g., ed. dept.
rs
ovide
pr
e
the community, servic

domestic

those within your country

international

those outside your borders

Writing + editing for

businesses, copywriting,
websites

Speaking: r epr esenting

or ganizations to differ ent
publics

,
employees, immediate community, media
s
ution
govt., fin. instit

specific grp. in for eign country

Coaching: training for

management r e. speaking +
interviews

11

GED0068_ESAP PR U1_V2_ESAP_Banking Unit2 12/10/2011 11:34 Page 12

Vocabulary bank
Guessing words in context
Using related words
Sometimes a word in general English has a special meaning in public relations.
Examples:
market, press, relations
If you recognize a word but dont understand it in context, think:
What is the basic meaning of the word? Does that help me understand
the special meaning?
Example:
The market is a place where people buy and sell things. So the target market
must mean the group of people who might want to buy a particular product.
Removing prefixes
A prefix = letters at the start of a word.
A prefix changes the meaning of a word.
Examples:
rewrite write again
nonverbal not spoken
If you dont recognize a word, think: Is there a prefix? Remove it. Do you
recognize the word now? What does the prefix mean? Add it to the meaning
of the word.
Removing suffixes
A suffix = letters at the end of a word.
A suffix sometimes changes the part of speech of the word.
Examples:
perceptive perceptively = adjective adverb
manage management = verb noun
A suffix sometimes changes the meaning in a predictable way.
Examples:
edit + or = person who does something (edits)
public + ity = noun expressing an activity or action (attracting public attention to
something or someone)
If you dont recognize a word, think: Is there a suffix? Remove it. Do you recognize
the word now? What does that suffix mean? Add it to the meaning of the word.

12

GED0068_ESAP PR U1_V2_ESAP_Banking Unit2 12/10/2011 11:34 Page 13

WHAT IS PUBLIC RELATIONS?

Skills bank
Making the most of lectures
Before a lecture
Plan
Find out the topic of the lecture.
Research the topic.
Check the pronunciation of names and key words in English.
Prepare
Get to the lecture room early.
Sit where you can see and hear clearly.
Bring any equipment you may need.
Write the date, topic and name of the lecturer at the top of a sheet of paper.
During a lecture
Predict
Listen carefully to the introduction. Think: What kind of lecture is this?
Write an outline. Leave space for notes.
Think of possible answers/solutions/effects, etc., while the lecturer is speaking.
Produce
Write notes/copy from the board.
Record sources books/websites/names.
At the end, ask the lecturer/other students for missing information.

Making perfect lecture notes

Choose the best way to record information from a lecture.
advantages and disadvantages

two-column table

cause and effect

spidergram

classification and definition

tree diagram/spidergram

comparison and contrast

table

facts and figures

table

sequence of events

timeline

stages of a process

flowchart

question and answer

headings and notes

Speaking from notes

Sometimes you have to give a short talk in a seminar on research you have done.
Prepare the listeners with an introduction.
Match the introduction to the type of information/notes.

13