Kaluza Klein PDF

Kaluza-Klein Theory
Jonas Reuter
Physikalisches Institut der Universit
at Bonn
November 25th, 2010
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
1 / 42
Overview
Kaluza Theory
Solutions for dimension

Compactification: Kaluza-Klein theory
Projective geometry
Noncompactified theories
Predictions
Conclusion
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
2 / 42
References
mainly J.M. Overduin and P.S.Wesson Kaluza-Klein Gravity,
arXiv:gr-qc/9805018v1 .
T. Kaluza, Zum Unit
atsproblem der Physik, Sitz. Preuss. Akad.
Wiss. Phys. Math. K1 (1921) 966.

O. Klein, Quantentheorie und f
unfdimensionale Relativitatstheorie,
Zeits. Phys. 37 (1926) 895.
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
3 / 42
Kaluza Theory
Kaluzas idea
in 1909 Lorentz generalized
3d-space and time to 4d-spacetime

general relativity could be
constructed
Generel Relativity explains gravity
with pure geometry

Kaluzas idea in 1921: use another
dimension to construct a more

general theory
Figure: Theodor Kaluza
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
4 / 42
Kaluza Theory
Kaluzas idea
Three important aspects of Kaluza Theory:
Nature can be explained through pure geometry.
The underlying theory is a minimal extension of general relativity.
Physics only depends on the first four coordinates (called cylindricity).

No mechanism is specified why it does not depend on the extra
dimensions.
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
5 / 42
Kaluza Theory
Notation
Notation in this presentation:

capital latin indices A,B, . . . run over 0,1,2,3,4
small greek indices , , . . . run over 0,1,2,3
)
hats denote 5d quantities (G
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
6 / 42
Kaluza Theory
Basic ansatz
Ansatz: Einstein-equation in 5d:

AB = 0
G
with
AB
G
AB
R
C
AB
(J. Reuter)
AB R gAB
= R
2
C B
C +
C
D
C D
= C
AB
AC
AB CD AD BC
1 CD
=
g (A gDB + B gDA D gAB )
2
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Kaluza Theory
Basic ansatz and assumptions
ansatz for the metric gAB :

(
gAB ) =
g + 2 2 A A 2 A
2 A
2
physics does not depend on 5th dimension
all derivatives w.r.t. 5th dimension are 0
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
8 / 42
Kaluza Theory
Resulting equations
One obtains:
G =
2 2 EM 1
T [ ( ) g ]
2
F = 3
=
(J. Reuter)
2 2
F F
4
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Kaluza Theory
The scalar field
if we assume = const. and with = 4 G :

EM
G = 8G 2 T
F = 0
originally Kaluza and Klein set = 1
violates 3rd equation
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
10 / 42
Kaluza Theory
Problem: extra dimensions

have seen: can unify general relativity and electrodynamics through
extra dimensions
Problem: Why dont we see extra dimensions?
solutions:
1
2
3
compactification ( Kaluza-Klein Theory)

projective geometry
non-compactification
every solution breaks one of the three important aspects of Kaluza
Theory
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
11 / 42
Kaluza Theory

Projective geometry
Predictions
Conclusion
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
12 / 42
Kaluza-Klein theory: basic idea
in 1926 Klein proposed
compactification
circular topology of 5th dimension
physical fields only depend

periodically on 5th dimension
small enough compactification scale
extra dimension is unobservable
Figure: Oskar Klein

(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
13 / 42
Action
modes carry momentum |n|

r
if r is small enough, only n = 0 contributes

action:
S =
16 G
g d 4 xdy
periodicity of 5th dimension
can expand 5d fields in Fourier modes
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
14 / 42
Metric
parametrisation of the metric:

(0)
gAB (x)
1/3
g + 2 A A A
A
use Ricci tensor and Christoffel symbols as above and
= 4 G
Z
G = G / dy
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
15 / 42
Resulting action
Resulting action in 0th order Fourier expansion:

Z
1
1
R
4
S = d x g
+ F F + 2
16 4
6
2
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
16 / 42
Matter in Kaluza-Klein ansatz
introduce scalar field in theory:
Z
S =
d x dy
g A A
expand in Fourier-modes:
(x,y ) =
n=
X
(n) (x)e in r
n=
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
17 / 42
Resulting matter action

inA
=
dy
d x g
(n)
+
r
n

inA
n2 (n)2
(n)
+
2
r
r
Z
XZ
first term: covariant derivative

second term: mass term
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
18 / 42
Charge and mass of matter fields
comparison with covariant derivative from QED yields:
n
qn =
r
Z
1/2
n 16G
=
dy
r
mass term gives:
|n|
mn =
r
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
19 / 42
Achievements and problems

Special achievements:
prediction of quantization of charge
Special problems:
explicit addition of matter
quantized mass
predicted mass of lowest Fouriermode mpl
higher dimensions
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
20 / 42
Projective geometry
Projective geometry
Projective geometry
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
21 / 42
Projective geometry
Projective geometry: Basic Idea
replaces classical tensors in general relativity with projective tensors

extra dimensions are artifacts of underlying theory
extra dimensions are regarded as visual aids
extra dimensions are not physically real and thus cannot be

observed
sacrifices geometric interpretation of general relativity and is more
than a minimal extension of general relativity
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
22 / 42
Projective geometry
Problems in early attempts
Kaluza theory gives rise to Brans-Dicke scalar field

Brans-Dicke action:
Z
S =
d x g

R
+
16G

+ Sm
with the Brans-Dicke constant and Sm the action of associated

matter fields
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
23 / 42
Projective geometry
Problems in early attempts
Kaluza action without electromagnetic potential:
1
S =
16G
d 4 x g R
=0
is constrained by experiment to be greater than 500
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
24 / 42
Projective geometry
Solution attempt 1
Lessner suggested that Brans-Dicke scalar is microscopic

mathematically the same equations as in Kaluza theory
except G is replaced by essentially free parameter B

solution of field equations is called particle if it satisfies certain
conditions
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
25 / 42
Projective geometry
Solution attempt 2
projective unified field theory by Schmutzer

explicitly introduce matter substrate
5d Einstein equation:
AB = 8 G
AB
G
with energy projector AB
0 = e g
use conformally rescaled metric g
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
26 / 42
Projective geometry
resulting field equations
EM
G = 8G (T
+ + )
H = J
2
1
= 8G ( + F H )
3
2
EM , substrate energy tensor
with electric energy-momentum tensor T
= and . . .
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
27 / 42
Projective geometry
Some tensors
scalaric energy tensor:
3
=
16G

1
g
2
and electric four-current J , electromagnetic field-strength tensor F ,

induction tensor H = e 3 F and the scalaric substrate density
3
= e AA
2
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
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Projective geometry
Implications
violations of weak equivalence principle for time dependent scalar
fields
scalaric polarization of vacuum
dependent on scalarism parameter = (main free parameter)
experimental constraints are upper limits on
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
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Projective geometry
Special achievements:
in principle testable predicitions
Special problems:
modifies geometric foundation
either needs substrate or can only describe microscopic phenomenons
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
30 / 42
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
31 / 42
Noncompactified theories: basic idea
take extra dimension to be physical

relax cylindricity condition
perhaps not lengthlike extradimension
effects are very small if unit conversion factor is small
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
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Metric
choose metric such that A vanishes
possible because we are not imposing cylindricity

include factor to allow time- and spacelike signature

(
gAB ) =
(J. Reuter)
g 0
0 2
25.11.2010
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First resulting field equation
AB = 0 one gets:
using R
R =
( )

2
4 4 g
4 (4 g )

g 4 g 4 g
+g 4 g 4 g
2
can build Einstein-equation from equation for R

contracting with g gives R
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
34 / 42
First resulting field equation

insert R and R in
1
R g R = 8GT
2
results in energy-momentum tensor of induced matter:
8GT
(J. Reuter)

( )
4 4 g
=
2
4 (4 g )
g 4 g 4 g
+g 4 g 4 g
2
i
g
+
4 g 4 g + (g 4 g )2
4
25.11.2010
35 / 42
Second resulting field equation

one gets:
P = 0
with

1
P =
g 4 g g 4 g
2 g44
interpretation not clear

could be related to known conserved quantity
another possible identification allows to relate this equation with 4d
geodesic equation
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
36 / 42
Third resulting field equation
one gets:
=
4 g 4 g
g 4 (4 g ) 4 g 4 g
+
4
2
2

can identify this equation with Klein-Gordon equation with
appropriate definition of mass
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
37 / 42
Interpretation of 5th coordinate
5th coordinate might be related to rest mass

hints for that:
basic mechanics depends on basis units of length, time and mass
length and time are already merged

calculations with explicit 5d metrics show that metrics with dependency
on 5th coordinate can be related to massive physical situations

realistic 4d metrics emerge from constant 5th coordinate hypersurfaces
coordinate frame where rest mass is constant
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
38 / 42
Special Achievements:
gives Energy-momentum tensor from geometry
testable predictions
Special problems:
physical quantities dependent on 5d coordinate-system
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
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Predictions
Overview
Kaluza Theory
Predictions
Conclusion
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
40 / 42
Predictions
Predictions
3 theories similar predictions
not distinguishable
for matter interpretation: slow variation of rest mass ( 1012 yr1 )
soliton solutions show deviations in classical tests, for example:
gravitational redshift
light deflection
geodetic precession Gravity Probe-B is close
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
41 / 42
Conclusion
Conclusion
have seen that general relativity and electrodynamics can be unified
possibly unify other forces

three different ways for extra dimensions:
1
2
3
compactification (used e.g. in string theory)

projective geometry
non-compactification
5th dimension might be related to restmass

none of the three approaches can be excluded on observational
grounds at present time
(J. Reuter)
25.11.2010
42 / 42

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Kaluza-Klein Theory

November 25th, 2010

Solutions for dimension

mainly J.M. Overduin and P.S.Wesson Kaluza-Klein Gravity,

Wiss. Phys. Math. K1 (1921) 966.

Zeits. Phys. 37 (1926) 895.

in 1909 Lorentz generalized

3d-space and time to 4d-spacetime

with pure geometry

dimension to construct a more

Three important aspects of Kaluza Theory:

Nature can be explained through pure geometry.

The underlying theory is a minimal extension of general relativity.

Physics only depends on the first four coordinates (called cylindricity).

Notation in this presentation:

Ansatz: Einstein-equation in 5d:

Basic ansatz and assumptions

ansatz for the metric gAB :

physics does not depend on 5th dimension

all derivatives w.r.t. 5th dimension are 0

The scalar field

if we assume = const. and with = 4 G :

violates 3rd equation

Problem: extra dimensions

compactification ( Kaluza-Klein Theory)

every solution breaks one of the three important aspects of Kaluza

Solutions for dimension

Solutions for dimension

Solutions for dimension

Solutions for dimension

Compactification: Kaluza-Klein theory

Kaluza-Klein theory: basic idea

in 1926 Klein proposed

physical fields only depend

extra dimension is unobservable

Figure: Oskar Klein

Solutions for dimension

Compactification: Kaluza-Klein theory

modes carry momentum |n|

if r is small enough, only n = 0 contributes

periodicity of 5th dimension

can expand 5d fields in Fourier modes

Solutions for dimension

Compactification: Kaluza-Klein theory

parametrisation of the metric:

use Ricci tensor and Christoffel symbols as above and

Solutions for dimension

Compactification: Kaluza-Klein theory

Resulting action in 0th order Fourier expansion:

Solutions for dimension

Compactification: Kaluza-Klein theory

Matter in Kaluza-Klein ansatz

introduce scalar field in theory:

Solutions for dimension

Compactification: Kaluza-Klein theory

Resulting matter action

first term: covariant derivative

Solutions for dimension

Compactification: Kaluza-Klein theory

Charge and mass of matter fields

comparison with covariant derivative from QED yields:

mass term gives:

Solutions for dimension