Fay Paper

Fourier coefficients of the resolvent
for a Fuchsian group

By John D. Fay at Princeton
Introduction
Central to the work of Maasz, Seiberg and Roelcke on non-analytic automorphic

functions is the kernel of the resolvent Gs k(z, z') for the self-adjoint operator
*~T + ~T~2~)~2ifc.y-r
acting on a Hubert space k of automorphic forms
dx2
dy2)
dx
of weight k e IR. In this paper, we present the basic eigenfunction expansions of Gs k(z, z')
and discuss applications to conditionally convergent Poincare series and series of Dirichlet
type for Fuchsian groups of the first kind, and to the spectral decomposition of * for
groups of the second kind. The outline of the paper is s follows: in l we set up the basic
eigenfunctions of Dk and the spectral decomposition of f>fc for the trivial group, used in the
construction of an automorphic "prime-form" and automorphic functions with prescribed
automorphic eigenfunctions are introduced in 2 and are used to give summation methods
for the classical kernel functions on a compact Riemann surface, s well s for the
construction of an automorphic "prime-form" and automorphic function with prescribed
singularities. The Fourier coefficients of the resolvent at a parabolic cusp are worked out
in 3 and include many special cases of historical interest; the use of the resolvent here
explicates certain multiplicative relations of Hecke type and "expansions of zero" associated
to analytic forms of positive dimension for the modular group. Finally, in 4 we consider
Fourier developments at the hyperbolic fixed-points, including a summation method
for the period matrix of a compact Riemann surface; for a Fuchsian group of the second
kind with a single free side, the continuous spectral measure for k is given in terms of
a Poisson kernel and Fourier coefficients analogous to the Eisenstein series for
horocyclic groups.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Professor A. Seiberg for introducing me
to this subject and for many generous conversations. I am also grateful to D. Niebur for
some informative discussions in connection with 3.
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Fay, Fourier coefficients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group

1. Invariant operators and kernel functions
Let H be the upper half-plane {z e C, Imz>0} with the Poincare metric
and
areal measure
in non-Euclidean polar coordinates

7
9. fV|
z-z 0
Lll
/V
/7 \ p,i0(z, ZD)
f 1^5 Z Q l C
*. - ID
/ , l/ t \
about any point z0 e H. Suppose Tc 93 is a discontinuous subgroup of the group of all

real M bius transformations 90 = SX(2, f?)/ / acting on H, and let f c 5L(2, f?) be the
group covering under the projection SX(2, f?)9W. A multiplier System of weight
k e IR for is a function v* on the group f with the properties:
(i) Vfc (-7) = e~ 2nik and |vk(M)| = l for all M e f
(ii) vfc(MW) = ffk(M, N) v k (M) vk(7V) for M,Nef
where
,(M, JV) = (CMNZ + dMN)~2k(cMNz + dM)2k(CNZ + dN)2k
for M=
ef, and ^*= |^|2ke2ikarg^ with -7r<argH^7i, say. Such a
multiplier System of weight k naturally gives rise to one of weight k + n for any
nel by v fc+M (M) = vfc(M), and to one of weight k by _() = (); also
is unchanged when M is replaced by M, so we can unambigously
define Vk(y)Q2ik*(cz+v f or
any
be the space of all functions f
y e T , yz = -r. For such a multiplier System, let 5k

cz-f-a
n H with
and if D = \/ is the fundamental domain of , define the Hubert space

(1)
* = {/
When functions in gk are lifted to 5L(2, f?), the Casimir operator on SL(2,IR)
becomes the second order differential operator
2
invariant under :

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for any C2-function /(z), and self-adjoint on a dense subspace of k [23], p. 309.
We let k>s denote the eigenspace of Dk in $>k with eigenvalue s(s-l)9 and 5 ktS denote
those/eg k for which Dkf=s(s-l)f except possibly at fmitcly many singularities of
fmite order in D. The case s = k is of particular importance here since ykg(z) e $r k>k if
g (z) is a meromorphic differential on X) of weight k and multiplier System v k :
g(yz) = vk(y) (cz + d)2k g(z),
y e .
Conversely, if /e g k > k , then for any fixed z 0 e// there is a meromorphic Eichler
integral a (z, z0) of degree 2 A: with multipliers vk and a meromohic differential b (z)
of weight \k with multipliers v^ such that
(2)
here b(z) = (z z)2k

r- and the period of a (z, z0) along y e is
dz (z z)
2k
= f
b(t)(t-z)-2kdt.
Likewise, if he^kik+i, there is an Eichler integral (z, z0) of degree 2k with

multipliers v^ and a differential (z) = (z-z)~ 2 k ^(z-z) k /z(z) of weight /c-hl with
3z
multipliers vk such that
(2)'
(-)*() = (^)+ (0(/-z) 2 f c d/.

20
In order to differentiate automorphic forms, we introduce the Maasz operators:
(3)
These operators have the property that

(4)
Kk(y-kg) = Lk(y-kg) = 0
if and only if g is a holomorphic function of z. For any differentiable function/:
so that Kk (resp. Lk) maps differentiable functions in 5k to ^fc+i (resP ftk-i)(6)
Dk+iKk = KkDk
and DkLk+i=Lk+iDk+l
(7)
/)Jk = A+iîk--*(l+ f c ) = k-i L * + fc(fc-l)
and hence, for any 5, ^Tk (resp. Lk) is a bijection from S kjS to 5 k+1 , s (resp. 5k-i,s)
for 5 l -h A:, - : (resp. 5 :, l - fc) ; more generally, if e e 5k>5, repeated use of (7) gives :
(8)
Lk+1...^+A^n-i...^~
r(s-k)r(s + k + n)
'

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For any region U a H and C2-functions /and g with compact support in H,

J gKJ= -tt(gLk+1KJ+TteKkf)[
au
y
u
z];
in particular, if/, g e 5* and A is a C'-function in 5fc+1 with compact support in X>:

(9)
and
(10)
It can be shown [23], p. 308 that Kk (resp. Lk) maps differentiable functions in k to k+1
(resp. fc-i), thereby extending the above identities to/, gei> k and A e k + 1 ; from (8)
and (9), we then see that if { f j 9 j e Z + } are eigenfunctions orthonormal in i>k with
eigenvalues {/l, = sf j 1)} possibly repeated, then
are orthonormal eigenfunctions of Dk+n in i> fc + with the same eigenvalues. By (10), the
discrete spectrum of Dk thus consists of possibly finitely many points of the form
{ = - l)|s= \k\ -/, 0 ^ / S |fc| -y, /an integer}
together with points in the interval (~oo,0] corresponding to Re.s = or csrgl;
these latter points are unchanged when k is replaced by k + n, n e Z. From (8) and (11),
it can easily be shown that if D is compact and {ej9j e I+} is a complete orthonormal set
of eigenfunctions for k, 0 < k < l, with eigenvalues ^-(^ 1), then any /e > k +, w ^ 0 has
the Fourier expansion :
/=
(12)
J=1
"
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
where \lfk+i(z, z') is the reproducing kerael for the eigenspace > k +/,k+i consisting of
)+, an analytic differential of weight k -h /.
Theorem 1. 1. 7f />k/= s(s l)/ m wme annulus A:rl< r(z, z0) < r2 atowi z0 6
then f has an eigenfunction expansion in A :
f(z) f-^^-Y = [c.(z0) P?,k(z, z0) + dn(zQ
v zn z /
= -^
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for suitable Fourier constants cn and dn ; here

||
1-th 2 -
(13)
kn =
for =0, k0= k and F is the Gauss hypergeometric function.
Proof. In the polar coordinates th- e1 =
z-z n
"7 - '
, the operators Kk and Lk become
z z0
=e
(14)
-k
~ + . -n -kth^[
dr
ishr
2\
l
=e
th
and
Using (7), one then fmds:

Z-Zn
(15)
5r2
. J1
ehr d
/%
shr r
1
l
l
2
O
*% ^
sh 2 r 2
L_
'
2
l+chr
Now/(z), a real analytic function of z, z [1], p. 136 in A, has a Fourier development
Zn Z
where by (15), satisfies the differential equation

(16)
2 , 2u
--f- 2
du2
u -l du
-f-
[u2 -l
(w2-!)2
(w+l)(w 2 -!)
<Pn
in w = coshr. So is a linear combination of the two Solutions to (16): the solution

continuous at z = z0 is given in Riemann P-notation by
-k.
l
M
oo
s ; M = ehr (z, z0)
l-
w-l
F s-kn,
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148
while the solution singular at z = z0 is

0
-N
oo
11
oc
h
/
"
2 '
|n|
2
1+M
-H
4 2
whichgives(13).
Since P"tk(z, z0) and i((z, ZQ) are "point-pair" functions depending only on
r (z, z0), we often write them s P",k(r) and s.tW to simplify Dotation, dropping the
superscript n when n = 0. Note that for & = 0, they become, in Standard notation,
the associated Legendre functions |/i|! P,-1"1 (ehr) and
Near r = 0, the functions have the behavior [14], p. 44:
"1
i'ii^chr), respectively.
^
(s-kn)
4(1 +N)
-T-^k'O
(17)
- l)r 2 lnr +
+y
and for || > l:
?+
fcJ(j-fc,-|n|:
4(1-N)
J5L_1 O(r 4 lnr)>.

12 4 J
From (14) and (17), we find the relations

n>\
(18)
-l
where Kk =-
er
-shr
fcth-l.
2
Similar identities hold by (3) for the operator
Lk n =- + f h&th-) = ./__,,, making use of the symmetries for P"tk (s well

U
.r
ss%):
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F ay, Fourier coefficients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group
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As meromorphic functions in s, P"tk and "k have functional equations:
O" M = O" (n +
fef..*W yi-..*W + 4||!sin7r(i + A:)sin7t(5-)
.
r(s + kjr(s-k-\n\)
'
Moreover, from the integral representation of hypergeometric functions :

-*-/2
l
-l
r(s + k)
J/2chw-2chr
L(2kn+ \n\ye iy2 sh^ _ j/chw-chrY^^^ +
where / =
, e" = chr-hshr ch and Res> \k\.
Combining (20) and (21) for n = 0:
825"
shU- |wdw
J
r
J/2chw-2chr
for |fc|<Re5<l -|fc|, which in turn gives the continuous spectral measure (31) for Dk
when \k\<-.
Theorem 1.2. If Dkf=s(s-1)/
coefficients in the expansion
/
in a neighborhood of z0 e H, then the Fourier

oo
0~~
Journal f r Mathematik. Band 293/294

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150
are given by
(23)
g"
(-*-'/()
= 0
for all wÔ. Thus Dk+nfn=s(s-i)fn,
andfne%k+n iffe gfc; in particular, iffe g fc>s is
\ Lcz 4- d \
^ J , iAe the Fourier coefficients
off are given by
Kk<p) (yz0)
-^
(24)
Proof. If A (z) is a real-analytic function of z, z near z = z0, then A has a Taylor

expansion
Z-Zn
z -z
r .i
, where
da+ h
Defining the nih Fourier c nstant of A at z0 by

(25)
Mz0) = *_(z0) =
z z
then for A (z) =/(z) l -4-
and ^ 0,
z n -z
l
w!(z 0 -z 0 ) fc
(z-z^0)\22
l
!
k+n i
Zn
by(3).
This gives the first three equalities in (23), since (, z0) =/(z0) P"i)k(z, z0) by Theorem 1. 1
when/is an eigenfunction; the last equality comes from the identity:
n ^0
for any Cx -function g(z), while the remaining Statements follow from the relations (5)
and (6).
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Fay, Fourier coefflcients of the resolvent for a Fuchsian group
151
Corollary 1. 3. IfDkf= s(s l)/in some non-Euclidean disc Ar ofradius r about z0 e H,

then f has the mean value proper ty:
(26)
where
r
k(r> s) = 2n J shrPs k(r) dr^nr2

i
s r>0.
By taking /(z)=y s in Theorem 1.2, we obtain the integral representation of

r(s+k+\n\)
nn
,_x
/ l-e i9 e V / 1-g 2 V
V 1 - ~ / | -| 2 /
"
o
e "^ T ^dw
__._ _ :/ 1-e'V VI
_r
V l - e - ^ / j |/2chr-2chw '
r
where = th- and ch r sh r cos = e", and this in turn yields the asymptotic formula
w
(27)
f;+.-r.fc(r)=
cosh
l * l//r -4- i T
LV
l f l U
i^ l -L ^""
l \l
2/4
l
vi^r
/9
\4*flM 4iT 1"\
* i ll 41^ f)
vX ll
s | | > oo, for fixed and r bounded away from 0.

For the trivial group, the spectral decomposition of L2 (H) with respect to Dk
is given by an Inversion formula (29) analogous to the Fock-Mehler transform [14],
p. 202inweightA; = 0:
Theorem 1. 4. For anyfixedz e H, the eigenfunctions
z' -z \~k
^l-i,k( z ? z ')e im0(z '' z) , / , m e Z
(28)
are orthogonal under the inner produci (1) in L2(H}. If {e, neZ+} are the functions (28)
orthonormalized, then for any fe L2 (H},
00
(29)
/(z')=
82^
in L2 (H), where
/(^^-^/,,,')
\ z -z /
H

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Fay, Fourier coefflcients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group
Proof. For s e C, z, z' e J and z- = th- ei , sei
&.*(*, *
,_ t f r
By (13), this is an eigenfunction of Dk (resp. Z>_ k ) in z' (resp. z) with eigenvalue s(s 1) =
Z
rs
r
rsi
'~Z\
hm
- e z-zj
,
fg ffk
f (z,
s l 1
z') = -4'-
,x
4nF(2s)
and from (17), gs,fe(z, z') ln|z z'| is continuous at z = z'. Thus for Re5> and
2n
2
,s :=t=0, l , 2, . . .,g s fc(z, z') is the fundamental solution (resolvent) for Dk and is
a well-defined meromorphic functiongA;k(z, z') of A = s(s 1) outside the slit oo ^ A^
l
l
corresponding to Re 5 = . The only poles of gSf k in Re 51 > , corresponding to points in the
discrete A-spectrum, occur at J = |fc| /, / e Z and 0 ^ / < | A:| , where
A=(|fc|
-Res
g A . k (z,z / ) = (2/-2| :H-l) Res
(30)
'
XI*!"1
The hypergeometric function here is a polynomial of degree / i n l th2-; in particular,

for/=0andfc>0
is the Bergman reproducing kernel for weight 2k on H. Likewise, for each />0,
the residue is a projection operator on L2 (H) reproducing the infinite subspace of
L2-functions / satisfying Dkf=-(\k\ l) (\k\ l 1); by Theorem 1. 2, this subspace is the
closure ofthe span ofthe functions (28) with m such that F(\k\km /, \k\ +fcm ^+ M l + M; u)
+ao
k
is a polynomial in w that is, m - + / ^ 0. To prove (29), let Z)fc = J Ad^ be the spectral
l^-l
-oo
resolution of Dk and suppose 92^ -j- are two points in the continuous spectrum
corresponding to siys2 on Re^= and Im^Ô; then by [2], p. 1202, 2 is
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the projection operator

l
2-
^-E^=--T Mm lim f
fet^-SA-i^cU
using the functional equation (20). Thus the continuous spectral measure for Dk is:
(31)
v }
d^
z-z
since decreasing Afg - give increasing Im s on Res = ~; this proves (29). Observe that
4
2
g sk (z, z') deflnes a bounded operator on L2 (H) only if Re^>-, while the domain of
defmition of the unbounded operator gso,k(z, z') at a point on Res0 = is the subspace
of /e L2 (H) for which - JJ/(z)d"A(z, z') is an integrable function of for near
0
ô = ^(^ ~~ ^)
To construct automorphic forms on an arbitrary group from point-pair kernel

functions, we make use of a regularity condition (32) appearing in [24], p. 61 :
Theorem 1.5. Lei g(u) be a continuous function of u>l with a majorant
gi (M) 6 L1 n L2 (l, oo) satisfying the condition: for any (5>0, there is an m( ) e f t +
depending only on such that for all z, z' e H with r (z, z') > <5,
(32)
ft
(ch r (z, z')) m ()
JJ
ft
(ch r (z", z')) [d?] .
r(z",z)<5
iAe series
(33)
/dz\k/dz'Vk
^r(z, *') =
-r-
dz W dz'
y
1
converges for z' yz to a continuous function in L (D) n L2 (X)) in each variable, and
defines a bounded operator L: k > fc by
) = Jf Kr(z, z')f(z) [dF] e

D
/or/e
t . IfDJ=
(34)
s(s -1)/, iAen L/iz1) = A( )/(Z') wi/A
A(J) = 2 J g(ch r) Ps,t(r) d ch r

l

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Fay, Fourier coefficients
ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group
and
,.
,,^ _
sin2ns
^/w^w Sin7c(s+
Res "
(r) /Ae hypergeometric polynomial in (30) :

4/! F(2\k\-2l-\} \ l + c h r /
' ' '
' ' '
' l-hehr/'
These equations hold more generallyfor any kernelg( )for which

\g(chr(Vz'9z))\eLl nL 2 (D),
Proof. For any compact subset B^H, there is a > 0 and finitely many ,..., yN e
such that r(z, yz) > 2^ for all z e 5 and y 6 - {yi,..., yN}. If U0(z) = (j {z'\r(z'9 yz) < }
for any < , then for all ze B,z' e H- U6(z):
(36)
^(5)
JJ
^ m(<5) (l 4- ) ff gi (ch r(z", z')) [d?1 < oo

H
by the hypotheses on & , so the series (33) converges uniformly for z, z' in compact subsets
of H with ' for all y e T . By construction, Kr(z, z')e5_ f c with multipliers vk
(resp. Sk with multipliers vk) s a function of z (resp. z'), and Tr is in L1 (D) in each variable
since gl (u) e L1 (l, oo). From (36) we see that sup \Kr(z9 z')\ < oo for any fixed z e H,
-()
so that
*')i2El-
r(z',z)
JJ
sup
Kr(z9
z'eH-U0(z)
|*r (z, z')| JJ gl (ch r(z, z')) [d7] < oo

H
and L is a bounded operator on Hk. Finally, if /e g fc>s and -rr = th- ei , Theorem l . 2
and the hypothesis on g (u) gives (34) :
JJ Kr(z9 z')/(z)S = JJ^(chr) (
= 2 J g(chr)/(z') Ps,k(r) shr dr = A

o
/ z ' - z \~ k
while the Inversion (35) comes from taking /(z') = l zrr )
V ~~z /
g (ch r (z, z')) in (29).

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Fay, Fourier coefflcients oft he resolvent for a Fuchsian group
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Corollary 1. 6. For any discontinuous group , the series
.\Y , ~~
Z
converges absolutely for Re s > l .

Proof. As r * oo :
^^
so it suffices to show that
yeF
s,o( z >7 z/ ) converges absolutely for R e s > l ; however,
this latter series converges from Theorem l . 5, since (26) gives the regularity condition (32)
oo
and J l s,oWlshrdr<ooby(37).
o
Three examples of integral operators of the form (33) are of particular importance.
First, if we take g(ch r) = s>k (r), then
(*'-*)(*' + *-!)
and by (37) and Theorem 1. 5, the corresponding series
cz +
z yi
yz -
converges uniformly on compact subsets of

{s|Res> l, 5 |/r| / for / a non-negative integer} .
G s>k (z, z') e 5k,s with multipliers vk (resp. 5_ k , s with multipliers vfc) s a function of z'
(resp. z) and
(38)
G,tk(z, z') = GT,k(z', z) = G f ._ k (z', z).
For any Fuchsian group , Gs t (z, z') has an analytic continuation to Re s > , l , l ,
s the kernel of the resolvent for the operator Dk :
(Dk - s(s - 1)) JJ GM(z, z')/(z) [d^l =/(z') ,
t)
where/e k . In addition to possible poles in the critical strip, </ s>k (z, z') has poles at
,5 = & - / > 1 & > 1 , say, and / 6 Z+ u {0}, with residues from (35) :
39
<>
where
is the reproducing kernel for the eigenspace $>k,k-i- The spaces $>k,k-h $>k-i,k-i >&-/,&are all isomohic by repeated application of the Lk operators (8); while the spaces i>
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have reproducing kernels of the form Bk 0(z, z') = (yy')k Bk(z, z') with Bk analytic in z, z',
and hence consist of all y^co e fc with an analytic differential on of weight k and
multipliers vfc. For further discussion of Gs (z, z'} we refer to [3], [16] and [23].
Closely related to Gs k is the operator defmed by
/
2 V +5 ' /
() = 2 Jf l
F\s k,s + k,i; th2- Ishr dr

0
V 1+chr;
'
'
2J
= 4
similar to the kernel considered by Huber in [8]. The corresponding series:
converges for Re^> l by Corollary 1. 6, has the same automorphy and symmetries (38)
s Gsfk(z, z') and satisfies:
Gs,k(z> can be viewed s the continuous part of GSfk(z, z') in the sense that Gs fc(z, z')
is continuous for all z, z' e I), and
(40)
ieeh
V<*.')
has, from Corollary 1. 6, an analytic continuation to Res>0; thus Gs k has the same
singularities s Gs k in Res>0, except for the points s=\k\ />0, / a positive integer.
More generally, when the fundamental domain T> is compact, \k\< and m,nel+,
the series
has a meromorphic continuation through the s-plane with the eigenfunction expansion
(4,) 6X0.0-4*
^.-. . .*-^gi..-. . . . WO
for a complete orthonormal set of eigenfunctions {e^jeZ*} of .>* with eigenvalues

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Finally, we consider the operator exp(fZ>fc) defmed by setting A(5) = es(s~1}i for any
/ > 0 see [15] ; then by (22) and (35) :
(42)
-=-""'
ue
l/2chw-2chr
\2k
je- 2M M/2 sh| + |/ch M - ch r J + e2"" ( J/2 sh| - ]/ch u - ch rY
for any k, where e e sh r = e" ch r + eu/2 J/2chw 2chr. The corresponding series
is the fundamental solution to the heat equation:
and
for any continuous function /e fc. When I) is compact, (39) gives

K,(z9 z'} = Kt(z, z'} +
h(\k\ - /) Bkfl(z9 z') ,
where
"
here, {e/(z)} are the orthonormalized eigenfunctions of Dk with eigenvalues j=Sj(sj 1)^0
for ^. |fc| - /, and ^,(z, z') is an integral operator with kernel gt(r) equal to the integral on
the right hand side of (42). Now s t -+ 0 :
_i
e ^
_ti 2
? we ^2chku
so Jff (z, z) = - -f O (1) and by Karamata's Theorem :

4/
*/()| 2
s A
-^
4
The weight k here is arbitrary, and so from (11) one has more generally for n ^
(43)
(43)'
2Ai+..1.
provided, again, that I) is compact in H.


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2. Singular automorphic eigenfunctions
The classical kernel functions on the Riemann surface \, the automorphic

eigenfunctions with singularities of finite order in T) and the Fourier coefficients of the
resolvent Gsk(z, z'} about any z eH can all be expressed in terms of certain basic
eigenfunctions which we now consider:
Theorem 2.1. For m, n e I and Re s > l, sei
(44)
k+n /
Gtf(z, z') = cy ^ Vjk (y)
(-1)"
-i \k + n
//
Then Gy e 5-fc+m,s w/fA multipliers vk (resp. 5fc+ n ,s wftA multipliers vk) s afunction of z
(resp z'), and ifm, n >
(45)
Gs^(z, 2') = ^^! . ...,^., . . . AJC Ifk (z, z')
u>#A ' denoting differentiation

by L ifm orn<0. Finally,
(46)
with respect to z'; similar equations hold with K replaced
p v f J Gjy (z, z') (Z) t _ M - 5(5- l))/(z) fd^l = (- 1)"+'C*"I' + l ' /+.(^')
real-analytic function /eJ5 f c _ m wiYA multipliers vk arf compact support in I);

herefm+n e 5k+
. Observe first that, by Corollary 1.6, the series for G'kn(z,z') converges
2 \Resl
- - :
l+ch/7 J
s r > oo by defmition (13). The automorphy properties of G*(z,z') s well s (45)
follow from the invariance properties (5) and (6) of the K operations and the relations
between the functions QlStk(r) s given by repeated use of (18). To prove (46), observe first
that if /, g e %k have compact support in X) and are real-analytic except possibly at one
point z0 e I), where the corresponding Fourier developments in non-Euclidean polar
coordinates are
-'
and
/r_r'\fc
Z
then (14) and Stokes' Theorem give the "bilinear relation" :
(47)
Jf
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for any non-Euclidean disc Ur of radius r about z', not an elliptic fixed point of .
Applying this formula, we get from (10), (25) and the singularity (17) of Qns,k(r) s r > 0:
p v fj Gtf(z, z'} (Dk_m-s(s- l))/(z)[<h]
D
When z' is an elliptic fixed point of order 7VeZ + , G'kn(z, z') has the singularity
NcQ~+(r) s r(z, z') > 0, and the above argument, with Ur a non-Euclidean sector
of angle - about z', again yields (46).
The eigenfunctions in Theorem 2. l have the symmetries:
(48)
oft" (z, z') = Gs";^(z', z) = G^\u(z, z') = G^"- "(*', z)
(49)
^"G-'^Xz, z') = <#.' 5"."(, ')
and
for any m', AI', A:' such that m + n = m' + ' and fc + w = fc' H- w ; . In particular, for A:, ^ 0 :
and
- (j - k) (s + k - 1) Gs,k(z, zf) = ,*', ^) = ,1! (^ ^ ,

which analytically express the relations between the spectra and reproducing kernels for
the eigenspaces of Dk, Dk+n
_ fc..
+n and Dl _
Though G'kn(z, z') is originally defmed only for Res> l, the analytic continuation
of Gsm'k"(z, z') to the left of Res> l will follow from that of G s , k (z, z'), since the Gs"V(z, z')
can be viewed s the Fourier coefficients of Gsk(z, z'} at points in H:
Theorem 2. 2. For m,neZ and z0 e H not an elliptic fixed point /, sei
z-z 0_\k+n
l
Z
~Z
- i( + w)0(zo, z)
Then the resolvent has an eigenfunction expansion about z0 :
(50)
z -z

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where
k
z 0 z
\~
\rn\\ \\\
./ m , n / _ \ pm /_ \~im0(z,z 0 )
2Vs.fc VZo) * s , - k l z zo)e

m=-oo
\cz 0 + d
is afunction in S m + with multipliers v m+n = l and symmetries:

r
. The first expansion (50) will follow from (44) and the "addition theorem":
(50)'
n <,,,(*^\^1*-
^ z- z
=
for r(zr, z0) < r (z, z0). However, by (18) and (19):
n!
~fc
for >0, and this proves (50)' by Theorem 1.2. From the relations (45), (48) and
Theorem 1.2 again, we get (51) and (52), where ( ) =
lim (%V(Z> zo)
\m\\ \n\ ! Z-+ZQ
is a function in $m+ since for any y e :
Recall that on a compact Riemann surface M with a given canonical homology

basis Al, Bl9 . . ., Ag, Bg, one can choose a differential of the second kind (, ) with
a double pole along = and zero ^4-periods; the 5-periods 2()= J (, Q give
k
rise to a normalized basis of holomorphic differentials vv , . . . , vg with
J ^,
AJ
f ^. = 0
l^/,y^g,
BJ
and (Imtfj) a Symmetrie positive definite matrix. For any , b e M, the differential
(53)
b.e(z) = fa>(z,0-2
i (Im )^1^. (z) Im J

i,j=l

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Fay, Fourier coefficients of the resolvent for a Fuchsian group
161
has purely imaginary A and 5-periods, and simple poles of residue 1 at a and b.
If we define the Bergman kernel
(54)
*(z,0
71
i,j=l
then 2i JJ B(z, )/\() = () for any holomorphic differential v(z). In contrast, the
M
Schiffer-kernel:
(55)
0(,0
has the property that p - v JJ (, ) v(z) = 0 for any holomorphic differential v (z);
near = , (z, Q has the Laurent development
(56)
(, 0= *
+-L5(z)+^ r y(z)(C-z) + o(C~z) dzd
|_ (-z)
6
12
J
where 5(z) is a holomorphic projective connection on M. These functions can, in turn,

all be derived from a single automorphic "prime-form", first suggested by A. Seiberg in
the following context:
Theorem 2.3. If is a Fuchsian group with Area >< + oo, the resolvent for weight
k = 0 and trivial multiplier System v = l has, at s = l, the Laurent development:
l./
(57)
wftA = 2/AreaT). êre P(z, z'), determined only up to a constant of absolute value l,
is a holomorphic automorphic form of weight in z' vanishing if and only if z' = yz
for some y e and satisfying
P(z, yz') = (7, z) (cz' + ^)2 P(z9 z'), 7 e
with In e(y, z) 0 purely imaginary harmonic function of z. For any flxed a, b 6 D,
^-
In P(w, z) is a harmonic function in w for any fixed z e t). 7%is automorphic

"prime-form" P (z, z'), normalized to have derivative l at z' = z (not an elliptic fixed-poinf),
has the Taylor expansion near z:
(58)
fnZ'Z)
z'

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Proof. Since s=\ is an isolated point of the discrete spectrum, we can write
2(?5,0(,') = ^
( Z ?
+*0(z,z') + 0(S-l)
where - -(, z') (Area >)~ l is the kernel for the projection of 0 on the constants,
2
and I/O(Z> z ) defines the operator inverting D = y2A on the orthogonal complement
2
of the constants in >0. Thus G (z, z') = ^0(z, z') ln(j>/)x is a real biharmonic function
of z, z' with a logarithmic pole at z' = yz for e ; and if we set
P(z, z') = c(z, z0) exp J 2 - - (z, z') dz', where c(z, z0) = q exp G (z, z0)
for any constant ci of absolute value l, then P (z, z') is independent of the path from
z0 to z' and is analytic in z', vanishing whenever z' = yz for some y e . The remaining
properties of P(z, z') come from the automorphy of Gs 0 . To establish (58), we write,
using(50)(52):
z z
= ~ ln z -z
lim {Gs,0(z, z') - iAsb

(m, M) (0,0)
where
r 7 4- // \ w
N! N;
ls=l
yz 0 -z 0
Now
+ 0(5-1),
and from (5l) and (57):

-i)
17
.z)
+ 0(5-1).
So the above limit becomes

1
Rein
(z
~*o) "'
(a
m= l
(am,
m, n = 1
with M = -z^-, w r = ;^-; (58) now follows by taking z = z0.

z-z,
z -z,
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One can recover the constant term in (57) from the differentials of the third kind (53),
by means of Roelcke's formula [22], p. 31:
[area(D)]2 ln/y *|(, z')\ = JJJJ In
P(a, z') P(z, b)
=M/
a consequence of (53)' and the fact that
fj ln/y"|P(z, ')|[3 = 2 JJ |~Gf(z, zV-^r][d7] = 0.
D
"H1 -SJ J
D L
Also, the multiplier System (7, z) for P (z, z') can be described in terms of periods of
the differentials _ s follows : for simplicity, assume that the Riemann surface M = \//
is compact with generated by 2g hyperbolic elements Ai9 Bi, . . ., Ag9 Bg corresponding
to a canonical homology basis on M. Then for any basepoint e X> :
i
here ai9 bt are purely imaginary harmonic functions of satisfying the relation
(2g - 2) [ - fl(0 - 6(Q] = - 2
ve
(E
in the Jacobi variety of M, with ( the canonical divisor of any differential on M.

2'
This is a direct consequence of Abel's Theorem, since P(z, z') 20 ~ 2 /exp(2g--2) J 2 _
is a multiplicative holomorphic differential on M with a zero of order 2g 2 at z' = (.
When area D= + oo or the multiplier System v l, there are no constants in $}0>
and one can write
(59)
4(?5>0(, z')|s=1 =1(, z') P2(z, z'),
where the In Pi are holomorphic (resp. harmonic) functions of z' (resp. z), with simple
zeroes when z' = 7z for 7 e and with the automorphy property
lnP 1 (z,yz') = v(y)lnP 1 (^^)
for harmonic in z. P2 satisfies a similar relation and Pt(z, z') = P2(z, z') if and only
if v is a half-periodthat is, v2 (7) l for all 7. For, say, I) compact and z e D fixed,
a
(7)
dz'-1(,=
yer
z-z
/4Îm7z/X5~1
s=l
is the unique Prym differential with multipliers v in z', having a simple pole of residue l
at z' = z and such that
1(, z') o>(z')djc'd/5=0,
z X)
for any hololOhic Prym differential (z') with multipliers v.

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Theorem!. 4. For a group with ) = \ compact, let en(z, v)e 1 ? e Z + ,

~
be a complete orthonormal System of eigenfunctions of D^ with eigenvalues sn(sn 1) and

-
multiplier System v of weight ; assume further that there are no holomorphic half -or der
differentials on X) with multiplier s v that is, ^ . Then the series
-2L,
has a meromorphic continuation through the s-plane with (,'} the Szeg kernel for
i
the multiplier System v: this is the unique antisymmetric half-order differential with
multiplier s v (resp. v) in z' (resp. z) and a simple pole ofresidue l at z' = z, and such that for
any C half Order differential \j/(z) with multiplier s v:
. If there are no holomorphic forms of weight with multipliers v, the

resolvent G , z'} is holomorphic at s = - by (2); so from (4) and the symmetries (49):
s,-j
2
'~^ K' G
,'
is analytic in z and z' when 5 =, with a singularity -- s z ' >z. However,

L
2.\ z)
by (44) and Corollary 1.6:
2ni(yy')
G1-(z,z')

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Fay, Fourier coef cients of the resolvent for a Fuchsian group
\ 65
is analytic in Res>0 and vanishes at s = -; so, s in (40), <ps(z, z') has a meromorphic
continuation in s with automorphy and reproducing properties of
given by Theorem 2. 1. To establish the eigenfunction expansion, observe that

' [<ps(z, z')- (?! (z, z')} 6 ),
for all s,
so that by Theorem 1.2:

//Kfe zr)-9l(z9 z'))ej(z9 v)
7S
r \T
1/
.4w v-) i T
"1
J h) ^
_
if the argument of e,(z', v) is chosen so that i K ^(z', v) = ( j.-

l ^-(z', v) by (11).
-"i
\ 2
Here we have made use of the identity :
2
(60)
,-tV,2
for Re s' > Re s and (a)m = ( + m)/ ().

The Fourier development of the Szeg kernel at z e // (not an elliptic fixed point)
is given by Theorem 2. 2 :
=

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166
Fay, Fourier coef cients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group
where
!
yz-z
In particular, letting z' z we see that
y Mw s=
is the holomorphic differentia1 on \:
1|f|"l
z'-z Z Z
A- \
0M H
[v](0)
for a suitable choice of Riemann theta-function
a i n Cv]
n
f
2^
(0)v(
v-v fyv
for the Jacobi variety of .
As observed by A. Seiberg, the Riesz-means of suitable series can be used to

construct kernel functions on \//; for this purpose, we introduce the point-pair
counting function
(6l)
n(z,z')=y(l+chr(z,z')) =
Iz'-zl 2
Theorem 2.5. Lei {e, ^1} be the orthonormal eigenfunctions of D0=y2A with
eigenvalues s(s 1) 0 andmultiplier System v = l for a Fuchsian group with I) compact;
then the function
J
/Îmyz'V- 1
,tr (cz' + d)2 (yz '-z) 2 V|yz'-z| 2 J
dz
dz'
hos a meromorphic continuation through the s-plane with Fi (z, z') the Bergman kernel (54).
For fixed z, z' e T), 5(z, z') ca fte summed by the Riesz-means oforder for any a > l:
5(z,z')=lim-
K
>00
M(z,yz')^R
2 1
^-z) v
(z,yz')Y
(z,z')wi/e/zn^^(61).
Proo/. The meromorphic continuation and eigenfunction expansion is proved
exactly s in Theorem 2. 4, making use of (60). To show convergence of the Riesz-means,
we need an estimate of Fs(z, z') in Res < l. Now from (l 1) and (43), if Sj = -h itj
de,
dz dz'
while on the other band

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Consequently, for z, z' fixed in 1) and s = + i with > fixed and oo:
+4
dz
J=l
1
=-+s=r i
dz'
-l-l
(62)
t +l
=0
Now recall that, in general, if the sequence u is increasing to + oo and
where * oo and ^ 0 for some fixed 0 < l , then
lim A 1 1--^ ./(l)

for > 7 ^ 0; this is a direct consequence of
(63)
2 c_J ioo
0
shifting the contour of Integration past Rec = 0see [5], p. 53. The theorem now follows
from this fact by taking un = u(z, z') in a suitable counting of y e T and, from (62),
a' = 2 , where ( 1) is greater than the largest non-zero eigenvalue of D0.
The integral (63) can also be used to give a summation method for the Green's
function of a Fuchsian group with I) compact:
Theorem 2.6. I f P ( z , z') is the prime-form (57) for the multiplier system v = l:
(64)
, z')|= lim <xln +
In
yz'-z
'-
l
2R
for = 2 /area D, while if P, (z, z') are given by (59) for the multiplier system v l:
(64)' -lnP1(z,z')P2(z,z')=\im
R-> oo
v(y) In
yz'-z

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1 68
Proof. By (40) and Theorem 2. 3 :

4nT(2s}
>
1
2,
S
yer
has an analy tic continuation to Re 5 > 0 with a value at 5 = l given by
I7 ~ l
where = 2/area I) and a0 (z, z') = lim < (/s 0 (z, z') -
yz -z
yz -z
. On the other hand,
arguing from (41) s in (62),

), <7>yfixed, -> oo;
and so from (63) with = l,
if.-4)-4r
i
R l 2
M(Z, yz')^
= Res
w0o(z,
v
w
'
z')7
ri w - 1
+ - f(jww 0o(z,
z')
' v '
where is the contour joining the points 0 /oo, 0 /, ', 4- /, 0 4- ', 0 4 /

for 0 > l and 1 so small that (j w>0 is analytic on [, 1). Letting = 1+ > oo for
a fixed >0, we get (64); the proof of (64)' is similar, except that now (j w>0 ( z > z/ ) ^s
analy tic at w = 1.
Theorem 2. 7. For n > 0 am/ a^y a > ,
J_
l o
s = 1 ~ 2ni ~d^
y'
lim
s a function of z in 5, o aw^ a meromorphic differential in z' with a pole of order n 4-1 at

z' = z. For any points z l 9 . . . , z p e D am/ positive integers l 9 . . . , p, fAe differential of
l
is exaci //ai/ only ifthe holomorphic differential
thesecondkind CjG?i>l(zj9zf)
7=1
s=l
(65)
forallz'el).
l jG,T^1(^
s=l

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Proof. As in (62) G +it?k (z, z') = (2-") for fixed e (~, l | and z, z' e D so that,
by (40), Ga+it, ^ (z, z') = (1 "} for z z'; thus from (49), Theorem 2. 2 and the asymptotic
estimate(27):
2
= (-!)"
Z Zn
has a meromorphic continuation to Re5>0 with "'+()(, ') = (+3
) for fixed
e ( , l and r(z, z')> r(z0, z') bounded away from 0. Now the series of Dirichlet type:
<%(^')=^
-4(25)
/ y z ' - z Wl
4j>/
.,_
M (z, yz')l-s
/ cz'+d \ / z-yz'
F\s l, 5 , 2s;
l
-l
M(Z, yz')
has a meromorphic continuation to Re s > 0 with
_ -4
s=l
s=l
In order to estimate Go in Re^< l, observe that for r = l/w(z, yz') near 0,

|F(j-l,,y-/i,2j;i;)-l| =
3l
One concludes, then, that
for fixed in (, l ; and this, together with (63), gives the Riesz sum for G^.
The other expression for Gsn;<5 comes from Theorem 2. 3, (53)' and the definition (55) of
the Schiffer kernel. Finally, by (45):
s=l
s=l
and the right-hand sum, a harmonic function of z', is actually analytic in z' if and only if
nj0
which gives (65), since G~n0>l(z, z')

Theorem 2. 3.
-i
= 0,
,z') by (54) and

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The principal-parts condition (65) has appeared in the work of Poincare and
Petersson [21], p. 48 and can be used to give meromorphic functions on = \
with prescribed singularities. For instance, suppose M has genus g, z l 5 z 2 , . . . , zg, z g+1 =
are g + 1 generic points on M and cl (), . . . , cg(Q, cg+ () =-- are constants for which
J> z>) vanishes identically in z'; setting
Z-~z
the holomorphic differential
j=i
9+1
s=l
.7=1
1
s-l
0+1
^./^
^'t j = l
r
yz'-z
ye
s=l
then/(z', C) /(, ) is by Theorem 2. 3 a meromorphic differential in with simple poles

at C = z', and a meromorphic function of z' with poles at z1? . . ., zg9 and vanishing
at zf = a the so-called "Cauchy-kernel" for the divisor a, z l 5 . . ., zg9 . Alternatively,
if one instead picks a single non-Weierstrass point z (not an elliptic fixed point) and
constants ci9 . . ., cg+i such that
2
(65)'
.KJ>
'-z)
g+i
s=l
ff+1
= i
m=l
in the local coordinate w = ;~9 then using Theorem 2. 2 again,

g+l
cnGs%(z,z')
is a meromohic function of z' with a pole of order g + 1 at z' = z, the higher genus
analogue of the Weierstrass p-function; here the Fourier coefficients \!/"IQ (z), given by (51)
at s = l, satisfy the relations
for all m ^ l analogous to the "expansions of zero" for the Fourier coefficients at
parabolic cusps ( s in Theorem 3. 8). More generally one has
Theorem 2. 8. For any positive integer n and weight k>Q, sei
and
z z
rz ~"~~ z
& defined by (51) /or /ry Fuchsian group. Then for any
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p
nl9...9npeZ+ and constants c{;e C, A(z', z) = ^.(',) w meromorphic Eichler
i=l
integral in z' ofweight - k and multipliers vk9 with a single pole atz' = zeT) and with periods
= J B(t, z) (f-z') 2 k df ,
y-'z
P
', ) = Cibni(z'9z) is a holomorphic differential

i=l
in z' of weighi k + l and
multipliers vk. In particular, A (z1, z) is actually a meromorphic differential ofweight -k if

B(z\ z)==Qon T> that is, if
forallmeZ* .
Proof. The resolvent Gs,k(z', z) and all functions iAsT(z) are analytic at s = k + 1 > l,
so by Theorem 2. 2 we can write
_(-!)!
(2: + + 1)
m>0
where we have made use of the functional equation (20) :
On the other hand, from (2) we have the decomposition :

(z'-z')k G%t(z', z) = a(z', z) + $ b(t, z) (t-z')2kdt
Z
where a(z', z) is a meromorphic Eichler integral in z7, and 6(z', z) is the analytic form
ofweightfc + 1 in z':
b(z', z) = (z'-z')- (l ~ 1 KiG^"ltk(z', z)
'!
using the relations (18). The theorem now follows from the fact that
~k
since both sides of the above equation are continuous functions in S*+i,k with the same
behavior (17) at z' = z.
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3. Horocyclic groups
In this section, we assume that is a Fuchsian group of the flrst kind, containing
a parabolic subgroup ^ generated by the transformation Iz = z +1, with corresponding
fixed point /oo e >. Using a Separation of variables, it is easily seen that any eigenfunction
/(z) 6 g fc>s , with l 2s + and l sk$ Z+, has the Fourier expansion:
00
-=-
fcn,sJ
for some constants cn and dnn, where k = k
fc,sj
and vk(T) = e2iti* with 0< < l; here

|n|
~~
_ r
(67)
==e
^^(^-/^; 2s; /)
1 (0
and
are two linearly independent Solutions to Whittaker's differential equation
(68)
^~
For 0, the Whittaker function has the integral representation [14], p. 431
, jejM .
.f
.
d 2 PF 5(5-1) ,
t
t
When = 0,
the differential
equation tbecomes t 72 =
^ W\ and we make
the
ay
y2
convention that in this case, M i and W 1 are to be replaced by y8 and yl s
respectively. Observe that
(70)
1 () = 6
^^-
_t
, W
_t
(0 = e
^(""z)
1
and
M
x
/
(;)
v; = +
2 4 V/ !
2
o,s-i
-lV /
in terms of the modified Bessel functions / and K. We will also make frequent use of the
asymptotic behavior [14], p. 317:
(7l)
iiO**
s i-*0
PP
,(0e V
s i^ +00.
, sj
,-jr

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From these formulas and the intertwining property (6) of the operators Kk, we see that
= t
KkM
.(t)
(72)
n<0.
Similar relations hold for the operators Lk, using (3), and these can be used to give the
Fourier expansions of all the Singular eigenfunctions from that of Gs k .
Theorem 3. 1. For y' > y, the resolvent has an eigenfunction expansion
(73)
<?..*(*,*') = Fn(z9s)W
n-*eZ
1 (4||/)
*,*-
-'
where the nth Fourier coefficient isgiven by

Fn(z,s)=-~
4
with the convention that when = 0, the constant term in (73) is
S
\-2s
E_k(z, s) = lim Fx(z, s) W
, (4nxy')
v 1-5
Proof. From (71) and the boundedness (36) of Gsk(z, z')

a Fourier development of the form (73) with
FH(z,s) W
1 (4||/) =
*.s-i
s z ' ioo, Gs fc has
(; 5 ,,(, 2 ')6- 2 ^''

o
=-0
yz
=
where
Now D_kF(z,s) = s(s-\)F(z, s) so that ^(,) is, for fixed />0, a solution to
Whittaker's equation (68) with // = & and = 4||. But by (37),
,hm, -.,,
Vfry)-^

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making use of the representation (69); so from the behavior (71) of M

fc,S-T
i (t)
s / > 0,
we conclude
4n\n\
which gives (73). When n = = 0, we get (73)' by noting that

lim M
,(4) W
.(4/) =
x-o fcn,s-jv ' k n ,s-j v
from (67).
Setting s = kin (73) and making use of (70), one has :
Corollary 3. 2 (Petersson). The reproducing kerne l for the Hubert space of cusp forms
ofweight k > l is
Bk(z, z')=y-ky'-k(\-2k) ResGSik(z, z')
s-k
-l-oo
()62"12' = (2:-1)
is the differential ofweight k generating the nth Fourier coefficient:

-f oo
'
e2"'"' => = y2kf(z)
/(z)=
P(z)
From Theorem 2. 3, we can give a version of Hecke's summation formula [6],

p. 469:
Corollary 3. 3. The Eisenstein series for weight k = 0 has a Laurent development
ats=\\
71
l_2j
uv
-'-'
i (l -5)
x = 2n/AreaD o/ii/ P(z,z') is the prime-form (57); here P(/oo, z) zj (multiplicative) analytic differential ofweight with a zero only at zoo and satisfying:
(74)
6
-7-^.
J ^T =-r-+- -taP(/oo, z).
2
2s 2
12/
I>-
Proo/. If y'>y, (57) and (73)' give:

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Now by Green's Theorem, 7=J ln|P(z, z')|dx' is independent of / if y'>y, and hence
o
I=ln\P(z, /oc)| = ln|P(/oc, z)| from the properties of P(z, z'). (74) comes from the fact
that K0E0(z, s) is an eigenfunction of D^ with singularity sy* s y oo, and so must
actually be sEl (z, s).
In order to Fourier develop the coefficients Fn(z) e 3Lkf 5, we defme the Kloostermann
sum for the multiplier System vk by
(75)
Sh(m, n,c}=
vk(y) e2"11
Here yz = - is taken in ^ \/ so that d, a and b are only determined up to an

integer multiple of c which, nevertheless, makes Sk(m, n, c) a well-defmed function of c.
Since[13],p. 115
the Kloostermann sums satisfy

(75)'
e~27d*Sk(m, , c) = S_ k (-/i, -m, c) = Sk(, m, c).
Theorem 3. 4. 77ie Fourier coefficients in Theorem 3. l Aaue a eigenfunction expansion
(76)
(-
c>
o ^
2nimx
1(4n\m\y)e
-km,s%
provided ; here km k, Sk(-m,n,c) is the Kloostermann sum (75) and the

branch ofI2s-i is chosen so that
-*
4n\mn\
mn<0.
When x = the Fourier coefficients have the expansion:
c>0
(76)'
%
c>0
?
C
o^d<
M)
*("T:
C

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fay, Fourier coefficients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group
Proof. Using Theorem 3. l, defme the eigenfunction

Hn(z)=-4n\n\-
Fn(z,s}-M
^n^
fc,s-i
F(s-kn)
= '
where ' denotes summation over y = (
^)()\ with oO. Now H(z)>0
z /oo so that by (66)

Hn(z)=
cr
where the Fourier coefficients are given by
=
e
, v fc (y)e
f M
. 4. h
Sk(~~m> .
00
Here r =
in the class of
1(77);
^, Sk(m,n,c) is the Kloostermann sum (75) independent of a and
*\
6 ^ \F/Fao, and
(,^)=
f M
l>
^ ^
i im
is a solution of Whittaker's equation (68) for = fcm and i = 47i|ra|>>. Integrating (77)
/ ry \ ar e one
by parts and using (68) and the behavior (71) of M
r ) ^ l *>
t l ^
r2
[5 S
Jr2
so that (r, y) = i/(;;) ]/r I2s-i
( r l
\"\ y
'
for a constant d(y) found by letting r > 0
in (77), making use of (71) and the integral formula (69):

r(2s)
nmn
s-1
[ here the branch of ( - )

V
\nmnj
is the same s that of 72s_ t l r]

[V M / J
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177
Combining the above formulas, we conclude

n,m=
_
c f
v

Sk(-m9n, c)~ -
' J-L
oo c
l r(s-kj \mn
^ 4
which gives (76). The expansion (76)' is similarly proved.

For reference, we combine (73) and (76) :
Corollary 3. 5. When the multiplier System is unramified at /oo (t hat is, = 0),
the resolvent has a Symmetrie eigenfunction expansion ofthe form
(78)
G,.(z, ^') = >

S k (0,0,c)
fcms
for all z z' in I). //ere /Ae Singular pari is given by:
It should be pointed out that special cases of the Fourier development (76) have
appeared in the literature over the past forty years, especially in connection with the forms
of positive dimension and the Poincare series (Petersson). Moreover, the expansion (76)
in weight k = 0 has been given by D. Niebur [17] who recently has found a new
explanation for the appearance of Bessel functions in (76).
Let us denote the Fourier coefficients ofthe Eisenstein series Ek(z, s) by
r
*'"v-'
* * -^Sk(0,n9c),
r(s + kn) C f 0 c
and

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Seiberg [24] has shown (see [4], [10] or [16]) that the series Ek(z,s) has a meromorphic continuation to the entire s-plane with the property that along
Res = , -E_k(z, l s)Ek(zf, s)ds gives the continuous spectral measure in the
2
spectral decomposition of ?>k for a group with one cusp. This latter fact implies
the functional equation
(79)
Gs,k(z,z')-G1s,k(z,z') = -T-Ê_k(z,
\-s)Ek(z',s)
whence
Ek(z', s) = Ek(z'9 l-j)^ f 0 (y),
^,(1- <*,(*) = 1
and
For further properties of the Eisenstein series Ek(z, s), we refer to Roelcke's paper [23],
10 13. From (67) and (79) one also has a functional equation for the Fourier
constants in (76) :
Corollary 3. 6. For m-l-, e I and m, n 0, the series
(80)
has a meromorphic continuation over the complex s-plane with functional equation
when = 0, and has one cusp. In Res^, (l 2s) Zs(m, n) has simple poles at points
ofthe discrete spectrum ofDk with residues the (m, n)th Fourier coefficient ofthe reproducing
kernelfor the corresponding eigenspaces. In particular, the reproducing kernet for the Hubert
space ofanalytic cuspforms ofweight k> has the Fourier development:
m, n > 0
where m , Z and by (39) and (70),

s=k
-2k) Z.(-m9 n) (4nm)k (4nn)k
<4)2~
k-1 f
(mri)
(2k-l)
vmn
00

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When the weight k , the resolvent will have a double pole at s = only if
there are analytic cusp forms of weight (for the given multiplier system), and in this case
l
/ ]//wi\l
_
5 1 (, / )=-2/ mes $(, ^ c) J2s__l 4-- IV e2fdm2 e2**"'
T
m , n > 0 L=4
c>0
/J
The residue of G l(z, zf) at 5 = - will be non-zero in the unramified case = 0 only
s,-z
2
if "t ( z, - l 0, and this in turn depends on whether the constant term
2
T \
{ J is l
T'\2/
or -l (see [20] and [23], p. 306). When the weight k<~- and = 0, the eigenspace $^k
may give rise to analytic forms which are not cusp forms; in this case, the Eisenstein
series Ek(z, s) has a simple pole at s = l k, and
_ k (z, k) Res k(z', 5) = _ k (z, k) Ek(z', k) Res ^ 0 (j)
s = l -k
s= l -k
is the reproducing kernel for the orthogonal complement of the cusp forms in the eigenspace i>k fc (when has one cusp). Hence (39), together with the functional equation (79):
(l-2A;)ResG s k (z, z') = (2fc-l) Res Gs k(z, z')-E_k(z, k) Res
s=k
'
s=l-k
'
s=l~
gives the reproducing kernel for the cusp forms in k k .

From the estimate / 2s ~i 4 c
2 -
- . - for c large, one sees
that the series

ir Sk(-~m> n> c) has a meromorphic continuation in 5 with the same
oo c
poles s --~Zs(m,n) in Res>0; the behavior of this series has been discussed
r(s-kn)
by Seiberg in [25]. For arithmetical groups, the functions Zs(m,ri) in addition will
satisfy certain relations of multiplicative type:
Theorem3. 7. When is the group S L (2, Z) and v k = l for an even integer k, the
Fourier constants \l/k,n(s) andZs(m, n) satisfy.
d*-1^*)-
\d|n
d|(m,n
and
(81)
/or m, n > 0.
Z,(m,n)= -^ Zf
d|(m,n)

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F ay, Fourier coefflcients of the resolvent for a Fuchsian group
Proof. For each e Z + , we consider the Hecke operators acting on functions

Wir.-
ad = n
As is well-known, these operators are Hermitian on the spaces fc for even k, and they
all commute with each other s well s the operators Dk. Now if Fm(z) e$_k sis the Fourier
coefficient (76) for m > 0, we have, in the notation of Corollary 3.6:
and so
:i,
rnn
\ _
mn
2 1:
'
where P=j2~> By examining the singularity s y > oo, we see that this function in S- fcjS
must coincide with
ofW
~7^() Comparing the constant terms and the coefficients
d\(n,m) d
-yr
1 in both expressions, one finds the relation for \l/kt m and
!L z (-??-,
} = i ~s
z/,?
r f ? "* i ^L-
*K.|p|)
d|(.m) d
mn
j
whichgives(Sl).
Taking the residue of (81) at a point s in the discrete spectrum of Dk, we get
multiplicative identities for the Fourier coefficients of the reproducing kernel for the
corresponding eigenspace, which reduce to the famili r ones in the analytic case s = k:
note, for instance, that when s = k = 6 and m, n > 0:
(mn)-6 t(m) ()= -11 (4)12 ff/ 2 |4(z)| 2 [dz] ResZ s (-m, n).
D
s=6
The expansion (76) together with (2) and (72) also explains the relation between
Poincare series of positive dimension and the so-called "expansions of zero" (see [9], [18]
or [11], Ch. IX). For example, one has the well-known expansions of RademacherPetersson:
TheoremS. 8. With Zs(m,n) de ned by (80) for a multiplier system vk of weight
k ^ 0, sei
an(z)=
(2-*+1(/5,)62*--^
/>o
J + xeZ

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and
>0
where n E Z, n>0 and (5 = 1 if = 0 and 0 otherwise. Then for any constants

P
Ci, . . ., cp,A(z) = Cian.(z) is a meromorphic Eichler integral with periods
=
B(z') (z'-z) 2 k dz'
y-îoo)
where B(z)= ^ni(z) is an analytic differential

i=l
of weight k+l with multipliers vk.
A (z) is actually a differential of weight k with multipliers vk if and only if B (z) = 0, which
holds ifand only if:
p
c
-^
i=l
1/,
00
for all m > 0, m e Z.

Proof. Let Fn>_k(z, s) = F_n>k(z, s) e 5-*,s be the coefficients (76) with multipliers
v_ f e = vk. Then Fn _ k (z, j) is holomorphic ats = k+l^l and (2) gives
i oo
for n > 0 where a(z) is a meromorphic Eichler integral with periods

_
2k
00 - v*(y) an(yz) (cz + d) =
v '(>')
6(z') (z' - f) 2fc dz' ,
and b(z) is the differential of weight k + l with multipliers v t :

Res F_ f c + 1 (z, s)
s = k-l!
using the relations (72). Now let ZStk(m, n) be the series (80) viewed s a function of s and k,
so that for m ,
Then by Theorem 3. 4,
4||
Z^-M -n) W
which, with (70), gives the series for b(z) since

I > _ l k _ 1 (/,-)
for /,

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The series for an(z) is a consequence ofthe expansion:

= (4nlyrkZk+1,k(l,n)e2ilz+ Zk+1.k(l9n) W
if n>0
Q-nik
l+2fc
4||
.(4n\n\y)e
2ltinx
if <0,
together with the relation

-W
x + iy
.(4nly)elKilx(z-z)k = f
k,k+i
.(4nly')e2"ilx'(z' -z)2k (z' -z')-"'1 dz'
t+l.ft-t-j
for / > 0. Finally, if A (z) is a differential of weight fc, J ^(^') (X z)2* dz' is an analytic
ioo
differential of weight k<0 bounded s z MOO and hence identically vanishes; the
expression (80) for Zk+i( l,ri) then gives the vanishing series for the Fourier coefficients
For each n > 0 in Theorem 3. 8, the analytic differential bn(z) = ie~nik(8nri)~l~k Pn(z\
where Pn(z) is the Poincare series of Corollary 3. 2 in weight k + l ; in particular, when k = 0
one obtains a principal-parts condition (Petersson) for construction of automorphic
functions :
Corollary 3. 9. Lei an(z) and bn(z), n e Z + , be given by Theorem 3. 8 for the trivial
multiplier system vk = l in weight & = 0, and suppose cl9 . . ., cg+1 are constants for which
the holomorphic differential
g+i
0+1
i=l
i=l
^^Wi(z) = 0 on I). Then ciani(z) & a automorphic
l ^ + 1 cfunction, holomorphic on >, with a singularity - ~ e

4
=1
2 2
" '.
When we write down the classical kernel functions from (78) at s= l, the expansions
can then be pulled back to the compact Riemann surface M = F\/f by means of
the polymorphic function z on M. More explicitly, suppose M is a compact Riemann
surface of genus g punctured at a point p e M, so that ^ \// for a free group on
2g generators Al9 Bl9..., Ag, Bg, with îî^t 1Bil a parabolic transformation T
corresponding to the loop about p e M. If we assume T is the transformation z > z +1,
we can write
(82)
2/ = 1/ + 1 /- 2 2 H- ...
in terms of a local coordinate u about p; here o^, 2 . . . are certain parameters depending
on the coordinate u and the moduli of M. The Schwarzian derivative
(83)
{z, u}--
is a projective connection on M holomorphic except for a double pole at /?, and hence
equal to the Standard connection S( ) (56) added to a certain meromorphic quadratic
differential with double pole at p a differential whose Laurent coefficients at p are
given in terms of 5 2 , . . . . Now the expansion (78) can be used to give relations
between 5 2 , . . . , the Fourier constants (76) and the classical moduli on M; this is
illustrated in the simplest case by:
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Theorem 3.10. Lei M be a torus given s the quotient ofCbya group of translations
(u>w + w + m\m, n ei, >0}, and suppose M punctured at the origin u = Q is
uniformized by a horocyclic group s above. Then
>0
s=l
and
where S0 is the Kloostermann sum (75) for the trivial multiplier System,
+*
f/
0() = e x p < n +
is the odd Riemann thetafunction and is the accessory parameter given by
l
{z, u} = - p (u) + 8 .
Proof. The ^-period ofthe p-function is [14], p. 390:
so the Schiffer kernel (55) on M is
-^-1
Im J
(,')' = ^
On the other hand, from (53)' and (78):
s=l
-2(2/) 2
m,n>0
4nn
(2nin)222('-)
Q
i
/
]/mn\
- ^ 0 (-m, , c) I2s^ 4-00
/ s=l
Now the uniformizing variable here can be written in the form (82) with a2 = a, say,
and <*! =0 since {z, w}, a quadratic differential on M with only a double pole at w = 0,
must have zero residue there; thus by (83)
If we choose a local parameter

the above expansion becomes
-2
._
l
J/wiiZ S0(-m,n,c)Is
m,n>0
00
/ s=l
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This last expression equals (M, u') du du'; using the above relation between t and u and
comparing the constant term in the Laurent development at u' = u, we get the stated
formula for a. The other formula is proved similarly by Computing the Bergman kernel
onM s
B( , u') = (AreaM)-l d du' = * du au'
Im
andonT\//as:
n>0
/
m,n>0
c>0
V"\
C
and comparing the constant terms at t = t' = 0.

4. Hyperbolic Fourier coefficients
Let = () be a hyperbolic transformation in with fixed points and j >a

and modulus 2 :
By replacing z by () = - and by '1, we can assume that a = 0 and = oo;

-z
a fundamental domain in H for the cyclic subgroup 0(= ~ generated by 0 =
is then given by the semiannulus :
=
(85)
which is homeomorphic to the annulus 6(- 2 /1)< |/|<1 under the conformal
projection
with/(/l2z) = e27Cix/(z), then /has a Fourier development
ktS
n xeZ
in the coordinates (85), where

cos
=
Setting/ () = g (u), u = i cot , then

dg
dw
'
..2 2 i
M -l
j.. """ l ..2 2 4
l M -l
"r
2
/..2 2 <\2
(w -!)
l n ;1i l
l i_
/..22
<\2 f * n ~ "
/ (" ~1)

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so that
-1
<*!
i
/
21 '
21'
1
2
2
s ; i cot
1-J
~ /
2=
21nA '
Welet
(87)
exp
In
-, A;, 2s; 2i sin <
be the unique solution to (86) for which

(88)
lim "5 4() = lim ( - )~' Nas, _,( - ) = 1 ,
and observe that N"_k(n (p) is again a solution to (86). N"k((p) is analytic for all
2s 0, l , . . . ; and from the monodromy of the hypergeometric equation,
Arn
89
sin ( + k) + e sin ( - *)]
so that in Re5->0, N"^k(n ) and N%tk(<p) are linearly independent whenever

2s, \k\s + \ + . Any eigenfunction /e 5fc,s has then, for generic s, an eigenfunction
expansion
(90)
in a Standard neighborhood for the hyperbolic transformation (84) ; here = -- and
In/
z -
-z
cz
If g is an analytic form of weight k for , /(z)=/g(z) e S k ,fc and g(z) has a Laurent
development
*
nxeZ
where
for any 0 e (, ). In particular, if the geodesic joining 0 = ~ 1 (0 and 0 = ~ 1 ( 2 /)

projects to a closed loop T on the Riemann surface \//, the period along T of a
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holomorphic differential g (z) of weight k = l is given by
(91)'
'-
cz 4- d
__
CZ
\~ CL
The functions (87) have the symmetries
(92)
A?t fo>) = e-
and the particular values
(93)
where jP is the Standard associated Legendre function of the first kind. From (6) and (88)
one has the relations :
(94)
for any s, k and n. Also, from (86) :
for any s and s', so that
(95)
(95)
N"
fc(cp)
N~ _ () N~ *L k((p)
N" (
'
'
k
Analytic continuation of the hypergeometric function in (87) gives the asymptotic

expansion:
(96)
T(s-k)
In
say, with fixed positive 0, BI and 2 . A weaker estimate holds if is allowed to approach
s |/i|-*oo, uniformly for -, : bounded with Rej>a 0 >0 and for

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Fay, Fourier coefftcients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group

l
187
0 s \n\>oo: if Res->0, a. = \s\+, u = 2sin(p and mi is a fixed, large positive

In A
integer,
[)(1+^
/
m!
w"1'
e aM + M-V 5w/
for suitable constants q and c2 ; hence for any > 0
(97)
Nl ()
s | w| > oo, uniformly for 0 ^ ^ e2 and for 5 and k bounded with Re s ^ 0 > 0.
o
The Fourier expansions at hyperbolic fixed points for the Poincare series and
the function (/s>fc(z, z') defmed in l have been worked out by Petersson in [19]; for
the resolvent itself, one has :
Theorem 4. 1. Suppose JT0 c: is a cyclic subgroup generated by the transformation
= 2 and let R be any ray {' = '6 '|0<'< + oo}. For any fixed zeH with
yz R for e , let = + u ~ where + (resp. ~) is the sei of all y E for which
argyz > ' (resp. argyz < '). Then along R, the resolvent has the eigenfunction expansion
(98)
G,. t (z,z')=
n-xeZ
where
r\2s)
.._
0 \
/ \ /
nin \ e nik
-r- (s---\
1; 21
- + (^-^]}\\~^.
F r z' near , elliptic fixedpoint, the Singular pari ofGStk(z, z'} is given by
-2'\ . ., ..
,a, . -
Z Z
Tnl
when9 say, arg z > arg z'.

Proof. From the series defining GStk(z, z'),
2
.
iG s , k (z,z')|z'r n dln|z'|=
/cz + rfV
vfc(y) -r cw(|yz|, argyz, argz')

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where
^ + f^
,<*.*.)- f s
and = //1 . Now assume y e 0 \ + that is, = arg z > arg z' = ' for the given z
and z' ; then by (88) and (37), c (, ,') = d (, ) N^ k (') where
dln
" '
Since /(, (p) is itself an eigenfunction of D_ k with

- sncp
"
-1" .
d
'
we conclude from (86) (88) that
A similar argument for y e 0 \~ yields (98).

Corollary 4. 2. For AZJ; Fuchsian group, the series
y6 r 0 \r
>
is absolutely convergent for Re s > l awrf Aas a meromorphic continuation to the entire
s-plane whenever Gsk(z, z') does.
Proof. From (92) and (98) with n = 0 :
(99)
ye r 0 \r
vk(
s,s k, 2s;
.
l 4- / cot arg yz
where the is chosen s 7 e 0 \~*"that is, T l argyz I>0; the corollary follows
by comparison with this series, since the hypergeometric function here is l + O (sin arg z)
s yz approaches the real axis.
When fc = l, the series (99) yields a summation method for the period matrix of
a compact Riemann surface =\. For this purpose, assume that 1) is compact
with a purely hyperbolic group generated by 2g hyperbolic elements T,..., T2g with
corresponding cyclic subgroups 1,..., F2g and normalizing maps at for which
'
l } s in (90). For any point z0 e H, the geodesic joining z0 and 7Jz0

, /

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Fa y , Fourier coef cients of the resolven t for a Fuchsian group
1 89
corresponds to a closed loop Tf on the Riemann surface M and one can defme the period
matrix of M (with real normalization) by :
7i u =J J5(z,z')dzdz',
lîj^2g.
Ti T/
Here B(z, z') is the Bergman kernel for \; the classical Riemann normalized period
matrix () can then be expressed in terms o f ( n i t j ) by means of (54). As shown in the following
theorem, the matrix (nitj) can itself be obtained from a suitable summation method applied
to the formal series
bc
with summation taken over all |~ 1 f _ ] . ,~ ,J in ij \/.:

J
\c/
Theorem 4. 3. Suppose I) s compact with purely hyperbolic
s above; and for
(rrVÂ
wAere iAe summation is taken over all double cosets
/ ++f
,,J) = - J (
dv
/Ae 5-en^ >7(5) fa absolutely convergent for R e s > l / ^ meromorphic

continuation to the entire s-plane with ( n i t j ( l ) ) the period matrix for the Riemann
surface \.
Proof. Let a f z ' = ~-f- s in (90) and observe that ,' is imaginary for z' eT,;
setting fc = l, /i = 0 and v k = l in Theorem 4. l and letting 1 , over , \,
we see from (91 '), (93) and (99) that the series
and hence, by (88), the series
'
^\
(a'z + bf) (c'z + df) \\a'z + b'\\c'z + d'\

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190
is absolutely convergent for Res>l and has a meromorphic continuation through

the 5-plane with S, (z, 1) the Bergman reproducing kerael for the loop \ on \// that is,
the unique anti-holomorphic differential such that
for any holomorphic differential v (z). Now consider a second hyperbolic transformation
corresponding to a loop T, with corresponding mapping ,; then two transformations
1 ? and ^ in Ft \F will give rise to the same double coset in /,, if and only
if oft"'iyajl(z) = 2"1 for some m e Z. Thus s ^ ranges over the double cosets in
/,, the cosets ^rjlj for m e Z and /,-/ 1 together with the identity
transformation, fill out exactly all cosets in , \. The theorem now follows by replacing
y by ^f = l
l , and z by oj i w in the above equations to conclude :
Im w
_
....
-
i
J
7
i
f
l
/t
_
A -i^r
.<= r,\ r/r.
-ido
V"1
where the Integration is taken along the real axis v lmw>0, and the summation is
The Fourier coefficients in (98) play an important role in the spectral resolution
for finitely generated Fuchsian groups of the second kind, which we now consider.
For the remainder of this section, assume, for simplicity, that is a Fuchsian group of
the second kind whose fundamental domain I) has no cusps and only one free side
) n f? = [l, A2] corresponding to the cyclic subgroup F 0 c=r generated by Tz 2z.
For m + , n e Z, defme the Kloostermann sum of hyperbolic type:
_
In A
(100)
<7fc(m, ,<?)=
vk(y)
> 9
r
c \ e F. Here q is independent of
c oy
the class of in F0 \F*/F0, and 0 < # = l +-7< l since
b
y(0) = ~
a
a
_.
-b
y(oo) = , ) =
c
a
_., x -d
and y l(oo) =
c
are all strictly negative. Moreover, suppose that a distinct infinite sequence i ' ' l e F0 \F/F0
satisfies -j-^-^q for all / e Z + ; then ftlci =
and ^4 =
7-, and by discreteness

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of the group , at least one ofthe ah bh ct or dt would approach oo. On the other band,
in
so we can always extract a sequence equivalent to
' ' ) with any given entry bounded;
this contradiction shows that the sums (100) are finite for each q.
For the group of the second kind, + = in the notation of Theorem 4. l and (98)
becomes
(98)'
G f f j k ( z , z ') = _ _
l LS
n-xeZ
Fmt-k(z9s)N*,tk(<p')\z'
when arg z > arg z' = ' and ' is sufficiently small; here
2\
with Re 5 > l to ensure convergence of the series.

Theorem 4. 4. TAe coefficients (101) Aare iAeeigenfunction expansions:
(102)
T(J + A:) T(s - k) (s + n
+ \
m+ < < 1
where ak(m, n, q) is the sum (100),
and = 0 unless contains the elliptic transformation Ez= -- - for some c, in which
Proof. Since all cosets in 0 \/ 0 , except for i
J and
c L contain infinitely
\c O/
many distinct cosets in 0 \, we let F*_k(z, s) be the sum (101) extended over all
/10\ iQ-\
y E 0 \*/ 0 that is, 7+ i Q1 j or
c in 0 \/ 0 .
\c O/
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192
b
d
(ab\
= >0 and <5 = > 0 for y = _, 0 \*/ 0 :
a
c
\cd
Settmgz = Qeltp9
2
2\ i
+ 00
vk(y) J
yer0\r*/r0
sin
for some constant i/ mj , since F*_ k (z, 5) is an eigenfunction of >_ k with eigenvalue ^(5 1)
and vanishing s = arg z * 0. Letting > 0 we find from (88):
,/l
a -""(Q + \ \*- \e V -
"(
dln
c
l\Q + *J V (i> + ^)( + <5); ^
+ 00
^-H-l
a W a m ^
vk(y)
s+w
c
\bc\*
(x + l) (x + q)s~w
V
v k(j)
M
.
yer0\r*/r0
which gives (102), noting that in case contains the elliptic transformation Ez =
2
z) \Ez\~ =
c z
z|"
from (92).
Using the functional equation (89), (102) becomes:
(102)'
m xeZ
where and
+ k) (s -k)T(s + n) (s - n)
_ k (m, -n, q) 3s(m, -w,
e7"
Since F_ M>k (z, s) = F n> _ k (z, 5) e $ k>s
(98)', the symmetries:
are valid for any m and n e Z, with the convention that the weight /: is replaced
by - k in the defmition of /Jm% , (5) whenever m' -h and x + e Z. The analytic continuation
of the matrix ( m,n(s)} up to the line Res = can be established by means of a bilinear
relation analogous to (47) and to the Maasz-Selberg relation used in the analytic
continuation ofthe Eisenstein series [10], pp. 3843:
Authenticated
Theorem 4. 5. The Fourier coefficients
193
Fnk(z,s) have a meromorphic continuation
to Res> - with the possible exception of the point s= \k\ - [\k\~\. The infinite
matrix ( m,n(s)} is unitary and continuous along Re J = , 5-, and Hermitianfor s real;
and for fixed , the entries
the simple poles of
ni(s)
m,n(s)
are analytic in Res> except possibly at
in i, l L at the points s = \k\j> for a non-negative
integer], and at the points 2s e I in case m n.

Proof. If X>e = {z e T)|argz >} for sufflciently small, then by (10) and (102)':
t>c
, , _
, ,
(S S)(S
+S
1)
c -s)
^r!'4.;
n L/
(s
(s +J-1)
(104)
V s,* ^ ^ t - A^? t ~ N^s.,k- 2ikN?<_s.,kN^k
()
for Re*, Rei'>y and j, 5' , l . Now for any point 5 0 on the line Rei0 = y,
choose any sequence of s' tending to s0 such that
>0
approaches a positive fmite or infinite limit cm(s0, ); the functions F_ W(k (z, s')/c(s'9 )
will then have a weakly convergent subsequence in 2(D) which by Corollary 1. 3 will
have to converge pointwise to an eigenfunction Fmtk(z, s0) e 3rfc?So with Fourier
coefficients
and
-
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Similarly, we let &*(so) and AtnCô) be the Fourier coefficients of an eigenfunction

F^nk(z, s0) arising from any other sequence s SQ for which cn(s, ) approaches a limit
c*(s0, ), say. Dividing both sides of (104) by cm(s', ) cn(s, ), letting s'>$ 0 and then
s->s0 = l-s09 we find, using (95) and (95)', that the right-hand side of (104) will be
finite only if
(105)
A.(i0)A?ô)-ifi(*o)ai(Jo) = 0
J-xeZ
for all m, n. Now suppose cm(s0, )= lim cm(s'9 )= 4-oo; then aw(s0) = 0, and (105)
s'-so
for m = n becomes ,>(%) 2 = 0, which implies i,m(So) = Q for all /. However, this
i-xeZ
is an impossibility since F_ m fc(z, J0) cannot be the zero eigenfunction here: in fact, from
the asymptotic behavior (96):
ff
e - e 2
c (sf )
, ' V is bounded s
cm(* , )
s' >s 0 and by Corollary 1.3 again, we would conclude that F_mk(z,s')/cm(s', s) is
uniformly bounded on De and tends to 0 in 2(X>) s .y' > s0, contrary to the definition
of cm. So c m (5 0 ^)<+oo for all m, and we can multiply both sides of (105) by
c s
m( o> ) ^(^ ) to conclude the functional equation:
uniformly for sf near s0 and , 2 fixed with 0 < ! < < 2 . Thus
Here
o)=
n,i(
s'-* SQ
n,i(
') *s independent of the choice of the sequence s' * s : if two
sequences gave rise to different limits, say nj(s0) and *i(s0)9 then (105) would give
which, together with the relations (105)' for /Jijn(s0) and &%(%), hnplies that
To complete the proof of Theorem 4. 5, we consider sequences of s' and s in
2
, s l(,
tending
to ~s0 ^-e .l , l ) such that cm(s09 ) = lim cm(s'9 ) and
/- ? l /)/> -^^*
>
\2
J)
c*(50, ) = 1 cn(s, ) exist (possibly

S-+SQ
\2
s +00); using the same notation
s before,
letting s' s0 and then s > J0 in (104), the relations (95)(95)' give:
(106)
There are two cases to consider: if cm(s0, ) and c*(s0, ) are both finite for all sequences
s'9 s^s0, then by (103) and (106):
(106)'
ô) = tm(So) = lim n,m(s) = jSm,(50).

F->s0
On the other band, suppose cm(s0, ) = + oo for some sequence s' 5 0 fc0 = |fc|
then again from the asymptotic behavior (96):
f^k(z,So)=lim ^""^'^ = ^.(*o
-o c m (i, )
,_ x e z
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195
is a non-zero function in 5fc,So, square-integrable over X) since SQ > . If we set
then for Re s > - and s$P, (10) gives
ff
(107)
'
Now if mfm(s0) were zero, dividing (107) by cm(s, ) and letting s s 0 , we would find
that ||F_ mjk (z, .SO) II s = 0, an impossibility; so j8 m , m (5 0 )=t=0 and from (107) or (106)
with m = n, it follows that C%(SO,S) = OQ for any other sequence s*s0. We conclude, then,
that every coefficient m,m(s) has a definite limit (possibly oo) s s+SQ e l , l l, s
&0,
and hence has an analytic continuation to Re,y > with isolated poles on l , l l possibly
accumulating towards s = -, k0 or 1. Thus F_mjk(z, s) tends to a finite limit s s tends
to 5 0 6 ( , l l not a pole of m,m(s) or F(s \k\)9 and from (106), all coefficients
i,m-> 1~
^> likewise have an analytic continuation to Res>~ with poles on ( , l
accumulating towards s = 9 kQ or 1. Now it is well-known (see [3.1], p. 303) that

the series
(ch r (yz', z))~ s converges absolutely for Re s >
for some < l; so from (37),
the resolvent and all coefficients Fm,_k(z, s) must be meromorphic at s = 1. On the other
hand, the coefficients ^m(s) must tend to a definite limit s s>-
& 0 ; to see this,
rewrite (104) using the modified eigenfunctions F*mtk(z, s):
-s>
t k
(104)'
s',k
1s,8
'~ d<p

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Now if cm(sr, ) > H-oo for some sequence $'* & 0 , then F_ m fe(z, s')lcm(sf, )
approaches a non-zero eigenfunction F _ m f c ( z , ]; dividing (104)' for m = n by
cm(5', ) cm(^, ) and letting s1> and then J > through the same sequence, (102)
gives
%('-
where
2
2
t (ôs ;e i < p '
Jf F- m , k
l F* w,fcvi
i,ioei<p 5 ^Vc
^ 5 ^
// mV
/
O /
As a result, one concludes:
contradicting the fact that f-m>k l z, ) 0; thus cm(s'9 ) and F_ m>/c (z, 5') are bounded
for all sequences s' * . To show / r _ m>fc ( z, l is independent of the sequence s'>9
divide both sides of (104)' by (s s') (s + s' 1) to obtain an equation of the form
s + s'-\
s- s'' '
where q>i(s9 s') (resp. 2(* s')) is by (95)' continuous and bounded for s, sf in Re5>-
near = s' = with s s' (resp. s + $' !) near 0. Since 5,5' are independent,
lim ! (s, s') = lim <p2 (i, 5') = 0, which means that (105)' and (106)' must hold at s0 =
s, s' -^
,s'-*i
for any limiting Fourier constants jS/, w (^ 0 )9 thus ( jS/,m i ) l is a well-defmed Hermitian
and unitary matrix and F_m >k (z, 5) has a definite limit s s > kQ.
Theorem 4. 6. The resolvent GStk(z9 z'} has an analytic continuation to Re5>- mth
at most simple poles at si9 s2, . . . e , l L possibly accumulating towards s=\k\ []k[]
only, and at the points s*=\k\ / > l , / non-negative integer. If Bt (z', z), i = l , 2, . . . , and
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BkJ(z\ z) s in (39) are the reproducing kerne Is for the corresponding eigenspaces, then
anyfe f)fc has an expansion
/(z') =
(108)
</(*), BkJ(z',
osl<w
-'
+ ^V
Z7t
'
ReS = l + 6 *
Proo/. For any fixed z e D, let Wz e Z + be the order of the subgroup of fixing z;
and define the non-automorphic eigenfunction
n-xe7
'
Z Z
with Fourier coefficients :
Then for I)e = {z e !>|argz>8} andO<6 t < < 2 , 2 ! andesmall:
se,-se
^M O fj
with a constant M0 independent of 5 by (96) for s bounded, F(sk)^cc and Res> ;

this means that c(s, )<(1 +M0) c(s, ) if c(s, )= ||G s , fc (^, )
the series
On the other
hand,
(
n xeZ
w xeZ
converges absolutely for Re^ > 0 and so, from (37), the series
n-xel
has a meromorphic continuation to Res>0. Applying now Corollary 1.3, we find

that any weakly convergent sequence <ps(z, z') = ~(? Sffc (z, z') with z fixed in )2
c(5, )
and s > 5-0, not a pole of (s - \k\)9 must remain uniformly bounded on De and converge
pointwise and strongly to a non-zero eigenfunction ,0(, '). Since the Fourier
coefficients of <ps(z, z') are F,_ k (z, 5)/(l -2j) c(^, ), this means by Theorem 4. 5 that
(i 2s) c(s, ) must remain bounded for any sequence of points {s} in Re ?>-- , s$ ( , l L
tending to s0 on Re50 = - or in i -, 1 1 and not a pole of r(s-\k\) or
nt(s)

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26
198
At such points SQ, lim (l 2s) Gs k(z, z') therefore exists and is finite; on the other band,
s->s0
if Pn^k(z, s) becomes infinite
s s>s0 6 ( , l ), c(s, ), and hence Crs>k(z, z') for
generic z and z', must become infinite
s s > s0. We can thus conclude that
lim (l 2s) Gs k(z, z'} exists (possibly s oo) for any point SQ k0 = \k\ [_\k\~\ in Res ^ ,
s->s0
'
and that Gs fc(z, z')/r(s \k\) has an analytic continuation to Res> with the exception
of simple poles in i , l j, possibly accumulating towards k0. If kQ^, (?s>k(z, z') is
continuous along Res = except possibly at .$ = where limGs>k (z, z') = 00 if
s
"*l
^-, ) for some -; if instead, F_tk i z, j = 0 for all -, then

(102)' gives j8m>n ( l = 6nm for all m, nthe condition under which the resolvent may be
finite at s = . In any case, a non-zero eigenfunction in , cannot be in L2 (T))
2
fc.t
from (86)(88), and so the point s = does not contribute to the discrete spectrum.
To establish (108), observe first that for Re^> and s , l l (10) and (98)' give
(i- O (5 + s' - 1) ff Gs,,fc(z, z') GStk(z", z'} IdTI
21nA
= ..,( z) -G rk (z,z^ ---
(1-2^)(1-2). W _ X 6 /
"^"^^
Letting s' -+ s0 and then s 50 for Re ,s0 = and s0 , the right-hand side of the above
equation will tend to zero only if
(109) G^(z,n-Gi-*.*
which establishes the functional equation for the resolvent along the line
Since the continuous spectral measure is [2], p. 1202:

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for = s (s-1) increasing from
199
-oo to - and s ranging over the half-line
s = + it, ie(0, + 00), the theorem follows from (109) by adding in the contribution
from the discrete spectrum of Dk in Res>.
As in the case of horocyclic groups [10], Ch. 5, the spectral decomposition (108)
is further clarified by means of theta-series. For this purpose, let h(<p) be any continuous
function of e (, ) which decreases so rapidly s tends to 0 or that |A(argyz)|
yer 0 \r
is in L2 (T>); and for m -h e Z, set
*- W'"
Then if /(z) =
n + xeZ
f() \z\~" is any function in >k,
sin2
so that, for fixed m, the orthocomplement of the span of the h? e $>k consists of all / e
with fm(<p) = 0. In particular, from (102)' and (103):
D
where Km(s) = h () N-k((p)r-^;

s a consequence, the series h (z) is in the
o
'
sin
orthocomplement of the closed subspace spanned by the eigenfunctions of Dk if and
only if the transform fim(s) vanishes at the points of the discrete spectrum of Dk.
In this case, Theorem 4. l for an infinite cyclic group 0 = gives the Inversion formula:
Res
which, summed over = argyz, y e 0 \, gives the decomposition (108) in the form
(108)'
by virtue of (101) and the functional equation (109) for the Fourier coefficients along
(HO)
Fm<k(z, 1-)=
m + xel
m,n(l-s)F,k(z,s).

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An alternate description of the spectral measure for can be given in terms of the
Poisson kernel defmed by
*') = zlim
(IrnzT* G8tk(z'9 z)
-*x
"
(2s)
(2)
\cx' + d\2s
z-yx'
'-
for any point x' in (0, oo), the union of all intervals of discontinuity of on IR. The series
here converge absolutely for R e s > l ; and <pStk(z, x') = <pTt-k(z, xf) e 5 k>s s a function
of z with multipliers v k , while
9s,k(^ 7*') = v* 00 |cx' + rf|25 <p Jtk (z, x'), x' 6 (0, oo)
for any 7 e . If/is any continuous function on (0, oo) satisfying
for y e , and we form
2
u(z)
sk (z,
v / = (l-2s)
v
/ jf (?
*rs,/ev
l
s x
then lim j> ~ w(z) =f(x) at any point ^ e (0, oo). In terms of the Fourier coefficients (101):
and
-2s\2
fes+F->s,fe(z',
b) <ps,k(z, ft)dfe = 21nA
Fn,k(z,s) Fn,k(z', s)
which, together with Theorem 4. 6, gives:

Corollary 4. 7.
77ze function <ps k(z, 6) 5
meromorphic
continuation to
-, $|| [|fc|], wftA at most simple poles in ( , l ] ^ j=|fc| /, / e Z + u {0},

l
l
ftA continuous boundary values along Res = , except possibly at = . ^4j^
z
^function /(z) wftA compact support in I) am/ orthogonal to the closed subspace spanned
by the eigenfunctions in 9)k has the expansion
(112)
f(2) = J-.p.v. J
\}f(s>b)Vt,k(z,b)db\ds,
mit
1
1
1
L
1
Jl
Res = f
where
f(s, b) = |1 -2s\ 2 Jf /(z') 4(',
D
) This corollary and many results in this section have been proved independently by S. J. Patterson in
a series of papers appearing in Compositio Mathematica: I, Vol. 31 (1975), pp. 83107; II, Vol. 32 (1976),
pp. 71112; III (to appear).
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Fay, Fourier coefficienls of the resolvent for a Fuchsian group
201
For the trivial group = /, the decomposition (35) together with the identity
~Im
Im-r
b-z)
b-z')\b-z
gives Helgason's Inversion formula [7] (see also [12]):
l
s
(-^4) dft . \
sinn(s k)
\b-zj
_\ smn(
V~s/
f/iWlm^-)
i L*
V b z/
A\*
where
for functions /(z) with compact support in // and orthogonal to the subspace spanned
by the eigenfunctions of Dk in k. The decomposition (112) for the trivial group reduces
to the above formula since
Im
. /-'/
l
\*iz'-bYkfz-b
Im
b-z l \ b-z' ) \ b-z' ) \b-z
l
alongRes = y.
Finally, we remark on the behavior of the Fourier coefficients (101) under confluence
of the two fixed points for the hyperbolic transformation defining the free side. Consider
a family of groups of the second kind with subgroups F* generated by a hyperbolic
transformation (z):
^f84V
H;
1+
+
:~~~7,
with fixed points , -he; and suppose that,
' -
- p - ex -f c
s 0 + , becomes a group of
the first kind with subgroup generated by the parabolic transformation = - l l .

Setting = - and t = Az = - , (84)' and (87) give the asymptotic formulas:
z
VL Z
arg - Im /,
||" e~ 27tinRei
s >0. Thus, for , the Fourier coefficients (101) for are asymptotic to the
series (76) for the horocyclic group , up to a constant multiple of 8 - s e - 2 * 2 H/* 9 tending
to 0 s > 0+ . If we assume further that the multiplier System is unramified over the free
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side that is, = 0 then the Fourier series (101) for = 0 becomes the Eisenstein
series (73)' for the cusp = A ~ 1 oo [23], II, p. 291 :
lim
0 l 2S
1 5
"
Since the matrix of Fourier constants (mtn(s)) will have an analytic continuation to
Res< with functional equation (105)' whenever the matrix (mn(ls)) is invertible
in Res< -, the singularities of mn(s) in Res< - should, under confluence, approach
the poles of the Eisenstein series in Re s < s well s points of the discrete spectrum of Dk
along Res = -, thus contributing a discrete sum to the decomposition (108).
References
[1] L. Bers, M. Schechter, F. John, Partial Differential Equations, New York 1964.
[2] N. Dunford, L. Schwanz, Linear Operators (II): Spectral Theory, New York 1963.
[3] J. Elstrodt, Die Resolvente zum Eigenwertproblem der automorphen Formen. I: Math. Ann. 203 (1973),
295330; II: Math. Zeitschr. 132 (1973), 99134; III: Math. Ann. 208 (1974), 99132.
[4] L. Faddeev, Expansion in Eigenfunctions ofthe Laplace Operator..., Transl. Moscow Math. Soc. 17 (1956),
357386.
[5] G. Hardy, M. Riesz, Dirichlet's Series, Cambridge 1915.
[6] E. Hecke, Mathematische Werke, Gttingen 1959.
[7] 5. Helgason, Harmonie Analysis in the Non-Euclidean Disk Conference on Harmonie Analysis (1971),
Springer Lecture Notes #266, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1971.
[8] H. Huber, Zur analytischen Theorie hyperbolischer Raumformen und Bewegungsgruppen, Math. Ann.
138(1959), l26.
[9] M. Knopp, J. Lehner, On Complementary Automorphic Forms and Supplementary Fourier Series,
111. Jour. Math. 6 (1962), 98106.
[10] T. Kubota, Eisenstein Series, Tokyo, New York 1973.
[11] J. Lehner, Discontinuous Groups and Automorphic Functions, Amer. Math. Soc. Surveys. 8 (1964).
[12] /. Lewis, Eisenstein Series on the Boundary ofthe Disk, M. I. T. Thesis, 1970.
[13] H. Maasz, Modular Functions of One Complex Variable, Tata Institute, Bombay 1964.
[14] W. Magnus, F. Oberhettinger, R. Soni, Special Functions of Mathematical Physics, Grundl. der Math.
Wissen. 52 (1966).
[15] H. McKean, Selberg's Trace Formula..., Comm. Pure and Applied Math. 25 (1972), 225246.
[16] H. Neunhffer, ber die analytische Fortsetzung von Poincarereihen, Sitz.-Ber. Heidelberger Akademie
(1973).
[17] D. Niebur, A Class of Nonanalytic Automorphic Functions, Nagoya Math. Journal 52 (1973), 133145.
[18] D. Niebur, Construction of Automorphic Forms and Integrals, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 191 (1974),
373385.
[19] H. Petersson, Ein Summationsverfahren fr die Poincareschen Reihen zu den hyperbolischen Fixpunktepaaren, Math. Zeit. 49 (1944), 441496.
[20] H. Petersson, ber Eisensteinsche Reihen von der Dimension -1, Comm. Math. Helv. 31 (1956), 111114.
[21] H. Petersson, Die Systematik der Abelschen Differentiale in der Grenzkreisuniformisierung, Ann. Acad.
Sei. Fenn. Ser. AI, No. 276.
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[22] W. Roelcke, ber die Wellengleichung bei Grenzkreisgruppen erster Art, Sitz.-Ber. Heidelberger
Akademie (1956).
[23] W. Roelcke, Das Eigenwertproblem der automorphen Formen in der hyperbolischen Ebene. I: Math.
Ann. 167 (1966), 292337; II: Math. Ann. 168 (1967), 261324.
[24] A. Seiberg, Harmonie Analysis and Discontinuous Groups in Weakly Symmetrie Riemannian Spaces...,
Jour. Indian Math. Soc. 20 (1956), 4787.
[25] A. Seiberg, On the Estimation of Fourier Coefficients of Modular Forms, A. M. S. Proceedings of
Symposia in Pure Mathematics (1965), Vol. 8,115.
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA

Department of Mathematics, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine 04011, USA
Eingegangen 7. August 1976

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Fourier coefficients of the resolvent

for a Fuchsian group

Central to the work of Maasz, Seiberg and Roelcke on non-analytic automorphic

Fay, Fourier coefficients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group

Let H be the upper half-plane {z e C, Imz>0} with the Poincare metric

in non-Euclidean polar coordinates

about any point z0 e H. Suppose Tc 93 is a discontinuous subgroup of the group of all

ef, and ^*= |^|2ke2ikarg^ with -7r<argH^7i, say. Such a

be the space of all functions f

y e T , yz = -r. For such a multiplier System, let 5k

and if D = \/ is the fundamental domain of , define the Hubert space

Brought to you by | Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin

Fay, Fourier coefficients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group

here b(z) = (z z)2k

Likewise, if he^kik+i, there is an Eichler integral (z, z0) of degree 2k with

(-)*() = (^)+ (0(/-z) 2 f c d/.

In order to differentiate automorphic forms, we introduce the Maasz operators:

These operators have the property that

if and only if g is a holomorphic function of z. For any differentiable function/:

so that Kk (resp. Lk) maps differentiable functions in 5k to ^fc+i (resP ftk-i)(6)

Brought to you by | Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin

Fay, Fourier coefficients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group

For any region U a H and C2-functions /and g with compact support in H,

in particular, if/, g e 5* and A is a C'-function in 5fc+1 with compact support in X>:

Fay, Fourier coefficients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group

for suitable Fourier constants cn and dn ; here

for =0, k0= k and F is the Gauss hypergeometric function.

Proof. In the polar coordinates th- e1 =

, the operators Kk and Lk become

Using (7), one then fmds:

Now/(z), a real analytic function of z, z [1], p. 136 in A, has a Fourier development

where by (15), satisfies the differential equation

in w = coshr. So is a linear combination of the two Solutions to (16): the solution

Fay, Fourier coefficients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group

while the solution singular at z = z0 is

J5L_1 O(r 4 lnr)>.

From (14) and (17), we find the relations

Similar identities hold by (3) for the operator

Lk n =- + f h&th-) = ./__,,, making use of the symmetries for P"tk (s well

F ay, Fourier coefficients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group

As meromorphic functions in s, P"tk and "k have functional equations:

Moreover, from the integral representation of hypergeometric functions :

L(2kn+ \n\ye iy2 sh^ _ j/chw-chrY^^^ +

, e" = chr-hshr ch and Res> \k\.

Combining (20) and (21) for n = 0:

in a neighborhood of z0 e H, then the Fourier

Journal f r Mathematik. Band 293/294

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Fay, Fourier coefficients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group

for all w^O. Thus Dk+nfn=s(s-i)fn,

andfne%k+n iffe gfc; in particular, iffe g fc>s is

off are given by

Proof. If A (z) is a real-analytic function of z, z near z = z0, then A has a Taylor

Defining the nih Fourier c nstant of A at z0 by

Fay, Fourier coefflcients of the resolvent for a Fuchsian group

Corollary 1. 3. IfDkf= s(s l)/in some non-Euclidean disc Ar ofradius r about z0 e H,

k(r> s) = 2n J shrPs k(r) dr^nr2

By taking /(z)=y s in Theorem 1.2, we obtain the integral representation of

s | | > oo, for fixed and r bounded away from 0.

^l-i,k( z ? z ')e im0(z '' z) , / , m e Z

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Fay, Fourier coefflcients ofthe resolvent for a Fuchsian group

Proof. For s e C, z, z' e J and z- = th- ei , sei

for a complete orthonormal set of eigenfunctions {e^jeZ} of .> with eigenvalues