CHAPTER - I

EVOLUTION OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES AND THEIR INCORPORATION

Fundamental duties have been laid down in the

Constitution for tte

citizens

of

India.

The

original

Constitution of India, which came into force with effect

from

January

26,

1950,

has

a preamble

which

declares

India as a Sovereign Democratic Republic, resting on the

four

pillars

Equality

of

and

civilization,
Fraternity.

Constitution

includes

"Justiciable

viz.

Chapter

Fundamental

Justice,

"Bill

of

Rights".

III

Liberty,
of

Rights",

These

the
i.e.

Fundamental

Rights are the rights of the citizens against the State,

although

some

non-citizens.
was

silent

of

them

are

also

the

rights

of

But the Constitution in its original form

in regard

to the Fundamental Duties of the

citizens.

More emphasis on Rights in the Constitution.

The over-riding pre-occupation of the founding
fathers

of

citizens

the

is

struggle was
right

to

Constitution

quite

with

understandable.

essentially

freedom.

The

a struggle
colonial

the

rights
India's

of

freedom

for acquiring
rule

had

the

been

the
a

prolonged one and it had brought in its wake political

oppression resulting in complete denial of human rights.
The main sweep of the freedom struggle, therefore,
towards
freedom.

assertion
The

of

liberal

the

people's

struggle,

right

its deep

to

was

national

awareness

of

the

evils

embodied

in fascism

bitter

expereince

of

these

regime

had

also

no

less

assertion

on

emphasis

and

totalitarianism

evils

under

Fundamental

of

British

the

contributed

and

increased

to

in

Rights

the

Constitution.
All these explain why the founding fathers of
the Constitution took pains to ensure basic human rights
in Part
the

III of the Constitution.

Fundamental

Rights

of

the

The incorporation of
citizens

had

indeed

salutary impact on the society as it helped the growth

of

a new

India,

sense of

self-respect

hitherto

subjected

among

the

to

citizens

indignities

of
and

humiliations under the colonial regime.

Gandhian emphasis on duties overlooked.

As rights and duties are two sides of the same
coin, it looks rather enigmatic that the framers of the
Indian

Constitution

Duties

for

the

did

citizens

not
along

lay

down

Fundamental

with

their

Fundamental

Rights.
"Right",
duty

well

as

defined by Mahatma
2
performed".
Right
carries

corresponding

obligation.

incident

illustrates Gandhiji's

which

the rights.

There

is

Gandhi,
with

it

"is
a

well-known

attitude towards

H.G.Wells once drew up a Charter of Human

Rights and sent it to Gandhi for his subscription to it.

Gandhi cabled him back: "Begin with a Charter of Duties
2

of man,
spring
"the

and,

I promise,

follows

true

winter".

source

discharge

the rights will

our

of

Gandhiji

right

duties,

is

rights

also

will

unperformed

rights,

they

us

like

that

If

we

be

far

not

If leaving duties
escape

said

duty.

seek.

will

follow as

we

run

all
to

after

wil 1-01-the-wisp
4
The more we pursue them, the farther they will fly."

Duties in the Constitutions of the world.

In
emphasis

note that
the

context

which Mahatma

link between

into

the

of

Gandhi

the

very

great

laid on the natural

rights and duties, it is gratifying to

the Fundamental
Constitution

Duties

under

were incorporated

Art

51-A

by

the

42nd

in

the

Duties

can

Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1976.

Insertion
Constitution
hardly

containing

be called

world

are

more

IV-

Fundamental

There are many Constitutions in

containing
than

Part

an innovation on the part of the

Indian Parliament.
the

of

50

such duties.
nations

in

In fact,

the

world

there
having

specific provisions in regard to Fundamental

Duties

in

Japan,

their

Yugoslavia,

Constitutions.
China

etc.,

These
as

APPENDIX I.

would

include
be

evident

from

countries

On

the

which

do

listed

in their

called

'the mother

Fundamental
fact,

other
not

hand,
have

England,

of democracy',
nor

any

are

fundamental

Constitutions.

Right

there

has

many
duties

which

neither

Fundamental

is
?ny

Duty.

In

England does not even have a Constitution,

reality which

induced

existe point".

Bagehot

to affirm:

"Elle

a
na

The reason for this lies embedded in

English history.

The

Englishmen,

instrumental

the

evolution

in

themselves
of

being

democracy in

England, were conscious not only of their rights but

also of their obligations

right from the days they

spearheaded the glorious revolution of 1688.

they

did

not

deem

it

necessary

to

Hence,

create

any

document of the nature of a Constitution, either to

enshrine

citizen's

rights

or

to

enunciate

citizen's obligations.
But people
which

for

ages

belonging

remained

to those

subjugated

had

nations
bitter

experience of the misuse or abuse of power by the

State machinery.

Therefore, when they threw off the

yoke

of colonial

rule,

that

the State is restrained from encroaching upon

their valuable rights.

they

took pains

to

ensure

As unbridled freedom can be

a danger to the very freedom itself, they recognized

their

basic

their

duties

for this

obligations

and

incorporated

into the Constitution.

reason that

It

them

as

is mainly

in the Constitutions

of

such

States which were emancipated from colonial rule in

recent

years,

Fundamental

Duties

are

incorporated

side by side with the Fundamental Rights.

India,
fit

into

enacted

this

scheme.

in 1949,

to Fundamental
Fundamental

surprisingly

enough,

Its

Rights

although quite

had

been

not

Constitution,

was bereft of provisions

Duties,

does

when

relating

a number

incorporated

of

therein.

Perhaps, it was this realization which prompted Sir

Ivor Jennings
Constitution

to
is

observe
an

that

"Essentially

individualistic

Indian

document:

its

5
prophets are Burke, Mill and Dicey".

Emphasis on duties during freedom struggle.

Not
realise

the

that the freedom

importance

fighters did not

of duties.

In fact,

their

participation in the freedom struggle was itself a

sacred

duty

which

emancipation
struggle

for

of

inspired

their

them

to

motherland.

freedom,

the

fight

for

the

Throughout

the

concept

of

duty

prominently occupied the minds of freedom fighters.

Gandhiji always laid emphasis on the duty.

When the

Constitution
proposed

of

was

incorporation

Fundamental
evident

India

Duties

from

first

of

of

discussed,

Chapter

citizens.

study

of

the

listing

This

thought

he

becomes
provoking

brochure on "Gandhian Constitution For Free India",

by Shri S.N. Aggrawal.

The book to which a foreward

was written by Gandhiji himself, has a full Chapter

on

Fundamental

emphasised

Rights

the

need

and

for

Duties.

"a

This

clear

Chapter

enumeration

of

civic rights in the Indian Constitution", holding it

"of

paramount

importance

specially

in view of the

communal problem" that faced this country.

However,

it took cognizance of the fact that all these rights

shall

be

fundamental

contingent

on

duties",

the

which

performance
were

of

enumerated

the
as

follows:
1) .
to

All
the

citizens

State

national

shall

specially

emergencies

be faithful
in

times

of

and

foreign

shall

proihote

aggression;
2) .

Every

citizen

public welfare by contributing to State

funds, cash, kind or labour as required
by Law, and
3) .

Every citizen shall avoid, check

and,

if necessary,

resist exploitation

of man by man.
Such
urged,

would

Rights

but

enumeration

in

no

would

way

help

of

duties,

abridge

remind

the

the

it

was

Fundamental

people

that

no

rights are absolute or unconditional.^

Absence of Duties in the Indian Constituion.

It was

rather unfortunate

that

in the

years after independence, the people of India became

so much right conscious that they tended to forget
their

fundamental

duties

and

responsibilities.

suggestion to define the duties of the citizen was

no doubt
deeply

mooted

by

disturbed on

lawlessness

in

irresponsible

the

Dr.

Rajendra

account
country

behaviour

of

particular.

Moreover,

attention

the Servants

under

of

the

this

Presidentship

of
of

Prasad,

of
in

who

felt

indiscipline

and

general,

and

some

legislators

issue

also

the

People's

veteran

the
ir

attracted
Society

leader

Shri

Biswanath Das. former Chief Minister of Orissa.

Society
Duty

brought

in our

suggest

lives

"without

Fundamental

out

a pamphlet
and

Constitution

altering or

Rights,

entitled:'PI ace

abridging

a few purposeful

of

India',
any of

additions

The
of
to
our
to

fill

up

certain

the

gap

duties

in

our

from

Constitution,

which

citizen's

bringing

right

flow

in
and

7
without which such rights cannot survive".
However,
Duties

the

fact

of the citizens

remains

that

Fundamental

were not incorporated into

draft Constitution,

and

when the Constitution of

came

it

had

into

force,

Fundamental

Rights,

vide

not doubt

part

III,

Chapter on Fundamental Duties.

in the
that

country had been

they

duties

tended

and

nation which

to

them

Chapter
there

obsessed

the

obligations towards
enabled

but

India
on

was

no

It seems that the people

so much

forget

the

with

importance
the

rights

of

their

society and

the

to claim; and exercise

their

rights .

Impact of absence of duties on the Indian society.

Presence

of

rights

and

absence

of duties

in

the Constitution had, in the long run, ushered in an era

of

indiscipline

in

the

lockouts became endemic.

recall

the growing

Indian

society.

Strikes

and

Here it would be pertinent to

incidence

of

indiscipline

in

India

from

the late sixties when, with the weakening of the

hold

of

the

Congress Party

on

the

electorate,

there

emerged an era of coalition governments in the various

States.

With foot -loose politicians crossing the floor

of the House for gaining power and privilege, political

interference in administration increased so much so

that the administration became completely paralysed.
Cashing in on this atmosphere

various trade unions

not only started gheraoing the management

the police
author

officials.

on

law

As

recorded by

enforcement,

but

also

a prominent

"Gherao

of

police

officers is now a daily exercise. All incidents are

not

reported

reports

to

complicates
that

to

us.

avoid

Many

more

matters.

many of

their

officers

trouble

Senior

suppress

and

police

this

further

officers

colleagues have

such

state

surrendered

to

the unions because they want to be on the safe side

to avoid harassment".

The deterioration in the law and order

situation was

also partly

caused by the fact

some

governments

had

of

the

issued

that

instructions

forbidding police officers to intervene in cases of

gheraos.
"in

Jay

Calcutta

Here it may be pertinent to mention that

Engineering
High

instructions

of

Court
the

case

a Special

struck

down

Government

Bench

of

the

the

executive

whereby

policemen

were forbidden to interfere even in cases of gheraos

amounting

to offences

of

being members of unlawful

wrongful

assemblies without

consulting the Labour Minister.

confinement

and

first

The Court held that

the

Government

circulates

clearly

conflicted

with

the

9
law,....... . and were therefore illegal".
Similar
the

High

separate
that

views

Court

of

Tamil

cases.Even

" ......

were

the

Nadu

other

power

law-making

the

directly
exercised

executive
from

the

validly

by

Karnataka

Court

has

to emphasise

in

observed

that

under

system the authority to make the law

is vested in the Parliament

and

expressed

and

Supreme

;t is essential

our constitutional

also

and the State Legislatures

bodies

and

whatever

administration
delegation

only

of

within

legislative

possesses

the

the

must

legislature

limits

be
and

prescribed.

The notion of inherent or autonomous law-making power in

the

administration,

is

emphatically rejected".
All

these

jurisprudence
be

piaced

in

more

notion

that

must

be

11

underscroed

which
on

the

stress

duty

need

and

rather

for

emphasis

than

on

new

could

right ,

in

order to restore the much needed balance in the Indian

society.

Demand for incorporation of Fundamental Duties.

The
a

schedule

immediate
of

Constitutional

basic
document

impulse
duties
might

for
have

for

incorporating

citizens
stemmed

in

the

from

reaction to the erosion of national discipline that was

becoming
preceding

increasingly
the

promulgation

10

evident
of

in

internal

the

year

emergency

in

but,

1975,

by

large ,

and

realisation

general
inclined

to

as

that,

think of

it

we

people,

far

more

than

care

are

rights

individual

our

by

influenced

was

for our obligations to the community.

The
Chapter

on

quite

reasons
Fundamental

pressing.

explicit

on

liberty.

The

India

committed
social,

expression,

all

rights,

secure

and

opportunity

fraternity,

individual

faith

and

assuring

the

the

were
duties

being

laid

by

gross

misuse

of

dec!ares
which

Republic"

is

- Justice
of

worship;

shall

of

make

citizens

and

unity

citizens

liberty

and

specific

Constitution

its

political;

belief,

to

Democratic
all

to

was

the

to

to

the

necessary

leading

Preamble

economic,

of

stress

"Sovereign

to

including

Duties

was

undue

self-seekers

status

It

as

as

for

thought,

Equality

promote

of

among

them

of

the

dignity

Nation".

These

lofty

ideals could not be achieved unless citizens discharged

their

national

unscrupulous

obligations.

elements

were

Unfortunately

misusing

liberty

some
to

the

detriment of the society, and this had to be checked if

the

values

enshrined

in

the

Constitution

were

to

be

preserved.
The
Constitution
concern
natural

of

incorporation
was

the

further
Government

enviornment.

The

of

the

duties

in

by

growing

necessitated
to

zealously

ruthless

the

safeguard

deforestation

the

the
of

our jungles and the impending extinction of wild life in

11

consequence,

and the

growing tendency

to damage national

property,

among

the

people

unmistakably called

for

such a measure as a reminder to unscrupulous elements

that

they had certain obligations

towards the nation

which had bestowed upon them certain basic rights.

Over
of

duties

and

above

should

all

be

these,

the

appreciated

i iclusion

also

in

the

background of the twin concept of rights and duties.

They

ought

Rights

to

be

correlative.

had

already

Fundamental

Duties

been

Since

included,

was

felt

the

inclusion

that

framework

of

the
1
Constitution, therefore, was also strongly supported.
It

within

the

Fundamental

there

was

no

of

need

define in the Constitution such duties as might

from

the

rights

themselves.
specify
citizen

in

What
the

must

redemption

or

other

was

considered

Constitution
perform

of

parts

the

the

for

of

undertaking

flow

Constitution

necessary
duties

making

to

was

which

every

possible

contained

to

the

in

the

while

the

P
Preamble.13

It

is

Constitution

important

had

adopted

to

note

tnat

of

the

most

principles

contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

(1948),

there

was

no

provision

Art.29(1) of the Declaration,

12

corresponding

according

to

to

which:

"Everyone

has

duties

the

and

full

free

to

the

community

in which

development

of

his

incorporation

of

Fundamental

alone

personality

is

14

possible".
in

the

The

Constitution,

therefore,

was

Duties

indeed

significant

demand

to

include dutiesof

citizens

towards

State.

As

pointed out

Lord Bryce:

the

"Constitution

of

of its

or laws

rules

Government
towards

a State

and

and

the

the

omitted
to

to

of

do

the

chaotic

the

and

those

form of

duties

citizens

its

of

towards

it
the

fathers

Indian

of

must

society

In

fact,

and

the
be

took

Duties

countries

initially

growing

Constitution

Fundamental

various

society.

the

of

of

founding

save

over

of

provision

Constitution
what

rights

the

of

15

Critics
of

consists

which determine

respective

citizens

Government .

or nation

by

in

the

observed

that

Constitution

done

even

lawlessness

American

in

India

had
in

had

belatedly

from degenerating
an

note

into

lamented

those

days

by observing that India was a "functioning anarchv".

Presiding
State

Bar

exhorted

Duties
that

Council,
the

possibility
in
too

over

of
the
much

Law

legal

the

second

Minister

community

introducing
Indian

on

Shri
to

Chapter

Constitution.

emphasis

13

the

All

India

H.R.Gokhale,
consider

on
It

the

Fundamental
was

Fundamental

realised
Rights

without
proved
the

any

detrimental
need

of

Fundamental
growing

May

on

the

the

Duties

1976,

recommended

country

hour
in

Committee,
29,

corresponding

to

lawlessness

Congress
on

stress

order
in

at

in

to

of

of

and

inclusion

of

the

The
held

this

had

past,

stem

session

note

the

the

India.

its

took

inclusion

was

obligations

tide

All

India

in New Delhi

suggestion

Chapter

of

on

and

duties

and

obligations in the Constitution at an early date.

The

Congress President thereupon appointed the Swaran Singh

Committee.

Swaran Singh Committee.

The Swaran Singh Committee had been entrusted
with

the

task

inclusion

in

of

the

formulating

Constitution

"some

of

proposal

certain

for

Fundamental

Duties and obligations, which every citizen owes to the

nation,

inter-alia,

to

sustain

and

strengthen

the

integrity and unity of the nation; to act in accordance

with

the

Constitution

and

the

laws

of

the

land;

to

maintain discipline in every sphere; to honestly perform

all duties to safeguard public property.
After
Committee

detailed discussion,

16

the

Swaran

Singh

recommended inclusion of the following eight

Fundamental

Duties

for

14

incorporation

into

the

17
Constitution:1) .

To

uphold

the

sovereignty

of

India

and

function in the way to strengthen the unity and

integrity of India.
2) .

To

respect

and

abide

by

the

Indian

Constitution and the laws of the nation.

3) .

To respect every democratic institutions

enshrined
doing

in

the

anything

Constitution

that

may

impair

and

to

their

avoid

dignity

and authority.
4).

To

abjure

communalism

defend

India

in

any

form

or

manner.
5) .

To

and

to

render

national

service, whenever required to do so.

6) .
the

To assist a d co-operate in implementing

Directive

promoting

Principles

the

common

of

good

State
of

Policy

the

and

nation

in

order to subserve the interests of economic and

social justice.
7) .

To pay taxes

as is required by laws of

the land.
8) .

To

properties
either

safeguard
and

cause

not

and

doing

destruction

protect
anything

or

damage

properties, besides abjuring violence.

15

public
that

may

to

such

The duties proposed by the Committee were to be

obligatory

in

nature.

The

Committee

therefore,

suggested that "Parliament may, by law, provide for the

imposition

may

be

considered appropriate for any non-compliance with,

or

refusal

of

to

such

penalty

observe,

any

or

of

punishment

these

as

duties".

The

panel

went on to recommend that "no law imposing such penalty

or punishment shall be called in question in any Court
on the ground of

infringement

of the Constitution".

of any other provisions

The Committee was of the opinion

that the abuse or misuse of the rights conferred under

Art.
an

19 may be by an individual,

association,

and

each

of

a group, a party, or

these

would

have

to

be

guarded against.

Fundamental Duties incorporated by 42nd (Amendment) Act

The

42nd

these

duties

duties

were

According

Amendment

but
not

to

in
made

the

modified

incorporate
form.

enforeceable

Statement

appended to the Bill,

did

of

some

Moreover,

in a Court
objects

and

of
the

of Law.
reasons

the 42nd Amendment was intended

to achieve "the objective of socio-economic revolution,

which

end

inequality

poverty
of

and

ignorance

opportunity...."

On

and

disease

October

29,

and
1976,

the Lok Sabha passed the Bill to embody in the Indian

16

Constitution a Chapter specifying Fundamental Duties of

the

citizens.

Minister,

Shri H.R.Gokhale,

described

the

Chapter

the former Union Law

as

"by

far

the

most

fundamental and very important for the purpose of every

generation, the present as well as the future".
Finally
incorporated
Bill

in

into

(which was

1976).

The

resolution
Congress

1976,
the

later

the

Committee

Fundamental

Constitution
adopted

amendment
on

the

was

by

as 42nd

effected

subject

passtJ

endorsing

as
by

the

Duties

44th

were

Amendment

Amendment

Act,

a sequel

to

the

All

India

recommendation

of

Swaran Singh Committee.

List of Duties.
The ten Fundamental
of

the

Constitution,

Duties

listed

enactment
18
Amendment Act, call upon the citizens to:(a) .

following

in Art
of

51-A
42nd

"to abide by the Constitution and respect

its ideals and institutions, the National Flag

and the National Anthem";
(b)
which

"to cherish and follow the noble ideals

inspired

our

national

struggle

for

freedom";
(c)

"to uphold

and protect

unity and integrity of India";

17

the sovereignty,

(d)

"to

defend

the

country

and

render

national service when called upon to do so";

(e)

"to promote harmony and the spirit of

common brotherhood amongst all the people of

India transcending religious,
regional

or

sectional

linguistic and

diversities,

to

renounce practices derogatory to the dignity

of women";
(f)

"to

value

and

preserve

the

rich

heritage of our composite culture";

(g)

"to

protect

and

improve

the

natural

enviornment including forests, lakes, rivers,

wild

life and to have compassion for living

creatures";
(h)

"to

humanism

develop
and

the

the

scientific

spirit

of

temper,

enquiry

and

reform";
(i)

"to

safeguard

public

property

and

to

abjure violence";
(j)

"to

strive

towards

excellence

in

all

spheres of individual and collective activity

so that the nation constantly rises to higher
levels of endeavour and achievement".
Shri

H.R.

Gokhale,

the

Union

Law Minister,

while speaking in Lok Sabha on 29th October, 1976, had

assured the members of Parliament
consideration,

no

consideration

that

partisanship

has

come at all in the formulation of these duties".

On

18

of

"no political

yet

another occasion,

India

Convention

H.R.Gokhale

on

said:"no

Duties.

If

addressing the Socialist

Constitutional
one

views are different.

these

while

can

say

Amendments,
that

my

Shri

political

Therefore, I cannot subscribe to

you

look

at

these

Duties

they

transcend all barriers of political or other views on

which people may be different,

but this

is a single

common denominator on which we expect every citizen of

the country will

agree

and that

is where the Duties

become, again like the Preamable, the guidelines,

the

19

beacon light..... "

Fundamental Duties not made enforceable.

Although
thinkers

that

it

it

was

would

suggested

be

by

necessary

to

some

of

the

provide

for

punishment for the breach of Fundamental Duties by a

citizen, no cognizance of this suggestion was taken by
our Parliament as it would have been repugnan'
historical,

social,

religious,

approach

to the

towards

the

duties.
One

of

the

most

controversial

issues

regarding these duties had been the recommendation to

make

them

legally

enforceable.

The

Swaran

Singh

Committee was in favour of it but it was dropped after

the Bill came up for discussion in the Parliament.

In

the Lok Sabha also, Sardar Swaran Singh, Jamilurahman

and some others spoke strongly in favour of making the
violation

of these duties

legally punishable

on

the

ground that in the absence of legal force behind them,

they would remain mere platitudes.

19

Importance of Duties as explained by Government.

But the suggestion was not accepted, with the
result that the breach of any Fundamental Duty is not
punishable.
real

It therefore,

purpose

behind

the

becomes obvious,
incorporation

that the

of

set

of

duties in the Constitution was to lay down a system of

norms,

which

in

due

course

could

help

change

established attitudes, generate new ones and create a

psychological climate conducive to the development of
alert,

informed

and dedicated citizenship.

Reacting

to the question as to how the mere inclusion of a set

of duties in the Constitution would be of any help to
the

nation,

Gandhi,

the

had

then

Prime

observed:

"If

Minister,
people

Mrs.

only

Indira

kept

the

Fundamental Duties in their mind, we will soon have a

20

peaceful and friendly revolution".

Despite the fact that the then Prime Minister
Mrs.
the

Indira Gandhi underlined with clarity and force

role

about

which

these

a change

people,

duties

in the

there

were

could

attitude

many

play

and

in

bringing

thinking

thinkers

who

of

the

expressed

reservation on the rationale behind these Fundamental

Duties which were non-enforceable .
The
principles.

Fundamental
It

is

Duties

obligatory

on

the

contain

noble

part

every

of

citizen who seeks the enforcement of his Fundamental

Rights not

to violate

the Fundamental Rights

20

of any

other person.
This
said:"

The

introduced

is

what

Chapter
not

to

democratic balance.
highlighting

Indira

on

Fundamental

smother

rights

meant
Duties

but

to

when
has

she
been

establish

Our Constitution was notable for

Directive

Fundamental Rights.

Gandhi

Principles

alongwith

Neither can bear flower and fruit

21
without performance of the duties".
The

Indian

Parliament,

by

approving

of

the

incorporation of Fundamental Duties in Chapter IV-A of

the

Constitution,

greatest

thus,

jurisprudential

took

care

of

one

lacunae encapsulated

maxim:"Law is not merely right

The

the

in the

only
22
right of man in the society is to do his duty".

21

alone.

of

real

NOTES

Pappu Shyamla, Fundamental Duties:The Implicit

made explicit. Socialist India, Vol.13(30 Oct,
1976) p.ll.

2*

D.D. Chawla, The concept of Fundamental Duties,

Socialist India, Vol 13, No.21, p.44.

3.

Ram

Rattan,

Gandhi's Concept of Political

Obligation,

(Calcutta,

1972)

The

Minerva

Associates, p.91.
4.

M.K.Gandhi,

Young India(8th

January,

1925)

p. 15.
5.

Pappu Shyamla, Op.cit, p.ll.

6.

S.N .Aggrawal,

Gandhian Constitution for free

India; Kitabistan(Allahabad 1946) p.79.

7.

Anadhi Bhusan Maity, Fundamental Duties;Modern

Review, V.141;(1977), p.307.

8.

R. Deb, Police and Law enforcement; S.C.Sarkar

& Sons Private Ltd, Calcutta,

2nd ed. 1988,

p.106.
9.

R. Deb, op. cit, p.110.

10.

Chelpark

Company

Madras,

AIR,

V.

Commissioner

1969

Madras

of
33;

Police,
Mysore

Manufacturers V. State, AIR, 1969, Mysore 51.

11.

R. Deb, op. cit, pp. 110-111.

22

12.

P.D.Kudal, on Legal Aid and Fundamental Duties;

Socialist India, Vol.13 (23rd Oct, 1976) p.44.

13.

Swarup

Hari,

Obligations

Constitution

of

Citizens:

Duties

and

Mainstream, V

14

48(July 1976), p.12.

14.

Anandi Bhushan Maity Fundamental Duties;Modern

Review, V.141, (1977), p.3o5.

15.

L.S.Sinha, Fundamental Duties:Their Importance;

Socialist India, V 13; (23 Oct, 1976) p.97.

16.

G. G.Mirchandani,
Abhinav

Subverting

Publications,

(New

the

Consitution;

Delhi,

1977),

1st

Ed. p .141.
17.

Anadhi

Bhushan

Maity,

Fundamental

Duties;

Modern Review, V.141, (1977), p.310.

18.

P.M.Bhakshi,
comments;

Constitution

Universal

Book

of

India,

Traders

(1991

with
edn)

p .49.
19.

H. R. Gokhale, "On the Need for the Amendments",

Socialist India, Vo. 13, N.21, p.23.

20.

L. S.Sinha,

The

Fundamental

Importance;

Socialist India,

Duties:
V.13,

Their
Oct.23,

1976, p .102.
21.

M. N.Morje, The Fundamental Duties; Yo jana V. 21

(1st March, 1977) p.25.

22 .

Arun

Sud;

Our

Fundamental

Political Studies,

23

Duties,

Journal of

V.10.N1;(1977) p.88.