.,.

--".,,'---,-------

t;<

251

I
I

SUMMARY OF
nmWLEDGE

"f

Oxidation is:
i the gain of oxygen
ii the loss of hydrogen
iii the loss of electrons
iv increase in oxidation number
Reduction is:
i the loss of oxygen
ii the gain of hydrogen
iii the gain of electrons
iv decrease in oxidation number

252 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

Half-equations represent the reduction and oxidation processes of a redox equation. A

reduction half-equation uses electrons; an oxidation half-equation produces electrons.
A redox equation is constructed from two half-equations by combining them according
to the principle that the number of electrons accepted by the reduction half-equation is
equal to the number of electrons produced by the oxidation half-equation.
In aqueous solution hydrogen ions and water molecules may be involved. These species
are manipulated into the equation, until all the oxygen and hydrogen atoms are
balanced.
All full redox reactions must conform to the principle that the total oxidation number
change in a chemical reaction is zero.
A disproportionation is a redox reaction in which atoms of the same element in the same
oxidation state simultaneously undergo both oxidation and reduction.
Oxidizing agents bring about the oxidation of chemical species. Reducing agents bring
about the reduction of chemical species.
The oxidation number of an atom in a chemical species expresses the number of
electrons possessed by that atom, relative to the number possessed in the element. A
positive oxidation number expresses a loss of that number of electrons and a negative
number indicates a gain.
An uncombined element contains atoms with an oxidation number of zero.
A simple ion of an element has an oxidation number equal to its charge.
The sum of the oxidation numbers in a chemical species (molecule or ion) adds up to the
overall charge on the species.
A change in oxidation number of one unit represents the transfer of one electron from
an atom of lower electronegativity to an atom of higher electronegativity.
Oxidation numbers can be assigned according to rules that are based upon some
elements having unchanging or fixed oxidation numbers: H (+ 1), 0 (-2), F (-1), group 1
(+ 1) and group 2 (+2).
The naming of inorganic compounds is based on oxidation numbers. Simple transition
metal ions are named with the oxidation number as a Roman numeral. Related
oxoanions have the suffix -ate together with the oxidation number as a Roman numeral.
An electric current is the movement of charged particles. In solution or a molten liquid,
the positive and negative ions carry the current. For conduction to occur, ions must be
mobile.
Decomposition caused by electricity is called electrolysis, and the liquid or solution that
decomposes is an electrolyte.
During electrolysis positive ions (cations) are discharged at the cathode (negative
electrode); negative ions (anions) at the anode (positive electrode) Metals are always
discharged at the cathode; non-metals are always discharged at the anode.
Reduction always takes place at the negative electrode (cathode); oxidation always takes
place at the positive electrode (anode).
Metals can be arranged in order of reactivity (reducing power) by comparing the
reactions of metals with oxygen, water, dilute acid, metal oxides and aqueous solutions
of metal ions.
A voltaic cell consists of two different metals and an electrolyte Chemical energy is
converted into electrical energy. The more reactive metal forms the negative electrode
from which the electrons flow to the less reactive metal.
The further apart the two metals are in the reactivity series, the higher the voltage of the
voltaic cell .

----- dI

Examination questions 253

~<'

Examination questions - a selection

Paper 1 IB questions and IB style questions

Q1 When Mn04-(aq) reacts in an acidic solution it
produces:
A Mn2+ B Mn3+
C MnO/D Mn02
Q2 In the reaction
Mn02(s) + 4HCI(aq) ~ CI2(g)+ MnCI2(aq) + 2H20(I)

A HCI is the oxidizing agent.

B CI2 is the oxidation product.
C Mn02 is the reducing agent.
D H20 is the reduction product.
Q3 The following reaction occurs in acid solution:
_H+(aq) + _N03-(aq) + I-(aq)
~ 103-(aq)+ _N02(g) + _H20(I)
The equation is not balanced. What is the
coefficient of N03- in the balanced equation!
A 4
B 2
C 5
D6
Q4 Which of the following reactions involves neither
oxidation nor reduction?
A Ag+ + Br ~ AgBr
B 2H2S + S02 ~ 3S + 2H20
C 2[Ag(NH3)2j+ + Cu ~ Cu[(NH3)4j2++ 2Ag
D 2AI + 20H- + 6H20 ~ 2AI(OHk + 3H2
Q5 Which one of the following equations represents
the half-equation (or half-reaction) that occurs
at the anode during the electrolysis of molten
potassium iodide!
A K++ e ~ K
B 2H20 ~ O2 + 4H+ + 4eC 2H20 + 2e- ~ H2+ 20HD 21-~ 12+ 2eQ6 All of the following equations represent
oxidation-reduction reactions except:
A 2C3H70H + 902 ~ 6C02 + 8H20
B Ni + 4CO ~ Ni(CO)4
C 2Na + 2H20 ~ 2NaOH + H2
D CI2 + 2NaBr ~ Br2 + 2NaCI
Q7 The following information is given about reactions
involving the metals X, Y and Z and solutions of
their sulfates.
X(s) + YS04(aq) ~ no reaction
Z(s) + YS04(aq) ~ Y(s) + ZS04(aq)
When the metals are listed in decreasing order of
reactivity (most reactive first), what is the correct
order)
A Z>Y>X
C Y>X>Z
B X>Y>Z
D Y>Z>X
Standard Level Paper 1, Nov OS, 027

Q8 In the reaction
2Mn02 + 4KOH + O2+ CI2~ 2KMn04 + 2KCI + 2H20
the oxidizing agent(s) is/are
A KMn04 only
C Mn02 and O2
B Mn02 only
D O2and CI2
Q9 Which one of the following represents an
oxidation-reduction reaction!
A 12(s)+ 20H-(aq) ~ I-(aq) + Ol-(aq) + H20(I)
B P043-(aq) + H20(I) ~ HPO/-(aq) + OH-(aq)
C SOig) + 2H20(l) ~ HS04-(aq) + H30+(aq)
D Cu2+(aq)+ H2S(aq)~ CuS(s) + 2H+(aq)
Q10 Which of the following reactions involves neither
oxidation nor reduction?
A Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq)~ Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)
B 2CrO/-(aq) + 2H+(aq) ~ Cr20l-(aq) + H20(I)
C C3H6(g) + H2(g)~ C3H8(g)
D NH4N02(s) ~ N2(g)+ 2H20(g)
Q11 All of the following would be expected to function
as both oxidizing and reducing agents except:
A N02
B CIC CIOD S
Q12 Magnesium is a more reactive metal than copper.
Which is the strongest oxidizing agent?
A Mg
B Mg2+
C Cu
D Cu2+
Standard Level Paper 1, Nov 03, 026
Q13 Bromide ions are oxidized to bromine by all of the
following except:
A K2Cr20lH+
C 12
B CI2
D KMn04
Q14 When a direct current of electricity is conducted by
an aqueous solution of an electrolyte, which one
of the following statements is false?
A The movements of ions accounts for the
current flow through the solution.
B During electrolysis, the solution remains
electrically neutral.
C Electrons flow from the current source toward
the solution at one electrode, and an equal
number of electrons flows away from the
solution at the other electrode.
D The number of positive ions moving toward
one electrode is always equal to the number
of negative ions moving toward the other
electrode.
Q15 In acid solution, manqanatewu) ions, Mn04-(aq),
undergo reduction to rnanqanesetn) ions, Mn2+(aq).
What amount of Mn04-(aq) is required to convert
5.36 xl 0-3 moles of the ion y2+(aq) to Y03-(aq)/
A 1.07xl0-3mol
C 5.36xl0-3mol
3
B 322xl0- mol
D 893xl0-3mol

254 OXIDA nON AND REDUG/ON

Q16 What is the oxidation number of chromium in

Cr20l-7
A +7
B +6
C -6
D -2
Q17 Which statement is correct for the electrolysis of
molten sodium chloride?
A Sodium ions move toward the positive electrode.
B A gas is produced at the negative electrode.
C Only electrons move in the electrolyte.
D Both sodium and chloride ions move toward
electrodes.
Q18 In which of the following does the metal undergo
a change in oxidation state?
I 2MnOi-+ F2~ 2Mn04- + 2FII 2CrOi- + 2H+ ~ Cr20l- + H20
III [Fe(H20)6j2++ 6CN- ~ [Fe(CN)6P-+ 6H20
A I only
C I and II only
B II only
D I and III only

Q2 a

Electrolysis can be used to obtain fluorine from

molten potassium fluoride. Write an equation
for the reaction occurring at each electrode
and describe the two different ways in which
electricity is conducted when the cell is in
operation.
[4]
b In one experiment involving the electrolysis of
molten potassium fluoride, 0.1 mol of fluorine
was formed. Deduce, giving a reason, the
amount of potassium formed at the same time
[2]
c Sodium will displace aluminium from its
chloride on heating:
3Na + AICI3

Q19 Which one of the following does not represent a

redox reaction?
A Cu(N03Maq) + Na2S(aq) ~ CuS(s)+ 2NaN03(aq)
B 2Na(s) + 12(s)~ 2Nal(s)
C KH(s) + H20(l) ~ KOH(aq) + H2(g)
D H2SOiaq) + 2HBr(g) ~ S02(g) + 2H20(I) + Br2(1)
Q20 In which one of the following species does
chlorine exhibit the highest oxidation number?
A CI20
B CI2
C HCI03
D PCls
Paper 2 IB questions and IB style questions
Q1 a Use these equations, which refer to aqueous
solutions; to answer the questions that follow:
Fe(s)+ Cu2+(aq)~

Fe2+(aq)+ Cu(s)

Cu(s) + 2Au+(aq) ~ Cu2+(aq)+ 2Au(s)

Mg(s) + Fe2+(aq)~

Describe how electrode reactions occur in an

electrolytic cell and state the products at each
electrode when molten copperu) iodide is
electrolysed
[4]

AI + 3NaCI

Explain, by reference to electrons, why the

reaction is referred to as a redox reaction. [2]
ii Deduce the oxidation numbers of sodium
and aluminium in the reactants and
products.
[2]
Q3 A voltaic cell is set up with a silver reference
electrode and a series of other metals immersed in
an electrolyte. The cell voltages were recorded in
the table below.
Metal

Cell voltage/V

Aluminium

2.47

Zinc

1.55

Iron

1.19

Copper

0.46
---------

Silver

Mg2+(aq) + Fe(s)

(Au represents gold, which is below silver in the

reactivity series.)
i List the metals above in order of
decreasing reactivity.
[1]
ii Define oxidation, in electronic terms, using
one example from above.
[2]
iii Define reduction, in terms of oxidation
number, using one example from above. [2]
iv State and explain which is the strongest
reducing agent in the examples above. [2]
v State and explain which is the strongest
oxidizing agent in the examples above. [2]
vi Deduce whether a gold coin will react with
aqueous magnesium nitrate.
[2]
b Sketch a diagram of a cell used to electrolyse a
molten salt. Label the essential components.
[4]

000

What is the relationship between the voltage

of the cell and the position of the metal in the
reactivity series?
[1]
b Is the metal acting as the negative or positive
electrode?
Explain your answer.
[2]
c Construct the half-cell equations for a
voltaic cell in which the metal is zinc and the
electrolyte is silver nitrate.
[2]

SUMMARY OF
KNOWLEDGE

Summary of know/edge

543

A metal dipping into a solution of its ions forms a half-cell. This is an example of a simple
redox equilibrium
Two half-cells connected via a salt bridge and an external circuit form an electrochemical
or voltaic cell.
Under standard conditions, the voltage generated by this cell is known as the standard
e.m.f. (electromotive force) Standard conditions are all concentrations at 1 mol drrr-', all
gases at 1 atm pressure and temperature at 298 K.
If the cell is connected to the standard hydrogen electrode, the standard e.m.f. is the
standard electrode potential, E", of the cell.
The value of E" measures the oxidizing/reducing power of the half-cell system: the more
negative the value of f&, the more reducing the half-cell; the more positive the value of
E-&, the more oxidizing the half-cell.
The electrochemical series is a list of half-cells in order of their standard electrode
potentials, with the most negative ions at the top. By convention, half-cells are written
with the oxidized form on the left. Hence, they are written as reduction potentials.
The cell's potential is related to the free energy of the cell reaction, by the following
relationship:
f..G = - nFE~ell
where n represents the number of electrons being transferred per mole of cell reaction
and F is the Faraday constant.
A redox reaction that is predicted to be spontaneous from E~ell values might be extremely
slow because the conditions are non-standard, or because the activation energy barrier is
very high.
Electrolysis is the process of driving a decomposition reaction that is not
thermodynamically spontaneous, by passing a continuous electric current through it.
The ions that are discharged in electrolysis are the ones that require the least amount of
energy.
The more positive/less negative the half-cell potential, the more easily the cation is
discharged by reduction at the cathode. The less positive the half-cell potential, the more
easily the anion is discharged by oxidation at the anode.
Concentration (a kinetic effect) also plays a role in determining the products of
electrolysis.
,:: The amount of substance dissolved or deposited during electrolysis is given by:
I x t
amount =

---;:;r

where I represents the current in amps, t the time in seconds, n the charge on the ion
and F the Faraday constant (the charge in coulombs carried by one mole of electrons).
Electrolysis is used to perform electroplating. The object to be electroplated is made the
cathode and immersed in an aqueous solution of metal ions.

544 OXIDA nON AND REDUCTION

Examination

Paper 1 IB questions

questions

- a selection

and IB style questions

Q6 One mole of electrons was passed through

the
electrolytic cells in series containing solutions of
Ag+(aq), Ni2+(aq) and Cr3+(aq). What mass of Ag,

Q1 Which one of the following

influence
below!

the voltage

Cu(s) + Fe2+(aq)

A the concentration
the concentration

of copperju) ions, Cu2+(aq)

of iron(lI) ions, Fe2+(aq)

C the temperature of the solutions

D the size of the anode
constructs a voltaic cell using tin and
lead electrodes immersed in 1 mol drrr ' solutions
of tin (II) and lead(lI) ions. What is the e.m.f. for the
spontaneous
reaction? The electrode potentials
are:

Pb +(aq)
2

2e- ~

E"=
E" =

Sn(s)
Pb(s)

most negative?

E<> =0.46V

E"

Sn2+(aq)

=-0.61

E" =-0.74

Cu+(aq)

<>/volts

Sn(s)

2Cu+(aq) ~

A
B
C
D

below is

What are the signs of the standard free energy

change, lIG-9-, and the standard electrode
potential, -9-, for the reaction!
A lIG<> is + ; E" is C lIG-9- is - ; f" is +
B lIG" is + ; E" is +
D lIG-9- is - ; f" is -

E"

=1.36V

t: =-O.23V
f-9- =-2.36V

of tinlu) and

-0.141

+0.518V
reaction?

ions are stabilized

in aqueous solution.)
0.895V
2.354 V

reduction

potentials

E" = -O.23V

E"

= -0.40V

E-9- = O.OOV

Which pair of substances will react spontaneously!

nickel ions with cadmium ions

ions are stabilized

in aqueous solution.)
2Cu+(aq) + Ni(s)
3Ni(s) + 2Mo3+(aq)

Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) <= Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

half-

Cu(s) + Sn2+(aq)

Ni2+(aq) + 2e- ~ Ni(s)

Cd2+(aq) + 2e-~
Cd(s)
2H+(aq) + 2e- ~ H2(g)

1016

for the following

+ 2e- ~ Sn(s)
+ e- ~Cu(s)

Q9 Given the standard

-0.336
-0.236
-0.200
0.518

for the reaction

potentials

are:

(Assume that the copperu)

against disproportionation
A 0.754V
C
B 0.659V
D

to the standard electrode potentials

below, which combination
of reagents will
produce the greatest voltage (potential
difference)?

constant

and 156

What is the e.m.f. for the following

V
V

Q4 According

4x

Q8 The standard reduction potentials

copperu) ions are given below:

B Co(s) + Cu2+(aq) ~ Cu(s) + C02+(aq) E<> =0.62 V

C Fe2+(aq) + C u2+(aq) ~ Fe3+(aq) + C u+(aq)

Q5 The equilibrium

108 g, 118

What will happen when nickel dust is added to an

aqueous solution of magnesium chloride!
A No reaction will take place.
B Chlorine gas will be produced.
C Magnesium metal will form.
D Nickel chloride will form.

A C u(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ~ 2Ag(s) + C u2+(aq)

(Assume that the copperu)

against disproportionation
A Cu'(aq) + Ti(s)
C
B Mo3+(aq) + 3Ti(s)
D

CI2(g) + 2e- ~ 2CI-(aq)

Ni2+(aq) + 2e- ~ Ni(s)
Mg2+(aq) + 2e- ~ Mg(s)

Q3 For which of the reactions below will lIG<> be the

Ti+(aq) + e- ~ Ti(s)
Ni2+(aq) + 2e- ~ Ni(s)
Mo3+(aq) + 3e- ~ Mo(s)
Cu+(aq) + e- ~ Cu(s)

108 g, 59 g and 52
108g,295gand17.3g

reactions

-0.14V
-O.13V

D H2(g) + Cr2+(aq) ~ Cr(s) + 2H+(aq)

Q7 The standard

C +0.01 V
D +O.27V

-O.27V

B -0.01 V

Higher Level Paper 1, Nov 02, Q34

Q2 A student

Sn2+(aq) + 2e- ~

[A, values: Ag = 108,

Ni and Cr will be deposited!

Ni
59, Cr
52]
A 36g, 29.5g and 52g

Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) ~

factors does not

in the reaction shown

Q 1a

nickel atoms with cadmium ions

nickel ions with hydrogen ions
cadmium atoms with nickel ions

From the given standard electrode

which statement is correct?
Ca2+(aq) + 2e- <= Ca(s)
Ni2+(aq) + 2e- <= Ni(s)
Fe3+(aq) + e <= Fe2+(aq)
A
B

potentials

E-9- = -2.87 V
E-9- = -0.23 V
E" = +0.77 V

Ca2+(aq) can oxidize Ni(s)

Ni2+(aq) can reduce Ca2+(aq)

.cn

Examination questions 545

C Fe3+(aq)can oxidize Ni(s)

D Fe3+(aq)can reduce Ca2+(aq)
Higher Level Paper 1, Nov 05, Q32
Q11 Consider an electrochemical cell constructed from
standard Ni/Ni2+and Cu/Cu2+ half-cells. Which one
of the following changes would be expected to
increase the measured value of E~II?
Cu2+(aq)+ 2e- ~ Cu(s);
Ni2+(aq)+ 2e- ~ Ni(s);
A
B
C
D

E~ = +0.34volts
E~ -0.23 volts

increase the [Ni2+(aq)]; increase the [Cu2+(aq)]

decrease the [Ni2+(aq)];increase the [Cu2+(aq)]
decrease the [Ni2+(aq)];decrease the [Cu2+(aq)]
increase the [Ni2+(aq)];decrease the [Cu2+(aq)]

Q12 A strip of pure iron is a placed in a 1.00 mol drrr-'

solution of iron(lI) chloride, and a strip of pure
copper is placed in a 1.00 mol drrr-' solution
of copperu) chloride. The two metal strips are
connected by a wire and the two solutions are
connected by a salt bridge. Which one of the
following observations will be made for the system?
A The concentration of ironu) ions in the iron
half-cell is decreased.
B Copper atoms are deposited at the cathode.
C Chlorine gas is produced at the iron electrode.
D Chlorine gas is produced at the copper
electrode.
Q13 Which statement is correct for the electrolysis of
aqueous copperu) sulfate using copper electrodes!
A Coppertu) ions move toward the cathode
(negative electrode).
B Oxygen molecules are produced at the cathode
(negative electrode).
C The anode gains in mass due to deposition of
copper atoms.
D The blue colour of the copperu) sulfate solution
becomes lighter.
Q14 Which of the following statements is not correct
about the charge on a mole of electrons!
A It always deposits one mole of an element
during electrolysis.
B lt equals the charge on 6 x 1023electrons.
C It is approximately equivalent to 96500 C of
charge.
D It deposits half a mole of copper atoms during
electrolysis.
Q15 Which of the following is an incorrect statement
about the electrolysis of concentrated sodium
chloride solution with graphite electrodes?
A The anode (positive electrode) attracts
hydroxide and chloride ions.
B Sodium metal is produced at the cathode.

C Hydrogen ions undergo reduction at the cathode.

D More energy is required to discharge chloride
ions compared to hydroxide ions.
Q16 A voltaic cell is constructed with pure zinc and
copper electrodes in aqueous solutions of Zn(N03)2
and CU(N03)2' respectively. The voltage of this cell
is 0.91 volts, but the value calculated from a table
of standard electrode potentials is 1.10 volts. The
difference in voltage is probably due to the:
A concentrations of the solutions used
B quantity of solution used
C size of the electrodes used
D diameter of the salt bridge used
Q17 Two standard zinc and silver half-cells are
connected via a salt bridge. The two electrodes
are connected by a wire and a high-resistance
voltmeter. Select the incorrect statement.
A Electrons are flowing along the wire from the
zinc electrode to the silver electrode.
B Electrons are flowing through the salt bridge to
complete the circuit.
C If the salt bridge is lifted out of the solutions
the voltmeter will read zero volts.
D If hydrochloric acid is added to the
Ag(s)/Ag+(aq) half-cell, the reading on the
voltmeter will change.
Q18 According to the following half-reactions and E<'Jvalues, which combination of reactions below will
result in spontaneous reaction?
<>-/volts
M03+(aq) + 3e- ~ Mo(aq)
-0.20
Pb2+(aq)+ 2e- ~ Pb(s)
-0.13
Cu2+(aq)+ e ~ Cu+(aq)
-0.13
(Assume that the copperu) ions are stabilized
against disproportionation in aqueous solution)
A Cu+(aq) + M03+(aq)
B Pb2+(aq)+ Mo(s)
C Pb2+(aq)+ Cu+(aq)
D Cu2+(aq)+ Pb2+(aq)
Q19 Which of the following will affect the mass of gold
deposited on the cathode (negative electrode)
during an electroplating process?
, the concentration of gold ions in the
electrolyte
1/ the size of the current used
1/, the time of the electroplating process
A 'and II
B II and "'
C 'and "'
D I, II and "'

--l"l

546 OXIDA nON AND REDUCTION

03 A pale blue aqueous solution of coppenn) sulfate,

020 An electrolysis cell connected in series with one

which deposits 12 grams of magnesium would,
during the same time interval, deposit:
A 23 grams of sodium
B 27 grams of aluminium
C 8 grams of hydrogen gas
D 32 grams of oxygen gas
Paper 2 IB questions and IB style questions

01 a Redox equations may be balanced using

changes in oxidation number. For the following
redox equation calculate the oxidation numbers
of copper and nitrogen. Use these values to
balance the equation.
Cu(s) + HN03(aq)
b

Cu(N03Maq) + NO(g) + H20(I)

[5]
i Draw a diagram for the voltaic cell
formed by connecting the following
standard half-cells:
-7

Ni(s) I Ni2+(aq)" Mn2+(aq) I Mn(s)

CuS04, is electrolysed using copper electrodes.

a Write balanced half-equations for the reactions
occurring at the:
i cathode (negative electrode)
[1]
ii anode (positive electrode)
[1]
b Explain why there is no change in the intensity
of the pale blue colour or pH when a current
flows.
[2]
c Write a balanced equation for the products
formed if the reactive copper anode is replaced
by an inert platinum or graphite electrode.
[2]
d Calculate the mass of copper produced in
grams when a current of 0.360 amperes is
passed through a 1.0 mol drrr-' copperu) sulfate
solution for 10 minutes.

04 a Define an oxidizing agent in terms

b

[3]

ii

Describe the key features of the standard

hydrogen electrode.
[3]
c i Write an equation for the reaction in each
half-cell, identifying the species which is
oxidized and the oxidizing agent.
[4]
ii State which electrode is the anode and
state the direction of electron flow in the
external circuit.
[2]
iii For the overall cell, calculate its voltage and
state the sign of t-,.G.
[2]
d An aqueous solution of gold nitrate is
electrolysed. Predict the product formed at
each electrode.
[2]

of electrons.
[1]
Make a copy of the following representation
of a voltaic cell. Label each electrode with a +
or - sign, as appropriate, and draw an arrow
on the connecting wire to indicate the direction
of electron flow (Refer to Table 14 of the IB
Chemistry data booklet.)
[2]

Ni(s)--

c --

Mg(s)

I-----P""-'--I---.-.~ ~~-.~--.-.

02 a When a concentrated aqueous solution of

potassium chloride is electrolysed using inert
platinum electrodes, two different colourless
gases are produced at the electrodes.
i Write half-equations for the oxidation and
reduction half-reactions.
[2]
ii Explain why potassium is not formed during
the electrolysis of aqueous potassium
chloride solution.
[1]
iii Under what conditions can potassium
be formed by electrolysis of potassium
chloride?
[1]
b Deduce the products formed during the
electrolysis of an aqueous solution of
potassium fluoride. Write an equation for the
reaction at the positive electrode (the anode)
and give your reasoning.
[4]

Write the balanced equation for the

spontaneous reaction in the above cell. [2]
ii Calculate the standard electrode
potential.
[1]
d Chromium is deposited from an acidic solution
containing the dichrornatetv) ion, according to
the equation:
Cr20l-(aq) + 14H+(aq)+ 12e-

-7

2Cr(s) + 7H20(l)

Calculate the mass of chromium metal (in

grams) that can be deposited by a current of
1.00A flowing for 8.00 hours.
[5]