12

12

2............................................................................................................................................................................................
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197.......................................................................................................................................................................................
256.......................................................................................................................................................................................
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418.......................................................................................................................................................................................
454.......................................................................................................................................................................................
471.......................................................................................................................................................................................
480.......................................................................................................................................................................................

 2 12

:

.

-1-1-1
.

.
:
V Va Vb
=
R
R

= V = Va Vb , I

:
-1 : V = RI R
.
:
= tan = R
:

:
= tan = R

 13 2

-2 : ) V ( t ) = R ( t ) I ( t ) R ( t
.
-3 : ) V = f ( I) . (
dV
|I
dI o

-2-1-1
.

:
V = 0 :

I = 0 :

:
) ( S.C >
) ( O.C <
.

 4 12

) I = 0 (1 V < 0
) V = 0 (2 I > 0

V. K > VA I = 0

V = 0 .

.
:
2

) I = 0 (1 V > 0
) V = 0 (2 I > 0

.
-3-1-1
- .
.

 15 2

r .

V = es rI

rI .
- .
:

 6 12

r .

V
r
V

r

I = is

: ) ( )
( ) ( .
:
.
-4-1-1 ) (

.
:
-1
K .

-2
K .

 17 2

-3
K ) ( .

-4
K ) ( J .
i x Vx .
: : ) (
i x Vx
.
:

.
: ) ( .

) ( .

Vs = 0

Is = 0

: ) ( :

 8 12

-5-1-1
) ( q ) ( V
:

:
-1 : q = C.V q
C V .
:
dq
dv
=c
dt
dt

) V0 (

1 t
i.dt
c 0

=i

V = V0 +

:
1
1
1 q2
W = qV = cV2 = .
2
2
2 c

 19 2

: V0 :

+ V0

V0 = Vc (t = 0) = 0 Vc ( t ) ) i c ( t
.
-2 : ) q ( t ) = C ( t ) .V ( t ) c ( t

.
:
) dq ( t
) dV ( t
) dC ( t
= C ( t ).
+ V ( t ).
dt
dt
dt

-3 :
q
V0 |V
V 0

=i

) q = f ( V

= C .

-6-1-1
) ( ) ( I
:

:
-1 : = L.I
L I .
:
d
di
=L
dt
dt

) I0 (
:

1 t
V .dt
L 0

=V

i = I0 +

 10 12

1
1
1 2
W = i = Li2 = .
2
2
2 L

.
: I0 :

I0 = i L (t = 0) = 0 i L ( t ) ) VL ( t
.
-2 : ) ( t ) = L ( t ) .I ( t
) L ( t .
:
) d ( t
) dI ( t
) dL ( t
= L ( t ).
+ I ( t ).
dt
dt
dt

=V

-3 : ) = f ( I Io
d
|I
dI o

-1-2-1
-1

R eq = R1 + R 2 + ... = R i
i =1

= V1 + V2 + ...V

= I1 = I2 = ...I

 111 2

V I .
Io:

= V1 + V2 = 5 + ( 5 ) = 0I1 = I2 = Io V

-2
:

V = V1 + V2 + K
1

Ct = +
+ K

I1 = I2 = K= I
C1 C2

:
Vot = Vo1 + Vo2 + K

-3
:

Vt = V1 + V2 + ...
L t = L1 + L2 + ... = Li

i
I t = I1 = I2 = ...

Iot:
ot L1I o1 + L2I o2 + K
=
Lt
L1 + L2 + K

+ ) . (.

= I ot

 12 12

-2-2-1
-1
:

Vt = V1 = V2 = ...
1
R eq = +
+ ...

I t = I1 + I2 + ...
R1 R 2

I V

.
: . :
m dc . :
/m + o = /m

m . : |= | /m+

-2
:

Vt = V1 = V2 = ...
ceq = c1 + c2 + ... = ci

i
I t = I1 + I2 + ...

 113 2

q0t c1V01 + c2 V02 + ...

=
ct
c1 + c2 + ...

= V0t

+ ) . (.
-3
:

Vt = V1 = V2 = ...
1
Leq = + + ...

I t = I1 + I2 + ...
L1 L2

:
I0t = I01 + I02 + ...

) (
-3-1 ) (
-1

R1

V1 = R + R Vs

1
2

V = R 2 V
s
2 R1 + R 2

21 14

-2

C2

V1 = C + C Vs

1
2

V = C1 V
s
2 C1 + C2

-3
L1

1 = L + L

1
2

= L2
2

L1 + L2

) ( -2-3-1
-1
R2

I1 = R + R Is

1
2

R
1
I =
I
2 R1 + R 2 s

-2
C1

q1 = C + C q

1
2

q = C2 q
2 C1 + C2

-3
L2

I1 = L + L Is

1
2

L
1
I =
I
2 L1 + L2 s

 115 2

:
) P ( t ) = V ( t ) .I ( t

P ( t ) > 0
P ( t ) <0 .
)
( .
) (
.
:

20 5
= 3A
5

=I

I 3 A.
5 45W 20V 60W
15 W 5 V .
-5-1
-1
)X ( t ) = A cos ( ot +

2
0

=T

 16 12

-2
t 0
t <0

;
;

1
u (t) =
0

-3
t ; t 0
r(t) =
) = tu ( t
0 ; t < 0
tan = m = 1

-4
0 ; t < 0

1
< P ( t ) = ; 0 < t

> 0 ; t

.
-5
) ( 0 t =0

) ( t 0

.
) ( t.

1 ; t = 0
( t) =
) = lim P ( t
0 ; t 0 0

 117 2

) (.
*
-1
( t t 0 ) dt = 1

t 0 +
t 0

= ( t ) dt

.
-2
) f ( t ) . ( t t 0 ) = f ( t 0 ) ( t t 0

) f ( t ) . ( t ) = f ( 0 ) . ( t

-3
) f ( t ) . ( t t 0 ) dt = f ( t 0

*
:

:
. .
*
:
) u ( t t
r ( t
) t

 18 12

:
) f1 ( t

1
-1

-1

) f1 ( t ) = u ( t + 1) 2u ( t 1) + 4u ( t 2 ) 2u ( t 4

1
11
) f2 ( t ) = r ( t + 2) r ( t ) + 7r ( t 1) 2r ( t 3
2
2

.
:1 I V .
(

 119 2

R i s .

V > 0
:

 20 12

V < 0 . :

V > 0 V < 0 :

(
+

.
:
+

 121 2

 22 12

V I I V:

:2

V
= 2
1
V
2
3i
= 3
i

=R

= R

:3 .

+1
+2
+1

+1

. :
) f ( t ) = u ( t ) r ( t ) 2r ( t 2) u ( t 2) + 2u ( t 4 ) r ( t 5 ) 3u ( t 5

t = +2 1 +1 ) +2 (
t = +4 ) +1
+1 (.

 123 2

-1 ) Vs ( t . ) V0 ( t
) (

(1

(3

(2

(4

-2 . i

1A (1

2 A (2

1
A (3
2

1
A (4
4

 24 12

-3

i 2 (1

i1 (2

V2 (3

V1 (4

-4 R in A B

R in <0 / 65 (1

R in <0 / 7 (2

R in <0 / 75 (3

R in <0 / 85 (4

-5 V i :
1
V = 2i + e t i V cos 2t
2

(1

(2

(3

(4

 125 2

-6 V i ) (.

(1

(2

(3

(4

 26 12

-7 D . ) i L ( t

r ( t ) r ( t 1) (1

r ( t ) + r ( t 1) (2

r ( t 1) r ( t ) (3

u ( t 1) + r ( t ) (4

40
-8
3

R =

. i D = 2 / 5V 3 1 / 5V 2 + 0 / 225V
) ( VD :

0/25 (1

0/15 (2

0/18 (3

0/2 (4

 127 2

-9

(1

(2

(3

(4

 28 12

-10 . V0 Vin

+
V0

=2
(1

=1

3
(2

-5
= 1

-5
= 2

(3

=1
3

-(54
= 1

=2
3

-5
=2

 129 2

-1 4 .
1
1
) Vs = Vs ( t
1+ 2
3
1

d
2V1
di
1+ 3
= 1 dVs
V2 = 3 3 H = 3
2 dt
dt
dt
1
1
1
1 dVS
V0 = i2F dt = 4V2dt = 4
) dt = Vs V0 ( t ) = Vs ( t
2
2
2
2 dt
= V1

.
-2 1 .
:

32i = 0 i2 2i + 1 = 0 i = 1A

P = 0 6 3 + 1 + 12 + 16i
i

i =1

16i2 16 32i .
-3 1 .
i2 V1 10 . i2
+4A :
P2 = Vi1 2 = 10 4 = 40W

i2 .
-4 4 .
A B R = 0 R . R = 0:

R :

26
; 0 / 7878
33

0 / 7878 < R in < 08333 4 .

-5 2 .
V :

= R in = ( ( 4 || 3 ) + 2) || 1

5
; 0 / 8333
6

= R in = ( 3 + 2) || 1

 30 12

2 + e t
i = Ri
1
1 + cos 2t
224
14
3

=V

.
.
2 + e t
V i
1
1 + cos t
2

.
-6 3 .
1 i ) (
i 2 . 2 i
i 2 2
i .
4 i 2 i
.
3 .
-7 1 .
t = 0+ ) u ( t
. :
t
1 t
) VL ( t ) dt = u ( t ) dt = r ( t

0
L 0

= ) iL ( t

.
t = 1s ) u ( t .
.
. :

 131 2

)i L ( t ) = r ( t ) r ( t 1

-8 4 .
.:
1 di D
3
|VD = 7 / 5VD2 3VD + 0 / 225 =
=
R dV
40

100VD2 40VD + 4 = 0 (10VD 2) = 0 VD = 0 / 2Volt

2

-9 4 .

.
-10 3 .
:

2 :
V0 = 2i

=1
3

-5
= 1

 32 12

:
.
.
-1-2
:
-1-1-2 )(KCL

.
)
( :
=0

-2-1-2

out

)(KVL

.
:

V =0
i

: :
+ 1 =
1 =
: KCL
. KVL
.
.

 133 2

-2-2
:
-1-2-2
) ( V = 0 .
KCL ) ( .

KCL VA = 5Volt.

VA

5V

KCL : KCL .
KCL .
:
KCL -1 .
-2 KCL
.
.
-3 KCL
.
:

V2 V1 = Vs

V2

+
Vs

V1

 34 12

) ( KCL .
-4 KCL . KCL .
:
r

es
r

= is

is

es

-5 ) ( ) (
.
-6 . :
1 =
-7 KCL .
:
:1 V4 , V3 , V2 , V1 .
6

V4

40V

V3 1

10

5i x
+

5 V2

20

V1

ix

10V

10V 40V :
V4 = 40V V1 = 10V

 135 2

ix ) ( :
V2 V1
5

= ix

5i x 2 3 :
V2 V1
= V2 V1 V3 = V1 = 10V
5

V2 V3 = 5i x = 5

V2 10 V2 0 10 0 10 40
+
+
+
= 0 V2 = 124V
5
20
10
1

KCL :

:2 i .
6
i

2
12

20
150v

KCL
:
150v

6
V2

12

20
V1

150v

V1 150 V1 V2 V1 0
+
+
=0
20
2
5

KCL : 1

V2 150 V2 V1 V2 0
+
+
=0
6
2
12

KCL : 2

V V2 58 72
=
i = 7A
V1 = 58V i = 1 V2 = 72V
2
2

-2-2-2
. KVL )
( .

.

 36 12

i1 = 2A.
2A

i1

KVL : KVL .
KVL .
:
KVL -1 .
-2 .

.
-3 .
-4 KVL
.
:

i1 i2 = is

is i2

i1

) ( KVL .
-5 ) ( )
( .
-6 )

 137 2

( . :
=
-7 KVL +es
es .
+ RI RI .
.
:3 I4 , I3 , I2 , I1 .
3
3
1

I3
2VX

+
VX 2
I2

45A
I4

10A

I1

:
I4 = 45A I1 = 10A

KVL 2 3 2Vx:
I2 I3 = 2 ( 20 2I2) I3 = 5I2 40

I2 I3 = 2Vx

) Vx = 2 ( I1 I2

KVL : 3I2 + 3I3 + 1( I3 I4 ) + 2 ( I2 I1 ) = 0

3I2 + 3 ( 5I2 40) + ( 5I2 40 45 ) + 2 ( I2 10) = 0 I2 = 9A

I 3 = 5A
:4 i .
6
7A

3A

2A

 38 12

:
i4 = 7A i 3 = 2A
i2 i1 = 3A i2 = i1 + 3

9
8

KVL : 2i1 + 6 ( i1 + 3 ) + 8 ( i1 + 3 + 7 ) + 4 ( i1 2) = 0 i1 = A

3A i
2

7A

2 i
4

i1

i3

2A

-3-2-2 ) (
KCL KVL
.
KVL
.
.
.
:5 i .
8A
4i

2A

3
i

10v

 139 2

* :
10 10

.
v2

8A

4i

v1

2A

10v

+
10v

V1 V2 = 4i

4
7
V2 0 V2 V1 V2 = V2 V1 = V2
3
3
=i
=
3
3

KCL :
7
V2 10
V
2
KCL : 3
+ 8 + 2 2 = 0 V2 = v
2
3
3

i:
V2
2
= A
3
9

* :
i3 1 2 KVL .
8A

i3

3
i

i2

4i

i1

2A
+
10v

=i

 40 12

i 3 = 8A

i2 i1 = 2A i1 = i2 2
i = i 2 i 3 = i2 8

KVL : 2i1 + 4i + 3i 10 = 0 2 ( i2 2) + 7 ( i2 8 ) 10 = 0
70
A
9

= 9i2 = 70 i2

i:
70
2
8 = A
9
9

= i = i2 8

* :
KCL KVL .
4i

8A
3 8

2A

i+8

2
i+6

10v

KVL : 4i + 3i 10 + 2 ( i + 6 ) = 0
2
9i + 2 = 0 i = A
9

-4-2-2 )(
KCL )
( ) .
(.

 141 2

:6 Vx .

vx
+

2
+ 1
vx
4

2v

+
7v

2v :
vx

2 + v x
2
vx

1
+ v
x

2v

2v

4
5 v

+
7v

KCL Vx:
) Vx ( 5 ) Vx Vx ( 2 + Vx
+
+
= 0 Vx = 1Volt
4
1
2
3

KCL :

*
.
.
-3-2

.
. :
i
-1 i n
n

 42 12

-2 .
.
-3
.
.
-4 ) ( .
.
:7 i2 ,i1 .

i1
i1
2
i2

2

KVL .

. i1 i 3

 143 2

:
i i i i

KVL (1) : i1 + 1 + 1 2 + 1 = 24

i1 = 10A

2 2 2 2

i2 = 2A
KVL ( 2) : i + i2 + i2 i1 + i2 = 0
2

2 2 2 2

.
R
R
2

= R || R.
1

+ 24v

i1

i2
1

1
2

1
2

1
2
1
2

1
2

 44 12

:
2

24
= 10A
1
2 + 2 ||
2
1
10
i2 = 2 i1 = = 2A
1
5
2+
2
= i1

24v

i1

1
2
2

i2

:8 b, a
a
R
R

) (
:

a
R

R R R
+ + + ...
2 4 8
1 1 1

= R 1 + + + + ...
2
4
8

R ab = R +

R
2

1
= R
= 2R
1 1
2

R
4
R
8

 145 2

:9 R a b .
6

b
5

1 2 3 4 5 6 .
:

R R R 5
+ + = R
3 6 3 6

= R ab

-4-2
A
:
) V0 = AVd = A ( V + V

A .
+
+

v0

v
A

 46 12

:
Iin+

RO

Av o
+

Ri

vo

vd
I in

A ) ( A :
Vd = 0 V + = V

.
) ( R i
:
Iin+ = Iin = 0

( R o 0 ) .
:

vo
+

vo

:
-1 .
-2 KCL .
-3 KCL .

 147 2

:10 v o vs ) . (.
R2
+

vo

R1
vs +

KCL 1:
V+ = V = 0
V Vs V1 Vo
R
V1 = 0
KCL : 1
+
= 0
Vo = 2 Vs
R1
R2
R1

 48 12

3
2

-1 i N = A i1 ) (
23
(1
4

vN

17
(2
4

17
(3
8

iN

5A

i1

1
3

1
v
4

4
+v

vN

23
(4
8
Vs
-2 i = 2i1
is

1
(1
3

1
(2
2

4V
iN

is

2
Vs +

2 (3

i1
+
v 2

4i

3 (4
-3 . g m

g m (1 .
g m (2 3 .
1
g m (3
3

(4 .

iy

gm vx

i y

+
vx

+
es

 149 2

-4 V0
2 (1
4 (2
6 (3
8 (4

i2

o+

2
Vo
o

0 / 4

v1

2v1

o
+

2i2

10v +

-5 i x ( I = 2A , R = 7 , E = 14v ) .
0 (1

4A (2

RR

R
R

2A (3

3 / 4A (4

E ix

-6 . IL R L

2R

Vs
(1
2R

2Vs
(2
R
Vs
(3
3R
3Vs
(4
R

vs

3R
IL
RL

 50 12

-7
1
(1
2

i x

61v

2 (2
4 (3

3
iy

20v +

1
ix

+
3i y

(4

-8 N .

)( R 0
2R
(1
R +1

2R + 1
(2
R +1

7R
(3
2R + 3

4R + 1
(4
3R + 1

+
V 3

1A

1
2

-9 2 ) i R = e t u ( t
- 3 (1
- 1 (2

is

+
v 1

1
v

es

1 (3
3 (4
) is = e t u ( t

) es = e2 t u ( t

 151 2

-10 VC (0 ) = 1 V = ti ) Vc ( t

t +1 (1

i
+

1
t + 1 (2
2

)u (t

+
Vc

1F

t 2 + t + 1 (3

v
)u(t

1 2
t + t + 1 (4
2

-11 .
Vo
10 (1

i x
+
Vo

12 (2

5
ix

vs +

14 (3
(4 .
-12 :
i1 = 1
(1

V2 = 1
i1 = 1
(2

V2 = 1
i1 = 1
(3

V2 = 1
i1 = 2
(4

V2 = 1

1
+

3V

i2

+
v2

v1 = i12 + v22
i2 = 2i12 v22

1 i1
+
v1

3v +

 52 12

-13 ) Is ( I = 0
2/5 (1

7/5 (2

i1

22/5 (3

10v

2i1

Is

27/5 (4
Io
-14
Is

0/9 (2-1/8 (1
2/7 (3
3/6 (4
-15 V Vx =0
1A

3 (1
3

6 (2

18 (4

2A

12 (3
5v x

3A

i
2

v x 1

 153 2

-1 2 .
3
2

vN

i N = A VN:

3
i N = A VN = 101t
2

iN

1
3

KVL KCL 1:

5A

4
+v

2 i1
+

1
v
4

4v +

vN

iN

KVL : VN + V 4 = 0 V = 4 1 = 3Vo l t
1
V
3
17
KCl : i1 + V 5 = 0 i1 = 5 = 5 i1 = A
4
4
4
4

-2 4 .
KCL KVL :

is

is i
Vs

i1
+
v 2

4i

KVL : Vs = 2 ( is i ) 3i1 + V + 4i

 54 12

i = 2i1 :
Vs = 2i s + V + i1

KCL V :
KCL : V = i1 + is i = is i1

:
Vs
=3
is

Vs = 2i s + is i1 + i1 = 3i s

-3 3 .
1

3

KCL g m Vx Vx
1
1
g m
3
3

-4 2 .
Vo = 2V1 KCL 1 2:

V1

i2

2
2v1

o
+
+

2i2

V1

0 / 4

10v +

V1 10
V 2V1
1
25
2i2 + 1
= 0 i2 = V1
1
0/ 4
4
2
2
2V1
2V1 V1
1
25
+ i2 +
= 0 6V1 + i2 = 0 6V1 + V1 = 0 V1 = 2 Volt
KCL ( 2) :
1
1
4
4
2
2
KCL (1) :

Vo = 2V1 = 4 Volt.

55 21

. 1 -5
: KCL V

( 2 7 ) + ( 6 14) = 14V
RI + 6E
V+E V
KCL : 6
=
+ + I = 0 V =
7
7
R R
: ix
ix =

V + E 14 + 14
=
= 0 ix = 0
R
7

. 2 -6
: 2 1 KCL
2R

V2 = VL

V+ = VL + VS
V = V = V = V + V
1

+
L
S

1
d

Vo
+

vs +

2
d

3R

RL

IL

V1 V2 V1 Vo
V + VS VL VL + VS Vo
+
= 0 L
+
=0
2R
2R
R
R
2VS + VL + VS Vo
= 0 Vo VL = 3 VS
2R
V V1 V2 Vo
V VL VS VL Vo
+
= 0 IL + L
+
=0
KCL ( 2) : I L + 2
3R
3R
R
R
V VL + 3 VS 3 VS + 3 VS 2VS
IL = o
=
=
3R
3R
R
KCL (1) :

 56 12

-7 2 .
KCL ) (1:
3i y + 20

i x

61v

iy

20v +

1
d

ix

3i y

=0

)3i y i x ( 3i y + 20
2

V1 = 3i y i x = 61 3i y
+

3i y i x
4

KCL (1) : i x i y +

i x = 7 i y = 9 .
KVL :

( 3 9) + 20 61 = 14 = 2
7

= 3i y + 20 i x 61 = 0

-8 1 .
R = 0 1A 3 V = 0

. 1 3 .
V 3 R
. V = 2 1 V = 3 / 5 3.
N V
Vmax = 1 3 = 3V . 3 1 V
.

 157 2

-9 2 .
KCL 1:
2

iR

is

+
1
v

1
v

es +

1
1
) KCL : i = i R iS = e t u ( t ) e t u ( t ) = e t u ( t
2
2
1
) V = 1 i = e t u ( t
2

KVL :
1

) KVL : V = 2i R + V ( 1) V = 2i R ( 1) e t u ( t ) = e t u ( t
2

1 = 2 = 1

-10 2 .
KVL :
) Vd = ti + u ( t ) VC ( 0

t = 0+:
Vd ( 0+ ) = ( t 1) + 1 1 = t |t =0+ > 0

. KCL :
) VC u ( t

dVC
dV
) = u ( t ) t C + VC = tu ( t ) + u ( t
t
dt
dt
t d
t
d

( tVC ( t ) ) = u ( t )( t + 1)

tVC ( t ) ) dt = ( t + 1) u ( t ) dt
(
0 dt
0
dt
2
t

t
) tVC ( t ) = + t u ( t ) VC ( t ) = + 1 u ( t
2
2

t > 0:

KCL :

 58 12

1
VC ( t ) = t + 1
2

-11 3 .
Vo

Vo Vs > 1 .
VS

KCL

i x 1

KVL :

+
Vo
3
1 Vo
3 Vo

ix

( +1) i x

vs +

4
i x i x = Vo
4

4 +1 1
+
Vo
2
5

= KCL (1) : i x = Vo + 3Vo = 4Vo Vo

( + 1) i x + i x

= KVL : Vs

Vo
1
5
= .
=
1 14
Vs 4 + 1 + 1 4 + 14
5
2

14.
-12 2 .
KVL :
KVL : 3 = i1 + V1 = i1 + i12 + V22

KCL :
V2 3
= 0 i2 = 3 2V2 = 2i12 V22
1

i2 + V2 +

V2 i1 :
2
2
i1 + i1 + V2 = 3
2
2
2i1 + 2V2 V2 = 3

.
2 .

 159 2

-13 2 .
I = 0 Is 4 . 4 I = 0
4 ) ( I = 0 ) ( V = 0 .
4 2 .
:

10
= 5A
)1 + ( 2 || 2

i2
2 = 2 / 5A
2

i1

= i1

10V

KCL :
i1
3
3
= 0 IS = I + i1 = 0 + 5 IS = 7 / 5A
2
2
2

i1

2

KCL : IS + I + 2i1

2 .

-14 4 .
Io 9
IS :
9
9
IS i = IS
9 +1
10

=i

10 3i . KCL 1:

 60 12

6i
3i
10

3i 10

1 d
1

Io

I
36
IS 0 = 3 / 6
10
IS

= KCL : i + 6i = I o + 3i Io = 4i

-15 2 .
KCL KVL :
Vx i
Vx = 0
+ + i 2 = 0
i = 2A
1 2

KCL : 1 + V

KVL : V + 3i + 5Vx Vx = 0 V = 3i = 6 Volt

 161 2

:

. .

.

a
+
v

:
V = i +

:
1
d

ao
+

bo

ao
+

bo

KVL 1 KCL .
-1-3
.
) ( ) ( .
isc

RN

ao
+
v

bo

ao
+

R th

eoc

bo

a
+
v

 62 12

R th R eq R N Vth ) eoc (

i N ) isc ( .

-2-3
i N Vth R th .
-1-2-3 Vth ) eoc (
Vth a b ) ( i = 0 a
b . :

i =0
N

Vab = Vth

a
+
v = v th

: ) ( Vth = 0 .
-2-2-3 i N ) isc (
i N a b ) . ( V = 0
a b . :

iab = i N

i
a
IN +
V =0

IN IN . i.
: ) ( I N = 0 .
-3-2-3 R th ) R eq (
-1

 163 2

R eq .
: :
.

: R eq . 10V
100V R eq . R eq
.
-2
Vt
) ( It
:

It

vt
It

= R eq

vt

I t ) ( Vt
:

N
vt
It

= R eq

vt

It

.
: KCL Vt
KVL I t .

 64 12

-3
eoc .
isc :
eoc
isc

= R eq

.
eoc i sc
.
!
-4
Vth R eh .
) ( ) i (V
V ) i ( . :
V = i + R eq Vth.
1
i = V +
R eq

i N.

: V = i +
) ( R eq ) eoc ( Vth.
KCL KVL
KVL .
-3-3 isc eoc R eq

:
eoc = R eq i sc
eoc
R eq

= i sc

 165 2

.
.
.
:1 R V 3 R 0 i 3
. R = 5 .

a i
+
v

:
e oc 3
= = 1
isc 3

= R eq

b, a :

eoc = 3

V = 3

R 0

i sc = 3A

i = 3A

i
R = 5

R eq = 1
eoc = 3 v +

:
eoc
3
=
= 0 / 5A
R eq + R 1 + 5

=i

 66 12

:2 a b .
i2
4

b
6

i1
a

6A

:
6+4
6 = 4A
6 + 4 +1+ 4
1+ 4
6 = 2A
= i2
1+ 4 + 4 + 6
= i1

:
eoc = Va Vb = 4i1 6i2 = 4 4 6 2 = 4 Volt

R eq ) ( a b:
5 10 10
=
5 + 10 3
5
b

4
a

10

= ) R eq = R ab = (1 + 4 ) || ( 4 + 6

4
b

b
6

:3 a b .
a
20

+
v1

30

v1
A
40
0 / 2A

 167 2

0 / 2A It a b
Vab = Vt .

It
+

vt

v1
30
It

v1
40
20

V1
40

+
30 V
1

KCL :
V1
V
+ I t 1 = 0 V1 = 120I t
40
30

KVL :

KCL :

2
5
5
KVL : Vt V1 V1 = 0 Vt = V1 = 120I t = 200I t
3
3
3

Vt
= 200
It

= R eq

:
:
5
Vt = V1
3

:
5
v1
3

v1
40

:
5
V1
200
R = 3 =

V1
3
40

 68 12

:
a
20

200

30

200
50
200
3
R eq = ( 20 + 30) ||
=
= 200

3 200 + 50
3

:4 .

2i1

i1

ao
+
v

b o

.:
eoc = i sc = 0

.
KCL KVL :
i i1 2
+

2i1

II

i1

ao
+
v

b o

KVL : 2 ( i i1 ) + 2i1 2i1 = 0 i1 = i I

V
= 4
i

= KVL : V 2i 2i1 = 0 V = 2 ( i + i1 ) = 2 2i = 4i R eq II

 169 2

:5 K :
( .
( .

4v
+

i1

oa
+
v
o

2A

ki1

KCL I KVL II.

4v
+

i1

oa
+
v
o

i + i1
II

i1
1

2 i1

2A

ki1

i +1
2

KVL : 4 + i1 + 2 ( i + i1 ) ( 2 i1 ) = 0 i1 = I

K
K
KVL : V = 2 ( i + i1 ) + Ki1 = 1 i + 1 II
23 1424
23
1
424

K
2

eoc = = 1

K
2

K
= 0 K = 2
2

R eq = = 1

) eoc = 0 1

K
= 0 K = 2
2

) R eq = 0 1

 70 12

:6 a b .
1

a
b

1A

+
5v

3 )
( ) (
.
ab 7 .
2:

2
2

a
b

+
2v

+ 5v

3
KVL : 5 + i + 2i + 2i + 2 = 0 i = A
5

:7 a b
1

...

22
V = 4 / 4 Volt
5
1

1
2

= Vab = 4i + 2

R eq

 171 2

. a b
a b . :
a

R eq

R eq
2 + 3 R eq
2 + R eq

= R eq

2R eq
2 + R eq

R eq = 1 + ( 2 || R eq ) = 1 +

R 2eq R eq 2 = 0 R eq = 2

-4-3
:
-1
:
V1 = V2

i1 = i2

N2

i2

v2 +

i1

+
v1 N1

-2
V1 = V2

i1 = i2

N2

i2
v
2+

i1
+ v1
N1

V i . :
V = V1 = V2
i = i1 = i2

V = V1 = V2
i = i1 = i2

) (
V i .

 72 12

:8 V i .

4v
+

i
1

1v

1A

1A

2A

i1

N1 N2 :
i1

+v
1 N1

i2

+
v2
N2

5 K = 1 N1:
1
3
V1 = i1
2
2

N2 1 :
v2
1
i2

:
i = i1 = i2

V = V1 = V2

N1:
1 3
V = i
2 2

 173 2

:
v

1
i

1
1 3

V = V1 = V2 = 1Volt

i = i1 = i2 = 1A

-5-3 ) ( y /
.
:
B

ZAB

ZA

ZB
ZBC

ZAC

ZC
C

ZA Z B + ZA ZC + ZB ZC
ZB

= ZAC

Z A Z B + Z A ZC + ZB ZC
ZC

= ZAB

ZA Z B + ZA ZC + ZB ZC
ZA

= ZBC

ZA = ZB = ZC :
ZAB = ZAC = ZBC = 3 ZA

 74 12

ZAB

ZA

ZB

ZBC

ZAC

ZC

ZAC .ZBC
ZAB + ZAC + ZBC

= ZC

ZAB .ZAC
ZAB + ZAC + ZBC

= ZA

ZAB .ZBC
ZAB + ZAC + ZBC

= ZB

ZAB = ZBC = ZCA :

1
ZA = ZB = ZC = ZAB
3

:9 3 a b .

 175 2

oa

:
R ab = 1 + ( 6 || 6 ) + 1 = 5

1
6

-6-3
:

ob

 76 12

is

is

is

is

z2

z3

z1

.
-7-3
!!!
z2
b

z3

z1
z5

vs +

z4

ab Z5 Z1Z3 = Z2 Z4 i = 0 .
:

 177 2

-1 b, a ) (
2
R th = R , Vth = E + RI (1
3
10
E + RI
= R , Vth
(2
11
2
R
E
, Vth = (3
2
2

oa
R

= R th

I
R

= R th

R R

R th = R , Vth = E (4

+
E

ob

-2 :
Vth = ( t ) , R th = 2 (1

oa

Vth = 2 ( t ) , R th = 3 (2

2v

3
Vth = 2 ( t ) , R th = (3
5

v 2

ob

3
Vth = ( t ) , R th = (4
5

-3 a b

3v

5
(1
11

+
v

1 (2

is

3 (3

+ v1
1A

1
1 (2
3
2 (4

1
1

1 / 5 (3

R th

7
V1
6

-4
1 (1

39
(4
11

) 5 ( t

3i x

1
1

ix
Is

 78 12

2
-5 ) ( N1 N2 ) ( Vs + is
7
8
. 4 a b
9

=i

2i

8
(1
7

+ v
s

8
(2
5

N2

N1

is

2 (3
4 (4

-6 b, a
3 R + 3 / 2 (1
2 R 1 / 5 (2

oa

1 / 4 R + 3 (3

11i

2 / 4 R + 2 (4

13 i

ob
-7 N . i :
i1

+ 5v

vN

5
A (1
9

1/ 8

4
A (2
9
5
A (3
9
4
A (4
9

IN

1/ 3
1

IN
+

vN

+ 0 / 5i1

 179 2

-8 .
+ vx

oa

R
+

+ E

5v x

ob
oa
(1
ob

5
R
6

5R

oa
(2

5
E +

5
E +

ob

oa
(3
ob

5
E +

(4

-9 ) ( isc

2i x

1A (1
2 A (2

4 A (3

isc

5A

8 A (4

3A

ix

-10 Vab
1 (1

2 (2
1
(3
2
1
(4
4

5A

+ 1v

3
1

2A

3v

 80 12

-11 b, a
1

4
(1
7

vx +

oa

15
(2
14

7
(3
4

14
(4
15

2v x

ob

-12 K a b
1

1 (1
2 (2
2/5 (3

kv x

1
1

4 (4

ao

vx
bo

-13 a b
(1
2
(2
3

oa
1

1 (3

(4

ob

2v x

+
v x 1

2A

 181 2

-14
2

iA

iD

+
vA

(4

iA

2 (2
1
(3
2

4v +

1 (1

+
vD

iD

1
vA

vD

-15 a b
(1
1
(2
2

2 (3

+
v2

2 v1

i1

3 v1

2v2

3i1

ao

+
v1

3 v2

bo

(4

-16 V ( t ) t 0 )( V (0 ) = 0

t
(1
t +1
t
(2
)2 ( t + 1
1 e t
(3
t +1

1 e t
(4
)2 ( t + 1

+
) vC ( t

R (t) = t
1F

a
2

2u ( t ) +

 82 12

-17 . B, A
1
(1
4

1
(2
3

1
(3
2

3
(4
4

-18 R . VR

6
v (1
25

vR

24
v (2
25
25
v (3
24

1A

+
v1

IR

25
v (4
6

+
5v1

1
i2
3i2 1

IR

+
vR

-19 lim Zin

k

ki

Z b (1
Z b R (2
Z b + R (3

(4

R
zb

z in

 183 2

-20 a b
7

+ 10v

11

9v
+

+ 27v

6A

+ 5v

(1

+ 12v

17 (2

18
+ 5
v
6

18 v (3
+

17

18
5 (4
+
v
6

 84 12

-1 3 .
I R E R
:

oa
R

d
3

ob

2
d

1
d

R R

1 2 :
V+ = V = 0 V1 = V2 = 0

3 .
:

oa

R
E
= E
2
R+R
R
= R th = R || R
2
= Vth = Vab

+
E

ob

-2 3 .
It a b KCL:
2
d

It

+
vt

1
d

2v

v 2

) 5 ( t

V V Vt
+
= 5 ( t ) 3
) V Vt = 5 ( t
2
1
2
V V
KCL ( 2) : t
+ 2V = I t
V + Vt = I t
1

KCL (1) :

 185 2

:
3
3
) I t 2 ( t
= ( I t Vt ) Vt = 5 ( t ) Vt
123
2
5
{
V
th

R th

3
5

R th = ) Vth = 2 ( t .
-3 2 .
It
a b KCL KVL :
12

V1
V1 = I t

KCL : = 3V V1 = 12V
11

KVL : V = V1 + I t
V = 1 I
t

11

KVL :
7
3
7 12
KVL : Vt = 1 ( I t 3V ) + I t V1 Vt = I t + I t + I t I t = I t
6
11
6 11

a b:
Vt
= 1
It

= R eq

-4 4 .
:
Is = 0 i x = 0 3i x = 0

3i x :

R th = 2

R
th

 86 12

-5 3 .
Vs Vs =0 :

4 V :

2
2
Vs = 0
i = is
( Vs + is )
7
7

=i

2
8
V = 4i = 4 is = is
7
7

:
V 8
=
is 7

= R th = R ab

+
v 4
i

is

4 R R
4 R th :
4R
8
8
= R th = R =
4+ R
7
5
8
4 R R R )
9
= R || 4

( :
8
R
8
5

= R || R
= R = 2
8
+ R 9
5
8
4 2 a b .
9

-6 2 .
It b, a
KCL KVL :

 187 2

It

ao

I t i

+
it

I t +10i

i
3

I t 2i

11i

vt

13 i

It
2

KVL : 7 ( I t i ) + 3 ( I t + 10i ) 3i = 0 i =
3

KVL : Vt = 3i + R ( I t 2i ) = 2R I t
2

:
Vt
3
= 2R = 2R 1 / 5
It
2

= R eq

-7 4 .
V I N
.
KCL KVL:
2

i1

+ 5v

+ 0 / 5i1

IN
+

I N i1

vN

2
5

KVL : 2i1 + 5 0 / 5i1 ( I N i1 ) = 0 i1 = I N 2

KVL : VN = I N + I N i1 + 0 / 5i1 = 2I N 0 / 5i1
:
1 2
9

VN = 2I N I N 2 VN = I N + 1
2 5
5

 88 12

V I :

vN
1/ 8

9
4
VN = I N + 1 = 1 / 8 I N = A
5
9

IN

4
9

1/ 3

-8 3 .
Vth KVL :
+

KVL : E = Vx + 5Vx = 6Vx

5
Vth = E

Vth = 5Vx
6

+ vx

oa

R
+

+ E

v
5 v x th

ob

R th :

+ vx

oa
5Vx = Vx Vx = 0 R th = 0

5v x

ob

-9 3 .

1
ix . :

2i x

ix
1

i sc

5A

ix

2i x 1
1
3A

3A

 189 2

KCL : i sc = 5 + i x 2i x = 5 i x

KVL : 2i x + i x 3 = 0 3i x = 3 i x = 1A
isc = 5 i x = 5 1 = 4A

-10 1 .
a b:

1
Vab = 2 = 1 Volt
2

-11 4 .

It a b 1 2 KCL :
V1 = Vt

Vx = V1 V2

Vt Vt 2Vx Vt V2
+
+
= I t Vt + 2V2 = 2I2
2
1
1
V V 2Vx V2 Vt
KCL ( 2) : 2 + 2
+
= 0 4Vt 7V2 = 0
1
2
1
KCL (1) :

 90 12

:
4
V2 = Vt
7
V 14
15
4
Vt + 2 Vt = 2I t Vt = 2I t R ab = t =
I t 15
7
7

-12 4 .
a b Vt
:
I1 = I t

Vx = I1 I2 = I t I2
KVL (1) : I t + 2 ( I t I2 ) = Vt

3 I t 2I2 = Vt

KVL : I2 + KVx + 2 ( I2 I t ) = 0 ( K 2) I t + ( 3 K ) I2 = 0

= 0 2 ( K 2) I t + ( 3 K )( 3I t Vt ) = 0 ( 3 K ) Vt = ( 5 K ) I t

3I t Vt
2

3I t Vt
2

= I2

( K 2) It + ( 3 K )

:
Vt 5 K
=
<03<K <5
It 3 K

= R ab

K = 4 a b .
-13 1 .

a b :

Vx Vx
KVL :
KVL : Vab = 2Vx + Vx + Vx = 0 Vab = 0

 191 2

-14 4 .
) :
(.

V = 2 i
:
V =1
i =1

: A

.
.
-15 3 .
KVL KCL :

KVL : 2V2 3V1 + V2 = V1 3V2 = 4V1

KCL : i1 = 3V2 3i1 2V1 4i1 = 3V2 2V1 = 4V1 2V1 = 2V1 V1 = 2i1

:
V1
= 2
i1

= R in = R ab

 92 12

-16 1 .
b, a :

KVL :

dVc
d
+ Vc u ( t ) = ( t + 1) Vc ( t )
dt
dt
t
t d

= u ( t ) dt
( t + 1) Vc ( t ) dt t = ( t + 1) Vc ( t )]0t
0
0 dt
t
= ) Vc ( t
t +1
)KVL : u ( t ) = ( t + 1

-17 4 .

AB
:

AB
:
:

-18 4 .
:

1 3
R AB = 3 =
4 4

 193 2

KCL (1) : 3i2 + i2 = V1 V1 = 4i2

KVL : V = 5V1 + i2 + V1 = 6V1 + i2 = 24i2 + i2 = 25i2

KCL ( 2) : i2 = I + 1 V = 25 ( I + 1) = 25I + 25

V I V = 25 I + 25
:
V = VR

I = IR

I I V = 25 I + 25
:
V = VR = 25I R + 25

VR + I R = 5

-19 1 .

5
5 25
25IR + 25 = I R + 5 I R = A VR = 5 = V
6
6 6

KCL KVL :
ki
I
I-i
Zb

 94 12

( R + Zb ) I
R ( K + 1) + Zb

= KVL : R ( I ( K + 1) i ) + Zb ( I i ) = 0 i
I

) RK ( R + Zb

R ( K + 1) + Zb

KVL : V = R ( I K i ) = RI

R 2 + R (1 K ) Zb
I
= I
R ( K + 1) + Zb

) K ( R + Zb
V = R

R ( K + 1) + Zb

:
2
2
) V R + RZb (1 K ) RZb K + ( R + RZb
= = Zin
=
I
R ( K + 1) + Zb
) RK + ( R + Zb

:
RZb
= Zb
R

lim Zin =

-20 1 .
.

9V

27V

 195 2

12V

 96 12

:
KCL KVL
.
.
.
.
)( )(
.
.
.
-1-4
. .
:
q = C.V
dq
dV
=i
=C
dt
dt

1 t
i(t)dt
C 0
1
1
1 q2
W = q.V = CV2 = .
2
2
2 C

V = Vo +

q C V i
Vo W .
:
1
1
+
+ ...) 1
C1 C2

( = Ct

 197 2

...

Vot = Vo1 + Vo2 + ...

:
C t = C1 + C2 + ...

Ci Vot
q ot
C V + C2Vo2 + ...
i
=
= 1 o1
= Vot
Ct
C1 + C2 + ...
Ci
i

.
:
1
1
= C1Vo21 + C2 Vo22 + ... W
2
2
C V + C2Vo 2 + ... 2
1
1
= C t Vot2 = (C1 + C2 + ...)( 1 o1 W
)
2
2
C1 + C2 + ...

:
< W W

W
.
W W = W

:1 S1 S2 t = t 0 .
t = t 0 t = t 0+
Vo1 = 2V

Vo2 = 4V

Vo 3 = 3V

C1 = 2F

C2 = 3 F

C 3 = 5F

 98 12

1
2

: W1 = (2 22 + 3 42 + 5 32 ) = 50 / 5 j t = t 0
2 2 + 3 4 + 5 3 2
) = 48 / 05 j
2+ 3 +5

1
2

() : W2 = (2 + 3 + 5 t = t 0+

W = W1 W2 = 50 / 5 48 / 05 = 2 / 45 j

-2-4
. .
:
= L.I
d
di
=V
=L
dt
dt

1 t
V(t)dt
L 0
1
1
1 2
= W = i = Li2
2
2
2 L

i = I0 +

L I V
I0 W .
:

...

V1

 199 2

L t = L1 + L2 + ...
ot L1Io1 + L2I o2 + ...
=
Lt
L1 + L2 + ...

= I ot

:
1
1
+
+ ...) 1
L1 L2

( = Lt

Iot = Io1 + Io2 + ...

:
1
1
= L1I2o1 + L2 I2o2 + ... W
2
2
L I + L2I o 2 + ... 2
1
1
= L t I2ot = (L1 + L2 + ...)( 1 o1 W
)
2
2
L1 + L2 + ...

W W = W

W .
-3-4
.
) (
.
n n ) (
.
:

 100 12

:
-1-3-4
) ( .
1 4 2 4
.
RC :

VC ( 0+ ) = Vo

dVC VR
+
=0
dt
R

KCL : i C + i R = 0 C a

dVC VC
dV
1
+
=0 C +
VC = 0
dt
R
dt RC

VC = VR

:
, t 0

t
RC

VC (t) = Vo e

.
.

 1101 2

-2-3-4
) (
:

oc

.
.

.
DC :
)(+ y

y(t) = [ y(0) y()] e

y ) ( .
:
-1

4 5
.
:
: = R eq C RC
L
R eq

= : RL

R eq .

 102 12

.
: 5 ) (
!
y() -2

)( y ) ( .

:

)( y .
y(0) -3

) y(0 .
:

) V0 ( I0

) ( ) y(0 .
: ) (
) ( .
*
.

 1103 2

t = 0

.
. t =0
t = 0+ .
0+ ) y(0+ 0
) 0 ( ) y(0 .
:

t = 0+ ) y ( 0+
t = 0

t = 0 ) y ( 0

:2 ) VC (t .

R eq :
R eq = (3 + 2) P (2 + 3) = 2 / 5
= R eq C = 2 / 5 2 = 5S

)( y ) 7u(t :

 104 12

12A

2
12 = 2 / 4A
2+ 3 +5

= I1

VC () = 5I1 = 5 2 / 4 = 12V

) y(0 V(0 )
) V(0+ :

7A

3
7 = 2 / 1A
3 +2+5

= I2

VC (0 ) = 5I2 = 10 / 5V VC (0+ ) = 10 / 5V

:
+ 12

t
5

+ 12 VC (t) = 1 / 5e

t
5

VC (t) = VC (0+ ) VC () e t + VC () = (10 / 5 12)e

. :
-3-3-4
)

 1105 2

( t = t 0 .
t = t 0
t = t 0+ .
: ) ( t = 0+
t =0 ) ( ) VC (0 ) I L (0
.
:
) VC (0 + ) = VC (0
) I L (0+ ) = IL (0

t = 0+ ) (
t = 0+ .
:3 ) is (t) = 50u( t t = 0+ .

+
)V (t

) is ( t

.
n .
. t = 0 .
.
VC ( 0 ) = V ( 0 ) = 50 10 = 500 V

 106 12

i L (0 ) = 50 A

:
VC (0+ ) = 500 V
i L (0+ ) = 50 A

t = 0+ :

KVL : V(0+ ) = 250 + 500 V(0+ ) = 250 V

-4-4
.
:
-1
.
( : y() = 0 .
:
t

y(t) = y(0)e

 1107 2

( : y(0) = 0 .:
t

) y(t) = y()(1 e

( : .
)(+ y

y(t) = [ y(0) y() ] e

-2
.
( : t .
t

y(t) = [ y(0) y() ] e

( : t .
)(y(t) = y

( : .
)(+ y

y(t) = [ y(0) y() ] e

 108 12

: )( y(0) = y :
)(y(t) = y

-5-4
) u(t .
) S(t .
:
)iS (t) = u(t

) is ( t

))u(t

t
RC

S(t) = VC (t) = R(1 e

: ) ( T ) 5
( . ) ( .

:
) iS ( t

) VC ( t

) VC ( t

 1109 2

T + R R
3T . T 5 . T 5
.
: ) LTI (
) (...
.

:4 RC VC (t) = 1 e 2t .
) 3u(t ) VC (t .
: ) : 3 u ( t 3 3 :
: VC (t) = 3 (1 e2 t ) = 3 3e 2 t
: Vo =1V :
: VC (t) = 1e2t
:
VC (t) = 3 3e 2 t + 1e 2 t = 3 2e 2t

-6-4
) (
.
t t = t 0 ) t 0
( .
.

 110 12

:5 C1 ) . (.

R1 = R 2 = 1

C1 = C2 = 1F

VC1 (0 ) = VC2 (0 ) = 0

.
.
(

0 < t < 10s

1 = 11 = 1s

t
VC (0) = 0 VC (t) = 1 e

VC () = 1V

10 s > 51 .
(

10 s < t < 15 s

1
R eq = 1 P 1 =
2 2 = s

2
C = 1F

 1111 2

) . (
= 1 e 10 ; 1V

t =10 s

VC (10 s) = 1 e t

1 1
VC ( ) = 1 = V
2 2

:
t 10

1 1 2 t 10 1
1
VC ( t ) = 1 e 0 / 5 + = e ( ) +
2 2
2
2

1
51 < 5 s V
2

t > 15 s

C1 C2 .
) 0 / 5V ( C1 .
:
1
1 + 0 1
1
2
= )VC (0
= V
1+ 1
4

1
VC t = 15 s V
4

:
1
R eq = 1 P 1 =
1
2 3 2 = 1s
2
Ceq = 1 + 1 = 2F
1 1
VC () = 1 = V
2 2

1
1
1
+ = e (t 15) +
2
4
2

t 15
1

1 1
VC (t) = ( )e
4 2

 112 12

:
0 < t < 10 s

10 s < t < 15 s

t > 15 s

1 e t

1
1
VC (t) = e 2( t 10) +
2
2
1 (t 15 ) 1
e
+

2
4

t = 15 s .
:
: :
-1 .
-2 )(
-3
-7-4
.
.
.
: .
:

 1113 2

)iS (t) = (t
ds(t) 1 RCt
)= e u(t
dt
C

= )h(t

) is ( t

:
VC (0 ) = 0
1
C
1
)(
C

= ) VC (0+

-8-4

. .
:6 ) VC (t :
( R =1 .
1
(
1 + 2 cos t

= ) R(t .

( R i R = VR2 :

C =1F
VC (0) = Vo

= RC = 11 = 1s

21 114

VC (0) = Vo , VC () = 0 VC (t) = Vo e t

:(
iC + iR = 0 C
Ln

VC dV
t
dVC VC
dV
C
+
= 0 C + (1 + 2 cos t)VC = 0
= (1 + 2 cos t)
Vo V
0
dt
R
dt
C

VC
= (t + 2Sint) VC (t) = Vo e (t +2sin t )
Vo

:(
iC + iR = 0 C

VC
t
dVC
dV
dV
Vo
1
1
+ VR2 = 0 C + VC2 = 0 2C = dt

= t VC (t) =
0
Vo
1 + Vo t
dt
dt
VC
VC Vo

 1115 2

-1 R C L = C
(.

0 / 8 (1
0 / 6 (2

2V

2 cos t

1 / 2 (3
1 / 5 (4

-2 t = t 0 2 . t = t 0 V

2Ln2 (1

t0 + 2Ln2 (2

VC

Ln2 (3
7Ln2 (4

-3 t = 0+ .
1F ) t = 0 (.
3
= + 1 (1
2
3
= 1 (2
2
3
(3
2

3
(4
2

=+

) ( t

VC2

+
VC1

 116 12

-4 K1 t = 0 .
K 2 . iC t =1sec
2(e 1) (1
2e (2

2(e 1) (3

1V

2e (4

-5 t = 0 i(t) .
i(t) = 1 + 0 / 6e0 / 4 t (1
i(t) = 0 / 6 + e 2/ 5 t (2
i(t) = 1 + 0 / 6e2/ 5 t (3
i(t) = 0 / 6 + e0 / 4 t (4

-6 S t = 0 i(t) .
t 0
4(t) e t (1

(2

t
2

2(t) e

2(t) e t (3

(4

t
2

4(t) e

 1117 2

-7 N V i .
1
4
Ln sec (1
3
3
Ln sec (2
2

Ln2sec (3
Ln3sec (4

-8 S1 S2 . V 2

5V

1V

3 (1
10V

4 (2

6V

5V

6 (3
9 (4

-9 20 .
:
5
N (1 F
2

N (2 R (R 2) .

N (3 10H.
(4 1 . 2

) 2e 5 u ( t

 118 12

-10 i R = VR2 + 2VR . VR

(1
(2
(3
(4

+1
1
1
+1

t + Ln 5

)(t

t + Ln 5

t Ln 5

t Ln 5

-11 t = 0 . ) i C ( t
:
1 RCt
e u ( t ) (1
4R

t
1 2RC
e
u ( t ) (2
2R

t
1 2RC
u ( t ) (3
e
4R

1
)u (t
R

(4 ) Vs ( t .
-12 S ab . t = 0
ac . ) V ( t t > 0 :
3
(1
5

e 5+

12 5t 3
e + (2
5
5
3
(3
5

2e 5 +

7 5t 3
e + (4
5
5

5V
+

+V

 1119 2

-13 Vc ( 0 ) = 4V
is , Vs t >0
Vs = 2is (1
Vs + 2is > 4 (2
Vs + 2is > 12 (3
Vs + 2is = 12 (4

-14 ) i L ( t t 0
i L ( t ) = 7 / 5e t u ( t ) (1

)u (t

i L ( t ) = 2 / 5 (1 e t ) u ( t ) (2
i L ( t ) = ( 7 / 5 5 e t ) u ( t ) (3
i L ( t ) = ( 7 / 5 2 / 5 e t ) u ( t ) (4

) VS ( t ) = 5 + 5u ( t

 120 12

-15 N . ) Vs ( t
) i ( t

tan =1

(1
tan = 1

(3

(2

)i(t

tan = 1

(4

-16 4 1

)( Ln25 ; 0 / 92
2/71 (1 .
1/04 (2 .
3/75 (3 .
1/04 (4 .

+
V

 1121 2

-17 ) VC ( t ) (
1
+ VC ( t ) = 0 (1
2

) dVC ( t
dt

) dVC ( t
+ VC ( t ) = 0 (2
dt
dVC ( t ) 1
+ VC ( t ) = is ( t ) (3
dt
2
) dVC ( t
+ VC ( t ) = is ( t ) (4
dt

-18 S t = 0 ) Vo ( 0+ )
(
3 (1
4/5 (2
) Vo ( t

5 (3

7 Volt

6 (4
-19 ) Vo ( t
(1

(2

(3

(4

t >0

t <0

(1 e 1 ) e t

Vo ( t ) =
2
2 t

(1 e ) e

0 < t <1

1< t < 2

0 < t <1
1< t < 2
0 < t <1
1< t < 2

(1 e 1 ) e t

Vo ( t ) =
2 t
t

(1 e ) e

e 1 t
e
,

e2 1
Vo ( t ) =
1 e 1 e t ,
1 e2

1 e 1 t
1
e ,

1 e 2
Vo ( t ) =
e 1 e t
,
1 e 2

 122 12

-20
1/2 (1
2 (2
2/4 (3
5 (4
-21 S t = 0 .
t = 1sec
5 (1 e 1 ) (1
5 (1 + e 1 ) (2
5 (1 2e 1 ) (3
5 (1 + 2e1 ) (4

-22 Is 2 . VAB

t

1
2
1 e u ( t ) (1
2

t

1
4

e
1

u ( t ) (2
2

2 1 e 2 u ( t ) (3

4
2 1 e u ( t ) (4

 1123 2

-23 S1 t = 0 S2 9 .
) VC ( t
(1
(2
(3
(4

t 2 / 2
3

t 1/ 89
3
t 2 / 2
0/ 75

t 1/ 89
0/ 75

6 + 1 / 8e

S )( V = (0 ) = 0

6 + 2 / 25e

12 Volt

6 + 1 / 8e

6 + 2 / 25e

R 2 -24 t = R1C )
(
R1
(1
e 1
R1
(2
e

)u (t

eR1 (3

( e 1) R1 (4
-25 N .
1
) (1 e4t ) u ( t
2
3
F
2

= ) V ( t .

e t u ( t ) (1

1 t
e u ( t ) (2
2
t
2

e u ( t ) (3

1 2t
e u ( t ) (4
2

 124 12

-1 1 .
. :

a b R

. :

Vt Vt Vt 2i x Vt =ix
V
+ +
I t = 5Vt R t = t = 0 / 2
It
1
1
1

= KCL ( a ) : I t

:
R eq = R +0 / 2

L
1 = R eq C
R eq

= 2 . L = C

:
L
1
L =C

= R eq
R eq = 1
R eq
R eq

= 1 = 2 R eq C

 1125 2

R :
R eq = R + 0 / 2 = 1 R = 0 / 8

-2 2 .
KCL :

2
d

1
d

V VC V V 3V
+ +
= 0 V = 3VC
8
6
6

KCL (1) :

V VC V VC . KCL
2:
dV
1 dVC VC V
V =3 VC
+
= 0
C + VC = 0
2 dt
8
dt

KCL ( 2) :

t 0 = 0 :
VC ( t ) = Ke t
K = VC ( t = 0 ) = 2 VC ( t ) = 2e t
VC ( t = 0) = 2

t1 ) VC ( t :
1 Ln
= 1 2e t1 = 1 e t1 =
t1 = Ln2
2

) VC ( t = 0
2

= ) VC ( t1

-3 4 .
:
0+
1 0+
i
t
dt
=
2
(
)
C
0 ( t ) dt = 2
C1 0 1

= VC1

1
C2

= VC2

0+

i C2 ( t ) dt = ( t ) dt =
0

0+
0

 126 12

.:
+
3
= 1Volt = +
0 / 5 +1
2

C1VC1 + C2 VC2
C1 + C2

= VC t

-4 3 .
t = 0 K1 :

iC
1V

dVC
) + i = 0( I
dt
1 VC
dV
( I ) dVC
=i
= 1 VC

+ 1 VC = 0 C VC = 1
1
dt
dt
KCL (1) : i C + 2i i = 0 C

:
VC ( t ) = e t +1

:
) dVC ( t
= e t
dt

iC = c

t =1 iC (1 ) = e1.
t =1+ K 2 . :

) (

VC 1+ = 1 e1 = 1 e

1

2

) ( ) = 2 (1 e

VC 1+
1
2

= i1

 1127 2

.
. ) 2 ( e 1 :

) (

) (

)i C 1+ i C 1 = i1 = 2 ( e 1

-5 1 .

. t = 0 :

4V

i1 = i

KCL : i = i1 + i2

=
+
=
+

KVL
:
i
i
2
i
3
i
2
i
i
3
i
3

1
1
2
2
1
2
i = i
2

5
2

8
5

KVL : 4 = i + i2 = i i (0) = = 1 / 6A
:

4V

KVL : 4 = i + i + 2i = 4i i ( ) = 1A

It
. :

 128 12

It
4

KVL : i + i + I t + 2i = 0 i =

Vt 5
=
It 4

5
4

= KVL : Vt = I t i = I t R eq

:
t

5
= R eq C = 2 = 2 / 5s i ( t ) = (1 / 6 1) e 2/ 5 + 1 = 1 + 0 / 6e0/ 4 t
4

-6 4 .
t < 0 :
.

2A

VC1 = 2 1 = 2V Q1 = C1VC1 = 1 2 = 2C

VC2 = 2 2 = 4V Q2 = C2 VC2 = 2 4 = 8C

t = 0 S:

 1129 2

q t = 0 C1 C2 .
t = 0:
Q2 q Q1 q
8 q 2 q
+
= 0
+
= 0 q = 4C
2
1
C2
C1

q = 4C ) i ( t ) = 4 ( t . 1 4 .
t > 0 :
2
R eq = 1 || 2 =
2
3 = R eq Ceq = 3 = 2 sec
3
Ceq = 1 + 2 = 3F

4 .
: q ) q ( t.
-7 2 .
:
iC

dV
dV
+ i =0 i =
dt
dt

iC + i = 0

. -1 .
V = 1Volt :

 130 12

: i = 1A A
V = 1V
: i = 3A B

B .
) ( 1V, 3A ) (0V, 2A
:
i = V 2

:
V =0 dV
t
dV
dV
3
= +i
+ V 2 =0
= dt t = Ln ( 2 V )]VV ==0 1 = Ln 3 Ln2 t = Ln sec
V =1 2 V
0
dt
dt
2

-8 4 .
i1 i2 KVL :

1 t
1 t
i1dt + 6 + ( i1 + i2 ) dt = 5

0
4
20
1 t
1 t
KVL ( 2) : 5 + i2dt + 6 + ( i1 + i2 ) dt = 10
3 0
20

KVL (1) : 1 +

q 2 = i2dt , q1 = i1dt:
0
0
t

1
1
1
1
3
q1 + q1 + q 2 = 0
q1 + q2 = 0

q1 = 12
4
4
2
2
2

1 q + 1 q + 1 q = 9 1 q + 5 q = 9 q2 = 18
2
1
2
1
2

2
2
6
3
2

V:
1 t
1
i1 + i2 ) dt = 6 + ( q1 + q2 ) = 6 + 3 = 9 Volt
(

2 0
2

V = V (0) +

 1131 2

:
:
Q = q o1 + q o 2 + q o 3 = C1V1 (0) + C2V2 (0) + C3 V3 (0) = ( 4 1) + ( 2 6 ) + ( 3 5 ) = 4 + 12 + 15 = 31C

:
Q2 = C1V1 + C2 V2 + C 3 V3 = 4 ( V 5 ) + 2V + 3 ( V 10 ) = 9V 50

:
Q1 = Q2 9V 50 = 31 9V = 81 V = 9 Volt

-9 4 .

N :

R eq = R N = 4 || 4 = 2

20 5 .
max = 5 sec

.
:
5
2

max = R eq Cmax = 5 Cmax = F

L max
= 5 L max = 10H
R eq

= max

N
1 5

 132 12

5 20 ) (
.
1 2 .
-10 2 .
: KCL 1:

dV
) + iR = ( t
dt

2F

V = VR i R = V2 + 2V :
dV
) + V2 + 2V = ( t
dt

t =0+
) V (0+.
0 0+ :
0+
0+
0+
dV
dt + V2dt + 2VdV = ( t ) dt
0
0
dt
4
24
3 1
424
3 0
1
0

0+

2
0

1
= ) 2 V ( 0+ ) V ( 0 ) = 1 V ( 0+
{

t > 0 :

 1133 2

dV
+ V2 + 2V = 0
2

1
dV
dt
1
2
= dt

dV = dt
1
+
+
2
2
V
V
V
V
(
)

= )V (0

t
) 5V ( t
) 5V ( t
) V( t
) V V( t

0
LnV Ln ( V + 2) V 0 = t]0t = t Ln
= t
= e t
]1 = t Ln
)(
V +2 2
V(t) + 2
V(t) + 2

2e t
2
2
= t
= t + Ln 5
t
1
5+e
5e 1 e

1
:
C

= ) V(t

) VC ( t ) = VR ( t :
1 1
= Volt
C 2

= )VR ( t = 0) = VC ( t = 0

t = 0 2 .
-11 3 .
) (
Vs ) (
:

 134 12

1
RC 2RC ) u ( t
4R

:
t
t

1
1
2 RC
2 RC
V = (2R )
1
e
u
t
1
e

(
)

)u(t

2
4R

:
t
t

1
dV
C 1
2 RC
2 RC
1
1
e
u
t
e
=

(
)

) u (t

2 2RC
4R
dt

iC ( t ) = C

-12 1 .
) ( t
t =0+ :
iC

2
2
)(t) = (t
3 +2
5

= ) i C ( t = 0+

t =0+:
0+
1 0+
2
8
2

i
t
dt
=

5
+
1
= dt
(
)
C

C 0
5
2+ 3 0 5

t = 0 .

VC (0+ ) = VC (0 ) +

 1135 2

t =0 :
2
5 = 2 Volt
2+ 3

5V

= ) VC (0

-13 4 .
. 1
4 . KCL 1:

iS

V1 = 4 Volt

4 4 Vs
KCL : is + +
= 0 Vs + 2is = 12
1
2

-14 2 .
t = 0 . ) i L (0+
.
) i L (0+ ) = i L (0 t =0 :

5V

) ( t =0 iL (0 ) = 0
2 .

 136 12

-15 1 .
i N . KCL
:
1 t

) i ( t ) = i L ( t ) + i N ( t ) = i L (0) + VL ( t ) dt + i N ( t
0
L

t = 0 i L (0) = 0 . VS
VL ( t ) = u ( t ) t 0 . VN VS VN =1V t 0
i N = 1A VN =1V .:
i ( t ) = 0 + u ( t ) dt + 1 = r ( t ) + 1
t

-16 4 .
:
1
VC ( t ) dt
2

= W = V ( t ) .i ( t ) dt

1
2

4 -1 = 2 = 1s :
VC ( t ) = ( 4 ( 1) ) e t 1 = 5e t 1

:
1
VC ( ) = 2 = 1Volt
2

t1 :
2 Ln
VC ( t1 ) = 5e t1 1 = 1 e t1 =
t1 = Ln2 / 5 = 0 / 92 sec
5

:
1 t
1 0/92
1
5e 1) dt = ( 5e t 1) dt = ( 5e t t )]00/92
(
0 2
0
2
2
0
/
92
5
2
/
5
= 2 / 5e0/92
+ =
+ 2 / 5 0 / 46 = 1 / 04 j
2
2
2/ 5
t1

=W

 1137 2

1/04 .
-17 2 .
) iS ( t ) (
) iS ( t . RC
:
) dVC ( t
+ VC ( t ) =0
dt

-18 3 .
S 7
q . KVL
:
q q q
7q
KVL : + + = 7
=7q=6
3 2 3
6

Vo t =0+ 2 3 :
q q
+ = 2 + 3 = 5Volt
3 2

= ) Vo (0+

-19 4 .
V1 V2 . V1

:
) Vo ( t

 138 12

t
0 t 1 Vo ( t ) = ( V1 1) e t + 1 = Ve
+ 1 e t
1
t 1
t 1
) ( 1 t 2 Vo ( t ) = ( V2 0) e ( ) = V2e

t = 1 t = 2 :

e 1 1 e 1
= V
Vo ( t = 1) = V2 Ve
+ 1 e = V2

1
1
1 e 2

1
1 e 1

Vo ( t = 2) = V1 V2e = V1
V
=
2

1 e 2

:
1 e 1 t
e
1 e 2

+ 1 e t = 1

)e

e 1 1 e 1

= ) 0 t 1: Vo ( t

1 e 2
)1 e 1 ( t 1
e 1 t
= ) 1 t 2 : Vo ( t
=
e
e
2
1 e
1 e 2

:
1 e 1 t
1
e , 0 t 1

1 e2
Vo ( t ) =
e 1 e t
, 1 t 2
1 e 2

-20 1 .
.
:

R th = 4 || 6 = 2 / 4

:
T = R th C = 2 / 4 0 / 5 = 1 / 2 sec

 1139 2

-21 4 .
2 5 = 10Volt
. t = 0 2 .
5
10 . S :
i = 5 + 10e t

t = 1 5 + 10e1.
-22 4 .
. Is
3 . :

2
IS
I
I
V
+ 2 S + S = 2IS R th = AB = 2
2
2 2
IS

= KVL : VAB

T = R th C = 4 sec.
RC IS :
t
t
t

VAB = R th IS 1 e T = 2 11 e 4 = 2 1 e 4

 140 12

-23 2 .
S2
S2 S2 9 . :
12V
9V

12V

9 VC 9 VC 12 9 12
+
+
= 0 VC = 3 / 75Volt
2
6
2

KCL : 1 2

t = t1 S2 e VC = 3 / 75 V

.
2 t1 = 1 / 89 sec .
|t =189 sec = 3 / 75Volt

t 1/ 89
3

VC ( t = t1 ) = 6 2 / 25e

-24 4 .
. t = R1C
t = R1C
:
VC ( t = R1C ) = V

:
t
t

R eq C
R
= R1 1 e 1c
+ V ( ) = V ( ) 1 e

VC ( t ) = V (0) V ( ) e

V :
R1R 2
R1 + R 2

= V = ( R1 || R 2 ) 1

 1141 2

t = R1C:
R1R 2
R 2 = ( e 1) R1
R1 + R 2

= ) V ( t = R1C ) = R (1 e 1

V ) ( t > R1C ) ( V t < R1C

.
-25 4 .
N .
.
1
V ( t )
2
1
:
2

) V ( t :
1
1
1
1
= R eq C = sec C = C = F
4
2
4
2

1 3
= RCeq = 1 2 + 2 = 2 sec
t

1 2

V
t
e

=
(
)

C
2
V 0+ = 1 = 1 Volt

Ceq 2

) (

 142 12

:
...
. n n.
.

) ( .
-1-5
:
d2 y
dy
= + 2 + 20 y
2
dt
dt

:
S2 + 2S + 02 = 0

0 .

.
KCL KVL
.
) (
:

 1143 2

di L
dt
1
i L = Io + VL .dt
L
VL = L

1
i C .dt1
C

VR = R i R

VC = Vo +

dVC
dt

VR
R

iC = C

= iR

Q.
-1-1-5 Q

Q :

Q = 2

Q . Q
:
0
2

=Q

0
.
RLC RLC
.
) ( .
-2-1-5 RLC
:

di
1
+ Vo + idt
dt
C

KVL : VS = Ri + L

21 144

dVS
di
d 2i 1
d 2i R di 1
1 dVS
=R +L 2 + i 2 +
+
i=
dt
dt
dt C
dt
L dt LC
L dt

:
S2 +

R
1
S+
=0
L
LC

:
R
R
=
L
2L
1
1
20 =
0 =
LC
LC

2 =

Q=

0
=
2

1
LC = 1
R
R
L

L
C

RLC -3-1-5
:

V
1
dV dIS 1 dV V
d2 V
+ I o + V.dt + C

=
+ +C 2
R
L
dt
dt R dt L
dt
2
dV
1 dV 1
1 dIS
2 +
+
V=
dt
RC dt LC
C dt
1
1
=
2 =
RC
2RC
1
1
02 =
0 =
LC
LC
KCL : IS =

C
Q = 0 = LC = R
1
2
L
RC

 1145 2

-2-5
:
) yp ( t
{

-1-2-5 )(

) (

) yh ( t
{

= )y(t

) (

.
S2 + 2S + 20 = 0 S1,2 = 2 20

:
-1 > 0 ) ( > 0 :

(S1,S2 < 0) y h ( t ) = K1eS t + K 2eS t

2

K1 K2 ) y (0 ) y (0 .
:

) (over damped .
-2 = 0 ) ( = 0 :

( S1 = S2 < 0) y h ( t ) = ( K1 + K 2 t ) eS t
1

K1 K2 ) y (0 ) y (0 .
:

 146 12

) (critically damped.
-3 < 0

) ( < 0 . :
S1,2 = jd
d = 20 2

d .
:
) y h ( t ) = Ke t cos ( d t + ) = e t ( A cos d t + B sin d t

K A B ) y (0 ) y (0 .
:

) (under damped.
-4 =0 . :
S1,2 = j0 y h ( t ) = K cos ( 0 t + ) = A cos 0 t + B sin 0 t

Loss less :

 1147 2

: d 0

.
: .
Q :
1
2

< : Q

1
2

= : Q

1
2

> : Q

: Q )(
*
) ( :
= 0 -1.
20 > 0 -2.
.
: RLC ) ( = 0
:
L
C

RLC : R = 2

 148 12

1 L
2 C

= RLC : R

.
:1 iL . R1
.

:
di L
+ R 2i L
dt

VC = L

KCL:
dVC
V
d 2i
di
L di L R 2
+ i L + C = 0 CL 2L + CR 2 L + i L
iL = 0
dt
R 1
dt
dt
R1 dt R1

KCL : i C + i L + i R1 = 0 C

R
d2i L
L 1 di L
1
) + (R 2C
+
(1 2 )i L = 0
2
R1 LC dt LC
R1
dt
14243
14243
W02

:
1
1
L
L
= (R 2C ) = 0 R 2C
= R1
LC
R1
R1
R 2C
R
R
1
(1 2 ) > 0 1 2 > 0 R1 > R 2
LC
R1
R1

=0

20 > 0

.
1
1
C = 2F L = 1H R 2 = 1 R 1 = )< R 2 = 1
2
2

.
.

= (R1

 1149 2

:2 iL ) i L (t
.

i L (0) = 1A
VC (0) = 2V

:
v x = 2iL 3Vx = 6iL

KCL :

1 di L
1 t
+ VC (0) + 7i L dt = 0
0
4 dt
4

: KVL : 2i L +

1 d2iL
diL 7
d2iL
di
+2
+ iL = 0 2 + 8 L + 7iL = 0
2
4 dt
dt 4
dt
dt

:
iL (0) = 1
)1 di L (0
1 0
)di (0
+ VC (0) + 7i L (t)dt = 0 L = 0
t = 0 2i L (0) +
{ 4 dt
{ 4 0
dt
144244
3
2
2
0

)di L (0
iL (0) = 1 = 0
dt

: S2 + 8S + 7 = 0 S1 = 1 , S2 = 7
.
i L (t) = k1e t + k 2e 7 t

 150 12

K1 K 2:
7

= K1
i L (0) = 1

K1 + K 2 = 1

) di L (0
1
= 0 K1 7K 2 = 0

K2 =
dt

:
7
1
i L (t) = e t e 7 t
6
6

.
.
-2-2-5
)dy(0
y(0)
dt

) iL (0 ) VC (0
.
) dVC ( 0
di
) L (0
dt
dt

:
-1 t =0 ) i L (0 ) . VC (0
-2 i L (0+ ) = i L (0 ) : ) VC (0+ ) = VC (0

-3 t =0+ ) i C (0+ ) VL (0+

-4 :
) di L (0+ ) VL (0+
=
=
dt
L
L
) dVC (0+ ) iC (0+
=
=
dt
C
C

-5
:

 1151 2

t =0+ .

) diL (0+ ) VL (0+

=
=0
dt
L

KVL : VL = 2 (2 1) = 0

.
.
:3

i L (0+ ) = VC (0+ ) = 0

) di L (0+
=0

dt
) dVC (0+
= 10V

dt

t =0+ :
10
= 5A
2

= ) i C (0+

) (

iC 0+
10V

) dVC (0+ ) iC (0+

5
=
C = = 0 / 5F
dt
C
10

 152 12

di L +
-4 (0 )
dt

)i(t) = 10+ 10e t Cos t u(t

t =0 :

) (

VC 0

i L (0 ) = 10A
VC (0 ) = 0

t =0+ :

) (

iC 0+
20A

VL (0+ ) = 1010 = 100V

i C (0+ ) = 10A

:
diL (0+ ) VL (0+ ) 100
A
=
=
= 50
dt
L
2
S

 1153 2

dVC (0+ ) iC (0+ ) 10

V
=
=
= 1000
1
dt
C
S
100

: VC iL :
VC iL .
KCL KVL VC iL .
dV
di L
dy
C

dt
dt
dt

.
-2-2-5
.
.
.
) ( )( . :
)y(t) = y h (t) + y p (t

) : lim y(t) = lim y P (t

t

.
DC.
))( (y .
RLC :
d 2i L
1 di L
1
1
+
+
= iL
)u(t

2
dt
RC dt LC
LC

i (0) = 0 , di L (0) = 0
L

dt

) ( :
)i Lh (t) = e t (ACos d t + Bsin d t
i LP (t) = lim i L (t) = 1
t

 154 12

:
)dS(t
dt

= )h(t

 1155 2

) di(0+
-1 i(0 ) = 2A V1 (0 ) = 3V V2 (0 ) = 1V
dt
5
(1
4

11
(2
2

11
(3
12
5
(4
4

-2 ) iL (t
(1 R = 2 .
(2 R = 2 .
(3 R = 4 .
(4 R > 4 .

-3 VS DC . VS
) (.
t = LC (1
t = 2 LC (2
LC
(3

=t

(4 .

 156 12

4
-4 i L (0 ) = A iL (0 ) = 2 VC (0 )
15

4 (1
8
(2
9

4 (3

8 (4
-5 ) eS = u( t . t 0 D
) K t = 0 (.
(1

(2
2

(3
4

2
(4
3

-6
. i
) eS (t) = u(t )(C = 2F , L = 1H , R = 3
t

i = (2e t 2e 2 )u(t) (1

(2
(3

t
)2 )u(t

t
)2 )u(t

t
2

i = (2e + 2e
t

i = ( 6e + 6e

i = (6e 6e )u(t) (4
t

 1157 2

-7 S t = 0 .
) iL (t
(0 / 4 + 2 / 25t)e500t u(t) (1
(0 / 4 + 0 / 225t)e200t u(t) (2
(0 / 4 + 225t)e1000t u(t) (3

(0 / 4 + 225t)e500t u(t) (4
d 2i L +
-8 ) Vo (0+ ) (0
2
dt

1F

(.
10Vo

1 (1 8

1 (2 8 / 75
1 (3 8

Vo

1 (4 9

-9 . t = 0 .
V .
+ 6 (1

t
2

4e

4e2t + 6 (2
8e 2t + 2 (3
+ 2 (4

t
2

8e

 158 12

-10 R ) VS (t) = (t ) i(t R

2
)(t
3

1 (1
2 (2
1
(3
2
1
(4
3

-11 S t = 0 V(t) . t > 0

(1
(2
(3
(4

4
t
12e 9
4
t
9

+
)V (t

6e

4
t
9

9V

12e

4
t
7 / 5e 9

-12 ) V(t ) iS (t
d2iS
d2 V
dV
+
2
+
V
=
(1
dt
dt 2
dt 2
d2iS
d2 V
dV
+
2
+
V
=
2
(2
dt
dt 2
dt 2
d2iS
d2 V
dV
2 2 +2
+ V = 2 (3
dt
dt
dt
d2iS
d2V dV
+
+
V
=
2
(4
dt2 dt
dt 2

2
)V(t

 1159 2

-13 )) (V1 (0) , V2 (0) , iL (0

(1 , 1 , 1) (1
(1 , 0 , 1) (2
(1 , 1 , 1) (3
(1 , 0 , 0) (4

-14 D .
) P (t) . ) (t (.
iL = P1 (t).Sint (1
i L = P1 (t)Cost (2

) iS ( t ) = ( t

iL = P (t).Sint (3
iL = P (t).Cost (4

-15
R1R 3 = R 2R 4 (1
RC
L
= 4 (2
R 1R 3
R2

R1R 2 = R 3 R 4 (3

(4 .
-16 i L (0 ) = 1A VC (0 ) = 1V ) Vo (t t 0
1 + e t (1
1 e2t (2
e t e2t (3

(4

) Vo ( t

)r (t

 160 12

)di1 (0
-17
dt

V(0) 2i1 (0) + 2i3 (0) (1

1
V(0) + i1 (0) i2 (0) (2
2
1
2
2
V(0) i1 (0) + i 3 (0) (3
3
3
3
1
V(0) i1 (0) + i2 (0) i 3 (0) (4
2

) (

-18 t = 0 V1 0+ .

) (

dV1 0+
dt

0 (1 3
0 (2 3
3 (3 3
3 (4 3

-19 . L
Q =1 / 2
0 / 5 H (1
1H (2
1 / 2H (3
1 / 96H (4

 1161 2

-20 K t = 0 E .
a b
4 (1
12 (2
16 (3
24 (4

 162 12

-1 1 .

i2

t = 0 :
1
i L i L (0 ) = 3i(0 ) = 3 2 = 6A
1+ 2

=i

t =0+ . KVL :
kVL : 2i1 + V1 + V2 + 6(i1 iL ) = 0 2i1 + 3 + 1+ 6(i1 6) = 0 8i1 = 32 i1 = 4A

KVL :
) di L (0+
) di (0+
15
+ 4 + 12 1 = 0 L
=
dt
dt
4

t =0
KVL : VL + 1(i L i) + 6(i L i1 ) V2 = 0
4

:
1
) di(0+ ) 1 di L (0+
5
i L = 3i i = i L
=
= 1
3
dt
3 dt
4
-2 1 .

.
) u(t :

 1163 2

KVL :
1
KVL : SI L + RI L + (I L 2VL ) = 0
S

VL = SIL :

1
IL (S + R + 2) = 0 S2 + (R 2)S + 1 = 0
123
S
2

R = 2 2 = 0 .
-3 3 .
LC
1
)t +
LC

( ACos.

)( . t =0+
t =0+:
1
t =0+
t + )

VL (0+ ) = A Cos = VS
LC

(VL (t) = A Cos

t0 VS KVL :
1
(KVL : VS = VL (t 0 ) + VC (t 0 ) VL (t 0 ) = VS = A Cos
)t0 +
123
LC
2VS

:
A Cos = VS
1
1

( Cos = Cos
)t 0 +
t 0 = t 0 = LC
1

LC
KC
A Cos( LC t 0 + ) = VS

-4 2 .
:

 164 12

4
VC (0+ ) = VC (0 ) = Vo A
15

= i L (0+ ) = i L (0 ) = I0

KVL KVL:

VC

1
4

) KVL : 2i C + VC 2(i L i C ) = 0 i C = (2i L VC

di L
+ 2(i L i C ) = 0
dt

KVL : i L +

)(1
dVC

dt

di L
1
+ 2i L + VC = 0
dt
2

= i C :

d2iL
diL 1 dVC
d2iL
diL 1
d2iL
di 1 1
+
2
+
=
0

+
2
+
i
=
0

+ 2 L + ( (2iL VC )) = 0
C
2
2
2
dt
dt 2 dt
dt
dt 2
dt
dt 2 4
d2iL
di 1
1
)+ 2 L + iL VC = 0 ( 2
2
8
dt
dt 4

) (1 ) ( 2 t =0+:
) di L (0+
1
1
= 2i L (0+ ) VC (0+ ) = 2Io Vo
: ) (1 t =0
dt
2
2
+

) d2i L (0+
di L (0+ ) 1
1
+
2
+ iL (0+ ) VC (0+ ) = 0
2
dt
4
8
dt

: ) (2 t =0+

) d2i L (0+
1
1
1
+ 2(2Io Vo ) + Io Vo = 0
2
2
4
8
dt

 1165 2

4
A
15

= I o i(0+ ) = 2:
8 1
1 1
8
Vo ) + Vo = 0 Vo = VC (0 ) = Volt
15 2
15 8
9

2 + 2(

-5 2 .
.
t =0:

VC (0 ) = 0

i L1 (0 ) = A = Io
2

i L2 (0 ) = 0

1V

) (

i L1 0

1 1
3
)( ) + ( 0
1
2
= 2 2
= A
1 3
8
+
2 2

) L1i L1 (0+ ) + L2i L2 (0+

L1 + L2

= ) i(0+ ) = i L (0+

t =0+ :
)iD (t) = iL (t) = i(t) = A Cos (t +
s

= 1rad

1
1
2
2

1
=
LC

)di L (t
t =0
= 2Sin(t + )
VL (t = 0) = 0 = 0
dt

VL (t) = L

 166 12

t0 :

= i D (t 0 ) = A Cos(t) = 0 Cos t 0 = 0 t 0

-6 3 .
.
1
i(t)
3

L =1H .

:
diL

VL = L
1
dt di(t) = 3 diL (t)
)dt di(t) = 3V (t
iL (t) = i(t) i(t) = 3iL (t)
L
3
dt
dt
dt

u(t) =1V :
) di(0+
= 3VL (0+ ) = 3 1 = 3
dt

3 .
-7 4 .
0 / 4 :
i L (0+ ) = i L (0 ) = 0 / 4A

(K1 + K2t)et 0.
250 RLC :

1
1
=
= 500 = 0 = 500
LC
4 106

1 4 .

= 0

 1167 2

di L +
) (0
dt

:
1
1
1
diL (0+ ) 1
) = VL (0+ ) = VC (0+ ) = VC (0 ) = VC (0
4
dt
L
L
L

t =0 :
di L (0+ ) 100
=
= 25
dt
4

VC (0 ) = 250i L (0 ) = 2500 / 4 = 100V

) diL (0+
1 4 > 0 4
.
dt

-8 4 .
t = 0 u(t) =1
:

10Vo
V (0+ ) = 0
C

+
i L (0 ) = 0

+
Vo (0 ) = 11 = 101t

:
di (t) t =0+
) di (0+
di (0+ ) 1
Vo (t) = 4i L (t) + 2 L
1 = 0 + 2 L
L
=
dt
dt
dt
2

KVL :
+
di
4i L + 2 L + (i L u(t)) + 2 (i L 10Vo )dt = 0
2
dt

:
di
d2i
5 L + 2 L (t) + 2i L 20Vo = 0
dt
dt2

t =0+:

 168 12

) d2i (0+
d2i (0+ ) 17 / 5
1
=
= 8 / 75
(5 ) + 2 L 2 (201) = 0 L
2
dt
dt
2

-9 1 .
:
. :
20 + 30 10

i(t = 0) = 10 + 10 = 2A

VC1 (0) = 1001t

VC2 (0) = 2001t

30V
10V

20V

t =0+ KVL :

)i(t) = i C1 (t

10V

KVL : 10i(t) + 10 + ( 20 + 4 i(t)dt) + ( 10 + i(t)dt) = 0

0
0
d
dt 2 di(t) + i(t) = 0
= 20

dt

10i(t) + 5 i(t)dt
0

i(t = 0) = 2A :
t
t
di(t) 1

+ i(t) = 0

2
2
i(t) = Ke = 2e
2
dt
i(t = 0) = 2A

 1169 2

) V(t) = VC (t:
1

t
t t
t

2e 2 dt = 10 (4e 2 ) VC (t) = 6 + 4e 2

VC1 (t) = VC1 (0) + iC1 (t)dt = 10

0
0

:
:
1

4 1
Ceq = 1 = F
1
5 = R eq Ceq = 10 = 2sec

1+
5

4
R = 10
eq

:
) dV(0+
) = i C1 (0+
dt
)10 (10 + 20
) dV(0+
= 2A
= 2
dt
10

) dV(0+
= 2 sec = 2
dt

)) 10 (VC1 (0+ ) + VC2 (0+

10

= ) iC1 (0

1 .

-10 3 .
. :

(t) 2
3
1
= = (t) R + 1 = R
R +1 3
2
2

= )i(t

 170 12

-11 4 .
t =0 :

9
6
= = 3 A , i1
3 = 2A , i2 = 1A
2 +1
3+6

=i

i L = 1H (0 ) = i2 (0 ) = 1A i L = 3H (0 ) = i1(0 ) = 2A

S .
:

)L1i1 (0 ) + L2i2 (0 ) (3 (2)) + (11

5
=
=
L1 + L2
3 +1
4

= ) I(0+

5
V(0+ ) = 6I(0+ ) = 6 = 7 / 5Volt
4

4 .
-12 3 .
d:
d 2
KVL 1
V2 = V

 1171 2

d
)(V1 V2 ) = iS (t
dt
t
d
KVL(2) : V2 + (V2 V1 ) + V2dt = 0
0
dt
KVL(1) : V1 +

:
t

V1 + V2 + V2dt = iS (t) V1 = iS (t) V2 V2dt

V1 :
t
t
t
dV2 d
dV di (t) dV
(iS (t) V2 V2dt) + V2dt = 0 V2 + 2 S + 2 + V2 + V2dt = 0
0
0
0
dt dt
dt
dt
dt

V2 +

:
d2 V2
dV2
)d2iS (t
+
2
+
V
=
2
dt 2
dt
dt

-13 1 .
dV1 dV2 di L
=
=
= 0
dt
dt
dt

V1

V2 iL . KCL KVL:

V1

dV2
= V1 + i L = 0 i L = V1
dt
di L
di
L = V1 V2 = 0 V1 = V2
dt
dt

KCLC(1) :

: V1 = V2 +

1 .
-14 3 .
1

C

 172 12

t > 0 .
KVL :

)d2iL (t
KVL : VL + VC = 0
+ iL (t) = 0
dt 2
d
dt

iL (t) = ASint + BCost :

i (0 ) = 0
i L (t) = Sint
A =1

di L
)di (t

VC (t) = L = Cost
(0 ) = VC (0 ) = 1V

B
=
0

dt

dt

Sint 0 < t < < t < 2

.:
0< t <
< t < 2

Sint
i L (t) =
0

i L (t) = Sint [ u(t) u(t ) ] = P (t)Sint

-15 1 .

Vt :

 1173 2

d:
KVL 1

V Vo
It = t
Vt Vo = R 3 I t
R3

V+ = V = Vt
Vt 0 Vt Vo
V R I
RR
V
RR
+
= 0 t + 3 t = 0 Vt = 1 3 I t R ab = t = 1 3
R1
R2
R1 R 2
R2
It
R2

KCL(1) :

RR
R ab = 1 3
R2

R1R 3
R 4
R2

LC .

:
R 1R 3
R 1R 3 = R 2 R 4
R2

= R4

-16 2 .
.
RC t 0:

 174 12

1 1

1 = RC = 1 2 = 2 sec
VC (t) = e 2t

VC (0 ) = 1V

) r(t :
di L d
)= r(t) = u(t
dt dt

VL = L

KVL :
)KVL : Vo (t) = VC (t) + VL (t) = e 2t + u(t

t 0 :
Vo (t) = 1 e2t

-17 3 .
i1 = i2 KVL :

i2
di1

di2

=
di
di
dt
dt 3 di1 + 2i 2i V = 0
KVL : 1 + 2(i1 i3 ) 2 2 V = 0
1
3
dt
dt
dt
2
2
t =0 di1(0) 1

)= V(0) i1(0) + i 3 (0
dt
3
3
3

 1175 2

-18 4 .
t =0 t =0+:
) i L (0

V (0 ) = 0
C

iL (0 ) = 0

t = 0+

V1 (0+ ) = 1 3 = 3V
) V1(0+

d:
KCL 1

)di L (t
=0
dt

d
)dV (t
dt
(t) = 3 1

dt

KCL(1) : V1(t) + i L

) dV1(0
) dV (0+
) di (0
= L
= VL (0+ ) = V1(0+ ) 1
= 3
dt
dt
dt
+

-19 4 .
RLC :

t =0+

 176 12

L
C

R
1

1
= , 0
= Q= 0
L
2 R
LC

.
A
B :

:
1 1 1
1 1 1
VAB = ( + + ) 1 = + +
3 6 12
3 6 12

:
1 1 1
1 1 1
VAB = ( + + ) 1 = + +
12 6 3
12 6 3

:
1 1 1
) VAB = 2( + +
3 6 12

:
1 1 1
7
R eq = VAB = 2( + + ) =
3 6 12 6

Q:
1 L
6 4
= 1/ 2
L = 1 / 96H
R C
7 1

=Q

 1177 2

-20 4 .

.
i L1 = i L2 .
:

i L1 = i L2 i = 0

12V

KVL :12 = RiL1

KVL : E = RiL1 RiL2 = 2RiL1 = 2 12 E = 2401t

 178 12

: n
LTI n
.
n .
-1-6 ) (LTI n
:
dy
dm W
+ a0 y = bm
+ ... + b0 W
dt
dt m

+ ... + a1

d n 1y
dt n 1

+ a n 1

dn y
dt n

W y .
n .
t = 0 .
-1-1-6


.
.
) n(
) ) (n 1( .
.

 1179 2

:1 VC2 .
VC1 (0) = VC2 (0) = i L (0) = 1
R
) iS ( t

d:
d 2
KCL 1
V dVC1
5 t
KCL(1) : 1 +
)+ I0 + (V1 V2 )dt = iS (t
1
8 0
dt
V dVC2
5 t
KCL(2) : 2 +
I0 + (V2 V1)dt = 0
1
8 0
dt

:
dV1
dV
)+ V2 + 2 = iS (t
dt
dt

= iS (t) V1 +

dVC2
dt

dVC1
dt

V1 + V2 +

d:
KCL 2
dV2 d2V2 5
+
+ (V2 V1) = 0
dt
dt2 8

dV1
V1
dt

dV1
dV2

V1 + dt = iS (t) V2 dt
d 3 V2
d2V2 9 dV2 5
5

+
2
+
)+ V2 = iS (t

2
3
2
4 dt 4
8
dt
dt
dV2 + d V2 + 5 (V i (t) V dV2 dV1 ) = 0
2
2
S
2

8
dt
dt
dt
dt

:
9
5
S3 + 2S2 + S + = 0
4
4

3 :
1
S1 = 1 , S2,3 = j
2

 180 12

) V2 (t :
t
2

)V2 (t) = Ke + e (A Cost + BSint

A K B ) V2 (t.
:
VC2 (0) = V2 (0) = 1V

:
)dV2 (0

dt

t = 0 d .
KCL 2
)dV2 (0
)dV (0
)dV (0
5 0
I0 + (......)dt = 0 1 + 2 1 + 0 = 0 2 = 0
dt
8 0 243
dt
dt
14

V2 (0) +

)d 2V2 (0

dt 2

t = 0 d .
KCL 2
dV2 (0) d2V2 (0) 5
d2V2 (0) 5
)d2V2 (0
+
+ (V2 (0) V1(0)) = 0 +
+ (1 1) = 0
=0
dt
8
8
dt2
dt2
dt2

V
(
0
)
=
1
K + A = 1
2
K = 1

1
) dV2 (0

= 0 K A + B = 0 A = 0

2
dt

B = 1

3
) d2V (0

=
0
K
A
B
=0

dt 2

:
t

V2 (t) = e t + e 2Sint

.

. 2 2 5
.

 1181 2

)dV2 (0

dt

t =0+ .

1V

KCL : 1 = 1 + IC2 (0+ ) IC2 (0+ ) = 0

+
) dV2 (0+ ) IC2 (0
=
=0
dt
C

t = 0 .

1A .

.
-2-1-6
.
.
)X(S) H(S) Y(S

)X(t) h(t) y(t

) h(t ) H(S .
.
:
-1 .

 182 12

) ( .
.
:2 .
)x(t) = e2t .u(t) h(t) y(t) = (e t e2t ).u(t

2 :
) : 2e2t u(t) + (t) h(t) (e t + 2e2t )u(t
) : 2e2t u(t) h(t) 2(e t e2t )u(t 2

): (t) h(t) et u(t

:
)h(t) = e t u(t

:3 .
) x(t) = Cost.u(t

t
) y(t) = e .u(t

:
)Cost.u(t) h(t) e t .u(t
)Sint .u(t) + (t) h(t) e t .u(t) + (t

:
)Cost.u(t) + (t) h(t) e t .u(t) (t) + (t

:
)(t) h(t) 2e t .u(t) (t) + (t

:
)(t) h(t) 2e t u(t) + (t) u(t

 1183 2

:
) h ( t ) = ( 2e t 1) u ( t ) + ( t

-2 .
:
y ( t ) = x ( ) .h ( t ) d = x * h
t

y ( t ) = h ( ) .x ( t ) d = h * x
t

y ( t ) .
-2-6
) x ( ) h (
) x ( ) h ( . t
) x ( t ) h ( t .
) h ( ) .x ( t ) x ( ) .h ( t
) (.

.
.
:4 ) x ( t ) h ( t ) y ( t .

x ( t ) :

 184 12

) x ( t ) h ( :
1) 0 t < 1
)h (

:
y(t) =0
2) 1 t < 2

t 1 t :
y ( t ) = x ( t ) h ( ) d = 11d = ]1t = t 1
t

.
3) 2 t < 3

) x ( t ) h ( t .

 1185 2

t = 2 / 01 t = 2 / 99 .
) x ( t :
y(t) =1
4) 3 t < 4

) x ( t ) h ( .
:

a = 3 ( 1 + t ) = 4 t y ( t ) = ( 4 t ) 1 = 4 t
5) t 4

) x ( t ) h ( .:
y ( t ) =0

:
0 t <1

1 t < 2

2 t <3
3t <4
t 4

;
;
;
;
;

0
t 1

y ( t ) = 1
4 t

 186 12

:5 ) y ( t .

) h ( ) x ( t :

:
1) 0 t < 1

:
t
{ = )y(t
2 2

t t t2

=
2

2 2 2
t 244444
14444
4
3

)h (

) x ( t

2) 1 t < 2

187 21

t

t 1

t 1


+ 2

y ( t ) = {
2 2
2

{ 2

t 1
1
h

(
)

1444442444443 h ( ) 14444
4244444
3
x ( t )
x ( t )

t + t 1 1
t 1 t 1 2t 1 ( t 1)
y ( t ) = 2

2
=
2
2
2
2 2
2
3) 2 t < 3

y ( t ) = 2 1

3t

t 1
2

t 1

+ 2


2

t 1 3 t

t 1+ t 2 1 1
= 2 1 +
2

= ( t + 1)( 3 t ) ( 2t 3 )
2 2
2

2 2

4) 3 t < 4

t 2

 188 12

t 2
)t 2 4 t t ( t 4
= 2 1 +
=

2
2 2
2

4 t

y ( t ) = 2 1

5) t 4

y ( t ) =0

.
.
x ( ) h ( t 0 ) d

= ) y ( t0

:6 ) h ( t ) = 2r ( 2 t ) u ( t .
t0 =1s .
) 2r ( 2 t ) u ( t ) u ( t .
t0 =1 .:

 1189 2

4+2
=3
2

= y ( t ) |t0 =1s

*
) x ( t ) h ( t ) (
) x ( t
.
:
:7 .

x h :

) ( t ) h ( t .

 190 12

) 2 ( t 1 ) h ( t -2 .
:

-3-6
.
t .
.
: 8

 1191 2

) x ( t t = 0 :

5 . :
0 t<5

: :
) x ( t ) h ( t ) x ( t ) h ( t

:9 .

4 + 1 t 1 + 0

 192 12

-1 LTI )
(
(1 .
(2 .
(3 .
(4
-2 80 .
N . 30 5
3
(1
2

9
(2
4

(3 5 .
(4 5 N .
-3 ) i1 ( t
0< t <
t>

3
2

t
Sint e ,
) V1 ( t ) = ( t . ) i2 ( t ) = cos tu ( t
,
e

= t

2e

(2

1 + e 2 (3

(4

(1

3
2

3
2

 1193 2

-4 ) h ( t ) = e t u ( t .
t = 3s
3 e1 e3 (1
3 e1 2e3 (2
2 2e1 3e3 (3
3 2e1 3e3 (4

-5 N DC
.
i = 1V + 2 (1 1 2 N
V = k1i + k2 (2 k1 k 2 N
aV + Bi + C = 0 (3 a b c N

(4 .
-6 ) h ( t ) = 2r ( 2 t ) u ( t .
t = 1sec
4 (1

3 (2

2/5 (3

1 (4

-7 . ) Vs ( t ) = ( t

) (

i o 0+

1
A (1
3
1
A (2
4
1
A (3
6
1
A (4
8

) io ( t

 194 12

-1 4 .
1 . LC
VC (0) = Vo iL (0) = 0
1
VC ( t ) = CVo cos 0 t
LC

= 0

.
1
2 LC
LC

.
3 K
K .
-2 4 .
N 5
:

5:
P5
Vt h
5i2
5i
5
5
=
=
=

=
Pt
Vth i
Vth
Vth 5 + R th 5 + R th

5 ) R th
( N Vth .

 1195 2

-3 1 .
) i1 ( t :
) i1 ( t ) = sin tu ( t ) sin ( t ) u ( t

0 < t < 2 ) i2 ( t ) i1 ( t ) i1 ( t :
d
i1 ( t ) i1 ( t )
dt

= ) i2 ( t

) i1 ( t :
d
V1 ( t ) V1 ( t )
dt
3

2

= ) V2 ( t

= t :

) d ( t
t
e
sin ( t ) e ( ) 3

= t
dt
2

= 2e 2

3
=t
2

) V2 ( t

t
t
= e ( ) cos ( t ) e ( ) 3

= t
2

-4 2 .
:
)x ( t ) = 2u ( t ) + u ( t 2) u ( t 4

) h ( t ) = e t u ( t .
:

t
) S ( t ) = e t u ( t ) dt = e t ]0t = 1 e t u ( t
0

) x ( t :

t 2
t 4
) y ( t ) = 2 1 e t u ( t ) + 1 e ( ) u ( t 2) 1 e ( ) u ( t 4

t = 3 sec :

( )

y ( t = 3 ) = 2 1 e 3 + 1 e 1 0 = 3 e1 2e3

 196 12

-5 3 .
i i . V

V . aV + bi + c = 0
N .
-6 2 .
:

t = 1 :
2+ 4
s ( t ) t =1=
1 = 3
2

-7 3 .
t =0+ .
:

:
)(t
1
= )(t
1+ 2
3

= ) Vo ( t

:
) dio ( t
1 0+
1 0+
1
i o (0+ ) = Vo ( t ) dt = ( t ) dt = A
0
0
dt
2
6 1424
3 6
1

Vo ( t ) = 2

 1197 2

:
DC .
AC .
.
.
.
-1-7
Z Z = a + jb a ) Re ( Z
b ) Im ( Z.
Z Z = rR = re j r
.
Z :

:
: a = r cos , b = r sin
b
: r = a 2 + b2 , = tg 1
a

-1-1-7
:

 198 12

) : Z1 Z2 = ( a1 a 2 ) + j( b1 b2
j
Z1 Z2 = re
r2e j
1

:
) Z1 Z2 = ( a1 + jb1 ) ( a2 + jb2 ) = ( a1a2 b1b2 ) + j ( a1b2 + a2b1

) : Z1 a1 + jb1 a2 jb2 ( a1a2 b1b2 ) + j ( a2b1 a1b2

= Z = a + jb a jb
a22 b22
2
2
2
2
2
Z Z = r R r R = r r R +
) 1 2 ( 1 1) ( 2 2 ) ( 1 2 ) ( 1 2
r R
r
Z
) : 1 = 1 1 = 1 R ( 1 2
Z2 r2R2 r2
n
n
n
n
) Z = ( rR ) = r Rn = r ( cos n + jsin n

.
Z Z . * Z .
Z = a + jb Z = Z* = a jb
Z = rR Z = rR

:
1
1
a jb
a
b
=

= 2 2+j 2 2
a + jb a + jb a jb a + b
a +b

:
ja = aR90o , ja = aR 90o , a = aR0 , a = aR180o

1
= j
j

-2-1-7
:
) x ( t ) = Acos ( t +

:
-1 A

 1199 2

-2

-3

.
. ) x ( t
:
X = AR = Ae j = A cos + jA sin

. .
.
:
.

x ( t ) = A sin ( t + ) = A cos t + 90o X = AR 90o

-2-7

.
.
-1-2-7
.
:
* : ) (
.
in in

.
:

 200 12

dy
) + a0 y = A cos ( in t +
dt

+ ... + a1

d n 1y
n 1

dt

+ a n 1

dn y
n

dt

:
) Bcos ( in t +
14444
4244444
3

) (

si t

k e
i

1444424444
3
i =1

= )y(t

) (

.
.
DC .
DC .
: . :
-1
.
-2 ) ( j0.
:
) A cos ( 0 t +
+
) B cos ( in t +
14444244443
14444
4244444
3

= )y (t

0 in .

) ( 0 in
:1 .
) VS ( t ) = cos 2tu ( t
VC (0) = 1V

i L (0) = 2A

201 21

: KVL
KVL : VS = Ri + L

di
+ VC
dt

: i
i=C

dVC dVC
=
dt
dt

:
VS = R

dVC
d2VC
d2VC
dV
1 d2VC 3 dVC
+L
+ VC
+
+ VC = Vs
+ 3 C + 2VC = 2VS
dt
dt
2 dt2
2 dt
dt2
dt2

: )(
S2 + 3S + 2 = 0 S = 1, 2
Vch ( t ) = K1e t + K2e2 t

:
VS ( t ) = cos 2tu ( t ) VS = 1R0

2R0
S = j

(S2 + 3S + 2) VC = 2VS VS = S2 +2R3S0 + 2

2
( j ) + 3 ( j ) + 2
=

2R0

+ 3 j + 2

2R0

(2 52 ) + j3

=2

2R0
2R0
=
2 + j6
40R108 / 4o

VC = 0 / 316R 108 / 4o Vcp ( t ) = 0 / 316 cos 2t 108 / 4o

)
:

VC ( t ) = K1e t + K 2e2t + 0 / 316 cos 2t 108 / 4o

)
:

 202 12

)VC (0) = 1V K1 + K2 + 0 / 316 cos 108 / 4o = 1 K1 + K2 = 0 / 1 (I

)dVC (0) dVC (0
=
=2
dt
dt
)(II

i L (0) = 2A i C (0) = C

K1 2K2 0 / 632 sin 108 / 4o = 2 K1 + 2K2 = 1 / 4

I K1 = 1 / 6 , K2 = 1 / 5 II

) VC ( t :

VC ( t ) = 1 / 6e t 1 / 5e2t + 0 / 316 cos 2t 108 / 4o

-2-2-7
:
Z :
V
I

=Z

Y :
I
V

1
jC

j L

) (Z

jC

1
jL

1
R

J
) (Y

=Y

 1203 2

)(
KCL KVL .
.
:

. .

) (... .
.
. :

| | V |=| Z | | I
V = Z I
RV = RZ + RI

| | I |=| y | | V
I = YV
RI = RY + RV

1
1
=| | y
|| Z
Y=
Z
RY = RZ

 204 12

.:
V

: Z( ) ( j) = = R ( ) + jX( ) =| Z | R
I

I
J
J
J
: y( ) ( j) = = G( ) + jB( ) =| y | R
V

:
=

= RZ = RV RI

-3-2-7
-1:

| | V |= R | IR
VR = R IR R
RVR = RIR

.
:

 1205 2

-2

1
1
| | VC |= C | IC
IC = j
IC
= VC
C
jC
RV = RI 90o
C
C

1
C

= XC . 90o IC

VC VC ) . IC (.
:

-3

| VL = L | I L
VL = jL I L
o
RVL = RI L + 90

X L = L . 90o IL

 206 12

VL VL ) . IL (.
:

:
= RZ = RV RI

Y = G = 0 Z = R
1
= 90o
X

Y = j Z = jX

1
= 90o
X

Y = j Z = jX

Y = G jB 0 < < 90o Z = R + jX

Y = G + jB 90o < < 0 Z = R jX
1
:
Y

= Z:
1
1
= X
G
B

=R

Z Y :
2

B
+

G
=,X
2
+ G
B

1
= Z= R
G B

 1207 2

-4-2-7

KCL KVL .
*
)(
:
: Zeq = Zi
i

: Yeq = yi1
i

*
Vt I t
) ( .:
V
Zin ( j) = t
It
I
Yin ( j) = t
Vt

) (
.
*
:
I

 208 12

E oc = Zeq Isc

.
R eq
Zeq
.
:
.
.
:2 .

Y6

Y5

Y4

 1209 2

1
Y6

z3 +

Y5 +

z2 +

Y4 +

Zeq = Z1 +

:
1 1 + j
=
, Z2 = 1 + j
j
j
1
1
j
1
1 + j
1
Yeq = +
=
+
=
= = 1 Zeq
=1
Z1 Z2 1 + j 1 + j 1 + j
Yeq
Z1 = 1 +

Zeq 1 .
.
)

KCL :

 210 12

KVL :
V
= (1 ) ZL
I

= KVL : V = ZL (1 ) I = (1 ) ZL I Zeq

= 2:
= 2 Zeq = Z L

.
:3 Vo ) . (.

Es = 3 cos t

) ( =1) : (

Vx

 1211 2

KVL : Vx = jVo + Vo = (1 + j) Vo
V 3
KCL : x
+ jVo + j ( Vx Vo ) = 0 jVo + Vo 3 + jVo + j ( jVo ) = 0
1
3
3
Vo = = j Vo ( t ) = 1 / 5 cos t = 1 / 5 cos t 90o = 1 / 5 sin t
2j
2

:4 ) i ( t .

) ( =1:

I2 , I1:
KCL : I = I1 + I2

V 1R0
V
1R0
=
= = jA , I2
=
= 1 jA
1
1
0 / 5 + 0 / 5 j 1 1+ j
) (
j
j
2

= I1

:
I = j + 1 j = 1A i ( t ) = cos t

: :

 212 12

j (0 / 5 + j0 / 5 ) 0 / 5 + j0 / 5
1
= ) Zin = P (0 / 5 + j0 / 5 ) = ( j) P (0 / 5 + j0 / 5

0 / 5 j0 / 5
0 / 5 + j0 / 5
j
2
) j)(0 / 5 ) (1 1 + 2 j
(
=
= 1

0/ 5

) j (0 / 5 + j0 / 5
0 / 52 + 0 / 52

:
V 1R0
=
= 1R0 i ( t ) = cos t
Zin
1

=I

:5 1 .

( = 2) :

1
KVL : 1R0 = 1 / 5 + j + I
2j

V
V
I = C = C = 2 jVC 1R0 = (1 / 5 + 0 / 5 j) 2 jVC
1
ZC
2j
1R0
1R0
= VC
=
= 0 / 316R 108 / 4o VC ( t ) = 0 / 316 cos 2t 108 / 4o
2 j (1 / 5 + 0 / 5 j) 1 + 3 j

:6 IC IR IL .

 1213 2

1R0

Yeq = 1 + j 4 j = 1 3 jJ
I
1R0
1
= VS = S
=
R71o V
Yeq 1 3 j
10

1
R71o A
10

= IR = 1 Vs

1
1
= R 71o + 90o
R161o A
10
10
4
4
= R 71o 90o
R 19o A
= IL = 4 jVs
10
10

= IC = jVs

) ( KCL
IR + IC + I L IS = 1R0 .

-3-7

 214 12

. )(
.
:
Im ( Y ) =0

Im ( Z ) =0

Im ( Z ) =0 Im ( y ) =0 .
RLC :
RLC -

1
1

= R + j L

C
j C

1
1
= = 0 0
Im ( z ) = L
C
LC
Z = R + j L +

RLC -

1
jL

1
1

= G + j C

j L
L

1
1
Im ( Y ) = 0 C
= = 0 0
L
LC

Y = G + j C +

:7 .

 1215 2

Z1 = R1 + jL

1
j C

Z2 = R 2 +

1
1
1
1
1
jC
+
=
+
=
+
1
Z1 Z2 R1 + jL R +
R1 + jL 1 + jCR 2
2
jC

= Yeq

) Im ( Y :
=0

C
1 + 2C2R 22

R12C + 2L2C = L + 2C2LR 22

L R12C

L R 22C

1
LC

( )

L
R12 + 2L2

C
1 + 2C2R 22

) (

= Im Yeq
L

R12 + 2L2

= 2 L2C C2LR 22 = L R12C 2 ( LC ) L CR 22 = L R12C 0

1
R1 = R 2 = 0
LC

= 0

RLC . :
: .

 216 12

R N.
:8 .

R 3 R 4 N N

. ) : (
L R12C
1
.
LC L R 22C

= 0

R 3 R 4 Z Y
.
: :
- .

- .

- .

- .

- ) ( cos .

- .

- )( .

- .

 1217 2

:9 ZL = 1 + j . . C

1R0

1
1
Im ( Yin ) = C
1+ j
2

1
2

Yin = jC +

1
2

Im ( Yin ) = 0 C = 0 C = F
: LC LC . :

-4-7
.
) R = Re ( Z ) X = Im ( z

 218 12

.
... .
.
RLC :
1

Z = R + j L

) R = Re ( Z
1
C

X = Im ( z ) = L

Z .
1

LC

= 0 Z .

RLC :
1
1
R
X
=
=
+j
2
2
2
2
Z R + jX R
+X
R
+X
1
424
3
1
424
3
B

=Y

) ( G ) ( B :
G
R

R 2 + X2

= G2 + B2

 1219 2

G
G 1
2 1
G + B = 0 G2 +
+B =

R
R 2R
2R
2

2 1
G
+B =

2R

2R

1
1
,0
2R
2R

: = 0
= 0 .
-5-7
:
)Y( j
) Y ( j
) X ( j

= )H ( j

) ( :
| )| Y ( j) |=| H ( j) | | X ( j

)RY ( j) = RH ( j) + RX ( j

| ) | H ( j :

-1 ) ( LPF

 220 12

-2 )( HPF

-3 )( BPF

-4 )( BSF

)(
.
) ( B.W. ) ( c .
1
| ) | H ( j | )max | H ( j
2

) H ( j | ) | H ( j :
1
| )max | H ( j
2

=| )| H ( j

 1221 2

:10 .

. .
) ( ) ( .
.
:
Vo
R
R
= )= H ( j
=| ) | H ( j
Vi
R + j L
R 2 + 2L2

| ) | H ( j = 0 :
max | H ( j) |= 1
1
R
1
R
| )max | H ( j
=
= 1 C
L
2
2
R 2 + 2L2

=| )| H ( j

:
R
B.W. = 0,
L

: .
:

 222 12

= 0
.
1
:
RC
R

L

= C

= C.

:11 .
R
R
B.W . = 0,
L
L

= C

1
1
B.W . = 0,

RC
RC

= C

R
R
B.W . = ,
L
L

= C

1
1

B.W . =
,
RC
RC

= C

: .
) ( 0 2) . 0 2
(.
RLC :
RLC:1
R
= , B.W. = 2
L
LC

= 0

 1223 2

RLC:1
1
= , B. W. = 2
RC
LC

= 0

: ) ( H ) ( L :
H = 0 +

L = 0

RLC :
1
R

L = LC 2L
RLC :
= 1 + R
H
LC 2L

B.W .

1
1

L = LC 2RC
RLC :
= 1 + 1
H
LC 2RC

: Q :
0
0
f
=
= 0
H L f
Vo
:12
IS

KCL 1 2:

= ) H ( j .

=Q

 224 12

3
1

KCL (1) : j 2 V1 + 4 ( V1 V2 ) = Is
j

1
KCL ( 2) : V + j V + 1 ( V V ) = 0
2
2
4 2 1

2
j

Vo = V2

)
1
1 + 6

V
1
= H ( j ) = o
IS
1 22 + j 2 2

( )

+ 2 2 2

) (1 22

=| )| H ( j

= 0 | H ( j) |= 1

|
H
j

|
=
0
(
)

:
max | H ( j) |= 1
1
rad
1 C = 1
) B.W. = (0,1
s
2

1
1 + 6

: 1 2 :

R 2 = R1

L1
= L2

C2 = 1 C1
2

 1225 2

) (0,1 ) (0,106 :
R : 1 1
3
3 1
C1 : F
= 1 / 5F
2
2 106
1
1 1
C2 : F
= 0 / 5F
2
2 106
4
4 1
L: H
= 1 / 33H
3
3 106

: K :

R new = K R old

L new = K Lold

1
Cnew = Cold

-6-7
:
) P ( t ) = V ( t ) .i ( t

:
)V ( t ) = Vm cos ( t +

) i ( t ) = Im cos ( t

:
1
P ( t ) = Vm Im cos ( t + ) cos ( t ) = Vm Im cos + cos ( 2t + )
2

) ( DC :
1
Pav = Vm Im cos
2

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 cos 0 ) ( 90o 90o .

 226 12

.
Re ( z ) 0 90o 90o.

* )( cos
cos . .
= R V RI

:
-1 cos = 1 = 0 :
-2 cos = 1 = 0 :
-3 cos = 0 = +90o :
-4 cos = 0 = 90o :
-5 0 < cos < 1 0 < 90o :
-6 0 < cos < 1 90o < 0 :
-7 0 < cos 1 90o +90o :

*
.
:
1
S = Vm I*m
2

I*m I m.
:
1
1
1
S = Vm Im R = Vm I m cos + j Vm Im sin
2
2
2
1
Vm Im
2

Z S .

 1227 2

Vm Im
1
Ve Ie
2

.:
S = Ve IeR

:
1
1
S = Vm Im cos + j Vm Im sin = p + jQ
2
2

P ) ( Pav ) ( w .
Q ) ( VAR .
) ( VA .
*
.
1
2

=| S |= Vm Im = Ve Ie
-1-6-7
:

:
| S |= P2 + Q2
Q
P
P =| S | cos
Q =| S | sin

= tg 1

 228 12

P
P
=
2
||S
P + Q2

= = cos

Q < 0 Q > 0 Pav 0

.
: . :

RZ = RS =

:
P Q:
-1

1
1
) P = Pav = R | IS |2 = RI2m = RI2e ( w
2
2
1
1
) Q = X | IS |2 = XI2m = XI2e ( VAR
2
2

-2

1
1
2
P = Pav = G | VS |2 = GVm
) = GVe2 ( w
2
2
1
1 2
Q = B | VS |2 = BVm
) = BVe2 ( VAR
2
2

P Q .

 1229 2

-2-6-7
.
:
-1 .
-2 .
:13 .

: ) ( =1:

100R0

100R0
100R0
= 100j
,
= I2
= 50(1 j) = 50 50j
j
1+ j
KCL : I = I1 + I2 = 100j + 50 50j = 50 + 50j
= I1

1
1
S = VI* = 100 ( 50 50j) = 2500 j2500
2
2

:
P = 2500W , Q = 2500VAR ,| S |= 2500 2VA

: :

 230 12

1
1 1
1
1
= = + j G = ,B
1+ j 2 2
2
2

Y = j+

:
1
1 1
2
P = G | VS |2 = (100) = 2500W
2
2 2
1
1 1
2
Q = B | VS |2 = (100) = 2500VAR P
2
2 2
2VA

( 2500)2 + ( 2500)2 = 2500

=| | S

:14 10 130 500 .

) Z ( j

:
= 5

50

102

P
I2e

= P = RI2e R

V 130
= | Z |= e
= 13
Ie 10
| Z |= R 2 + X2 X = | Z |2 R2 = 132 52 = 12

:
Z = R jX = 5 j12

:15 10 20 . Vs
.

 1231 2

VS = 100 cos t

1
2 20
=| P10 = R | I |2 | I
= 2A
2
10
VS
100R0
100
=I
=
=| | I
= 2 900 + 1002 = 2500 = 4
2
20 + j10 + 10 30 + j10
900 + 100
100R0
100R0
=I
=
= 2R 53 / 1o
30 + j40 50R53 / 1o

:
cos = cos ( RVS RI ) = cos 53 / 1o = 0 / 6

-3-6-7
:

:
-1 :

 232 12

:
ZL = Z*S

:
1 | Vs |2
= .
8 RL

Pmax

-2 . :
R L = RS

-3 . :
R L =| Zs |= R 2s + X2s

-4 .:
X L =| Zs |= R 2s + X2s

-5 . :
X L = 0, R L = R S

:16 ZL .

( =1) :

 1233 2

2R0

b, a :
2 ( 2 j) 1 + 2 j
1
1
1
= , Yab
+
=
+
= 1J Zab = 1
yab
1 2 j 1+ 1 j
5
5
2

ZL = Z*ab = 1.

= Zab

 234 12

-1 .
io ( t ) = Im cos t I m

(1
4

Im = 2 , =

, = (2
4
2

(3
4

) io ( t

= Im

= Im = 2 ,

, = (4
4
2

) Vi ( t ) = sin ( t +

= Im

-2 ) ( R1 P1 R 2
P2 . R1 R 2 P1 + P2
1
1
, R 1 = (1
2
2

= R2

R 2 = 0 , R 1 = 1 (2
R 2 = 1 , R 1 = 0 (3
R 2 = 2 , R 1 = 2 (4

iS ( t ) =110 cos t

-3 ) V ( t
V2 , V > 0
Vs ( t ) = 0 / 18 cos 2t
0 , V <0

i = .

2 + 0 / 03 cos 2t (1
2 + 0 / 06 cos 2t (2
4 + 0 / 018 cos 2t (3
4 + 0 / 036 cos 2t (4

 1235 2

-4
L
(1
C

=R

C
(2
L

=R

L
(3
C

=R

C
(4
L

=R

-5 i = V 3 . R

27 (1
1
(2
9
1
(3
27

4V

2
(4
27
1
-6 N
8
1
| A |= Volt, R = 1 (1
2
| A |= 1Volt, R = 1 (2
| A |= 1Volt, R = 3 (3

1
| A |= Volt, R = 3 (4
2

.:

 236 12

-7
1
(1
LC

(2
LC
1
(3
LC
1+
(4
LC

-8 .
) Vo ( t ) = KVin ( t ) K ( K
R 2
1
(1
=,
R1
LC

=K

R1
1
(2
=,
R2
LC

=K

R 2
L
(3
=,
R1
C

=K

R1
L
(4
=,
R2
C

=K

Vin ( t ) = Vm cos t

-9 . ) Zopt
(
j 2 (1

2 (2
1 j (3
1 + j (4

 1237 2

-10 R
1 (1
3 (2
9 (3
1 + 2 2 (4

-11 ZL1 ZL2 ZL3 . ZL1

25kw 25kVAR . ZL2 15KVA 0/8 .
ZL 3 11kw .
2
(1
10

3
(2
10

2
(3
10

3
(4
10

-12 N1 N2 R = 2
1
4

1
3

i = is + Vs . R
1 (1
1 (2
2 (3
2
(4
5

 238 12

-13 R L
36 w (1
144w (2
150w (3
225w (4

-14 .
Z1 = 0 / 3 + j 0 / 1

Z2 = 0 / 4 j0 / 2
Z = 0 / 2 + j0 / 4
3

(1 ) ( Z2 Z3 .
(2 Z2 Z3.
(3 ( 2) Z1 Z2.
(4 Z3 Z1.
1+ j
-15 V = 10R0o
2

= ) I

( R1 1/5 . I2
2
(1
2

1 (2
3 / 5 (3

(4 I2 .

 1239 2

-16 N .

1
R . ) ( V1
4
6

= t 2

R 0
3 (1
2
(2
3

6 (3
3
(4
2

-17 RL ) VS ( t ) = Vo sin tu ( t . L =1H R = 2

rad
s

=1 Vo = 10Volt ) i L (0 .

1A (1

2A (2

2A (3

(4

-18 R
54w (1
36 w (2
18 w (3
72w (4

 240 12

-19 ) V ( t ) i ( t :
dV
di
+ 784i = 10 S + 40VS
dt
dt

+ 60

d2i
2

dt

+ 40

d 3i
3

dt

+ 10

d4i
4

dt

= 4
1
(1
40

1
(2
40

(3
-20 .
1 R1
(1
.
LC R 2

1
(2
LC

= 0

= 0

t CR12
1
.
(3
LC L CR 22

= 0

L CR 22
1
.
(4
LC L CR12

= 0

(4

 1241 2

-1 3 .
=1 :
) io ( t

1R 90o

2 j
KVL : 1R 90o = I1 + 2 j ( I1 I2 ) 1 + 2 j

I1 = jR

2
2
2 j 2 j j I2 0
KVl : 2 j ( I2 I1 ) j I2 = 0
3

I1:

2
2

1 j
I1 =
= ) R io ( t
cos + t
= ) (1R
2
4
2
4
2

cos t +
2
4

2
1
=
io ( t ) = Im cos t =
4
2
2

= ) io ( t

= Im .

-2 3 .
R1 R 2 .
): ( = 1

R 2 j :

 242 12

)R 2 j R 2 j R 2 j ( R 2 j
R2
R2

=
=
+j 2
R2 + j R2 j
R 22 + 1
R 22 + 1 R 22 + 1

= Z1 = R 2 || j

j :
j 1 + j j(1 + j) 1 j

=
= +
1 j 1+ j
1+1
2 2

= Z2 = 1 P j

R2
R 22 + 1

R L = R1 +

R L:
R2
1
1
= ( )2 + ( 2 )2
2
2
2
R2 + 1
R2 + 1 2
R2

R L = ZS R1 +

R1 = 0 R 2 = 1 .
-3 1 .
DC .
:
3V

V = 2 Volt
1
i = V2 1
KVL : 1 + i 3 + V = 0 V2 + V = 4
2
2
V = 4 Volt

 1243 2

:
) : (V = 2 , i = 4 V = 2 i = V2 = 4

.
:
1 di
1
=
= 2V = 2 2 = 4 R =
R dV
4

) ac ( :
1

1 1
1
1
V = ( || )VS (t) = VS (t) = 0 / 18Cos2t = 0 / 03Cos2t
2 4
6
6

:
V(t) = 2 + 0 / 03Cos2t

-4 3 .
.

)Y1 ( j

1
R jL
= jC +
R + jL
R 2 + (L)2
1 R2

LC L2

= = 0 r

L
R 2 + L22

Y1( j) = jC +

Im(Y1( j)) = 0 C

 244 12

1
R
)R(1 jRC
jC
Z2 ( j) = jL +
= jL +
= j L +
1
RjC + 1
1 + (RC)2
R+
jC
R

1
1

2
LC R C2

= = 0 r

RC
2

)1 + (RC

Im(Z2 ( j)) = 0 L

:
1 R2
1
1
1
R2
L2
L
= 2
= 2 2 2 = 2 2 R4 = 2 R
LC L
LC R C
L
RC
C
C

-5 3 .
R R
.
:
V
i
1

=
i
R V
) 1 (V 3
1
1
=
= = 3V 2 R
= R = R
2

R
V
3V
3V2

= R

i = V3

V KVL :
1
V 4
V 3 = V + = V V = 3Volt
2
3V
3 3

KVL : 4 = V + Ri = V +

:
1
1
| =
2 V=3
3V
27

= R = R

 1245 2

-6 2 .
N

N
. :

)( = 1

2 j(1 + j) 2 j(1 + j)2

=
= j(1 + j)2 = j 2 j = 2
1 j
2
R = R + 1 =| Zeq |= 2 R = 1
= )Zeq = (1 + j) || (2 j

| | A :

1
1
A 2 1
| A |2
1
| )P = R | I |2 = (R + 1
| = 2
= | A |= 1
2
2
2
)2(1 + j
2
8
) (2 2

-7 4 .
: .
d:
IS KCL 1

 246 12

V
V
V
KCL : IS = S + jCVS +
+
R
jL
jL

V
1
1+
1
+ jC +
= ) Zin( j) = S
1
1+
R
jL
IS
+ j(C
)
R
L

( IS = VS

) Zin ( j:
1+
1+
1+
1+
= = 0 C
= 2
=
1
L
L
LC
LC

: .

jLI
L
=j
I

=Z

L .
1
= L
= Leq
L +1
L+

RLC :

 1247 2

1
+1
=
LC
L
C
+1

1
=
Leq C

= r

-8 1 .
4 Vo (t) = KVin (t) . Vo Vin LC
. LC
1

LC

= r.

KCL :
R
R
0 Vin 0 Vo
+
= Vo = 2 Vin K = 2
R1
R2
R1
R1

-9 4 .
Zopt Z*in . Zopt
RC
Zin Z*in
. 4 .
-10 2 .
R R
.
=1 :

ZS = (1 + j) || (1 j) + j2 2 = 1 + j2 2

 248 12

:
R =| ZS |= 1 + (2 2 )2 = 9 = 3

-11 4 .
:
Pt = | S |Cos = 25 + (15 0 / 8) + 11 = 48KW
)Cos = Cos(

Sin( ) = Sin ) (
) ( :
Q t = | S | Sin = 25 + (15 0 / 6) + 0 = 16KVAR

:
3
10

48
48 + 16

P
2

P +Q
2

= Cos

Q .
-12 2 .
R . R = 2

iS i i R.
N1 N2 iS VS
1
3

i = iS R iS :
1
i = iS
3

 1249 2

R eq
1
1
= iS
= R eq = 1
R eq + R 3
R eq + 2 3
R eq

=i

-13 2 .
. R L
6 .
. 6
6 . :

6V

R L R L .
:
R L = 3 + 3 + (6 || 6) = 9

 250 12

R L :

6A

2A

iL

9
8 = 4A
9+9

= iL

:
Pmax = R L i2L = 9 16 = 144W

-14 4 .
Z2 Z3 . Z2 Z3

1 .
Z2 Z3 R 2 = 2R 3 Z2 Z3

2 .
Z1 Z2 + Z3 :

 1251 2

I1 Z2 + Z3 0 / 4 j0 / 2 + 0 / 2 + j0 / 4 0 / 6 + j0 / 2
I
=
=
=
= 2 I2 = 1
I2
Z1
0 / 3 + j0 / 1
0 / 3 + j0 / 1
2

Z1 Z2 :

Q1
I1 2
I12 Q = 2
2
Q2 = 0 / 2 I2 = 0 / 2 ( ) = 0 / 1
2
2
2

Q1 = 0 / 1 I12

3 .
Z3:
I
Q3 = 0 / 4 I22 = 0 / 4 ( 1 )2 = 0 / 1 I12 Q3 = Q1
2

4 .
-15 2 .
:
1
1
1 j
( )S = VI* = (10
) = 2 / 5(1 j) = P + jQ
2
2
2

2 / 5 .
P = 2 / 5W

. R1 1 / 5W
2 . :
1
1
P2 = R 2I22 = 2I22 = 1 I22 = 1 I2 = 1A
2
2

 252 12

-16 1 .
N :

ACost

= t 2 :
A 2
= 2 A=2
2

| ACost

=t
4

2Cost
R R = R o . R = Cost
2
Cos2 t

R

. :
1 1
= R o = R = 3
2R 6

-17 3 .
:

di
+ 2i = 10Sint
dt

Ke 2t :

 1253 2

i P (t) = ASint + BCost

2A B = 10

ACost BSin + 2ASint + 2BCost = 10Sint

)dip(t
= ACost BSint
A + 2B = 0
dt

A = 4

i P (t) = 4Sint 2Cost

B = 2

:
i(t) = Ke 2 t + 4Sint 2Cost

t = 0 :
{ = )i L (0) = i(0
Keo + 4Sin(0) 2Cos(0) = 2 i L (0) = 2A
424
3
123 1
2

-18 1 .

.
2A ) ( :

P1 = RI12 = 9 (2)2 = 36 W

30Cos2t W = 2 :
30 R 0

30R0
9 + 4 j 16 j

= I2

 254 12

1
30
2 1
| P2 = R I2 = 9
|2 = 18W
2
2
9 + 4 j 16 j

4Cos4t = 4 :

4R0

) ( = 4
4 .
P3 = 0 :

R :
P = P1 + P2 + P3 = 36 + 18 + 0 = 54W

-19 2 .
d
j
dt

:
( j)4 + 10( j)3 + 40( j)2 + 60( j) + 784 I = (10j + 40)V
S

= 4:
1+ j
2R45
1
1
I
=
=
= R90 = j
VS 10(1 j) 10 2R 45 10
10

= 4 :
I
1
1 j4 1
1
= j = = j I = jVS
VS 10 10 4 40
40

1
F
40
1

40

= C .

 1255 2

-20 3 .
:
1
R2
R1 jL
1
1
jC
= Yeq
=
=
+
2
2
1 2
R1 + jL R + 1
2
)R1 + (L
( R2 +
)
2
j C
C

L CR12
L CR 22

1 L CR12
1
.
= 0
LC L CR 22
LC

= = 0 2

1
C

2 2

R 22 +

L
R12 + 2L2

= ) Im(Yeq

 256 12

: )(

.
) (
. ) ( .
.
-1-8

.
.
:

d
= N
t
dt

E = N

:
) 1 = f1 ( i1,i2

) 2 = f2 ( i1,i2

.
-1-1-8
:

 1257 2

1 = L1I1 + MI2

2 = L2 I2 + MI1

L1 L2 M .
:
1 L M I1
= LI = 1

2 M L2 I2

L I .
L M
L= 1

M L2

:
dI1
V
dI 1 L M dt
V=L = 1

dt
V2 M L2 dI2
dt

:
dI1
dI2

V1 = L1 dt + M dt

V = M dI1 + L dI2
2
2
dt
dt

:
V1
L M I1
V = jLI = j 1

M L2 I2
V2

:
V1 = jL1I1 + jMI2

V2 = jMI1 + jL2 I2

 258 12

1 = L1I1 MI2
1 L M I1
= 1

2 = MI1 + L2 I2
2 M L2 I2

.
L .
:
= LI I = L1 =

L1
:
L2 M
M L
1

1
L1L2 M2

= = L1

-2-1-8 ) ( M
M :
:
.
) ( M
) ( M .
* :
)(
.
:

 1259 2

. ). ( M < 0
: :
M
M .
:

M < 0 I1 I2 .
-2-8
L eq
.
:
= Leq I
I = eq
dI
= jLeq I
dt

:1 .

i :

V = Leq

 260 12

1 M12 < 0 M12 = j 2

1 M13 > 0 M13 = j2 3
2 M23 < 0 M23 = j3 3
KVL :
j3 i j1 i2 + j2 i 3
123 1 1
424
3 1
424
3

= V1

M13

M12

L11

V2 = j4i2 j1i1 j3i3

V3 = j5i3 + j2i1 j3i2

KVL : V = V1 + V2 + V3 = j3i1 j1i2 + j2i 3 + j4i2 j1i1 j3i3 + j5i3 + j2i1 j3i2

:
i1 = i2 = i 3 = i
V
= j8
i

= V = j8i Zeq

-1-2-8
.
KL KVL . V .
:

 1261 2

I1 I2 M < 0 .
:
= 1 + 2 = L1I1 MI2 + L2I2 MI1

= L1 + L2 2M
I

I1 = I2 = I
= = ( L1 + L2 2M ) I L eq

| L eq = L ab = L1 + L2 2 | M

) M > 0 (.
d ) M < 0 (.

-2-2-8
KCL .
M 12
:
M
, det L = L1L2 M 2
L1L2 M 2

L det L > 0 M 12 .
:

= 12

 262 12

I1 I2
M > 0 12 = 21 < 0.
KCL :
I = I1 + I2 = 111 122 + 222 211

:
1 = 2 =
1

=
I 11 + 22 212

= I = ( 11 + 22 212 ) L eq

L :
L1L2 M 2
L1 + L2 2M

= Leq

L1 + L2 M 2
| L1 + L2 m 2 | M

= L eq = Lab

) M > 0 (
) M < 0 (
:2 :

1 1 2
= 1 2 0
2 0 1

 1263 2

i1 1 1 2 1 i1 = 2
i = 1 2 0 i =
2
2 2
i 3 2 0 1 3 i 3 = 3

= 0 / 25H
i

= KCL : i = i1 i2 + i3 = 2 + 3 = 4 Leq

:3 1H .
a b .

:
2 3
2 7 32
5 1
L1 =

L
=
= = H
eq1

2 + 7 + 2 3 15 3
3 7
1
5 3 12
14 7
L

=
= = H
eq2

3
5 + 3 2 1 6 3
1 1
2 1 Leq3 = (1 + 1 + 1) + (1 + 2 + 1) + (1 + 1 + 3 ) = 12H
1 3

5
L2 =
1
1
L3 = 1
1

:
1 7
44
Leq = L eq1 + L eq2 + Leq3 = + + 12 = H
3 3
3

-3-8
:
1
W = Li2
2

:
1
W = ILI
2

 264 12

L I I .
:
L M I
1
[ I1 I2 ] M1 L 1
2

2 I2

=W

:
1 2
1 2
1
1
L1I1
+
L2 I2
+
MI1I2
+
MI1I2
224443 1444
2 24443 144
2 2444
22444
1444
4
3 1444
3

) (

) (

) (

) (

=W

W 0.
:4 .
L2 .

8 3 2
L = 3 4 1
2 1 5

. .

L2:

14
= 2A
) 5 + ( 6 || 3

= i1

3
32 2
2 4
= i1
= , i 3 = i1 i2 = 2 = A
3+6
3+6 3
3 3

= i2

 1265 2

1
1
2
2 4
2
W2 = L2i22 + M21i2i1 + M 23i2i 3 = 4 + 3 2 2
2
2
3
3
3
3

8
16
28
j
= = + 4 W2
9
9
9

: M . L
M .
-4-8
T :

:
= det ( L ) = L1L2 M2

: ) (
T .
-5-8
:
IV = jL

:
I+ jM IV = jL

 266 12

) (
.

.
:5 a b .

E s It a b:

3
5

KVL : ji + j ( I t + i ) + j2 ( I t + i ) + ji = 0 i = I t
1

KVL : Vt = 1 I t + 2 I t + j2 I t I t + j I t Vt = j I t
5
5
5

5
5
:
Vt 1
1 j 1
= = j
It 5
5
5

:6 .

= Zab

 1267 2

2 1
L=

1 3

L :
3

I1 = 10 jA
V1
2 1 I1 1R0 1
V = jLI = j2
= =
1 3 I2 0 0 I = 1 jA
V2
2

10

10 :
V1 V2 1R0 0 1
=
= A
10
10
10

= I3

:
3
1 1 3 j
= j+
10 10
10
1
1
1+ 3 j
1+ 3 j
S = VI* = 1
=S
2
2
20
10
I = I1 + I3 =

:7 Vo

) ( Vs = 100cos t

M < 0 .
I1 I2 :

KVl : j0 / 2I1 j0 / 5I2 + 8I1 j0 / 5I2 + j0 / 5I1 = 0 I2 = (0 / 7 j8 ) I1

KVL : 100 = I1 + I2 + j0 / 5I2 j0 / 5I1 = (1 j0 / 5 ) I1 + (1 + j0 / 5 ) I2

 268 12

= (1 j0 / 5 ) I1 + (1 + j0 / 5 )(0 / 7 j8 ) I1 = ( 5 / 7 j8 / 15 ) I1
100
100
= | | I1
= 10A
2
2
5 / 7 j8 / 15
5 / 7 + 8 / 15

= I1

:
Vo = 8I1 | Vo |= 8 | I1 |= 8 10 = 80V

-6-8
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
:
( M > 0:
V1 n1
V = n
2
2

I1 = n 2

n1
I2

( M < 0:
n1
V1
V = n
2
2

I1 = n 2

I2 n1

: n1 = n 2 :

 1269 2

V1 = V2

I1 = I2

1)M > 0

V1 = V2

I1 = I2

2)M < 0

:8 .

n1 = n 2:

V1
1 1 1 I1
V = j 1 1 I
2 2
2

1
) ( I1 + I2
2

V1 = V2 = j

:
1 1 1
L= j
2 1 1

-7-8
-1-7-8
n

n

M > 0 :

 270 12

M < 0 .

-2-7-8
n

n

M > 0 :

M < 0 .

-3-7-8
2

n
. :

n

 1271 2

-4-7-8
: .
2

n
.
L1 L2 M
n

: .
2

n
n
M
n

: > 0 M
< 0 M
M .
-5-7-8
2

n
. :

n

 272 12

:9 a b .

It a b Vt:
10
1
( It i x ) + 5i x 10i x = 0 i x = I t
4
3
I t 10
= It
3 3

KVL :

KVL : Vt = 10i x = 10

:
Vt 10
=
It
3

= R eq

:10 ab .

M = 0 / 125 4 = 0 / 5H

 1273 2

0 / 5
5 0 / 5
4 8
L1 =
= 1 = L1 1

5
159 0 / 5
0 / 5 8
4
4 12 16
53
= eq1
=
Leq1 = H
= ) ( 8 + 5 2 0 / 5
159
159 53
16

:
2

53 1
53
53
53
= Leq =
=
Leq = H
16 2 16 4 64
64

-8-8
:

:
n2 1
=
n1 N

=a

-9-8 K

:
M
,0 K 1
L1L2

: :
(1 ) ( M 0K 0 :
(2 ) ( MK 1 :

(3 K = 1.
K (4 .
K (5 .
:11 C .

=K

 274 12

:
1
jC

n1
n1 2
( n ) = 4 n = 2
2
2

n
n
5( n1 )2 = 1
ZL = ( 1 )2 + j5( 1 )2

n2
n2
C
n2
*ZL = ZS

ZS = 4 +

:
1
1
C= F
20
C

= 5 22

:12 M a b
.

a b :

 1275 2

:
V1 = V2 jL1I1 + jMI2 = jL2I2 + jMI1 ( L1 M ) I1 = ( L2 M ) I2

V3 = V4 r1I1 = r2 I2

:
L1 M L2 M
rL r L
=
M= 1 2 2 1
r1
r2
r1 r2

 276 12

-1 Vo
o

36e jR 53 (1
o

36e jR 53 (2
o

72e jR 53 (3
o

72e jR 53 (4
n1
-2 = 5
n2

40W (1
80W (2

40 2W (3
80 2W (4

-3 ) (.
M
La
L M L (1
b
c
M
La
L M L (2
b
c
M
La
L M L (3
b
c
M
Lb
L M L (4
a
c

 1277 2

-4 a ( Lab ) b
11
(1
15

9
(2
24

3
(3
2

1
(4
5

-5 Z .
M
R 2 C (1

L1 + L2
(2
2

L1L2
(3
R 2C

L2 R 2 C
(4
L1

-6 aa )
(.
1
(1
LC
n
(2
LC
1
(3
n LC

(4 .

 278 12

-7 L2 = 3H L1 = 2H . | M |=1H

:
0/23 (1

0/4 (2

0/52 (3

0/87 (4

-8 R
12 / 54 (1
15 / 76 (2
18 / 28 (3
21 / 34 (4

-9
7 (1
21 (2
1 / 6 (3

5
(4
21

C = 7 F

3
L1 = H

2
L2 = H
5

M = 5 H

 1279 2

-10 .
5 2
= L1 = C R1

2 2

10 (1
50 (2
100 (3
200 (4
-11 Z L
1 / 25 j3 / 75 (1
0 / 8 j2 / 4 (2
1 / 25 + j3 / 75 (3
0 / 8 + j2 / 4 (4
n1
-12 = a
n2

1
F (1
20

= Ca = 2

1
1
C = F (2 = a
2
5
C = 5F (3 a = 2

1
C = 20F (4 = a
2

 280 12

-13 ) isc ( t R th a b
sin t (1 12
sin t (2 11
3 sin t (3 12
3 sin t (4 11
-14 ) eo ( t ) eo ( t

1
= 2 (1 eo ( t ) = cos 2t
2
1
= 4 (2 eo ( t ) = cos 4t
2
1
= 2 (3 eo ( t ) = cos 2t
4
1
= 4 (4 eo ( t ) = cos 4t
4

-15 S . t = 0 .
t = 0 10
0 / 732s (1

0 / 520s (2

0 / 243s (3

0 / 619s (4

 1281 2

-1 3 .

:
I n2 1
=
= I2 = 2I
I2 n1 2

2I 320 . V2 = 0
V1 = 0.
:
n
1
I
= 2 = 4 I1 = I
4
I1
n1

:
1
Vo = j480 I = j120I
4

:
V1 n1 1
1
=
= V1 = Vo = j30I
Vo n2 4
4

KVL :
3R0

4 j3

= KVL : 30R0 = 40I + V1 = 40I j30I I

1 3

3R0

3 jtg 4 3 jR37o
=I
= e
= e
3 5
5
5R tg 1
4

Vo:

 282 12

o
o
jR 37o 90o
3
Vo = j120I = j120 e jR 37 = 72e
Vo = 72e jR53
5

-2 2 .
n1 n2
V1 n1
=
V1 = V2 1
V2 n 2

V1 = V2 = 0.

n1 n2
I1 n1
=
I1 = I2 1
I2
n2

I1 = I2 = 0.

.
:

I:
100
10
=
= 0 / 8 + j0 / 6
80 j60 8 j6

=I

P = R eq | I |2 = ( 40 + 20 + 20) (0 / 8 ) + (0 / 6 ) = 80W
2

 1283 2

-3 1 .
. La Lc

I1 Lb I2 . :

M I1
V1 = jLa I1 jMI2
V1
La
= j

L c M L b I2
V2 = jL b I2 jMI1 jLc I1 V2
M

Lb

a
.
Lc M

-4 1 .
:

:
2
3

2
4

1 3
3
1
= =L

16 4 2
4

3 9 3
3

4
L=
2
3

:
9 4
1
11
2 15
= + 4 + 2 = Lab
= H

44 3
ab 15
3 11

-5 1 .
Z KVL :

= ab

 284 12

KVL : jL1I1 jM ( I1 + I2 ) + RI1 = 0

( jL1 jM + R ) I1 jMI2 = 0

1
1
I1 RI2 = 0 R +
I1 RI2 = 0
jC
jC

KVL : RI1 +

I2 :

1
I2 = 1 +
I1
jCR
1
I1 = 0
jCR

( jL1 jM + R ) I1 jM 1+

= 0 M = R 2C
R

RC
R RC + j ( L1 2M ) I1 = 0

L 2M = 0 M = L1
1

-6 4 .
It =1A a,a
:

(1 + n ) LS
1
V
= =0 V
(1 CSV )
n
nLS
1 + LCS2

KCL (1) : 1 +

( n + 1) LS
1
n +1
= KVL : Vt = V + V
=V
n
n
)n ( LCS2 + 1
2

 1285 2

S j:

)( n + 1) LS = jL ( n + 1) = j L ( n + 1
Vt Vt
=
=
) 1 n ( LCS2 + 1) n (1 2LC
It
) n (1 2 LC
2

= Zin

Zin =0 . .
-7 4 .
L2 ) ( i1 + i2 KVL:
di
di
d
d
V1 = L1 1 + M ( i1 + i2 ) + L2 ( i1 + i2 ) + M 1
dt
dt
dt
dt
di1
di2
di1
di
) V1 = ( L1 + L2 + 2M
) + ( M + L2
=7
+4 2
dt
dt
dt
dt
di
di
di
di
di
d
V2 = L2 ( i1 + i2 ) + M 1 = ( M + L2 ) 1 + L2 2 V2 = 4 1 + 3 2
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

L2t = 3H1 L1t = 7H Mt = 4H:

| | Mt
4
4
=
=
; 0 / 873
L1t L2t
37
21

=K

-8 3 .
R R .
It =1A R KCL
KVL:

64

i = A
99

) KVL : V + 4V = 30(1 i ) V = 6 (1 i
5

KVL : V + 20 i = 30(1 i ) + 401 i

4
4

64
; 18 / 28
99

5
4

KVL : Vt = V + 20 i = 6 6i + 25i = 6 + 19

 286 12

:
Vt Vt
=
= 18 / 28
It
1

= R = R in

-9 1 .
L1 L2 M :
3 2 1
1

L1L2 | M |2
1
= Leq
= 5 5 25 = 5 = H
L1 + L2 + 2 | M | 3 + 2 + 2 7 7
5 5 5 5

LC :
1
= 49 = 7 rad
s
1 1

7 7

1
=
Leq C

= r

-10 4 .
:

0 = 100rad

5
2

= I1
V1 V2

j
j
I1 1 5 2 V1

= I

2 j 2 2 V2 I = 2 V + 2 V
1
2
2
j
j

KCL 2:
V2
V
2
2
= 0 V1 + V2 + jCV2 + 2 = 0
10
j
j
10

Vs = V1 :

KCL ( 2) : I2 + jCV2 +

 1287 2

2
2
1
2
= Vs = + jC + V2 V2
Vs
1
2
j
10
j
( j) C + j + 2
10
2
V
1
2 s
( j) + j +
C
10C
2

= V2

:
2
2
= 0
C
C

= 20

0 = 100rad s :
= 2 104 = 200106 C = 200F

10

02

=C

-11 2 .
ZL ZL
.
:
2

2
( 20 + j60) =
( 20 + j60) = 0 / 8 + j0 / 6

8+2

n
Zin =
n

:
Z L = Zin * = 0 / 8 j0 / 6

= n2 = 2 n = n1 + n2 = 8 + 2 = 10 n.
-12 1 .
= 1:

 288 12

j
1
= 4
jC
C

ZS = 4 +

)ZL = a 2 + j5a 2 = a 2 (1 + 5 j

ZL:
a 2 = 4 a = 2
j

ZL = ZS* a 2 (1 + 5 j) = 4 + 2 1
1
C 5 a = C = F
20
C

-13 1 .
:

:
R th = 12
e
isc = oc = sin t

R th
e = 12 sin t

-14 1 .
:

 1289 2

) eo ( t LC
.
:
s

= 2 rad

1
=
LC

1
1
1
4

= r

:
1
1
eo ( t ) = 1 cos t |=2 = cos 2t
2
2

-15 3 .
:
Leq = 5 + 6 ( 2 2) = 7H

) (

i L 0 = 10A . :
1
1
W (0 ) = L eq i2L (0 ) = 7 102 = 350j
2
2

:
10
t
= 10e 7

R
t
Leq

i ( t ) = I0 e

. :
1 2
Wt 2 Li( t ) 1
=
=
W0 1 Li2
2
)2 (0
20

t 1
1
7
= e 7 = t = Ln2 t ; 0 / 243 sec
2
2
20

10
2 t
7

I02

I02e

 290 12

:
.
) . (Spice
.
.
-1-9
)(
A .
n t b A ( n t 1) b
:

uuuur

( n t 1)b

a ij = A

:
j i +1 .

j i a ij = 1 .
j i 0 .

:
AJ = 0 (1 KCL.
V = A e (2 KVL.
= J b1 = Vb1 = e( n 1)1
t

t 1

= Ab( n A.

:1 A KCL KVL .

 1291 2

3 2 5 . :
: n = n t 1 = 2 : n t = 3
: b = 5
4 5

1 1 1 0 0 1
A=
2 0 1 1 1 0

KCL:
J1
J
2
1 1 0 0 1

AJ = 0
J
3 =0
0 1 1 1 0
J4
J 5

:
KCL J1 + J 2 + J 5 = 0 1

KCL J2 + J 3 J 4 = 0 2

KVL:
V1 1 0
V 1 1
2
e1
V = A e V3 = 0 1

e2
V
0

1
4

V5 1 0

 292 12

V1 = e1
V = e e
1
2
2

V
=

e
3
2
V = e
2
4

v5 = e1

: A .
A n t b.
A
A .
:
1 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0 25

A =

1 1 0 0 1
A = 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 1 35

:
Yn e = Is

Yn ) e ( n = n t 1 n n ) ( n 1 Is
) ( n 1.
Yn Is :
= yii -1 = i
= yij -2 = i j
= Isk -3 k
.
: ) . (.

 1293 2

.
:2 .

( = 1) :

1 j j
5 j
Yn =
, Is =

j 0
3

:
1 j j e1 5 j
Yn e = Is
=
j 0 e2 3

(1 j) e1 + je2 = 5 j e1 = 3 j

e2 = 8 + 3 j
je1 = 3

e1 = 3 cos t + 90o = 3 sin t , e2 = 73 cos t + tg 1

8

-2-9
M . l
b M l b :

uuuuur

l b

mij = M

:
j i .

 294 12

+1

j i mij = 1 .
0
j i .

) . (
:
J = M I -1 KCL.
MV = 0 -2 KVL.
= J b1 = Vb1 = Il1 = Mb L

.
:3 M KCL KVL .

. M:
4 5

1 1 1 1 0 0
M = 2 0 0 1 1 0

3 0 1 0 1 1

KVL KCL:
V1

V1 + V2 V3 = 0
1 1 1 0 0 V2

KVL : MV = 0 0 0 1 1 0 V3 = 0 V3 V4 = 0

V + V + V = 0
0 1 0 1 1 V4
4
5
2
V5
J1 = I1
J1 1 0 0

J 1 0 1 I
J2 = I1 I3
2
1

KCL : J = M I J 3 = 1 1 0 I2 J 3 = I1 + I2

J4 0 1 1 I3 J4 = I2 + I3
J5 0 0 1

J 5 = I3

 1295 2

:
Zm I = E s
Zm ) I ( l l ) ( l 1 E s

)( l 1

.
Zm Es :
= Zii -1 = i
= Z ij -2 = i j
= Esk -3 i
.
: .
:4 .

( = 1) :

:
KVL : (1 + j j) I = 5 ( 5 3 j) I = 3 j i ( t ) = 3 sin t

 296 12

-3-9
-1-3-9


) . (
.
:5 .

(
:

3 1 1 e1 10 + 5Vo
Yn e = Is 1 3 1 e2 = 3i0
1 1 3 e3 5Vo

:
Vo = e3

e1 e2
io = 1 = e1 e2

297 21

3 1 1 e1 10 + 5e3
1 3 1 e = 3e 3e
2

2 1
1 1 3 e3 5e3

: ei
1 1 5 e1 10 3 1 6 e1 10
3
1 3 3 + 3
1 e2 = 0 4 6 1 e2 = 0

1
3 + 5 e3 0 1 1 8 e3 0
1

(
:

3 1 1 I1 10 3io

Zm I = ES 1 3 1 I2 = 3io
1 1 3 I3 5Vo

:
Vo = I2

io = I1 I3

:
1 1 3 I1 10
3 1 1 I1 10 3I1 + 3I3 3 + 3
1 3 1 I = 3I 3I 1 3
3
1 + 3 I2 = 0
1
3

2

1 1 3 I3
1 1 + 5
5I 2
3 I3 0
6 1 4 I1 10
4 3 2 I2 = 0
1 4 3 I3 0

 298 12

-2-3-9

.

(1

(2

:6 .

 1299 2

r2 jL1
r1 + r2 + jL1 + jC

Zm I = ES

1
jL1 + jL2 + r2 +
r2 jL1

jC2

ES jMI2

I1
=
g m L2

MI

M(I

I
)
+
I2
2
1 2
I2
C1

Z m :

I
E
1 = S
I
0
1
2 jM 2
j(L1 + L2 ) + r2 +
jC2

r2 jL1 + jM

r1 + r2 + jL1 + jC
1

g m L2
r2 jL1 + jM C
1

-4-9
-1
. :
(1 .
(2 .
(3 .

.
) (n = n t 1
). (l
: .
A ) det(AA .
-2
. KCL .
KVL . .

 300 12

:
.
:
.
: .
:
b = l + n t 1 = l + n

.
.
:7
.

:
2 ) ( 3 ) ( .
1345 : 234
15 : 123 124

:
125 : 234

 1301 2

15 : 235 43

-5-9
. Q (n t 1) b :

uuuur
qij nb = Q

:
j i +1 .

j i q ij = 1 .
0
j i .

:
QJ = 0 (1 KCL.
V = Q E (2 KVL.
E .
:
Yq E = Is

Yq ) E (n n ) (n 1 IS
) (n 1.
Yq IS :
= yii (1 = i
= yij (2 = i j

 302 12

= ISK (3 k .
.
:8 7 Q 2
.
:
1 2 3 4 5
1 1 0 1 1 1
Q=
2 0 1 1 1 0

} : {1, 3, 4, 5 1

} : {2, 3, 4 2
:

Yq E = IS
1 j j E1 5 j
j 0 E = 3

-6-9
. B l b :

uuuuur
bij = B
l b

:
j i +1 .

j i b ij = 1 .
0
j i .

:
) J = B I (1 (KCL
) BV = 0 (2 (KVL
:
ZL I = ES

 1303 2

Z L ) I (l l ) ES (l 1 ) (l 1.
Zl ES :
= Zii (1 = i
= Zij (2 = i j
.
= Esk (3 i .
:9 B ) . (
:
4 5

1 2

1 1 0 0 0 1
B = 2 0 1 1 0 1
3 0 0 1 1 0

} : {4, 3 3

} : {2, 3, 5 2

} : {1, 5 1

:
zl I = ES
1 0 0 I1 5 j
0 0 j I = 5 j

2
0 j j I 3 3

 304 12

-1 :
1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 1 0 0
1

1 0
1 1
A=
0 0

0 1

1256 (1

1269 (2

1358 (3

2345 (4

-2 A A t A e
] A = [ Al M A t
A t (1 .

(2 A t 1.

A t (3 .

(4 .

-3 .

(1 } {2,1, 3 } {1, 6, 3 }{4,1, 6

} {2, 4,1 } {1, 5, 3 }{2, 5, 6
(2 } {3, 5, 6 } {5, 6, 4 }{4, 5, 2
} {2, 4,1 } {2, 5, 3 }{4, 5, 6
(3 } {2,1, 3 } {5, 6, 3 }{4,1, 6
} {2, 4,1 } {2, 5, 3 }{4, 5, 6
(4 } {2,1, 5, 6 } {5, 6, 3 }{3, 2, 4, 6
} {2, 4, 3 } {2, 5, 3 }{4, 5, 6

 1305 2

1
1
-4 Vb = .
2

3

1
1

i b = 1 (1
2
1
3

1
1

i b = 1 (2
2
1
3

3
2
i b = (4
1

1

2
0
i b = (3
1

1

-5 ) Y( j
1 j j
j 1 (1

1 j j
j 1 (2

1 + j j
(3
j
j

1 + j j
(4
j
j

-6 :
6 7

1 1 0 0 1 0 0
A = 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 +1 0 0 1 0

{2, 4, 7} (1

{2, 5, 6} (2

{3, 4, 6} (3

{3, 5, 7} (4

 306 12

-7

(1
(2
(3
(4
-8 ) V1 (t

(1 2t e 4 )u(t) (1

1
1 t
(1 e t e 4 )u(t) (2
2
2

(3 ) V1 (t .

(4 ) V1 (t .

-9 .

8 9

0
0
1

0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0

0 0
1 1
1 1

1 0 0
0 0 1

{2, 3, 7} (1 }{3, 4, 8

{2, 3, 8} (2 }{3, 4, 7
{1, 2, 7} (3 }{2, 3, 7
{1, 2, 8} (4 }{3, 4, 8

0
0

1 2 3 4 5

0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

1
0

Q = 0

0
0

 1307 2

-10 1 2 3
] B = [ F , I . F
1 1 0
1 0 1

0 1 1 (1

0 1 0
0 0 1

1 1 0
1 0 1

0 1 1 (2

0 1 0
0 0 1

1 1 0
1 0 1

0 1 0 (3

0 1 0
0 0 1

1 1 0
1 0 1

0 1 0 (4

0 1 0
0 0 1

 308 12

-1 1 .
9 .
.

1 5 2 1 6 .
.
-2 4 .
A A t
A t .
A t
1 . A t . 1 3 .
-3 3 .
:
} : {2,1, 3} , {4,1, 6} , {5, 3, 6
:
} : {1, 2, 4} , {3, 5, 2} , {6, 5, 4
-4 1 .
=0

V i

K K

K =1

1 .
1
1
) + (3 ) = 0
2
3

= (1 1) + (1 1) + (2

V i

K K

K =1

 1309 2

-5 1 .
=1 :

1 j j
Y( j) = y( j1) =

j 1

-6 4 .
A 4 .

} {2, 4, 7 } {2, 5, 6 } {3, 4, 6

} {3, 5, 7 .
:
. .
-7 3 .

6 . .
. 4 .
6 5 .

 310 12

5 .
V
4 i3 = g m V
R3

= i 4 .

.
) i2 i4 = iS (t . .
3 .
2 .
-8 4 .
d

dt

= D :
u(t) + 2V2 + 3i
4D + 1 2D V1

2D 4D + 1 V = u(t) + 1 V

2
1
2

. i = 2DV2 :
4D + 1 8D 2

V1 = u(t)
1

2D
4D + 1 V2 u(t)
2

:
1
(D) = (4D + 1)2 (8D + 2)(2D + ) = 0
2

. V1 V2 .
-9 2 .
4 3 2 1 5
8 7 6 9 . ] . Q = [ I F
I

B = F t :

 1311 2

6 7 8 9

0
0

0
1

1 1 0
0 0 1
B=
0 1 1

0 1 1

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0 0 1

}{1, 2, 6} , {3, 4, 7} , {2, 3, 8} , {2, 3, 5, 9

2 2 4 .
-10 1 .
B 7 6 5 4 8:
4 5 6 7 8
0
0
0

0
1

1 .

0
0
0
1
0

0
0
1
0
0

0
1
0
0
0

1
0
0
0
0

1 1 0
1 0 1

B = 0 1 1

0 1 0
0 0 1

 312 12

:
) (
.
) x& = F(x, , t ) x = (x1 ,..., x n F
.
t0 t0
t > t0 .
1-10
:
& = AX + BW
X

X .

VC iL . :
V
X = C
IL

& X :
dVC

& = dt
X
dI L
dt

A W )( B .
:
y = CT X + DW

:
& = AX
X

 1313 2

X(t) = X0 e At

eAt X 0 .
A eAt X 0
t.
) (VC , IL t
.
:
VC = 3Cos2t + 1
V 1
I
( C )2 + ( L )2 = 1

3
5
IL = 5Sin2t

.
KCL KVL
. KVL &I L
KCL V& C .
) ( ) (q .
.
I
:1 & = AX + BW
X X = L W
VC

A .

A B ) (W = 0 :

 314 12

VC
dV
& = 1 =I 1 V
+ C C =0 V
C
L
C
R2
dt
C
R 2C

dIL
1
+ VC = 0 &I L = VC
dt
L

KCL : I L +

KVL : VL + VC = 0 L

:
1

&
IL
L IC

& =1
1 VC
VC
C R 2C
14
243
A

-2-10
:
-1
) (VC ) (IL
) ( ) (q .
-2
.
: ) ( ) (
.
-3
.
-4
.

 1315 2

.
.
: .
KCL KVL .
.
:2 .

I L1 VC I L2 . :

KCL KVL :
& =0 V
& =1I 1 I
KCL : IL1 + IL2 + IC = 0 IL1 + I L2 + CV
C
C
L1
L
C
C 2
r
1
1
KVL(I) : eS + r1I L1 + VL1 VC = 0 es + r1I L1 + L1&I L1 VC = 0 &I L1 = VC 1 I L1 eS
L1
L1
L1
r
1
VC 2 IL2
L2
L2

= KVL(II) : VC + VL2 + r2IL2 = 0 VC + L 2&IL2 + r2IL2 = 0 &IL2

21 316

1
1

0
C
C V .
&
V
C
C 1
r1
& 1
=

I
0
I L1 + eS
L1 L
L
1
1

I L1
I& L2
L2
1
r2
0
12
3

0

B
L2
L2
144
42444
3
A

. :3

: IL VC2 VC1

: KVL KCL
& + VC1 + VC2 es = 0
KCL(1) : IC1 + I R1 = 0 C1V
C1
R1
& = 1 V 1 V + 1 e
V
C1
C1
C2
S
R1C1
R1C1
R1C1

& + I + VC1 + VC2 eS = 0

KCL(2) : IC2 + I L + I R1 = 0 C2V
C2
L
R1
& =
V
C2

1
1
1
1
VC1
VC2
IL +
eS
R1C2
R1C2
C2
R1C2

r
1
KVL : VL + r2IL VC2 = 0 &IL = VC2 2 IL
L
L

 1317 2

1
0
rC
VC1 1 1
1 1
VC2 +
eS
C2 r1C2
I L

0
R 2

1
R1C1

1
R1C2
1
L

& R1C1
V
C1
& 1
VC2 = R C
&I L 1 2

0

:4 ] X = [ q1 q2 q3
T

) . (.

G(t) = 1 te t

q
:

d
= = & , I L
dt
L
dq
q
= IC
= = q& , VC
dt
C
= VL

:
V1 = q1

V2 = q 2
V = q
3
3

KCL :
KCL(1) : q& 1 + 1(q1 eS ) + (1 te t )(q1 q 2 ) = 0
KCL(2) : q& 2 + (1 te t )(q 2 q1 ) + 1(q 2 q 3 ) = 0

KCL(3) : q& 3 + 1(q 3 q 2 ) = 0

 318 12

0 q1 1

1 q 2 + 0 eS
1 q 3 0

1 te t
2 + te t
1

q& 1 2 + te
q& = 1 te t
2
q& 3 0

: KCL KVL :
-1 . .
-2 .
. :
.
& = AX + BW
X

) ( .
:
:5 .

C1 C2 C3
. KCL 1 2:

V3 = V1 V2
1
& C V
&
&
KCL(1) : C 3 V
V1 iS = 0
1
3 2 + C1V1 +
R1
1
V2 = 0
R2

& C V
&
&
KCL(2) : C 3 V
2
3 1 + C2 V2 +

 1319 2

& a b V1 e
V
1
& =
+ iS
V
2 c d V2 f

KCL :
1
1
& +C V
&
C1V
V1
V2 + iS
1
2 2 =
R1
R2

:
1
1
V1
V2 + iS
R1
R2

)=

( ) + C2 ( C1

:
1

C1a + C2c = R = V1
1

1
= V2
= C1b + C2d
R
2

C1e + C2f = 1 = is

.
:6 .

KCL 1:
& C V
&
C1V
1
2 2 = IL

) = 0V1 + 0V2 + 1IL + 0eS ( ) C2

( C1

 320 12

:
& a b c V x
V
1
1
&
V + y e
V
=
d
e
f
2
2 S
&IL g h i IL z

V1
V2

I L
eS

C1a C2d = 0
C b C e = 0
1
2

C
c
C
2f = 1
1

C1x C2 y = 0

.
: :
) N = N1 + N 2 (n + n1 + n 2

N1 N 2 n
n1 n 2 .
.
:7

:
, n = 1 , n1 = 0 , n 2 = 0

( N1 = 1 , N 2 = 3

C 5i i L 3 VC
n = 1 . :
N = 1 + 3 (1 + 0 + 0) = 3

 1321 2

:8 .

n2 = 1 n1 = 1 n = 1 N2 = 3 N1 = 3

C3 ki L2 VC iL2 .:
N = 3 + 3 (1 + 1+ 1) = 3

 322 12

-1 X = L A X& = AX
VC

4
18
2 1 / 5 (1

2 1 / 5
(2
18
4

4 1 / 5
18 2 (3

18 2
4 1 / 5 (4

-2 ] [ VC1 , VC2 , i L1 , i L2

0 0 0] (1

[2

2 0 0] (2

[0

0 2 0] (3

[0

2 2 2] (4

[0

-3 . V = V1 V2
V i :
V2 + 9i2 = 1 (1
4V2 + i2 = 1 (2
V2 + 4i2 = 1 (3
9V2 + i2 = 1 (4

 1323 2

-4 i V & = AX + BW
X
i
B X =
V
1
1 (1

1
1 (2

0
1 (3

1
0 (4

-5
2 (1
3 (2
4 (3
5 (4
V
d
-6 X = C . X = AX + BW
dt
iL

A
1 0 / 5
0 / 5 1 / 5 (1

1 1
1 3 (2

0 / 5 0 / 5
0 / 5 1 / 5 (3

1 1
1 3 (4

 324 12

-7 = 2 .

& 1 / 5 1 V1 0
V
1
& =
+ VS (1
V2 2 / 5 1 V2 1
& 2 0 / 5 V1 1
V
1
& =
+ VS (2
V
2 1 / 5 1 V2 0
& 1 2 / 5 V1 1
V
1
& =
+ VS (3
V
2 1 1 / 5 V2 0
& 2 / 5 1 V1 1
V
1
& =
+ VS (4
V2 1 / 5 1 V2 0

-8 VC IL . VO

VC eS

(1
6
2

IL +

6IL VC eS (2

VC eS

(3
2
2

3I L

VC
e S (4
3

2I L +

dx 3
-9
dt
dx 3 1
1
1
1
= x1 + x 2 x 3 iS (1
dt
3
6
6
3
dx 3 1
1
1
1
= x1 x 2 + x 3 + iS (2
dt 3
6
6
3
dx 3 1
1
1
1
= x1 + x 2 x 3 + iS (3
dt
3
6
6
3
dx 3 1
1
1
1
= x1 x 2 + x 3 iS (4
dt
3
6
6
3

 1325 2

X1
iS
-10 X = X2 W = .
eS
X 3

& = AX + BW
X A :
1 0
1 1
2
2
1
0

1
1
A =
2
0

B
1 1
1
1

(1
2
2
1 0

1
1
1
1

(2
2
2
0 1

1 1
1 1

(3
2 2
0 0

1
1
(4
2
0

1
1

2
1

 326 12

-1 4 .
A :

KVL :
& + V =0
KVL : 2i L + VL + 4i C + VC = 0 2i L + 0 / 2&i L + 0 / 4V
C
C
&
&
0 / 2i + 0 / 4V = 2i V
C

A = :

c d
0 / 2a + 0 / 4c = 2 iL

2a + 4c = 20

2b + 4d = 10
2

1 / 5

0 / 2b + 0 / 4d = 1 VC

18

A = .
4

-2 1 .
A
.
VC1 (0) = 2 1 . 2
) V(t R

t
RC1

V(t) = 2e

. ] [2 0 0 0 1 .
.

 1327 2

-3 3 .
1
1F F
3

:
1 dV2
i =0
3 dt

dV1
)+ i = iS (t
dt

di
+ V2 V1 = 0
dt

) iS (t) = (t :
SV1 (S) + I(S) = 1
1

SV2 (S) I(S) = 0

3

SI(S) + V2 (S) V1 (S) = 0

) V1 (S ) V2 (S :
3
1
SI(S) + I(S) (1 I(S)) = 0 (S2 + 4)I(S) = 1
S
S
1
1
L1
= ) I(S

) i(t) = Sin2t u(t

2
S2 + 4

:
L1

) V(t) = Cos2t u(t

S
S2 + 4

= )V(S) = V1(S) V2 (S) = SI(S

:
(2i(t))2 + (V(t))2 = 1 V2 + 4i2 = 1

 328 12

-4 3 .
:
:

dV
)+ i1 i = iS (t
dt

KCL :

di
+ i2 = 0
dt

KVL : 2

KVL KVL :
2
2

KCL : i2 i1 i + i = 0 i2 i1 = (1 )i i1 = V + ( 1)i

3
3

1
1
2
KVL : i1 V + i2 = 0
i2 + i1 = V

i = V + 1 (1 )i
2
2

2 3
3

i1 i2 :
2
dV 2
dV + 2 2
+ V + ( 1)i i = iS (t)
=
)i V + iS (t

dt 3
dt
3
3
3

2 di + 2 V + 1 (1 )i = 0
di = 1 i 1 V
dt 3
dt
3
6
3

1
di 1

dt 6
3 i 0
=
) + iS (t
1
{ dV + 2 2 v
dt 3

3
B
14
4244
3
A

 1329 2

: KCL KVL :

di dV
di dV

+ i + iS (t) = 0 2
)= i iS (t
dt dt
dt dt

KCL(1) : 2

B :
b
a
B = 2a b = 1
b
iS

3 .

dv

dt

di

dt

-5 2 .
.
5i L 3 . C
L3 .
.
-6 3 .
KCL KVL :

dVC
+ i1 = iS
dt

di L
+ 1(i L iS ) VC + i1 = 0
dt

21 330

: KVL i1
KVL : i1 + 1(i1 i L ) VC = 0 i1 =

VC + i L
2

: i1
dVC 1
1
1
1
dVC
+ VC + i L = iS
= VC i L + iS

dt
dt 2
2
2
2

di L
di
1
1
1
3
+ i L iS VC + VC + i L = 0 L = VC i L + iS

dt
2
2
2
dt 2

:
dVC
dt 0 / 5 0 / 5 VC 1
+ iS

=
5 1 / 5 i L 1
0/ 4
di L 14
244
3
dt
A

. 2 -7
:

V1 = i2 = 2i2

V2 = i1 = 2i1

: KVL
1
1
KVL : V2 + V2 V1 = 0 2i1 + V2 V1 = 0 i1 = V1 + V2
2
2

: 2 1 KCL
KCL(2) :

V2
dV
V dV
dV
+ i2 2 = 0 (V1 V2 ) + 1 2 = 0 2 = 1 / 5V1 V2
1
dt
2
dt
dt

KCL(1) :

V1 VS
dV dV
dV
1
1
+ i1 + 1 + 2 = 0 V1 VS + V2 V1 + 1 + 1 / 5V1 V2 = 0
1
dt
dt
2
2
dt

dV1
= 2V1 + 0 / 5V2 + VS
dt

 1331 2

:
dV1
= 2V1 + 0 / 5V2 + VS
& 2 0 / 5 V1 1

V
dt
1

& =
+ VS
dV
V
2 1 / 5 1 V2 0
2 = 1 / 5V V
1
2

dt

-8 4 .
KVL :
KVL : Vo = VC 2VL eS
VC
IL
3

= KVL : 2VL VC + 3IL + VL = 0 VL

:
V
V
Vo = VC 2( C IL ) eS Vo = 2IL + C eS
3
3

-9 3 .
KCL :

dx 3

dt

. KVL 2 :
1
1
1
1
KVL : x 3 + 1(2x& 3 x 2 ) 2(iS 2x& 3 x1 ) = 0 x& 3 = x1 + x 2 x 3 + iS
3
6
6
3

-10 4 .
:

21 332

KCL : i1 = X1 + X 2 iS
KVL : eS = Ri1 + X 3 + L2X& 2 = R1X1 + R1X2 R1iS + X 3 + L2X& 2
KVL : eS = Ri1 + L1X& 1 = RX1 + RX2 RiS + L1X& 1
& = X i
d
2 KCL : CX
3
2
S

:
R
1
R

R
0
L L
L L
1
1
& 1
X1 1

X
1
R 1 R
1 iS
& R
X 2 = L L L X 2 + L L e
2
2
2 S
& 2
X
X 3 2

1
0
0
0

C
14442444
C
3
1
4243
A

: A A
R
R 1 1
=1 ,
= ,
= 1 , L2 = 2 , L1 = 1
L1
L2 2 C

: B
R
L
1
R
B=
L
2
1

1
L1 1

1 1
=
L2 2

1
0

1
1
2
0

 1333 2

:
) (
n .
.
)( . ) ( t
) ( s .
-1-11
) f ( t ) F ( s .
.
.
.
) f ( t :

L {f ( t )} = F ( s ) = f ( t ) .est dt
0

-1-1-11
-1
) f ( t ) F ( s .
-2
:
) L {K1f1 ( t ) + K2f2 ( t )} = K1F1 ( s ) + K2F2 ( s

-3 ) (
L

) F (s + a
eat f ( t )

L1

21 334

( ) -4
L

e as F ( s )
f ( t a ) u ( t a )
1
L

-5
:
L

SF ( s ) f (0)
f ( t )
1
L

S2F ( s ) Sf (0) f (0)

f ( t )
1
L

(n)

Sn F ( s ) Sn 1f (0) Sn 2f (0) ... f ( n 1) (0)

( t )
L
L

-6
1

F (s)
f ( t ) dt
s
t

L1

-7
L

F ( s )
tf ( t )
1
L

F ( t )
t 2f ( t )
1
L

( 1)

F(
t n f ( t )
1
L

n)

( S)
-8

s
f (t) L
F ( s ) ds

0
L
t

-9
L

1 F s
f ( at )
L1
a a
a >0

-10
lim f ( t ) = limsF ( s )
t 0

 1335 2

-11
) lim f ( t ) = lim sF ( s
t

s 0

-12
) f ( t ) t 0 ( T ) f1 ( t
:
1
) F1 ( s
1 e TS

f ( t )
1
L

:
}) F1 ( s ) = L {f1 ( t
1

1 e Ts

T.

-13
L

) F ( s ) .G ( s
f ( t ) *g ( t )
1
L

-14
L

) F ( s ) *G ( s
f ( t ) . g ( t )
1
L

 336 12

-2-1-11
) F (s

)f (t

)(t

1
S

)u (t

1
S2

) r ( t ) = tu ( t

1
Sn +1

tn
)u (t
!n

n +1

) (s + a

tn
)u (t
!n

e at

1
S+ a

) e at u ( t

S + 2

) sin t.u ( t

S
S + 2

) cos t.u ( t

S + 2

) sinh t .u ( t

S
S 2

) cos ht.u ( t

Sn

) ( n ) ( t

+ 2

) (S + a

S+ a
+ 2

) (S + a

e as

) e at sin t.u ( t
) eat cos t.u ( t
)(t a

-3-1-11

 1337 2

.
L1 .
.
:1 .
1
) S ( S + 4S + 3
2

= ) F (s

. :
1
1
A
B
C
=
= +
+
+
+
+
S
S
1
S
3
S
S
1
S
) S ( S + 4S + 3
() (
)
)( ) ( + 3
2

= )F (s

B A C:
1
3

= |s =0

) ( S + 1)(S + 3

1
1
|s =1 =
) S (S + 3
2
1
1
= |s =3
)S ( S + 1
6

= A = SF ( s ) |s =0

B = ( S + 1) F ( s ) |s =1

= C = ( S + 3 ) F ( s ) |s =3

:
1
1
1

1
1 1

L1
F ( s ) = 3 + 2 + 6
) f ( t ) = e t + e 3 t u ( t
S S +1 S + 3
6
3 2

:2 .
S+ 3

)(S + 1) ( S + 2
2

= ) F (s

.
:
B
C
+
)( s + 1) ( s + 2

B A C:

s+3

)( s + 1) ( s + 2) ( s + 1

= )F (s

 338 12

s+3
|s=1 = 2
s +2

= A = ( s + 1) F ( s ) |s=1
2

d
d s+3
1
2
| = 1
( s + 1) F ( s ) |s=1 =
= |s =1
2 s =1
ds
ds s + 2
)( s + 2
=1

2 s =2

s+3

)( s + 1

=B

= C = ( s + 2) F ( s ) |s =2

:
1
1
L1
+

) f ( t ) = ( 2te t e t + e2t ) u ( t
s +1 s + 2

)( s + 1

= )F (s

:3 .
1
)( s + 1) ( s2 + s + 1

= )F (s

.
:
A
Bs + C
1
=
+ 2
2
)( s + 1) ( s + s + 1) ( s + 1) ( s + s + 1

= )F(s

B A : C
1
|s =1 = 1
s + s +1
2

= A = ( s + 1) F ( s ) |s =1

SF ( s ) B S :
SF ( s ) = 0 = A + B B = 1

F ( s ) C S = 0 :
F ( s ) |s =0 = 1 = A + C C = 0

 1339 2

1 1 2 3
s + +

2 2 3 2
1
s
1
+
=
+
= )F (s
2
2
s + 1 s2 + s + 1 s + 1
1 3

s + +
2 2
t

3
3
3
L1

f ( t ) = e t e 2 cos
t
sin
)t u (t

2
2
2

.
df +
18S2 12S + 1
= ) F ( s ) 0
:4
(
dt
12S3 + 17S2 + 6S

:
df +
df
0 ) = lim SL
(

s
dt
dt
df

dt

L
df
) L = SF ( s ) f (0+
dt

) f (0+ :
18S3 12S2 + S
18
3
= =
s 12S3 + 17S2 + 6S
12
2

f (0+ ) = lim SF ( s ) = lim

s

:
27 2
S + 10S
3
2
df 18S 12S + S 3
2
= L
= +
3
2
3
2
dt 12S + 17S + 6S 2 12S + 17S + 6S

:
27 3
S + 10S2
df +
27 9
2
0 ) = lim
= =
(
3
2
s

dt
12S + 17S + 6S 24 8

:5 .

 340 12

) f ( t ) f1 ( t :

2A
4A T 2A
r (t)
rt +
)r (t T
T
T
2 T

= ) f1 ( t

:
T
S 1
2A 1
1
2
2
e
. 2 + e TS . 2

2
T S
S
S

= ) F1 ( s

) : F1 ( s
2

T
T
S
S
2A 1
2A 1
= ) F1 ( s
= . 2 1 2e 2 + e TS
. 2 1 e 2
T S
T S

:
2

T
S
1
1
2A 1
2
F
s
.
1
e
=

) (1
1 e TS
1 e Ts T S2

= ) F (s

:
T
S

2A 1 1 e 2
= )F (s
. .
T
S
T S2
1+ e 2

:6 :

F ( s ) = F1 ( s ) + F2 ( s ) es + F3 ( s ) e2s

F1 F2 F3 S . .
) f ( t :

 1341 2

)f ( t ) = 2r ( t ) 2u ( t 1) 4r ( t 1) + 2r ( t 2) + 2u ( t 2

:
2 2 s 4 s 2 2s 2 2s
e 2e + 2e + e
s2 s
s
s
s
2 2 4
2 2
= 2 + 2 e s + + 2 e 2s
s 14s24
s3
s 24
s3
1
{
4
= )F (s

) F3 ( s

) F2 ( s

) F1 ( s

-2-11
:
:

. S
. .
:
:7 t 0 .

KVL :
di
di
3
L
+ 4i = 3u ( t )
= L 2 + 4i
dt
dt
s

KVL : 2

3
3
0 / 75 0 / 75 L1

= ) 2 SI ( s ) i 0 + 4I ( s ) = I ( s
=

) i ( t ) = 0 / 75 1 e2t u ( t
s
2
s
s
+
2
s
s
+
2
(
)
{

) (

t = 0 :
i (0 ) = i (0+ ) = 0

 342 12

:8 ) i ( t t 0 .

) KVL : VC + VR = u ( t ) 16 i ( t ) dt + VC (0 ) + 4i ( t ) = u ( t
0
123
t

:
)I (s
1
1
1
L1
= ) + 4I ( s ) = I ( s

) i ( t ) = e4 t u ( t
)4 ( s + 4
4
s
s

16

:
. )(

.
.
:
-1

V = RI

.
-2

v = Ri

343 21

v=L

di
dt

v = LSI LI0

I=

V I0
+
LS S

-3

i=C

dV
dt

I = CSV CVo

V=

I Vo
+
CS S

-4

-5

di1
di2

v1 = L1 dt + M dt

v = L di2 + M di1
2
2
dt
dt

V1 = SL1I1 + SMI2 L1I01 MI02

V = SL I + SMI L I MI
22
1
2 02
01
2

 344 12

) ( y
1
R
1
LS
CS

) ( z

LS

1
CS

.
:9 ) eo ( t .

KCL : + s + 1 Eo + V = 0
1
L1
s

= Eo

) eo ( t ) = te t u ( t
2
1
)( s + 1
KVL : V = + E o
s

:10 ) Vo ( t .

) ( s:

 1345 2

:
2
1
= I b = s 1
2
s +1
+2
s
1
Ib
1
1
1
= Io = s

=
2
1
)+ 1 s + 1 s + 1 ( s + 1
s
1
) Vo ( t ) = te t u ( t
= Vo = 1 Io
2
)( s + 1

:11 a b ) . (

It a b:

KCL KVL :
KVL : Vt = 2Vx + Vx = 3Vx
1
(1+ It Vx ) Vx = 0 Vx ( s + 1) = ( s + 1) + It
s

KVL : 1 +

 346 12

It
+1
s +1

= Vx

:
3
{I t + 3
s +1
E oc
{

= Vt = 3Vx

Zeq

Isc :

KVL : Vx + 2Vx = 0 Vx = 0

1

s

s 1 KCL :
Isc = S +1

-3-11
-1-3-11
:

)Y (s
)X (s

= )H (s

:
}) H ( s ) = L {h ( t

.
) Y ( s ) = X ( s ) .H ( s

 1347 2

: .

.
} { } + L { } = L { L

:12 ) ( t ) e t u ( t .
) 2u ( t :
) y ( t ) = 2 (1 e t ) u ( t ) + 5e2t u ( t

) 2e3 t u ( t .
:

) S ( t ) = h ( t ) dt = e t dt = 1 e t u ( t
0
0
t

) 2u ( t :

) = 2 1 e t u ( t ) 2u ( t

) 5e 2t u ( t
.
) 2e3 t u ( t:
2

) ( s + 1)( s + 3

= ) Y (s) = H (s) X (s

2
s+3

= ) x ( t ) = 2e3 t u ( t ) X ( s

1
= ) H ( s ) = L e t u ( t
s +1

:
1
1

) y ( t ) = ( e t e3 t ) u ( t
s +1 s + 3

= )Y (s

:
) y ( t ) = ( e t e 3 t + 5e 2 t ) u ( t

 348 12

:
:
=
) x ( t ) = A cos ( t + ) H ( s
S = j ) H ( j | | H RH . :
) y ( t ) = B cos ( t +

:
)B = A | H ( j) | , = + RH ( j

:13 :
) y ( t ) = (1 e t te t ) u ( t

) x ( t ) = 2 cos t + u ( t
4

:
1 1
1

s s + 1 ( s + 1)2
1
=
=
2
1
)( s + 1
s

) L (1 e t te t ) u ( t
}) L {u ( t

= )H (s

s = j =1 :
1 1
= R 90o
2j 2

)( j + 1

= )H ( j ) = H ( j1

:
1

| Y |=| H | | X |= 2 2 = 1

y ( t ) = cos t

4
RY = RH + RX = + =

2 4
4

 1349 2

: j s .:

= H ( j) = H ( s ) |S= j

-2-3-11
s , s = 0 . :

:14 ) Zin ( s s = 1 s = 3 s = 2
s = 4 . R1 .

) Zin ( s :

)( s + 2)( s + 4
) ( s + 1)( s + 3

Zin ( s ) = K

s = 0 s ) Zin ( s :
8

= ): Zin (0

3
S = 0
K =1
8
: Z (0) = K
in

3
8

: Zin ( ) = || R1
3 1
8

3
S
+
= 1 R1 =
8 R1
5
: Zin ( ) = K = 1

 350 12

: Zin ( s ) :
) ( Zin (0) = Zin

:15 R C Zab .

Zab S ) ( S
:
1
S

R +
20 + 0 / 5RCS2 + ( 20RC + 0 / 5 ) S + 20
2
CS
=
Zab =
1
S
0 / 5CS2 + ( 20C + RC ) S + 1
+ 20 +
R+
2
CS

:
R = 20
0 / 5RC 20RC + 0 / 5 20
=
=
1
0 / 5C
20C + RC
1
C = 800 F

:
Zab (0) = Zab ( ) 20 = R R = 20

:16

) Eo ( s
) Ei ( s

= ) H ( s .

351 21

V=

s
E =
E
1 i s +1 i
1+
s

V
678
E (s ) s (s + 3)
s
KCL : S ( E o Ei ) + E o 2
Ei = 0 H ( s ) = o
=
s +1
Ei ( s ) ( s + 1)2

 352 12

-1 k
L
2
, k = 1 + 2 (1
LC
RC

1
L
, k = 1 + 2 (2
R
C
LC

2
C
, k = 1 + 2 (3
LC
RL

1
C
, k = 1 + 2 (4
LC
RL

-2 k t = 0 .
) Vo ( t t 0
e2t (1

3
e2 t (2
2

1 2t
e (3
2

5 2t
e (4
4

-3 k = 2 ) : i ( t
2 3
(1 =1
3

= .

(2 =1 = 2 3.
2 3
(3 = 0 =1
3

(4 .

= .

 1353 2

-4 . DC -1
a > 0 ) eat u ( t keat
1 (1
2 (2
4 (3
(4 a .
-5 . is ) VC ( t

VC ( t ) = e t u ( t ) (1
VC ( t ) = ( t ) e t u ( t ) (2
VC ( t ) = e t u ( t ) ( t ) (3
VC ( t ) = e t u ( t ) + ( t ) (4

-6 ) es = u ( t . k t = 0

1

(1 t = s
2
2

(2 t = s
16
2

(3 t s
32
2

(4 t s
64
2

 354 12

-7 t = 0 i ( t ) .
i ( t ) = 1 + 0 / 6e0/ 4 t (1
i ( t ) = 0 / 6 + e2/ 5 t (2
i ( t ) = 1 + 0 / 6e2/ 5 t (3
i ( t ) = 0 / 6 + e0/4 t (4
-8 s t = 0 i ( t ) . t 0

4 ( t ) e t (1

(2

t
2

2 ( t ) e

2 ( t ) e t (3

(4

t
4

4 ( t ) e

-9 D .
D
2
(1
3 3

2 3
(2
3
4
(3
3 3

4 3
(4
3

 1355 2

-10
2L
(1
C

= 2R1 = R 2

2L
(2
C

= R1 = 2R 2

2L
(3
C

= R1R 2

2L
(4
C

= R1R L

V2
-11 -
V1

(1

)2 ( s2 + 1

= ) H ( s
(2

)( s + 1

s2 + 1
(3
s2 + s + 1

(4

)( s + 1
2

)( s + 2

s2 + 1

)( s +1

-12 . ) e ( t
VC iL .
d VC 0 1 VC 1
=
+
)e(t
dt i L 1 1 i L 1

) VC ( t
(1

t
) VC ( t ) = ( k1 + k2 t ) e 2 u ( t

2 sin

3
t
+

( t ) (3
2

VC ( t ) = ke

3
t
t

VC ( t ) = k1e 2 + k 2e 2 u ( t ) (2

VC ( t ) = kt sin
t + ( t ) (4
2

 356 12

-13 S1 S2 . V 2

3 (1
4 (2
6 (3
9 (4
-14 R1 R 2
1
5 1000Hz . C

R 2 = 500 , R1 = 100 (1
R 2 = 100 , R1 = 100 (2
R 2 = 1000 , R1 = 200 (3
R 2 = 200 , R1 = 1000 (4
2e s
-15
1 + e 2s

- 2 (1

= ) F ( s ) f ( t f ( 2 / 5 ) .

(2

s4 + as3 + 5s2 + bs + c
-16
3s4 + 5s 3 + 19s2 + 8s + 12

b a c

( a, b, c ) = (1,1, 3 ) (1
( a, b, c ) = (1,0, 4) (2
( a, b, c ) = (0,1, 4) (3
( a, b, c ) = (0,0, 4) (4

2 (3
=

) V2 ( s
) V1 ( s

3 (4

= ) H ( s .

 1357 2

-17 N .

3 s2 + s + 1
I
=
i L (0 ) = 2A = 1Volt
VS 4s2 + 4s + 3

VC (0 )

i (0

:
1
(1
3
1
(2
4
3
(3
4
1
(4
4

-18 ) h ( t

(1

(2

(3

(4

-19
(1 ab .
(2 ab .
(3 ab .
(4 ab .

 358 12

-20 :

Vo
2s2 + 3s + 1
=
Vin As2 + Bs + C

B A C
A = 8 , B = 13 , C = 3 (1
A = 13 , B = 8 , C = 1 (2
A = 13 , B = 13 , C = 3 (3
A = 8 , B = 8 , C = 1 (4

-21 ) h ( t ) = 2e t cos ( t + 45o ) u ( t .

) 10cos ( 2t 23 / 4o ) u ( t :
4 / 5 cos ( 2t 50o ) u ( t ) (1

4 / 5 cos ( 2t + 50o ) u ( t ) (2

4 / 5 cos ( 2t 50o ) u ( t ) (3

4 / 5 cos ( 2t + 50o ) u ( t ) (4

-22 s = 2 s = 2 / 5
s = 1 . R 3
1
(1
4
1
(2
8
1 (3
2 (4

 1359 2

-23 i1 (0) = i2 (0) = 2A Vo ( t ) .

t 0
2e t 2te t (1
2e t + 2te t (2
2e t + 2te t + 4e2t (3
2e t 2te t + 4e2t (4

-24

(1

(2

(3

(4

-25 V t > 0 ) :
L1 2 L2 3
1 (.
4e t 8e3 t (1
4e t + 8e3 t (2
3e t 4e3 t (3
3e t + 4e3 t (4

 360 12

-26

) s (s

)( s + ) ( s2 + 1

= ) H ( s . > 0

= 2 rad s
1 (1

3 (3

2 (2

4 (4

-27 .

(1
(2
(3
(4
-28 ) eo ( t
t 2t
2e e u ( t ) (1

2te t u ( t ) (2
t 2t
e e u ( t ) (3

2e t u ( t ) (4

-29 ) VC ( t t 0
) (.
(1

45o (2

90o (3

135o (4

 1361 2

-30
1 (1

2 (2

3 (3

4 (4

-31

) ( s + zi

) ( s + pi

= ) H ( s .

(1 = .
(2 = 0 .
(3 = 0 .
(4 = 90o.
-32 ) iS ( t ) i ( t .
1 5 t 4 2 t
e e u ( t ) ( t ) (1
3
3

1 5 t 4 2 t
e + e u ( t ) + ( t ) (2
3
3

1 5 t 4 2 t
e e u ( t ) + ( t ) (3
3
3

1 5 t 4 2t
e + e u ( t ) ( t ) (4
3
3

-33

(1 -1/6
-1/6 (2 -11/4
(3 -11/4
(4

 362 12

Vo
-34 .
Is

= H .

Vo ( ) = 0
e t u ( t ) (1
e2t u ( t ) (2
e 3 t u ( t ) (3
t
2

e u ( t ) (4
V
-35
Is

M < L1L2(.
(1 3 .
(2 2 .
(3 2 .
(4 2 .

= H )

 1363 2

-1 1 .
:
LS R
2R + LS

I1 = 0
1
LS R LS + R +
I2 KVx
CS

) Vx = R ( I1 I2 :
LS R
2R + LS
0

I1 =
1

LS R LS + R +
I2 RKI2 RKI1
CS

LS R

1
LS +
+ R (1 K )
CS

2R + LS

Z =

) LS + R ( K 1

:
1

det ( Z ) = ( 2R + LS) LS +
) )+ R (1 K ) + ( LS + R ) ( LS + R ( K 1
CS

= RLCS2 + ( R 2C (1 K ) + L ) S + 2R = 0

S :
L
R 2C

R 2C (1 K ) + L = 0 K = 1 +

:
L
2R
= det ( Z ) = RLCS2 + 2R = 0 S2
2
RS
RLC
2
2
=
LC
LC

K = 1+

s = j

2 =

-2 1 .
k 0 :

 364 12

:
6
= 2A
)2 + ( 2 || 2
2
1
i = 2 i L (0 ) = 1A = Io
2+2 2

=i

= ) i L (0

t > 0 k .
6 cos 2t .
:

:
s
1
s
1
s
1

= Vo ( s ) = 2 || 2 || = 2

2 s 1+ s s s + 2 s

2
1
= ) Vo ( s
Vo ( t ) = e 2t
s +2

-3 1 .
2 ) i ( t
2A . ) i ( t 2
. :

 1365 2

:
1
1

S + S + 2 S I1 = KSI2

I2 KSI2 E ( S)
S + 2
S

:
1
1

S + S + 2 S + KS I1 = 0

I2 E ( S)
S
S
KS

S
K = 2
S +1
2

= } E ( S) = L {cos t I2:
1
1

S I1 0
3S2 + 4
S + S + 2

S
=
=
(
)

I2 E ( S)
2S

S
+
2

S2
2
)SE ( S
2S
= ) I2 ( S
= S 2 +1 = 2
) ( S) 3S + 4 ( S + 1)( 3S2 + 4
2S

S2 + 1 = 0 S2 = 1 = 1

2
4
2 2 3
2
=
= 3S + 4 = 0 S =
3
3
3

2 3
=1
3

= ) i ( t .

 366 12

-4 2 .
:
)K ( s + 2)( s 2
) + 16

(s

= )H (s

DC ) -1 ( S = 0:
4K
= 1 K = 4
16

= )H (0

) e at u ( t:
)4 ( s + 2)( s 2
1
=
) s + a ( s + a ) ( s2 + 16

)4 ( s + 2)( s 2
) + 16

(s

= )Y (s) = H (s) X (s

Keat s = a .
a > 0 a = 2.
-5 3 .
KCL :

I + = I1 = 0

V+ = V = 0
V2 V1
SI 0
= IL + L
1 = I L + SI L
1
1

KCl ( 2) : 1 = I L +
1
S +1

= IL

KVL :
0 + (1 IL ) 1 + VC ( S) = 0 VC ( S) = (1 IL ) = IL 1
1
L1
1
) VC ( t ) = e t u ( t ) ( t
S +1

= ) VC ( S

 1367 2

-6 4 .

( t = 0 ) :

Vc (0 ) = 0

i L2 = (0 ) = 0

i = (0 ) = 1 A = I
o
L1
2

KVL:

)I (s
S
1 3
KVL : I ( s ) + SI ( s ) +
=0
s
2
4 2
2
1
1 s
1
I ( s ) = 4 = 2 i ( t ) = cos t
2 8 s +1
8
2s +
s

t = s
. :


di
3 1 1 1
= VC = VL = Leq L | = + sin
t
=
dt 2
2 2 8 2 4
2
2
2

1
1 1 1
1
WC = CVC2 = WC = j
2
2 2 4
64

-7 1 .
t < 0 .
:

 368 12

= 4I I2
= I + ( I I2 ) + 2I

I + 1 I 2I + ( I I ) = 0 3I + 2 + 1 I2 = 0
2
2 2s 2

2s

I:
8s + 2
1 / 6s + 0 / 4 1 0 / 6
L1
=
= +

) i ( t ) = (1 + 0 / 6e0/4 t ) u ( t
s ( 5s + 2) s ( s + 0 / 4) s s + 0 / 4

= )I (s

-8 4 .
t < 0 . 6
2 2 ) . (
:

Vc1 (0) = 1 2 = 2Volt

Vc 2 (0) = 2 2 = 4Volt

t = 0 S .
:

 1369 2

( I1 I2 ) + 2 ( I1 I3 ) = 0 3I1 I2 2I3 = 0

1
2
1
2
( I2 I1 ) + I2 + = 0 I1 + 1+ I2 =
s
s
s
s

1
4

2 ( I3 I1 ) + I3 + = 0 2I + 2 + 1 I = 4
1

3
2s
s
s
2s

I1 :
t

4s 3
1
L1
= 4 +

) i ( t ) = 4 ( t ) e 2 u ( t
1
1
s+
s+
2
2

= ) I ( s ) = I1 ( s

-9 3 .
:

1 1
1 1
s+ +
s + +
s +1
2 2 = 2 2
1 = 2
=
= ) ID ( s
1
s + s + 1 s2 + s + 1 + 3 1 2 3
)+ ( s || 1
s
4 4 s + 2 + 4
1
s

t

3
1 2
3
i D ( t ) = e 2 cos
t+
sin
2
2
2
3

i D ( t ) = 0 . :
3
t
2 = tg 3 t = 3
2
3
cos
t
2
sin

3
1
3
i D ( t ) = 0 cos
t+
sin
t =0
2
2
3

-10 3 .
:

3
2
4 3
=t
=t
sec
2
3
3

 370 12

E1 Is

CS
E2 = 0
E 0
3
1
1
+
CS +

R1 R L
1
R1

1
CS
+ CS
R1

1
1
+
2CS +
CS
R 2 Ls

1
CS

R1

Vo = E 3
:
1
1
1
+
2CS +
=0
R1
R 2 LS

C2S2 +

S = j:
2C 1
1
+ j
=0
R1R 2 R1 R1L

C22 +

:
1
2
=

R1R 2C2
1
1
2L

= 2
=
= R1R 2

2
R1R 2C 2LC
C
2 = 1

2LC

-11 4 .
:

 1371 2

V3 V1
V3
V V2
+
+ 3
=0
S
1
1
4
+
2 2S
V V V3 V2 V1 V2 V1
KCL ( 2) : 2 + 2
+
+
=0
2
1
4
2S
S

KCL ( 3 ) :

:
5
2s
1
4 + s2 + 1 V3 4 V2 = V1

2
2
1 V + 5 + S + 1 V = S + 1 V

2
3
1

2S
2S
4
4

V3 V2:
10
2
)V2 ( s ) s ( s + 1
s2 + 1
= )H (s
=
=
V1 ( s ) 10( s + 1)4 ( s + 1)2
)s ( s2 + 1

-12 3 .
:
dVC
) dt = i L + e ( t

) di L = V i e ( t
C
L
dt

i L :
dVC
) d2 VC de ( t
di
= e(t) L

dt
dt
dt 2
dt
2
) de ( t
) d VC de ( t
dVC
d 2 VC dVC

+
e
t

e
t

+
= + VC
(
)
(
)
C
2
2
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

= iL

) e ( t ) = ( t :

 372 12

1 1
s +
s
2
2 2
s
+
s
+
1
V
s
=
s

V
s
=
=
(
) () C
) (C
2
s + s + 1 1 2 3 2

s + +
2 2

:
t

t = Ke 2 sin
) t + u ( t

t

3
1
3
VC ( t ) = e 2 cos
t
sin
2
2
3

-13 4 .
KCL 1) :
(

6
6
15

KCL (1) : V 4s + V 2s + V 3s = 0 9sV = 81

s
s
s

81 9 L1
V ( s ) = =
V ( t ) = 9u ( t ) V ( t = 0+ ) = 9Volt
9s s

-14 1 .
KCL :

R2
1
V
V
R1
KCL : s + Vo
= + CS o
R1
Vs 1 + R 2CS
R2

 1373 2

R2

R1

s 0 :
R2
) Vo ( s
R1
R 2 R 2
= lim
=
=
=5
s

0
) VS ( s
1 + R 2CS
R1
R1

1
RC
RC

= c :
1
= 2f c = 21000 R 2 = 500
106
R2

1
=
R 2C

= c

:
R2
= 100
5

= R1

-15 2 .
eTs T .
1

1 e Ts

T.

) F ( s :
s
3 s
) 2e s 1 e 2s 2 ( e e
= )F (s

=
1 + e 2s 1 e2s
1 e4s

:
) ) f ( t ) = 2 ( ( t 1) ( t 3

) f ( t T = 4 sec . :
f (2 / 5 ) = 0

-16 4 .
V2

 374 12

LC LC . LC
:
1
= 1rad s = j
s
11

LC 0/5 L :
1
2
2
=
s = j
L
L
1
L
2

:
2 4 2 2 2
= s + 1 + s +
L
L
L

( s + 1) s
2

a = b = 0 c:
2
1
2
=5L= HC= =4
L
2
L

1+

-17 4 .
N
R th kVs k N .
:
2
)I 3 ( s + s + 1
= 2
Vs 4s + 4s + 3

) ( s = 0 :
)3 ( s2 + s + 1
I
k
3
=
= 2
|s=0 = = 1
Vs R th 4s + 4s + 3
3

 1375 2

) ( s :
)3 ( s2 + s + 1
I
k
3
=
= 2
= |s
Vs R th + 1 4s + 4s + 3
4

R th , k:
k
R =1
k = 3
th

R th = 3
k =3

R th + 1 4

t =0 KVL :

1
KVL : 3i (0 ) + 1 i (0 ) 2 + 1 = 0 4i (0 ) = 1 i (0 ) = A
4

-18 1 .

3 4 .
) ( t ) h ( t
. 1 .
-19 4 .
V I . :

 376 12

V
+ I 1 + 2V1 V1 = ( s + 1) I

KVL : V1 =

V
= s
I

= KVL : V = I + V1 = I + sI + I = sI Z

ab .
-20 3 .
) ( s = 0 . :
Vo 1
2s2 + 3s + 1
1
= = 2
|s =0 = C = 3
Vin 3 As + Bs + C
C

1 3 A .
s R1 R 2 .
:
3 9 8
1
s = 1,
4
2

= 2s2 + 3s + 1 = 0 s

RC :
1
1
= R i Ci
R i Ci = 1, 2
R i Ci
Si

= Si

:
R 2 = 1
R 2C2 = 1
C2 = 1F

s:

R1 = 2
R1C1 = 2
C1 = 1F

 1377 2

V
7
13
2
= KVL : Vin = Vo + 3Vo = Vo o
2
2
Vin 13
Vo
2s2 + 3s + 1
2 2
= 2
|s = = A = 13
Vin As + Bs + 3
A 13

-21 1 .
:
) h ( t ) = 2e t cos ( t + 45o ) u ( t ) = 2e t ( cos t cos 45o sin t sin 45o ) u ( t

= ( s + 1) 1
s
2
2
( s + 1) + 1 ( s + 1) + 1

L
h ( t ) = e t ( cos t sin t )
= ) H (s

) 10cos ( 2t 23 / 4o = 2 ) H ( j:
1
1
1
j2
=
=
R tg 1
2
2 + 2 j j + 2
5

+1

j2

)( j2 + 1

= )H ( j2

:
1
1
= 10
=4/5
5
5
1
RY = RX + RH = 23 / 4o tg 1 ; 23 / 4 27o ; 50o
2

=| )| Y ( j) |=| H ( j) || X ( j

:
) y ( t ) = 45 cos ( 2t 50o ) u ( t

-22 2 .
:
) k ( s + 2)( s + 2 / 5
2

s = 0 s :

)( s + 1

= )Y (s

 378 12

s = 0 :
1
1 k 2 2 / 5
= + 3
0/ 5 R
1

= )Y ( s = 0

s :
1
= k k =2
0/ 5

= ) Y (s

:
1
1
1
= 2 2 2 / 5 = 10
= 10 2 = 8 R 3 =
8
R3
R3

2+

-23 1 .

3 F :

I0 = 2A

KVL:

1
1
1
2s
= ) KVL : sI2 ( s ) I0 + I2 ( s ) + I2 ( s ) = 0 s2 + 2s + 1 I2 ( s ) = 2s I2 ( s
2
2
2s
( s + 1)2

:
2
2
L1

i2 ( t ) = 2e t 2te t
2
)s + 1 ( s + 1

= ) I2 ( s

:
V ( t ) = 1 i2 ( t ) = 2e t 2te t , t 0

 1379 2

-24 3 .

:
KS2
+ 2

) (S +

= )H ( S

:
)Y ( S ) = H ( S ) X ( S

1
KS2
KS

=
y
S
(
)
1
2
2
L
2
S
= ) X ( S
x ( t ) = u ( t )
S + ) + ( S + ) + 2
(
S

t = 0:
=K

KS2
+ 2

) (S +

y (0+ ) = limSy ( S) = lim

s

1 t = 0 .
-25 2 .
KCL 1:

5
2
i =i2
KCL (1) : i = i1 + i2
i1 = i2
3
3

KVL t > 0:

) (

) (

di
di
1 t
4
KVL : L1 1 = L2 2 + VC (0) + i2 ( t ) dt + i2
3
dt
dt
C 0

i1 0 2A VC (0) = 1V i2 0 3 A :
1 1
4
SI1 2 = SI2 3 + + I2 + I2
S S
3

 380 12

2
3

I1 = I2 :
)3 ( S 1
2
1 4
1

= )SI2 2 = S + + I2 + 3 I2 ( S
S 3
S
3
) ( S + 1)( S + 3

V :
)4 ( S 1
4
4
8
= ) V = I2 V ( S
=
+
3
(S + 1)(S + 3 ) S + 1 S + 3

:
V ( t ) = 4e t + 8e3 t

: t =0+ :
4
i (0+ ) = 3A V (0+ ) = 3 = 4Volt
3

t = 0 2 4 .
-26 2 .
S j = 2:
4 + j2
4 j2
=
3 ( + j2) 3 + j6

+1

) j2 ( j2

)( j2 + ) ( ( j2

= )H ( j2

) H ( j :
2
6
tg 1
4
3

RH ( j2) = tg 1

RH ( j) = 0 :
2
6
>0
=
2 = 4 = 2
=2
4 3

-27 3 .
= 0 = 2
.
. .

 1381 2

-28 1 .
KCL KVL:

Es = 1

E o = V3 = 2V = 2V2
V1 Es
V V3
+ sV1 + 2s ( V1 V2 ) + 1
=0
2
2
KCL ( 2) : V2 + 2s ( V2 V1 ) = 0
KCL (1) :

V2:
s
)( 2s + 1)( s + 1

= V2

:
1
2s
2
=
+
( 2s + 1)( s + 1) s + 1 s + 1
2

= E o = 2V2

:
t

2
eo ( t ) = e + 2e
)u (t

-29 4 .
KCL :
dVC
+ VC = is ( t ) = cos ( t + ) = cos t cos sin t sin
dt

 382 12

s cos sin
s2 + 1

= ) sin sVC ( s ) + VC ( s

cos

s
2

= sVC + VC

s +1
s +1
s cos sin
a
bs + c
= ) VC ( s
=
+
2
( s + 1) s + 1 ( s + 1) s2 + 1

s = 1 a
:
cos sin
= 0 cos = sin
2

s cos sin
2

s +1

a = lim ( s + 1) VC ( s ) = lim

s 1

s 1

cos
= tg = 1 = 135o
sin

-30 3 .
:

1
1
1 + s s I1 0

1 1 + 2 I2 Vx
s
s
1
) ( I1 I2
s

= Vx Vx :
1
1

1+ s
s I1 0

=
1 + 1 + 2 I2 0
s s
s s

. :
1 2 1 1
2
( s ) = 1 + 1 +
+ = 0 2s + ( 3 ) s + (1 ) = 0
s s s s
s

s :
3 =0 = 3

 1383 2

-31 4 .
:
) K ( s + 0 / 5 j4 )( s + 0 / 5 + j4
)s ( s + 1)( s + 2

= )H (s

s = 0 = 90o . = 0
= .
-32 3 .
:

s2 + 6s + 4
s 6
= 1+ 2
2
s + 7s + 10
s + 7s + 10

= 1

4 + ( 6 + s ) ||
s

= ) I (s

:
4
1
1
4

L1
I ( s ) = 1 + 3 + 3
) i ( t ) = ( t ) + e 2 t + e 5 t u ( t
s+2 s+5
3
3

-33 1 .
:

s
s
5
5
2 s + 3 2 I1 E s 2 s + 3 2 I1 E s
=

s I2 2I1 s
s I2 0
s
+2

+2
2
2
2
2

 384 12

.
:
5
s
1 s

( s ) = s + 3 + 2 + s + 2 = 0 ( s ) = s2 + ( 6 / 5 + ) s + 6 = 0
2
2
2
2

= 1 / 6
2
2
= ( 6 / 5 + ) 4 6 = ( 65 + ) 24 = 0
= 11 / 4

= 11 / 4
= 1 / 6.
-34 1 .
.
Vo ( ) = 0
.
Vo

Is

= ) H ( s:
)2 ( s 1
6s + 47s2 + 55s + 2
3

= ) H (s

s = 1.
) is ( t ) = e t u ( t .
-35 3 .
:
= 3 1 0 = 2 =
2 .

2.

 1385 2

:

. .
.
-1-12

. .
x :
x k1es1t s1 x

.
.

:

= Q ( D ) .x = 0 , D

x ) Q ( D .
.
.
x es t
1

x . :
y ( t ) = 4e2t 2te2t + 7e t

s1 = 1 y s2 = 2 .

. si

 386 12

.
:1 i1 .

s:

1
KVL : 2 + + s I1 = Vs
s

Vs:
2
1
Vs = 0 2 + + s I1 = 0 ( s + 1) I1 = 0 s1,2 = 1
s

s1,2 = 1 i1 .
) (

.
-2-12
.
.
:
= si a n s n + a n 1s n 1 + ... + a 0 = 0

x .
.
-1-2-12
.
.

 1387 2

) ( Yq , Yn Zl Zm
) ( .
:
.

.
: ) det ( sI A

) ( . A .
-2-2-12
:
)Y (s
ki
=
n
)X (s
) i ( s pi

= ) H (s

pi n .

Y

X

= H .

)Y (s
)X (s

= )H (s

) . (
.
.
.
.

 388 12

) Zin ( s :
)V (s
)I (s

= ) Zin ( s

.
) Zin ( s
ab .
) Zin ( s

) yin ( s :
)I (s

)V (s

= ) Yin ( s

.
) Yin ( s
ab . ) Yin ( s
.
.
:2 N N ) Zin1 ( s ) Zin2 ( s

 1389 2

N :
) Zin1 ( s ) Zin2 ( s

.
.

N :
) Zin1 ( s

) Zin 2 ( s

.
) Yin1 ( s ) Yin2 ( s

. ) Yin1 ( s ) Yin2 ( s
.

-3-2-12
k i es t ki
i

ki .
)= 0

si t

(0 e

.
.
.
:3 :
( .
( Vo -1.
( Vo -1.

 390 12

( :

V
1
Vo2 , o1 F
4
4

1F

.
:
1
s 1
4 + 2 2 Vi Is 1 Vo1

= + 4

V
1
0

s + 2 o { Vo2

424
3
1
2 244
14
4
3

Yn

:
1

( s + 2) Vo2 + Vo1
2
= Vo
Is +
s
+
1
s
+
3
s
+
1
s
+
) () (
) ( )( 3
2

:
1
s 1
det Yn = 0 + ( s + 2) = 0 s = 1, 3
4
4 2

( s = 3 ( Is = 0) :
1

( s + 2) Vo2 + Vo1
2
= Vo
) ( s + 1)( s + 3
) ( s + 3 :

 1391 2

1
) Vo1 = k ( s + 3
2

( s + 2) Vo2 +

k = Vo2 :
1
k = Vo2 3 Vo2 = 2Vo2 + Vo1 Vo1 = 2Vo2
2
1
4

( Vo1 ) F ( Vo2 )1F ) Vo ( t e 3 t

e t.

( ( Vo1 = Vo2 = 0) :
L
) is ( t ) = K ( t ) + 3 K ( t
Is = K ( s + 3 )
1

:4 :
( V1 V3 .
1
(
3

( :

:
2s + 1 s
Yn =

s 2s + 1
s1 = 1

det ( Yn ) = ( 2s + 1) s = 0 3s + 4s + 1 = 0
1
s2 = 3
2

 392 12

( KCL 1 2:
KCL (1) : V1 + V1 + V3 = 0

KCL ( 2 ) : V2 + V2 V3 = 0

V3 = V1 V2 :
V1 V2 + V1 + V2 + 2V3 = 0
3V3 + V3 = 0

V
V
V
V
V
V
=

1
2
3
1
2
3

:
1
3

3 V3 + V3 = ( 3s + 1) V3 = 0 3s + 1 = 0 s =

1
) V3 ( t
3

:
V1 + V1 + V3 = 0 V3 = V1 V2 2V1 + V1 V2 = 0 L

V2 + V2 V3 = 0
2V2 + V2 V1 = 0

2L ( V1) + L ( V1 ) L ( V2 ) = 0

( 2s + 1) V1 sV2 = 2Vo1 Vo2

sV1 + ( 2s + 1) V2 = Vo1 + 2Vo2

2L ( V2 ) + L ( V2 ) L ( V1) = 0

2s + 1 s V1 2Vo1 Vo2

=
s 2s + 1 V2 Vo1 + 2Vo2

V1:

( 3s + 2) Vo1 Vo2
)( 3s + 1)( s + 1

= ) V1 ( s

s = 1:

)( 3s + 2) Vo1 Vo2 = k ( s + 1
k = 3Vo1:
k = 2Vo1 2Vo1 Vo2 = 3Vo1 Vo1 = Vo2
1

3

s = ) V1 ( t

 1393 2

: si 0 .
.
si 0
.
:
dIL
=0
dt
{

IL = cte VL = L

dVC
=0
dt
{

VC = cte IC = C

) DC = ( IL ) ( VL = 0
s = 0.
) DC = ( VC
) ( Ic =0 s =0.
-3-12
:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

.

 394 12

.
:
-1 ) ( .
-2 ) ( .
-3 ) (
. ) ( I L , VC
) ( .
:
=
) (
+ =
) ( =

:
-

- :

 1395 2

:5 .

3 + 3 = 6.
. c3
kiL2 ( Vc3 = ki L2 ) c3 L2
:
= 6 1 1 1 = 3

:
.

 396 12

.
:6 .

= 4 + 4 1 0 0 = 7
= 1 + 0 = 1
= 7 1 = 6

 1397 2

:7 .

. :
= 6 + 6 0 1 0 = 11

.
:8 k
.

KCL :

KCL : s + + 1 k V = 0
s2 + (1 K ) s + 1 = 0
s

) ( s :
1 k = 0 k = 1

 398 12

:9

) Vo ( s
) Vi ( s

= ) H ( s

: :
= 3 + 4 1 1 0 = 5

:10
.

KCL 1 2:
dV1 V1
& = V
+ =0 V
1
1
dt
1
dV V
& = V 1V
KCL ( 2) : 2 2 + 2 2V1 = 0 V
2
1
2
dt
1
2
KCL (1) :

:
& 1 0 V1
V
1

1
& =
1

V2
V2
2
1424

3
A

A :

 1399 2

0
s + 1

= sI A
1 s + 1
2

1
1
det ( sI A ) = ( s + 1) s + 0 = 0 s = , 1
2
2

-4-12

) ( O.C. )(S.C.
. .

. .
:
-1 .

-2 .

LC LC

:
-3
) . (

 400 12

-4
) . (
:11

) Vo ( s
) Vi ( s

:
1
L1C1

1
.
L 2 C2

1
L 3 C3

1
.
L 4 C4

 1401 2

-1 R
1

10

5
(1
2

5
(2
3

1 (3

10
(4
27

-2 ) Vo ( t
1
, 1 (1
2

3,

3, 2, 1 (2
1 1
, , 1 (3
3 2
1
, 2, 1 (4
3

-3 .

(1 5.
(2 -1.
(3 .
(4 2 3 .

 402 12

-4 ) : I1 i1 i2
:( i2

2
1

j j I1 + 1 j I2 = 0

j + j 2 I + 1 + j j 3 I = 1

1
2

:
(1 = 2 .
(2 2 .
(3 2 2 .
(4 .
-5 ) 6 (
s2

) ( s + 1) ( s + 3
2

= ) H2 ( s

t
2

1
(1
2

1, 1, 1, 3, 2,

1
(2
2

1
(3
2

1, 3, 2,

(4 1 2

-6

1 1
, , 1 (2
3 2
1
, 1 (3
2

3,

-1 (4

)( s + 1)( s + 2

V = Ae .

3, 2, 1 (1

= ) H1 ( s

1, 1, 2, 3,

 1403 2

Vo
-7
Is

= ) H ( s s = j2 .

2 j .
(1 .
(2 is = 2 .
(3 is = cos t H ( j) =0 = 2.
(4 is = cos t H ( j) =0 = 1.
-8 :
(1
(2
(3
(4 1 2 .
-9 :
) h ( t ) = ( 2e 2 t e t ) u ( t

X& = AX + BW A

2 0
0 3 (1

0 1
2 3 (2

1 0
0 3 (3

0 1
3 2 (4

-10 LTI RLC

1

1 + j

Zin = .

1 2 j

2 j 1
1 1 + j (1

2 j j
j 1 (2

1 j
j 1 + j (3

2 j 1 + j
(4
1 + j
1

 404 12

-11
0 / 5 , 2 (1
0 / 5, 2 (2
0 / 75 + j, 0 / 75 j (3
1 / 5 + j2, 1 / 5 j2 (4

-12 N . is ( t ) = cos t + cos 2t

) Vo ( t ) io ( t
(1 ) t o ( t
(2 ) Vo ( t
(3 ) Vo ( t ) io ( t
(4 ) io ( t ) Vo ( t

-13 LTI . 2 3

1, 2 / 5 (1

1, 3 (2

7 + 5 7 5
(3
,
2
2

3, 2 / 5 (4

-14
-0/5 (1
-1/5 (2
-1/7 (3
+ j, j (4

0
s + 1 0

Ys = 0 s + 3 1
0
1 s + 4

 1405 2

-15 N1 N2
.
2 (1

4 (2

6 (3

5 (4

Vo
-16
Vs

= ) H ( s

0, 1, 7, j (1
0, 1, 2, j (2
0, 1, 7, 3 j (3
0, 1, 2, 3 j (4

-17 L1 L2 is ( t ) = 2 sin t + 3 cos 2t

) V ( t 1 2
1
1
L1 = , L2 = (1
2
4
1
1
L1 = , L2 = (2
2
2
1
1
L1 = , L2 = (3
4
2
1
1
L1 = , L2 = (4
4
4

-18
- 1 (1 - 1
1
1
(2
2
2

-1 (3 -1 -2
1
1 (4 1
2

 406 12

-19 )
(

1
1 j 5 (1
3

j (2 ) ( 1 j 5
1 (3 ) ( 1 j 5
)

1
1 (4 j 1 j 5
3

-20

)I (s

) Vs ( s

= ) H ( s . ..................

3 (1 .
4 (2 .
3 (3 .
4 (4 .

 1407 2

-1 2 .
R RC
. :
1
1
1
1
|=| = 0 R + = 0 | S
=|
CS
2S
2R 2R

R+

:
= 3 + 0 = 3 + =
:
1
1
1
5
= 3 = R =
2R 10
5
3

-2 3 .
KCL ) : (

V
1
= KCL (1) : ( 2 + 2s ) Vc1 = Vin c1
)Vin 2 ( s + 1
V
1
= KCL ( 2) : ( 2 + 4s ) Vc2 = 2Vc1 c2
Vc1 1 + 2s
V
1
= KCL ( 3 ) : ( 2 + 6s ) Vo = 2Vc2 o
Vc1 1 + 3s

) Vo ( s ) Vin ( s :
Vo ( s ) Vo Vc2 Vc1
1
1
1 1
=

Vin ( t ) Vc2 Vc1 Vin 1 + 3s 1 + 2s 2 s + 1
) Vo ( s
1
=
)Vin ( s ) 2 ( s + 1)(2s + 1)( 3s + 1

 408 12

) Vo ( t :

s + 1 = 0 s = 1

2s + 1 = 0 s =
2

3s + 1 = 0 s =

-3 4 .
:

.
.
:
1
2
KVL : ( + 2)I ( s ) = 0 + 2 = 0 s = 1
s
s
2

.
.
. 2 3 .
-4 3 .
:

 1409 2

2
1
1 j

= ( 2 2)( 4 2 + j2) = 0
2
3
1 + j j
j + j

j j

= 2 . 2.
= 2

1
1
1
2

= = 2 :

2
2s2
=
2 s2 + 2 s2 + 2 2
) (
s+
s

= ) VL ( s

t cos 2t
.
2 ) ( ) VL ( s ) ( s2 + 2 ) ( s2 + 2
.
3 .
-5 2 .

1
V = Ae 2
2
t

= s .

) H1 ( s ) H2 ( s :
s = 1, 2
s = 1, 1, 3

)( s + 1)( s + 2
s2

) ( s + 1) ( s + 3
2

= ) H1 ( s
= ) H2 ( s

1, 1, 3, 2 .
6 3 2 1
2 .

 410 12

-6 2 .
KCL 1 2 3:

dVx
+ Vx + Vx = es 2 ( s + 1) Vx = Es s = 1
dt
dVy
1
KCL ( 2) : 4
+ Vy + Vy = 2Vx 2 ( 2s + 1) Vy = Vx s =
dt
2
dV
1
KCL ( 3 ) : 6 o + Vo + Vo = 2Vy 2 ( 3s + 1) Vo = Vy s =
dt
3
KCL (1) : 2

1 1
1
,
3 2

-7 3 .
s = j2 = 2

. = 2
.
2 1 .
3 = 1 H ( j) =0
. = 1 = 2
. .
4 = 1 .
-8 3 .
.
. :

 1411 2

VC IC .
VC
1
=
IS CS

.
-9 2 .
-1 -2
A | SI A |= 0 . .
1 3 .
.
= s2 + 3s + 2 = 0 s = 1, 2
= s2 + 2s + 3 = 0 s = 1 j 2

2 s+3
1

3 s +2

0 1
=| 2 3 | SI A

0 1
=| 3 2 | SI A

2 .
-10 2 .
: .
. :
1 + j 1
= 2+ j
1 2 j

=| | Zm

1 4 :
2 j j
=3 j
j 1
2 j 1 + j
= 2+ j
1 + j
1

=| | Y1

=| | Y1

2 .

2 j 1
= 2+ j
1 1 + j

=| | Y1

1 j
= 2+ j
j 1+ j

=| | Y1

 412 12

: :

3 1 1
3 2 4
.
-11 2 .
:
KVL :

1
1
1
KVL (1) : sI1 + 1( I1 I2 ) + 2 / 5 ( Is I1 ) + sI1 + ( I1 Is ) = 0 ( s 1) I1 I2 = 2Is
2
2
2
1
3
5
1
KVL ( 2) : I2 2 / 5 ( Is I1 ) + 1( I2 I1 ) = 0 I1 + 1 + I2 = Is
s
2
2
s

:
s 1 1

I1 = 2 I
1
1 / 5 1 + I2 2 / 5 s
s

:
1
2
+ 1 / 5 = 0 s + 1 / 5s 1 = 0 s = 2 ,0 / 5
s

: i x i x:

( s 1) 1 +

 1413 2

1
KVL : (0 / 5 + 0 / 5 ) sI x + 0 / 5I x = s ( 2 / 5 1) i x
1
1+
s
1/ 5

2
s + 0/ 5
I x = 0 ( s + 1 / 5s 1) I x = 0
+
1
s

Ix :
s2 + 1 / 5s 1 = 0 s = 2 ,0 / 5

i x i x .
s = 2,0 / 5.
-12 2 .
1
LC = 1rad
s
11

= ) io ( t ) Vo ( t

= 1 .
LC

= 2 rad

1
1
1
4

= ) Vo ( t

.
) Vo ( t cos t cos 2t ) io ( t cos t . ) Vo ( t
) is ( t .
-13 1 .
2 3 :

2 3
2 2 :

 414 12

0
s + 1
Ynew =

0 2s + 5

Y :
( s ) = ( s + 1)( 2s + 5 ) = 0 s = 1, 2 / 5

-14 3 .
) is ( t
:

1
KVL : I x + SI x + 1 / 2I x = 0 ( S + 1 / 7 ) I x = 0 S = 1 / 7
2

is
. s = 0 :
1
S =0
CS

)VC ( S
)IS ( S

s = 0, 1 / 7.
-15 2 .
N1 N2
T . :

6 .
6 1 1 = 4.

 1415 2

-16 4 .
:

:
1
-1
9

9
s + = 0 s = j3
s

-2 2:

s + 2 = 0 s = 2

-3 :

s + 1 = 0 s = 1

-4 2 s = 0.
Vo

Vs

= ) H ( s . 0, 1, 2, j3 :

-17 2 .

.
) V ( t LC
LC .
:
1
1
2 L1 = 2 = 1
2
1
L1
2

1
1
1
= 2 L2 = 1
2
8
2L2

= 0

= 0

 416 12

1
2

1
2

L1 = H L2 = H .
-18 4 .
. LC
. :

1
1
1

R + I =0 s = =
2
s
R

1F:

.
) : (
R 2

2 = = = 2

L 1
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0 s = 1, 1

1
1
= 2
= =1
0

LC 1

2 20
1
-1 -1
2

-19 1 20 .

. :

 1417 2

RLC :

)
-20 3 .

1
2

=
= 2

2
2
1

RC 3
s2 + s + = 0 s = 1 j 5

3
3
3
2 = 1 = 2
0

LC 3

2 20

3 .
I . ) I ( s
.
3 ) ( .

 418 12

:
.
. ...
.
V

.
I
V2 , V1 I2 , I1 .
. ...

.
-1-13 ) Z (
:
Z12 I1
V1 Z
V = Z I = 11

V2 Z21 Z22 I2

:
V1 = Z11I1 + Z12 I2

V2 = Z21I1 + Z22 I2

:
:
V1
|I =0
I1 2

= Z11

:
V2
|I =0
I2 1

= Z 22

 1419 2

:
V1
|I =0
I2 1

= Z12

:
V2
|I =0
I1 2

= Z21

1 2 Vs1 Vs2 ) ( V = Z.I

Z .
I1 I2 .
:1 .

1
Cs

1
L2s +
Cs

:2 Z .

L1s + Cs
Z=
1
Cs

 420 12

KVL I I1 I2 :
R1I1 R 2I2
LS + R1 + R 2

= KVL : LSI + R 2 ( I + I2 ) + R1 ( I I2 ) = 0 I

KVL :
1
) ( I1 + I2
Cs
1
) V2 = R 2 ( I2 + I ) + ( I1 + I2
Cs
V1 = R1 ( I1 I ) +

I :
1

R12
R1R 2
1
V1 = R1 +
I1 +

+
I2
Cs Ls + R1 + R 2
Cs Ls + R1 + R 2

1444
424444
3
144424443
Z11

Z12

R1R 2
R 22
1
V2 =
I
R
+
+
+

I2
1 2

Cs Ls + R1 + R 2
Cs
Ls
R
R
+
+
1
2
1444
14444244443
24443
Z21

Z22

Z Z11
:
V1
1
|I2 =0 = Zin1 = ( R 2 + Ls ) || R1 +
I1
Cs

:3 Z in Zout Z L R S Z .

V1

I1

= Z11

 1421 2

KVL : V2 = ZL I2
Z:
V2 = Z21I1 + Z22 I2

:
I2
Z21
=
I1 Z22 + ZL

V2 = Z21I1 + Z22I2 = ZL I2

Z12 Z21
Z Z
I1 = Z11 12 22 I1
Z22 + ZL
Z22 + ZL

V1 = Z11I1 + Z12 I2 = Z11I1

:
V1
Z Z
= Z11 12 21
I1
Z22 + ZL
Z12 Z21
Z22 + ZL
V2
Zout
I2

= Zin1

Zin = R s + Zin1 = R s + Z11

:
I1
Z12
=
I2 Z11 + R s

V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2 = R s I1

Z21 Z12
V
Z Z
I2 2 = Z22 12 21
Z11 + R s
I2
Z11 + R s

V2 = Z21I1 + Z22 I2 = Z22 I2

Z12 Z22
Z11 + R s

-1-1-13
Z :

Zout = Z22

 422 12

-2-1-13
Z :

:
I = Ia = I b
Z = Za + Z b

V = Va = Vb

: Z Za Zb
:
Z12
Z22 + Zb

Z + Za
Z = 11
Z21

-2-13 ) Y (
:
y12 V1
y22 V2

I1 y11
I = YV =
I2 y 1

:
I1 = y11V1 + y12 V2

I2 = y21V1 + y22 V2

:
:
I
y11 = 2 |V2 =0
V2

:
I
y22 = 1 |V1 =0
V2

 1423 2

:
I
y12 = 2 |V1 =0
V1

:
I1
|V =0
V1 2

= y22

1 2 Is1 Is2 ) ( I = Y.V

Y .
V1 V2.
:4 Y .

2 1 V1 2V1 4 1 V1
4 1
1 2 V = 2V 3 2 V = 0 Y = 3 2

2 1
2

 424 12

:5 .

I
) y11 = 1 |V2 =0= C1s + C2s = s ( C1 + C2
V1
g m C2s

1
( C2 + C3 ) s
R

( C1 + C2 ) s
Y=
C2s

I
y12 = 1 |V1 =0= C2s
V2
I
y21 = 2 |V2 =0= g m C2s
V1

I
1
y22 = 2 |V1 =0= + ( C2 + C3 ) s
V2
R

-1-2-13
Y :

-2-2-13
Y .

 1425 2

:
V = Va = Vb
Y = Ya + Yb

I = Ia = Ib

: Y y a y b
:
y12
y22 + y b

y + y
y = 11 a
y21

: Z Y :
Y = Z 1
y12
y22

Z22 Z12 y11

1
=
Z11Z22 Z12 Z21 Z21 Z11 y21

=Y

: ) Z ( Y ) Y ( Z .
) Z ( Y ( det Z = 0) det Y = 0.
-3-13 H

Z Y . V1 I1 I2

V2 .
V1 h11 h12 I1
I = h

2 21 h 22 V2

:
V1 = h11I1 + h12 V2

I2 = h 21I1 + h 22 V2

:
:
V1
|V =0
I1 2

= h11

 426 12

I2
|I =0
V2 1

= h 22

:
V1
|I =0 = H V
V2 1

= h12

:
I2
|V =0 = H I
I1 2

= h 21

: :
1
Z22

= h 22

1
y11

= h11

:6 h 21 .

:
I2
|V =0
I1 2

= h 21

) ( V2 = 0 :

1
1

( I1 + I2 ) + R 2 ( I1 + I2 ) = 0 + R 2 I2 = + R 2 I1
Cs
Cs

Cs

+ R2
I2
Cs
= + sR 2C
= h 21 =
1
1 + sR 2C
I1
+ R2
Cs
KVL :

 1427 2

:7 H .

: H

0 2

H=
2 4
3

V1
|V =0 = 3 || 0 = 0
I1 2

= h11

V1
n
|I1 =0 = 1 = 2
V2
n2

= h12

I2
n
|V2 =0 = 1 = 2
I1
n2
2

= h 21

I
1 n 1 2 4
= h 22 = 2 |I1 =0 = 1 =
V2
3 n2 3 1 3

-1-3-13
H Z Y.

-2-3-13
H
.

:
H = Ha + Hb

 428 12

: H z a
y b :
h12
h 22 + y b

h + z
H = 11 a
h 21

-4-13 G

Y Z H.
I1 g11 g12 V1
V = g

2 21 g22 I2

H G :
G = H1

:
I1
|I =0
V1 2

= g11

V2
|I
V1 2=0

= g 21

I1
|V =0
I2 1

= g12

V2
|V =0
I2 1

= g 22

-1-4-13
G :

-2-4-13
G
.

 1429 2

:
G = Ga + G b

: G y a
z b :
g12
g22 + z b

g + y
G = 11 a
g21

-5-13 T

V1 I1 V2 I2 .
V1 A B V2
I = C D I
2
1

:
:
V1
|I =0
V2 2
V1
|V =0
I2 2

B=

I1
|I =0
V2 2
I1
|V =0
I2 2

=A

=C

D=

 430 12

:8 T .
V1 = AV2 BI2

I1 = CB2 DI2

V1
n
|I2 =0 = 1 = 5
V2
n2

=A

V1
|v =0 = 0
I2 2

=B

I1
I V 1
5
= |I2 =0 = 1 1 = 5
2
V2
V1 V2 2

=C

I1
n
1
= |V2 =0 = 2
I2
n1 5

D=

:
0
1
5

5
T = 5

-1-5-13
) ( Tandem T .

:
T = Ta Tb ... TN

: T :

1 0
T=

y 1

1 z
T=

0 1

 1431 2

T .
:9 T .

:
1 R 1 0 1 Ls 1 0
T=

0 1 C1s 1 0 1 C2s 1

:10 Zin T .

:
V1 AV2 BI2
=
I1 CV2 DI2

= Zin

KVL :
V2 = ZL Z2

:
AZ L I2 BI2
AZ L + B
= Zin
CZ L I2 DI2
CZ L + D

: :
-1 Z V1 V2 I1 I2 .
-2 Y I1 I2 V1 V2 .
-3 H V1 I2 I1 V2 .
-4 G I1 V2 V1 I2 .

= Zin

 432 12

-5 T V1 I1 V2 I2 .
:11

:
V1 = 0 V1 = 0I1 + 0V2

V 0 0 I
1 = 1
I2 = 0 I2 = 0I1 + 0V2
0 0 V2
{ I2
H

H.
:12 :

:
n1

n 2 I1
V

1 =
I2 n1
I1
n2
n1
V

0 2
= I2 = I1 + 0V2

I2
n1
n2
n2

14243
V1 n1
n
= V1 = 0I1 + 1 V2
V2 n 2
n2

det H 0 G ) ( G = H 1 T:

n2
n1

n1
n
2
T =

n1
) V2 + 0( I2
n2
n2
) ( I2
n1

= V1

I1 = 0V2 +

: Z Y G H T .
: ) ( :
h12 = h 21 T = AD BC =1 y12 = y21 Z12 = Z21 g12 = g21

 1433 2

:
y11 = y22 Z11 = Z22
h h h12 h 21 = 1
11 22 A = D

: T .
) ( :

T .
.
-6-13

.
.
V1 = I2

V2 = I1

H :

0
H= 1

:13 ) Zin ( s .

KVL :
V2 = SL2I2 + SMI1

 434 12

(SM + ) I
SL2

= V2 = I1 SL2 I2 = SMI1 + I1 I2

KVL :
V = SL1I1 SMI2 + V1 = SL1I + ( SM ) I2

( SM + ) I
SL2

) V = SL1I + ( SM

:
) 2 ( SM
V
Zin = = SL1 +
I
SL2

-1-6-13
:

2
zs

= zout

: .

: :
Z = 0 Zin = Z L
2 ( Z + ZL )
Zin = 2

2
Z
=

Z
=
+ ZZ L
in

ZL

2
zL

= zin

 1435 2

a I1 Vs1
10a 1

-1 a 0 / 5 0 I2 = Vs2 .
1 0 0 / 5 I 3 Vs 3

Vs1
3 a (1

6 a (2

3
(3
2a

2
(4
3a

-2 h11
- 3 (1
- 1 (2
1 (3
3 (4
-3 y
y1 + y2 y2
y y y (1
2 1
2
y1 + y2 + 2 y2
(2
y +2
y2
2
y1 + y2 2 y2
(3
y 2
y2
2
y1 + y2 + 2 y2
(4
y 2
y2
2

 436 12

-4 ) ( Z . Z11

Z12
(1
Z11 + Z22 + Z12
Z11 Z12
(2
Z11 + Z22
Z22
(3
Z11 + Z22

) ( Z12

(4

Z11 + Z22

-5 T
:
i 3 = V4

i4 = V3
0 / 8 0 / 1
0 / 4 0 / 8 (1

0 2
2 4 (2

2 4
0 2 (3

2 4
0 2 (4

 1437 2

-6 . y22
s2 + 4s + 3
(1
s+5

s+5
(2
s + 6s + 8
2

s+5
(3
s + 2s + 6
2

s2 + 6s + 8
(4
s+5

10s 1 1
-7 N
s + 25 1 1
2

Q . .
1 (1
5 (2
10 (3
1
(4
5

-8 H
1 3
2 4 (1

1 5
3 2 (2

2 1
1 3 (3

2 5
1 2 (4

= Z . 10

 438 12

-9 Z
1 13 19
(1
4 13 17
1 13 19
(2
4 17 13
1 13 17
(3
4 13 19
1 13 17
(4
4 19 13

-10

(1 .
(2 .
(3 2 1 .
(4 1 2 .
-11 Z11 ( s ) .
s+2
(1
s + 4s + 3
2

s2 + 6s + 2
(2
s+2
s2 + 6s + 2
(3
s2 + 6s + 8
s2 + 4s + 3
(4
s2 + 6s + 8

 1439 2

-12 Z
3 / 8s 2 / 4s
2 / 4s 2 / 2s (1

3 / 2s 2 / 2s
2 / 2s 3 / 8s (2

3 / 8s 2 / 4s
2 / 4s 3 / 2s (3

3 / 2s 2 / 4s
2 / 4s 2 / 2s (4

-13 y12
2 (1

(1 + 2 j) (2

1 2 j (3
2 j (4
s + 3 s
Z = . y11 N1
-14 N 2
s + 1
s

7s + 12
(1
6s + 9
s+4
(2
s+3
s+6
(3
3s + 5
3s + 4
(4
2s + 3

 440 12

-15
26 15
7 6 (1

26 15
40 20 (2

26 15
21 20 (3

26 15
45 26 (4

s +1
1
= Z1
-16 N
2s
)2s ( s + 1

= Z2

. a b Zin = ZL
1 (1
2s
(2
s +1
1
(3
2s
s +1
(4
2s2

-17 Z )
(.

0
(1
2
s

2
s

2
s 0

(3
2 0
s

2
s
(2
0

2
s

2
s
(4
2
s

2
s

 1441 2

-18 .

2 (1 - 1
5
2 (2
3

- 2 (3 1
5
- 2 (4
3

-19 H

(1

(2

(3

-20 )( )( :
1
R 2 = 2R b , R1 = R a (1
2
1
R 2 = R b , R1 = 2R a (2
2
1
R 2 = 2R a , R1 = R b (3
2
1
R 2 = R a , R1 = 2R b (4
2

(4

 442 12

-1 2 .
Vs1 Vs2 Vs 3 :
a I1 Vs
10a 1
a 0/ 5 0 I = 0

2
1 0 0 / 5 I 3 0

:
10aI1 + I2 aI 3 = Vs1 10aI1 + I2 aI 3 = Vs1

I2 = 2aI1
aI1 + 0 / 5I2 = 0
I + 0 / 5I = 0
I = 2I
3
1
1
3
Vs1
= 6a
I1

= 10aI1 2aI1 2aI1 = 6aI1 = Vs1 Z11

-2 2 .
h11 :
V1
|V =0
I1 2

= h11

V2 :

2 2 2 a Vx

.
1:
KCL (1) : I1 + i x 2i x = 0 I1 = i x

:
Vb 2 = Vba + Va 2 = Vx + Vx = 2Vx

 1443 2

2Vx
2 b 2 = Vx
2

. V1 b = 2Vx

Va1 = 3Vx a 1 3Vx.

KCL :
i x I1
=
4 4

= KCL : i x 2i x + 3Vx + Vx = 0 Vx

KVL :
KVL : V1 = 2i x + Vx Vx + 2Vx + 2Vx = 2I1 + I1 = I1
V1
= h11 = 1
I1

-3 4 .

KCL :
KCL (1) : I1 = y1V1 + y2 ( V1 V2 ) + 2Vx I1 = ( y1 + y2 + 2) V1 y2V2
) KCL ( 2) : I2 = 2Vx I x + 2I x = 2V1 + y2 ( V1 V2

I2 = ( y2 2) V1 y2 V2

:
I1 y1 + y2 + 2 y2 V1
I = y 2
y2 V2
2
2 144
42444
3
y

-4 4 .
:

Z :

 444 12

V1 = Z11I1 + Z12 I2

V2 = Z21I1 + Z22 I2

V2 = V1 I2 = I1.
Z12 :
V1
|I =0
I2 1

= Z12 t

I1 = 0:
V1 = Z12 I2

V2 = Z22 I2

:
V2 = V1 Z22 I2 = Z11I1 + Z12I2 = Z11 ( I2 ) + Z12I2
Z12I2
Z11 + Z22

= I2

:
V
V I
Z12
) ( Z12
= 1 |I1 =0 = 1 2 = Z12
=
I2
I2 I2
Z11 + Z22 Z11 + Z22
2

Z12t

-5 1 .
1 ) ( I1 + I2 . :
I2 = I4 I1= I3

I
I
I
I
V4 = 3 = 1 V3 = 4 = 2
2
2
2 2

:
I
3

V1 = V3 + 2 ( I1 + I2 ) = 2 + 2I1 + 2I2 = 2I1 + I2

2
2

I
5
V = V + 2 ( I + I ) = 1 + 2I + 2I = I + 2I
2
4
1
2
1
2
1
2

2
2

T :

 1445 2

2
2
4
) ( V2 2I2 ) = V2 + ( I2 ) I1 = 0 / 4V2 + 0 / 8 ( I2
5
5
5

= I1

:
) V1 = 0 / 8V2 + 1 / 6 ( I2 ) 1 / 5 ( I2 ) V1 = 0 / 8V2 + 0 / 1( I2

:
) V1 = 0 / 8V2 + 0 / 1( I2

V 0 / 8 0 / 1 V2
1 =
I1 = 0 / 4V2 + 0 / 8 ( I2 ) I1 0 / 4 0 / 8 I2
14243
T

-6 4 .
y22 :
I2
|V =0
V2 1

= y22

y22 V2 ) ( s + 5.
y22 I2 ) ( s2 + 6s + 8.
:
s2 + 6s + 8
s+5

-7 2 .
Z N :

= y22

 446 12

1 s2 + 25 s2 + s + 25
+
=
10
10s
10s

= y in

:
1
10s
= 2
yin s + s + 25

= Zin

) ( s2 + s + 25 = 0 . :
2 = 25 = 5

0
Q= 0 =5
0
2

2 = 1

-8 4 .
H :
V1
I1
I = H V
2
2

KVL :
h11 2h 21 = 0
V1 = 2I2 + V2 V1 2I2 = V2
h12 2h 22 = 1

4 .
KCL :
I1 + 3 V2 V1 + I2 = 0 I1 + 3 V2 ( 2I2 + V2 ) + I2 = 0 I2 = I1 + 2V2

H.
-9 1 .
KVL :

 1447 2

I1 + 3 I2
4
I1 I2
= KVL ( 4 ) : ( I4 + I2 ) + 3I1 + I4 + 2 ( I4 I1 ) = 0 I4
4
= KVL ( 3 ) : I 3 + 2 ( I 3 + I2 ) 5I2 + ( I3 I1 ) = 0 I3

KVL :
KVL (1) : V1 = ( I1 I3 ) + 5I2 + 2 ( I1 I4 ) = 3 I1 + 5I2 I3 2I4

KVL ( 2) : V2 = 2 ( I2 + I3 ) + ( I2 + I4 ) + 3 I1 = 3 I1 + 3 I2 + 2I3 + 2I4

I3 I4 :
I1 3
2
2
13
19
I2 + I1 + I2 = I1 + I2
4 4
4
4
4
4
2
6
1
1
13
17
V2 = 3 I1 + 3 I2 + I1 + I2 I1 I2 = I1 + I2
4
4
4
4
4
4
V1 = 3 I1 + 5I2

:
13 19
V1 4 4 I1
V = 13 17 I
2
2
4 4

-10 2 .
:
V1 = I1 = I x
I1 = V1
1 0

Y1 =

5 0
I2 = 5I x = 5I1 I2 = 5V1

1 | Y1 |= 0 .
2:
1

I2 = 3 V1
3 0

V1 = 3I y = 3I2

y2 =

I2 = 5I x = 5I1 I = 1 V
1 0

1
1
15

15

2 (| Y2 |= 0) Y2
. 2 .

 448 12

-11 4 .
Z11 :
V1
|I =0
I1 2

= Z11

Z11 V1 .
) ( s2 + 4s + 3 = 0.
Z11 I1 .
) ( s2 + 6s + 8 = 0 .:
s2 + 4s + 3
s2 + 6s + 8

= Z11

-12 1 .
2H i 4H 3H i1 i i2 + i

. KVL :

dI
d
d
d
dI
+ 1 ( I1 I ) + 1 ( I2 + I ) + 3 ( I2 + I ) + 1
dt dt
dt
dt
dt
d
d
dI
d
+2 ( I1 I ) 4 ( I1 I ) 1 2 ( I + I2 ) = 0
dt
dt
dt
dt
dI
dI
dI dI
dI 1 dI
5 1 + 2 2 =0 = 1 2 2
dt dt
dt
dt 5 dt
dt
KVL : 2

 1449 2

KVL :
dI
dI dI
d
dI
d
( I1 I ) + 1 + 2 ( I2 + I ) = 4 1 + 2 2
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt dt
dI
dI
d
dI
d
dI
V2 = 3 ( I2 + I ) + 1 + 2 ( I1 I ) = 2 1 + 3 2 + 2
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
V1 = 4

dI

dt

:
dI1
dI
dI
dI
dI
dI

+ 2 2 0 / 2 1 +0 / 4 2
V1 = 3 / 8 1 + 2 / 4 2

dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

dI
dI
dI
dI
V = 2 / 4 dI1 + 2 / 2 dI2
V2 = 2 1 + 3 2 + 0 / 4 1 0 / 8 2
2

dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

V1 = 4

d
= s
dt

:
V1 3 / 8s 2 / 4s I1
=

V2 2 / 4s 2 / 2s I2

-13 2 .
: Y
.
:

) (1:
2+ j
(1 + j)
Y1 =

2+ j
) (1 + j

) (2 :
2 j j
j j
Z2 =
Y2 = Z21 =

j j
j 2 j

 450 12

Y1 Y2:
1 2 j
2
Y = Y1 + Y2 =
) y12 = (1 + 2 j
1 2 j 2 j

: 1 1 2
-1 y12 . 2 -1.
-14 1 .
N 2 2 Z22 2
:
s s + 3
s
s + 3
Z1 =
=

s + 1 + 2 s
s + 3
s

.:
1 s + 3 s
6s + 9 s s + 3

= Y1 = Z11

Y11

. :
s+3
7s + 12
= +1
6s + 9
6s + 9

= Y11

-15 4 .
.
:

:
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 26 15
T =

=

1 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 45 26

 1451 2

-16 3 .
Zin = ZL ZL = Z1Z2:
1
s +1 1

=
2s ( s + 1) 2s
2s

= ZL = Z1Z2

-17 3 .
KCL :

Va Va V2
1
1
+
= 0 Va = V2 Va = Vb = V2
1
1
2
2
KCL ( b ) : s ( Vb V1 ) + s ( Vb Vc ) + sVb = 0 3Vb = V1 + Vc
KCl ( a ) :

KCL ( c ) : s ( Vc V2 ) + sVc + s ( Vc Vb ) = 0 3Vc = V2 + Vb

:
1
3
1
3 Vc = V2 + Vb = V2 + V2 = V2 Vc = V2
2
2
2
3
1
3 Vb = V1 + Vc V2 = V1 + V2 V1 = V2
2
2

:
1 s
2

I1 = s ( V1 Vb ) = s V1 V1 = V1 V1 = I1
s
2 2

V1 2

Z11 = I = s

V
Z = 1 = 0
12

I2

V2 2

Z21 = I = s
2

1
V2 = V1 = I1
V
s
Z = 2 = 0
22

I2

 452 12

:
2
s 0
Z=

2 0
s

-18 4 .
:
5

1 5
1
2

1
2 A B
T = T1 T2 =
=
2 =

1 2 2 1 3 3 C D

ABCD Z L
AZ L + B
CZ L + D

= Zin :
5 5
+
5s + 10
= Zin = s 2
3 3 3s 6

s 2

Zin :
5s + 10 3s2 s + 10
=
3s 6
3s 6

Z=s+

:
s = 2

Z = 0 3s s + 10 = 0 3s + s 10 = 0 5
s = 3
2

5
, 2
3

-19 1 .
)( I1 = 0 h11 h 21 .
V1 h11 h12 I1
I = h

2 21 h 22 V2

 1453 2

)( :
V1 = 0
V 0 0 I1
1 =

I2 = I1 I2 0 V2

)( :
V1 = ZI1 + V2
V Z 1 I1
1 =

I2 1 0 V2
I2 = I1

)( H.
-20 2 .
Z )( :
Rb Ra
2

Ra + Rb
2

Ra + Rb
2
Z=
Rb Ra
2

)( :

R1 ( I1 I ) R1 I1 I2
=

2
2 2

I1 + I2
2

= I1 I = ( I2 I ) I

= KVL : V + V = R1 ( I1 I ) V

KVL ) (1,1:
R1
R
R
( I1 I2 ) + R 2 ( I1 + I2 ) = 1 + R 2 I1 + R 2 1 I2
4
4
4

= ) V1 = V + ( R 2 2I

. Z :
R a + R b R1
=
+ R 2 R1 = 2R a

1
R2 = R b
R b R a = R R1

4
2

 454 12

:

.
-1-14
:

.
.
:1 N . V1 = 3V I2 = 3A
I = 6A . V1 I2 = 2A I = 2A . V1 = 2V I2
I .

I V1 I2
I = V1 + I2 :
V1 = 3 V
I = 6A 3 + 3 = 6

= 3
I2 = 3 A

V1 = 0
= 1
I = 2A 0 + ( 2) = 2

I2 = 2

V1 = 2V I2 = 0:
V1 = 2V
I = 3V1 I2 = 3 ( 2) 0 I = 6A

I2 = 0

 1455 2

-2-14

.

E oc = Zth Isc

:2 a b .

1
KCL : i1 + i 3i1 = 0 i1 = i
2
3
1
= KVL : V = 2i 3i1 + 10 = 2i i + 10 V
i + 10
{
2
{2
eoc
R th

-3-14

.

.

.
:3

 456 12

( = 1) :

1+ j
j 1
=
2 j + 1 1 + 2 j

= )(1 j)( j
1 j j

= )Z1 = (1 j) || ( j

:
1+ j
Z
1+ j
10
1 + 2 j
= 10
)10 = (1 j
= V1 = 1 10R0
1
+
j
3j
3
Z1 + 1
+1
1 + 2 j
j
j 10
10
10
= V1
(1 j) = j V2 ( t ) = sin t
= V2
1 j
1 j 3
3
3

-4-14 ) (

.

.
. .
. .

 1457 2

-1-4-14 ) (

I1 .
I1 = I2 V1 = V2.
V1
V
2
I2
I1

:
V2 V1
=
I1
I2

:
Z21 = Z12

.
-2-4-14 ) (

V1 .
V1 = V2 I1 = I2.
I1
I
2
V2
V1

:
I2
I
= 1
V1 V2

:
y21 = y12

 458 12

-3-4-14 ) (

V1 I2 . ) V1 ( t ) = I2 ( t
V2 I1 ) . V2 ( t ) = I1 ( t
:
V2 I1
=
V1 I2

:
h 21 = h12

:
HV = HI

.
:
.
:4

y12 = y21
:
1

0
R + C1S
V g V
1
1 = m2 2
g V

1
V
0
+ C2S 2 m1 1

R2

 1459 2

g m2
R + C1S
V
0
1
1 =

V
1
0
+ C2S 2
g m1
R2

1444
424444
3

Y

:
y12 = y21 g m1 = g m2

g m1 = g m2 .
: LTI
.
:5 1
V .

:
( t ) = e t e 2t
: V ) ( t
1

) ( t e t . ) u ( t
:
dt = 1 e t

e
t

:
1 ( t ) = 1 e t
: V ) u ( t

:
( t ) = e t e 2t + 1 e t = 1 e 2t
V
1

 460 12

:6 .
.
I2

Vs

V1

Is

-4

16

30

-3

15

12

:
I2
4 2
2
=
= = HV
Is
6 3
3

= H I 1

V1
2
V1 = 30 = 20Volt
3
V2

= H V 2

I2 1 2:

Is 3
V
3
15
I21 + s 3 I22 = ( 4 ) + 2 = 2 + 1 = 3A I2 = 3A
Is1
Vs2
6
30

= : I23

:7 N :

V1 ( t ) = 30t , V2 ( t ) = 0

i1 ( t ) = 5t , i2 ( t ) = 2t

V1 ( t ) = 30t + 60 V2 ( t ) = 60t + 15 ) i1 ( t .
:
I1
5t 1
=
= J
V1 30t 6

= y11

i1 V1 :
1
i1 ( t ) = ( 30t + 60) = 5t + 10 ) V1 ( t
6

 1461 2

:
I2
2t
1
=
= J
V1 30t 15

= y12 = y21

i1 V2 :
1
( 60t + 15 ) = 4t + 1
15

= ) i1 ( t ) V2 ( t

:
i1 ( t ) = 5t + 10 + 4t + 1 = 9t + 11
-5-14
KCL KVL : Vk I k
k :
=0

V I

k k

k =1

.
: N

I +V

V1,old I1,new + V2,old I2,new = V

1,new 1,old
2,new I2,old

:8 6 .
1 2:
6 + 30 ( 4 ) V
= 30 4 = 20Volt
16 0 + 0 2 = V
1
1
6

2 3 :

:9 7 .

30 + 60
= 20 ( 3 ) + 30 I2 = 12 0 + 15 2 I2
= 3A
30

:
(t)i (t) + V
) (t)i (t
V1 ( t ) i1 ( t ) + V2 ( t ) i2 ( t ) = V
1
1
2
2
30t i1 ( t ) + 0 i2 ( t ) = ( 30t + 60) 5t + ( 60t + 15 ) 2t i1 ( t ) = 9t + 11

 462 12

-1 ) (1 ) i ( t ) = ( 2e t e 2t e 3 t ) u ( t . ) i1 ( t
) (2 N ) . (
e3 t + 1) u ( t ) (1

2 t

( 4e

1 3 t 1 t

2 t
5 e e e u ( t ) (2
2
2

2 3 t
e u ( t ) (3
3
1
7 + 2e3 t ) u ( t ) (4
(
3

-2 N1 N 2 .
is1 = 1 is2 = 2 + 3 cos t . V = 8 + 9 cos t is1 = 0 is2 = cos t
3
2
(1
3

1
(2
6

4
(3
3

6 (4

1
-3 N1 N 2
2

12 3 i :
11
(1
3

3 (2 .
4 (3 .
4 (4 .

1
6

V = cos t + .

 1463 2

-4 Vo . is = 2A Vs = 4V

t
T

VC ( t ) = 4 + 2e

. is = 4A Vs = 8V ) VC ( t
(1
(2
(3
(4

t
T

t
T

t
T

t
T

8 + 2e
8 2e

8 4e

8 + 4e

-5
Vs
18 (1
51 (2
69 (2
72 (4

-6 N .
)( )( ) . ( )(
i x :

1 2t
( 3e 1) u ( t ) (1
2
2e t ) u ( t ) (3

2 t

( 3e

1 2 t
( 3e + 1) u ( t ) (2
2
+ 2e t ) u ( t ) (4

2 t

( 3e

 464 12

-7 ) (1,1 ) ( t ) ( 2, 2
V2 ( t ) = 2e t .
cos t ) V1( t ) (1,1
2
cos ( t + 30o ) (1
2
2
cos ( t + 45o ) (2
2
2
cos ( t 45o ) (3
2
2
cos ( t 30o ) (4
2

-8 N R )( ) . (
)( Voc :
e t u ( t ) (1
e t ) u ( t ) (2

2e t ) u ( t ) (3
+ e t ) u ( t ) (4

( te

( te

( te

 1465 2

-1 4 .
) (1 .

a b ) : (
1
s+2
=
s +1 s +1

Z = 1+

a b :
s+2
) ( s + 1) I ( s ) = ( s + 2) I ( s
s +1

= ) Vab ( s ) = Z I ( s

:
2
1
1
3s + 7

= ) I(t
s +1 s + 2 s + 3
) ( s + 1)( s + 2)( s + 3

= ) i ( t ) = ( 2e t e2t e3 t ) u ( t ) I ( t

:
3s + 7
) ( s + 1)( s + 3

= ) Vab ( s ) = ( s + 2) I ( s

) u ( t a b c d

) Vab ( s .:
) Vcd ( s ) = Vab ( s

) I1 ( s:
7
2
Vcd ( s ) s + 1
3s + 7
= ) I1 ( s
=
= ) Vab ( s
=3+ 3
s
s
s (s + 3) s s + 3
s +1

 466 12

7 2

) i1 ( t ) = + e3 t u ( t
3 3

-2 1 .
: i s1 = 1 is 2 = 2 + 3 cos t

V
V = 8 + 9 cos t i s 2
is2

3 .

i s2 3 V 2 3 = 6 2
V is1 2 . :
V = 2is1 + 3is 2

is2 = 0 V = 2 is1 = 0 is2 = cos t

3 2 cos t :
1 | V |2 1 22 2
P3 = .
= = W
2 R
2 3 3

-3 1 .
V i :
V 1
1
= cos t +
3 18
6
1
2A
6

= i1

.:
1
i old = A
6

12 3 :

 1467 2

2 2 + 4 = 6 A 3 .
3 :
1 1
i1,new = 3 = A
6 2

i :
1
7
i new = i1,new 4 = 4 = A
2
2

i :
7 1
11
i = i new iold = = A
2 6
3
11
i
3

-4 2 .
:

t
t

+ RI 1 e T = RI + ( Vo RI ) e T

t
T

t
T

VC ( t ) = Vo e

Vc ( t ) = 4 + 2e:
RI = 4
RI = 4

Vo RI = 2 Vo = 6

is Vs T .
is = 4A Vs = 8V Vo = 6V :
t
T

= ( 4 2) + ( 6 ( 4 2) ) e

t
T

VC ( t ) = RI + ( Vo + RI ) e
t
T

VC ( t ) = 8 2e

 468 12

-5 3 .
R 3 10 .
R 3 :

Vs 9

V 9
= 2 2= s
= 10A Vs = 69Volt
3
6

iR3

-6 1 .
)( )( :

1
{s
+1

)E oc ( s ) = ( Z th + 1

IR

1
s+2
{

) E oc ( s ) = ( Z th + s

IL

:
Z +1

E oc = th

E oc = s 1

s +1

2
Zth = s 2
E = Zth + s
oc
s +2

)( :

 1469 2

1
3
s 1
s 1
1 3

L1
Ix = 2
=
= 2 + 2
) i x ( t ) = + e2t u ( t
)s 2 + 2 + 2s s ( s + 2
s s+2
2 2

-7 3 .
:
2
V2 s + 1
I
2
= Hv
=
=
= HI = 1
V1
s +1
I2
1

s j =1 i2 :
2
2
2
=
=| | H I
, RH I = 45o
j + 1 j + 1
2

= HI

:
2
) cos ( t 45o
2

= ) i1 ( t ) =| H I | cos ( t + RH I

-8 1 .
.
) (1,1 ) ( 2, 2 :
1
1

1
= Z21 = s + 1 s + 2
1
s +1
s +2

:
2

) (1,1 ) ( 3, 3 :

V
V
1
1
= 1 = 1 V1 =

1
s + 1 I2
s +1
s +1

= Z21 = Z12

 470 12

2
1

I3 s + 2 s + 1
s
= = HI
=
1
I1
s +1
s +2

:
V
V
s
s
= = 1 = 1 V1
2
1
s + 1 V3
)( s + 1
s +1

= HI = HV

:
1
s +1

s +1

)( s + 1

)( s + 1

)( s + 1

= Voc

:
) Voc ( t ) = e t u ( t

 1471 2

:
.
-1-15
.
.
-1-1-15
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3
.
-4 .
-5 .
-6 90o
.

 472 12

:1 .
)

-2-15
) f ( t T :
1
1
) ) f ( t ( = f ( t ) .dt

T
T
T

= f av = f dc

:
1
f 2 ( t ) .dt
T T

= f rms = f eff

2
.

 1473 2

:2 .

1 T
1 AT A
= f ( t ) dt
=

T 0
T 2
2

= f av

1 T 2
1 T A2 2
1 A2 T 3
A
=
= f ( t ) dt
= t dt
2
=
2

0
0
T
T T
T T
3
3

f rms

T .
: :
)f ( t ) = a 0 + ( a1 cos t + a 2 cos 2t + ...) + ( b1 sin t + b2 sin 2t + ...
f av = a 0
a12 + a 22 + ... + b12 + b22 + ...
2

f rms = a 02 +

: .
:

2A

A
=
2

A
=
2

= f av

= f av

f rms

f rms

f av = 0
A
2

: :
k1 k 2
2
k12 + k 22
2

= f av

= f rms

= f rms

 474 12

k1 = k 2 = k:
f av = 0 , f rms = k

:3 ) V ( t .

:
1
j

R
=
j +1
2 4
1

= ) V1 ( t
cos t +
2
4
V1 = 1 I = 1

5
= 1R tg 12
1+ 2 j

= V2 = 1 I

) V2 ( t ) = cos ( 2t tg 12

:
1
+1
3
2
=
2
2

= Vrms

 1475 2

2 cos t
-1
3

is ( t ) = 1 +

+11 (1

-11 (2

13 (3

-13 (4

-2 N1 N
is = 2A Vs = 2 cos t 2V 3i 1 + 3 cos t = 0 . is = 2 cos t V2 = 2V
R
11
(1
12

5
(2
24

19
(3
48

19
(4
288

-3 ) f ( t ) = 2 cos ( 2t + 30o ) + 3 cos ( t + 45o ) + 4 cos ( 2t + 60o

4/628 (1

3/808 (2

5/385 (3

-4
) (.

(1

(2

(3

(4

6/544 (4

 476 12

-5 ) is ( t ) Vs ( t X
) i ( t ) V ( t
(1 3
3
(2
2

(3 6
(4 3

 1477 2

-1 2 .
:

KVL : V = 5is ( t ) + 2i
KVL : 8i + 5 ( i i s ) + 3V + 2i = 0
) 8i + 5 ( i is ) + 3 ( 5is + 2i ) + 2i = 0 i = 2is ( t

:
p = 3V ( i is ) = 3 ( 5is + 2i )( i is ) = 3 ( 5is 4is )( 2is is ) p = 9i2s
2 cos t

is ( t ) = 1 +:
2

p = 9 1 + cos t = 9 4 cos2 t 12 cos t

3

1
cos t cos2 t
2

. p :
1
pav = 9 4 = 9 2 = 11W
2

.
-2 3 .
N1 :
3 1 3
2V 3i 1 + 3 cos t = 0 V = i + cos t
2 2 2
3
2

1 3
2 2

R th = eoc = cos t.
is = 2A Vs = 2 cos t :

 478 12

1 3
3
1 3
1
eoc ( t ) = cos t = 2 2 cos t = is Vs
2 2
4
4 4
4

3
2

R R = R th = :
eoc ( t ) 1 1
3 1
1
= is Vs = i s Vs
4 12
4
R th + R 3 4

=i

is = 2 cos t Vs = 2:
1
1
i ( t ) = cos t
6
2

R :
2

31
1
1
1
3
P ( t ) = Ri2 ( t ) = cos t = cos2 t cos t +
26
2 24
4
8
1 1 1 3 1 3 19
Pav = 0 + = + = W
24 2 4 8 48 8 48

1
cos2 t
2

cos t .

-3 1 .
) f ( t 2 :

3
1
2R30o + 4R60 = 2 cos 30 + j2 sin 30 + 4 cos 60 + j4 sin 60 = 2
+ 4
2
2

1
3

+ j 2 + 4
= 2 + 3 + j 1 + 2 3 = 3 / 73 + j4 / 46 ; 5 / 81R50
2
2

( )

) f ( t :
) f ( t ) = 3 cos ( t + 45 ) + 5 / 81cos ( 2t + 50

 1479 2

:
)32 ( 5 / 81
=
+
; 4 / 629
2
2
2

f rms

-4 2 .
.

. 2 .
-5 3 .
.
2 2 . 3 3
2 . X 6 .
1
: K K
K

 480 12

:
-1 k v is
1
(1
2
5 (2

1 (3
(4 k .
-2 5

(1 2
(2 6
(3 5
(4 15
-3 4 2
1
(1
2

1 (2
2
(3
3

2 (4

 1481 2

-4 v ( t ) =0 ) l (.

(1
4

2l +

(2
2

2l +

(3
3

2l +

2
2l + (4
3
2
-5 is
3

v L 2 .

R
1
(1
2

4
(2
3

3
(3
2

3 (4

-6 Vo
1
(1
8

= .

(2 =1 .
1
(3
4

= .

(4 .
-7 Ae t ) A( R

- 3 (1

2 (2

1 (3

3 (4

 482 12

-8 v = i2 vC = cos t R
N
1
(1
2

2 (2
1 (3
4 (4
-9 )
(
s2 ( s2 + s + 1) = 0 (1
s 3 ( s2 + s + 1) = 0 (2
s 2 ( 2s 2 + 3s + 2 ) = 0 (3
s 3 ( s 2 + 3 s + 2 ) = 0 (4

s+
-10 ) (
s + 4s + 8
2

.
> 4 (1
2 < < 4 (2
< 2 (3

(4 .

= ) zin ( s

 1483 2

-11 . )( v1
) v1 = u ( t ) ( 3 e t 2e 3 t )( v2 ( t )
u ( t ) 3 e t 2e 3 t (1

1
u ( t ) 3 + e3 t 4e t (2
4
u ( t ) 4e t + e 3 t + 3 (3

1
u ( t ) 3 e t 2e3 t (4
4

-12 = 2 rad s .
1 ) VAR (

-24 (1
-12 (2
-48 (3
-6 (4
-13 N )( )(
2s + 1 (1
s (2

s +1 (3
s + 2 (4

 484 12

-14 k
k < 8 (1
k > 2 (2
8 < k < 2 (3

(4 .
-15 ) i1 ( i2 A
) ( x& = A x
1
A = (1
2

2 0
A=
(2
0 1

A = ( 2) (3
2 0
A=
(4
0 2

 1485 2

-1 2 .
v is v s .
:

KCL 1:

(3 k ) v v = 4 i
v kv v
= + is
s
4
2
4
3k

= KCL : is

1
2

v = is :
4
1
= 3 k = 8 k = 5
3k 2

-2 1 .
5 . :

V0 = 11i1

V =11i

o
1
KVL : i1 + 3i2 + 2Vo + i2 + 11i1 10 = 0
10i1 + 4i2 = 10

: i1 i2 = 5
:

 486 12

i1 = A
10i1 + 4i2 = 10

i1 i2 = 5
i = 20 A
2

:
20
5
v = 4i2 + 2Vo = 4i2 22i1 = 4 22 = 10Volt
3
3

10V 5A 2
5 A .
-3 3 .
. v s
.:

:
-1 .
RC . :

C = F

3
R = 5

5
3

T1 = RC = s.

 1487 2

-2
RL . :

L 1
= s
R 4

= T2.

RC.
4 2 RC:

L = 1H

R = 4

3
= 1s
3

= T1 = R C

t :
5
2
t = T1 T1 = 1 = s
3
3

-4 4 .
:

:
: i1 i2 = cos t

 488 12

1
3

1
3

V =i

1 1
v = v1 = i1
KVL : V + 4V + V1 = 0

KVL : 2 + 2i2 + 2 ( i2 4v1 ) 4v + i1 = 0

:
4
3
)2 + 4i1 4 cos t 8i1 i1 + i1 = 0 i1 = ( 4 cos t + 2
3
13

v ( t ) = 0 i1 = 0 . :
1
2
V ( t ) = 0 i1 = 0 4 cos t + 2 = 0 cos t = t = 2l +
2
3

-5 4 .
. is

2

3

R . v L
2
3

R . R
:
2
R = v L = 2 R = 3
3

-6 2 .
) u ( t .
:

KVL :

 1489 2

dv C
+ (1 2 ) v C = 0
dt

dv C

= iC

dt
KVL : v C + i C + 2 ( i C v C ) = 0
3

dv C 1 2
+
vC = 0
dt 3

. :
2 1
1
1 2
s+
< < 0 2 1 < 0
= =0 s
3
2
3

1

2

< =1 .

-7 4 .
Ae t s = 1 .
s = 1 . :

1
1 1

s + s + 2
2
Y=

1 1
1
+

2
2 R

s = 1 :
3
1

3 1 1 1
2
2
=0 + =0 R = 3
1
1 1
2 2 R 4

+
2
2 R

-8 2 .
:
dvC
= sin t
dt

. :

= vC = cos t iC

 490 12

: v1 = R ( sin t ) = R sin t
: v2 = i2 = sin 2 t
:
p = vi = v1i + v2i = R sin 2 t sin 3 t

R

2

:
R
R
+ 0 = = 1W R = 2
2
2

= pav

-9 4 .
:

:
= 2 + 1 = 3

s3 ) . 2 (4
:
1 1
2 1
L=
= L1 =

1 2
1 1

:
1
= 1H
eq

= eq = 11 + 22 212 = 2 + 1 2 = 1 Leq

2 3
3
.
2

 1491 2

.
2

3

RLC :

:
2
2 2s2 + 3s + 2
= y eq = s + 1 +
3
3s
3s

:
s 3 ( 2s2 + 3s + 2) = 0

-10 3 .
s j ) Zin ( j
.
8 2 ) j4
(
j +
= )zin ( j
=

2
( j) + 4 j + 8 ( 8 2 ) + j4 ( 8 2 ) j4
j +

)( + j) ( 8 2 j4
+ 162

) (8

2 2

Im z in ( j ) = ( 8 2 ) 4 = 0 2 = 8 4

2 > 0 .:
2 = 8 4 > 0 < 2

) ( 2 > 0 < 2.
-11 4 .
4 :

 492 12

13
1
2 1
7s + 9
=

= .
) 4 s s + 1 s + 3 4 s ( s + 1)( s + 3

2
1

s+2
2

) v1 ( s
4

= ) I1 ( s

) vo1 ( s

:
2
1
7s + 9
I1 ( s ) = .
s+2
) 2 s ( s + 1)( s + 2)( s + 3

= ) vo1 ( s

) u ( t ) u ( t
) ( :
1
7s + 9
vo2 ( s ) = vo1 ( s ) = .
) 2 s ( s + 1)( s + 2)( s + 3

2 :
1
7s + 9
= .
) 4 s ( s + 1)( s + 2)( s + 3

) vo 2 ( s
2

= ) I2 ( s

) v2 ( s :
1
7s + 9
v 2 ( s ) = ( s + 2 ) I2 ( s ) = .
) 4 s ( s + 1)( s + 3

:
1
) ( 3 e t 2e3 t ) u ( t
4

= ) v2 ( t

-12 1 .
2 :
v2eff
= 2 I eff = Veff = 2
R

= p av = RI2eff

2.
v=I=2

1
F
2

 1493 2

1
IC = jCv = j2 2 = j2
2

:
IL = IR + IC = 2 + j2

:
)v L = jIL = j2 3 ( 2 + 2 j) = 6 ( 2 + 2 j
1
1
2
QL = v L I*L = 6 ( 2 + j2)( 2 j2) = 12 (1 j) = j24
2
2

24
-24 .
-13 4 .
. :

) v = ( I2
0 V
v1 = I2
v1
1
2

= 1

1

0 I2
I1
v2 = I1 I1 = v2

14243
T1

:
0 0

1
= 1 0 = A B
T = T1 T1 = 1

0
0 0 1 C D

:
zL = s + 2
Az L + B 1( s + 2) + 0
=
= s +2
Cz L + D
0+1

= z in

 494 12

-14 2 .
:

1
I1 v ( s )
s

= 1

1 1 1 I2 ksv o
s+ +
3

s 2
3

1
s + s

1
s

1
3

ksvo :
1

I1 v ( s )
s
=

1
1 1 1 I2 0
s + + + ks
3
s 2 6

1
s + s

1
s

:
1 1 1 1
1 1
s = s + s + + + ks 2 = 0
s 2 6 s
s 3

( s ) = ( 2 + k ) s4 + 3s3 + ( 8 + k ) s2 + 3s = 0

 1495 2

2 + k > 0 k > 2

8+k
3

2+ k
3
18
3

s3
s2
s1
s0

-15 1 .
KVL :

KVL : v2 + v1 + i1 + i1 i2 + i2 = 0
KVL : v2 + i2 + v1 i2 + i2 i1 = 0
di
di2
v1 = 1
dt
dt

= v2 :
di1 di2
+
+ 2i1 = 0

dt dt

di1 + di2 + i i = 0
2
1

dt dt

:
3i1 i2 = 0 i2 = 3i1

. . i2 = 3i1
:
di1
di
1
+ 2i1 = 0 1 = i1
dt
dt
2
1
A
2

= A .

 496 12

-1 i1 = v1 i2 = v . i
- 4 (1
- 2 (2
1 (3
2 (4
-2 ) is a ( b
R
(1
2

R (2
2 R (3
3 R (4

-3 vs = 2 + cos t is = 3 v
1
2

N cos t + 3 . v s is v 5

1
(1
2
3
(2
4
7
(3
4

2 (4

 1497 2

-4 v (0 ) = i (0 ) = 1 ) i" (0 :
2
(1
3

1
(2
3

(3
1(4
-5 i v 3 v
(1
1
(2
2

1 (3
2 (4
-6 t = ln 2 . C
3 (1
2 (2
1 (3
1
(4
2

-7 N1 . .
) (
- 4 (1
4 2 (2
4 2 (3

8 (4

 498 12

-8
(1 .
(2 .
(3 .
(4 .
-9 . i
(1
(2
(3
(4
-10 x& = A x A
0 2
1 1 (1

1 1
2 0 (2

2 2
1 0 (3

1 0 1
1 0 0 (4

1 1 1

 1499 2

-11 ) v + = v ( i + = i =0
1 0
1 1 (1

1 0
1 1 (2

1 0
1 1 (3

R
(4
1

R
1

1 t 3 t
-12 ) (1 i ) ( e e ) u ( t
2

) i2 (2 ) ) u ( t (
1
1 + 2e3 t ) u ( t ) (1
(
3
+ e t ) u ( t ) (2

3 t

(e

3e t + 1) u ( t ) (3
+ 1 2e 3 t ) u ( t ) (4

3 t

( 3e

(e

= i .

 500 12

-1 4 .
KCL :
i1 = v1

i2 = v

KVL :
3
2

KVL : i1 i + v1 2i = 0 v1 + v1 = 3i v1 = i
KVL : 2 ( i1 i + i2 ) + ( 2 i + i2 ) + 4 v1 = 0
2v1 2i + 2v + 2 i + v + 4 v1 = 0 v1 + 3 v 3i + 6 = 0
3
1
i + 3 v 3i + 6 = 0 v = i 2
2
2

KVL : v = 2 ( i1 i + i2 ) ( i1 i ) = 3i1 + 3i 2i2

9
3
1
v = 3 v1 + 3i 2v 3 v = i + 3i = i v = i
2
2
2

:
1
1
v = i 2 = i i = 2A
2
2

-2 1 .
. v s .
R
. :

 1501 2

R
2

= R th = R ab = R P R

-3 3 .
)(
:
v = vs + is

vs1 = 2 + cos t

1
v1 = vs1 + is1 cos t + 3 = 2 + cos t + 3
is1 = 3
2

1
v1 = cos t + 3
2

1
=

1
2
=

v = vs + is
2
2
3

= 2
2 + 3 = 3
3

:
vs2 = 2 + cos t
1
2
1
2
v2 = (2 + cos t ) + is2 = 1 + cos t + is2

2
3
2
3
is2

v2 5 :
1 2
21
max v2 = 1 + + is2 = 5 is2 = A
2 3
4

:
21
i s2 4 7
=
=
is1 3 4

 502 12

7
is2
4

-4 3 .
:

KCL :
1
v
v +1 v
s = 0 v (s ) = s +1
KCL :
+ +
s
1 2+ 1
3s2 + 3s + 1
s

:
v (s ) + 1
3s + 2
= 2
s
3s + 3s + 1

= ) I (s

:
i (0+ ) = lim sI ( s ) = 1A
s

3s2 + 2s
s 1
1 = 2
2
3s + 3s + 1
3s + 3s + 1

s2 s
1
1
= +
2
2
)3s + 3s + 1 3 3 ( 3s + 3s + 1

= ) i ( t ) = f ( t ) F ( s ) = sI ( s ) i (0+
1
3

i (0+ ) = f (0+ ) = lim SF ( s ) =

s

= ) i ( t ) = f ( t ) L {f ( t )} = sF ( s ) f (0+

s
=0
)3 ( 3s + 3s + 1
2

i (0+ ) = g (0+ ) = lim sF ( s ) = lim

s

:
i (0 ) = i (0+ ) = 0

-5 2 .
:

 1503 2

v th = cos t + 3

2
R th = 1

i = 3 A:
1
1
KVL : v th = R th i + v cos t + 3 = i + v = 3 + v v = cos t
2
2

v :
1
1
v max = 1 = Volt
2
2

-6 4 .
:

 504 12

vt

I t = 0 v t = 2I t
3

KVL : v t + I t 3
vt
= 2
It

= R th

t
2C

= R th C = 2C vC ( t ) = vC (0) e

t :
1
)w C (0) = Cv2C (0
2
t

1
1
w C ( t ) = Cv2C ( t ) = Cv2C (0) e C
2
2

t = Ln 2 :
t
t

1 2
1 1
1 Ln
1
t
= Ln
Cv C (0) e C = cv2C (0) e C =
2
2 2
2
2
C

1
t
t
Ln 2 1
= = Ln2 C
=
= C= F
2
C
Ln2
Ln2 2

= Ln2

-7 2 .
N1 RLC :
s

= 1rad

1
1
2
2

1
LC

= r

L C N1
:

R =| Zs |= R 2s + X2s = 12 + 2 2 1 = 3

 1505 2

p max,N1 = Ri2 = 3i2 = 3 w i = 1A

v L = (1 + 3 ) i = 4 1 = 4Volt

:
v2L
v2
42
= = L
= 4 2VAR
X L L 2 2

= QL

:
Qs = QL = 4 2VAR

-8 4 .
:

v1 = v2

i1 = i2
v = 0
3

 506 12

-9 1 .
:
i C = k = cte

:
1 t
k
i C ( t ) dt = t

C 0
C

= vC

LTI
1 .
-10 2 .
vc ,i L :

i = iL

1 dvC
= i L v& C = 2i L
2 dt
di L
i L = 0 &i1 = vC + i L
dt

KCL : 2i i + iC = 0 i C = i 1

KVL : vC + vL + 2i 3i = 0 vC +

:
&i L 1 1 i L
1 1
A=
=

2 0
v& C 2 0 vC

-11 3 .
KCL :

 1507 2

v1 = v + = v = v2
v1 vo
= i1
R

v1 = v2 + 0i2

v1 v o v1
KCL ( b ) :
+ = i2 i2 = i1 + v1
) i1 = v1 ( i2
R
1
123
KCL ( a ) :

i1

v 1 0 v2
1 0
1 =
T=

1 1
i1 1 1 i2

-12 1 .
) (1 ) u ( t :

s +1 1 1
1
1
1
= ) v1 ( s ) = 1 + I ( s

=
) s 2 s +1 s + 3 s ( s + 3
s

) u ( t 1 2 :

. v1 ( s ) = v2 ( s ) :
) v2 ( s ) v2 ( s
+
) = ( s + 1) v2 ( s ) = ( s + 1) v1 ( s
1
1
s

= ) I2 ( s

1
2
s +1
1
3
3
= ) I2 ( s
= +
) i2 ( t ) = (1 + e3 t ) u ( t
s (s + 3 ) s s + 3
3

 508 12

-1 .
(1 KCL

(2

(3 KVL

5
(4
4

KVL

-2 v ab
1
(1
2

1 (2
3
(3
2
5
(4
2

-3 is = 5 sin 2t + 4 i1
1
5

cos t . i1 ) N1 (
- 6 (1
-2/4 (2
-0/4 (3
4 (4
1
-4
3

) k(
4 (1

3 (2

8 (3

12 (4

 1509 2

-5 i2 (0 ) = i1 (0 ) = 1 ) vc (0 ) v1 (0+
3 (1
6 (2
9 (3
12 (4
-6 vs ( t ) = cos t
1

i1 ( t ) = cos t ) io ( t
3

1
(1
8

1
(2
40

1
(3
4

1
(4
2

rad
-7
sec

=1 R 2 5

5 + 1 (1

2 5 (2

5 + 1 (3

+2

3 5 (4

-8 2 M
1
(1
6

1
(2
3

1
(3
2

2
(4
3

 510 12

rad
-9 M N1
sec

= 1

1
M = H (1
3
1
M = H (2
2
M = 2H (3
M = 1H (4

-10 x = c A
iL
)(x& = Ax + Bw
1 1
A=
(1
1 2
1

3
(2
2
3

1
3
A=
1
3

1
3
(3
2

1
3
A=
1
3

1 1
A=
(4
1 2

 1511 2

vo
10
=
-11 A
)vs ( s + 1)( s + 2
vo
5
=
2
)vs ( s + 1) ( s + 2

. vs = cos t ) vo ( t
t

1
(1 B
4

1
(2 A
4

(3 A 10

5
(4 B
2

-12 I2 = 0 ) H1 H2
(
1
(1
4
1
(2
2

4 (3
2 (4

 512 12

-1 1 .
KCL .
.
-2 3 .
:

:
vab = v1 + 1 I1
1
v1 + I1 = 2 I1 I1 = v1 + 1

v
=
2

1
2
( ab
)1

) ( I v :
v1 = 1Volt

:
1
I1 = 2 A

v ab :
1 3
vab = v1 + I1 = 1 + = Volt
2 2

-3 2 .
.

 1513 2

1
5

2 cos t cos t i1 .
1
1
2 cos t i1 .
10
10

.
) is sin 2t( i1 2 cos t cos 3 t
) ( is 6 :

is = 5 sin 2t + 4

vs = 6is = 6 ( 5 sin 2t + 4 ) = 30sin 2t + 24

i1 ) v s ( is :
1
i1 = ( 30sin 2t + 24 ) = 3 sin 2t 2 / 4
10

i1 -2/4.
-4 4 .
1

3

s = :
1
1
s = =| |= 3s
3
s
= R eq C = R eq 1 = 3 R eq = 3

 514 12

3 . R eq:
) (.

v1
v
v t = 2I t 1
k
k

KVL : v t = I t + I t

v1
2
I t + v t v1 1 + = v t I t
k
k

KVL : v1 = 2
v1 v t I t
=
k
k +2

:
vt It
1
1

v t 1 +
= It 2 +

k +2
k +2
k +2
v 2k + 5
= v t ( k + 3 ) = I t ( 2k + 5 ) R eq = t
= 3 k = 4
It
k+3
v t = 2I t

) :
(
v1 v1 v1
v
= R = 1 = 12
3 4 12
I1

= KCL : I1

-5 2 .
:

 1515 2

i1 (0+ ) = i1 (0 ) = 1A

+
+
i2 (0 ) = i2 (0 ) = 1A

v C (0 ) = v C (0 ) = 1Volt

t =0+ :
V1 = 3i2

KCL : i2 (0+ ) = i1 (0+ ) + i C (0+ ) i C (0+ ) = 1 1 = 0

= 2

) di2 (0+
dt

+ v C (0+ ) + i C (0+ ) = 0

) di2 (0+
dt

KVL : v1 (0+ ) + 2
1
424
3

) (

3 i2 0+

:
= 3 2 = 6

) di2 (0+
dt

v1 = 3i2 v1 = 3i2 v1 (0+ ) = 3

-6 1 .
:
1

I1 = R
2
3

LC 0 / 5 8
.:
8 + 0/5 =
2

1
1
1
2
1 1 1 1
) v m I m cos = 1 cos = + 8 ( I0
2
2
2
3 2 2 2 2
1 1
1
1
= = + 4I02 I20
I0 = A
8 16
4 16
8

 516 12

-7 1 .
) ( = 1 R .
:
z L = z th +1

v t I1

v v
KVL : I t = I1 + +
1 j
2 j 2 j I t = jv t j t + t = v t +

2 2
2 2
v = jI I = jv
t
t
1
1
vt
2
2
3+ j
j +1
It =
= zL
= +1
= = v t z th
It j + 1
j +1
1+ j
2

R:
3+ j
10
=|
= 5 R = 5
1+ j
2

|=| R =| z L

R :
1
1
p R,max = RI2 5 I2 = 2 5 I = 2A
2
2

5 +1

5 + 1 ( 2) = 2
2

1
1
= p R = R eq I2
2
2

 1517 2

5 +1 w

ps = pR = 2

-8 2 .
2 :

KVL : sI1 + sMI2 = 3sI2 + sMI1 ( M 3 ) I2 = ( M 1) I1

4
s

1
s

KVL : I1 I2 = 0 I1 = 4I2
:
I1 M 3
1
=
= = 4 4M 4 = M 3 3 M = 1 M
I2 M 1
3

-9 4 .
N1 =1 N1 =1

. ) ( :

: L eq = 2 + 3 + 2M = 5 + 2M
2

2
2
1 n
:
=
2 n

1 5 + 2M
= ) Leq1 = ( 5 + 2M
4
4

 518 12

n
5
2
:
)( F = 2
7
n

5
20
4 = F
7
7

RLC .:

1
7
=
5 + 2M
4 5 + 2M

7
4

1
=
r
Leq ceq

5 + 2M
= r
= L eq
4

5 20

7 7 = 4F
=
c
eq 5 20
7

+
7 7

7
r = 1rad
= 1 M = 1H
s
5 + 2M

-10 3 .
A . KCL KVL
:

KCL : i c = i L + v L v& c = &i L + &i L

KVL : 2ic + vc + v L = 0 2v& c + vc + &i L = 0

 1519 2

:
1
2
2 i L + &i L + v c + &i l = 0 &i L = v c i L
3
3
1
1
v& c = i L 2v& c vc v& c = vc + i L
3
3

:
1
3

1
1

3
3 vc
A=

2 i L
1

3
3

&
vc 3
&i = 1
L
3

-11 4 .
:
vs ( t ) = cos t vs ( s ) = 1 , = 1

A:
10s
=0
)( s + 1)( s + 2

vo ( t ) = limsvo ( s ) = lim
s 0

s0

B:
=0

5s

)( s + 1) ( s + 2
2

vo ( t ) = limsvo ( s ) = lim
s 0

s 0

. B
:
5
2

)( 2
2

=| | v o

)( j + 1) ( j + 2
2

= )v o ( j) = v o ( j

-12 3 .
: H :
v1 h11 h12 I1
I = h

2 21 h 22 v2

21 520

1 1 v1 1 1 I1 v1 = I1 + v2
=

1 1 I2 = 0 1 1 v2 I1 = v2

H1 =

v1 = I1 + I1 v1 = 2I1

1 1 v1 1 1 I1 v1 = I1 v2
=

1 1 I2 = 0 1 1 v2 I1 = v2

H2 =

v1 = I1 + I1 v1 = 2I1

:
v1 = v1 + v1 = 2I1 + 2I1 = 4I1
R in =

v1
= 4
I1

: Z :
v1 z11 z12 I1
= z

v2 21 z22 I2

: H
1 1 v1 1 1 I1 v1 = I1 + v2
H1 =
=

1 1 I2 1 1 v2 I2 = I1 + v2
v1 = 2I1 + I2
v1 2 1 I1
2 1

=
z1 =

1 1
v2 = I1 + I2
v2 1 1 I2
1 1 v1 1 1 I1 v1= I1 v2
H2 =
=

1 1 I2 1 1 v2 I2 = I1 + v2
v1 = 2I1 I2
v1 2 1 I1
2 1

=
z2 =

1 1
v2 = I1 + I2
v2 1 1 I2

: z2 z1
4 0
z = z1 + z 2 =

0 2

: z11
z11 =

v1
|I =0 = 4
I1 2