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References:
Hull and Bacon, Chs. 3.4-3.9, 10
Allen and Thomas, Ch. 5, pp. 283-294
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
T=
Wdisl
Gb 2
Gb
L
2
2
r
b
dR
balance of energy due to the increase of the dislocation line by L and work done by the external
stress to increase the slip area by S: bS = TL
L = 2( R + dR ) 2R = 2dR
b 2RdR T 2dR
T
Gb
bR 2 R
S = ( R + dR ) 2 R 2 2RdR
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
r
b
r
b
glissile dislocation loop
(b is within the plane of the loop)
prismatic loop can be formed by condensation of
vacancies in a material with high supersaturation of
vacancies (e.g., due to rapid quenching or irradiation
by energetic particles) b is normal to the plane of
the loop of edge dislocation is formed.
prismatic loop
(b is not within the plane of the loop)
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
t = 0 min
t = 213 min
t = 793 min
t = 1301 min
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
D
b
=
h
hd
i =1
xi = b m x
where
x=
1
N
x
i =1
m = Nl / hld
strain rate: & d / dt = b m v + b & m x b m v
i =1
xi
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
xi
xx
x
i =1
= b m x
& = b m v climb
xx
-2
-10
m & = b m v = 3 10 7 s 1
real strain rates & 10 4 s 1 relatively small m can explain even the fastest plastic deformation
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
r r r
n = l t
r r
b n
r r
b n
r r
b n
r
b
- surface normal
climb
r
t
r
n
r
t
r
l
r
l
example:
- positive climb
crystal shrinks in direction parallel to slip plane
results from compressive strain
r
t
r
l
r
b
r r r
n = l t
r r
b n < 0
r r r r r r
V = b l t = b l t
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
Gb 2
2a
exp
WP =
K
Kb
W
2x
W = W0 P cos
2
b
F
1 dW
W
P = max =
= 2P
b
b dx max
b
WP
0
energyminimum
2b
highenergystate
3b
energyminimum
G
2a
P = exp
K
Kb
K = 1 for screw dislocation
K = 1 - for edge dislocations
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
Gb 3
per length of b: Wdisl (L = b )
2
Gb 3
2a
4
3
exp
WP b =
6 10 Gb
K
Kb
(for a = b, K = 1)
usually, WP << Wdisl / L
Frank-Read source in a Si crystal
the dislocation lines tend to lie along <110>
directions, where the core has lower energy
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
< P
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
Wdk = 2Wkink b 2l
work done by
Wdk
l
=0
l0 = b
l =l0
Gb
2(1 )l
work against
attraction of the kinks
G
>> b
2(1 )
G
2Wkink
2(1 )
Si
Ge
Bi
Fe
Cu
Ag
Al
Wkink , eV 2.2
1.5
0.31
0.2
0.1
0.085
0.09
WP b, eV 0.45 0.23
0.01
0.004
0.001
0.0007
0.0008
rate of nucleation:
2Wkink
R 0 exp
k BT
0 1012 s 1
Double kink nucleation plays a role at low . At higher dislocations can move without help of
double kink formation
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
r
b
motion in [001] direction would require climb of all edge segments by a. Such climb would
allow the whole dislocation to move up by a the effective climb velocity can be large
eff
2
if the rate of vacancy absorption per unit length is n& , the effective climb velocity is v climb = a n&
ls
le
edge
= a 2 n&
this climb velocity can be much larger than the climb velocity of an edge dislocation: v climb
jogs
r
b
eff
v climb
= a 2 n&
vacancies
ls
edge
= v climb
ctg ( )
le
jog
y
kink
x
Kinks:
Kinks do not impede glide of the dislocation in the plane of the kink, on the contrary, double kink
formation can help dislocation to move at < P
A screw dislocation with a kink can glide in a specific glide plane (the glide plane of the kink)
in other planes the kink serves as an anchor point for the screw dislocation
Jogs:
Jogs of screw dislocations have edge character and can only glide along the line movement in
other directions involves climb jogs impede glide and results in the generation of point defects
(mostly vacancies since Evf < Eif)
Generation of kinks and jogs:
Geometrical kinks, thermally activated generation of double kinks
Generation of jogs by absorption or emission of point defects in response
to Fchem (super-/under-saturation of point defects)
Intersection of dislocations
when two dislocations
intersect, each acquires a jog
equal in direction and length
to b of the other dislocation
r
b2
r
b1
r
b1
r
b2
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
ls
r
b
r
b
r
b
r
b
Gb Gb
=
2 R ls
small (atomic) jog: c > 0 screw drags the jog along, creating
a trail of vacancies (or, less likely, interstitials)
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
r
b
r
b
r
b
(3) formation of loops due to multiple cross-slip (e.g., interaction of dislocations with obstacles)
III
r
b
II
II
I
III
II
II
I
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
Orowan mechanism
shear loop is formed
Hirsch mechanism
cross-slip occurs 2-3 times, leading to formation of prismatic loops
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
300
250
Shear stress / MPa
200
150
100
50
0
-50
D.W. Brenner,
L. Sun, and
M.A. Zikry,
NCSU
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
Shear Strain
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei
> Gb/Rmin
University of Virginia, MSE 6020: Defects and Microstructure in Materials, Leonid Zhigilei