Chapter 4 Cheat Sheet

solution:ahomogenousmixturewithauniformcomposition
o asolutionconsistsofasmallerquantityofonesubstance,thesolute,dissolvedin
alargerquantityofanother,thesolvent

HowIonicCompoundsDissolveinWater:
waterseparatestheionsbyreplacingtheseattractionswithothersbetweenseveralwater
moleculesandeachion
dissolutionoccursbecausetheattractionsbetweeneachtypeofionandseveralwater
moleculesoutweightheattractionsbetweentheions
gradually,alltheionsseparate(dissociate),becomesolvated:surroundedcloselyby
solventmolecules,andthenmoverandomlyinthesolution
foranioniccompoundthatdoesntdissolveinwater,theattractionbetweenionsis
greaterthantheattractionbetweenionsandwater
asubstancethatconductsacurrentwhendissolvedinwaterisanelectrolyte
Covalent Compounds in Water:
mostsolublecovalentsubstancesdonotseparateintoions,butremainintactmolecules
therefore,theiraqueoussolutionsdonotconductanelectriccurrent,andthesesubstances
arenonelectrolytes
concentration:thequantityofsolutedissolvedinagivenquantityofsolution(orsolvent)

A concentrated solution (higher molarity) is converted to a dilute solution (lower

molarity) by adding solvent, which means the solution volume increases but the amount
(mol) of solute stays the same.
As a result, the dilute solution contains fewer solute particles per unit volume and, thus,
has a lower concentration than the concentrated solution

Precipitation Reactions
precipitationreaction:twosolubleioniccompoundsreacttofromaninsolubleproduct
calledaprecipitate
formbecausetheelectrostaticattractionbetweentheionsoutweighsthetendencyofthe
ionstoremainsolvatedandmovethroughthesolution
metathesisreactions:doubledisplacementreactions

Acid-Base Reactions
acidbasereaction(neutralizationreaction):acidreactswithabase
acid:asubstancethatproducesH+ionswithdissolvedinwater
base:asubstancethatproducesOHionswhendissolvedinwater
thekeyeventinaqueousreactionsbetweenastrongacidandastrongbaseisthatanH+
ionfromtheacidandanOHionfromthebaseformawatermolecule
theioniccompoundthatresultsfromthereactionofanacidandabaseiscalledasalt
acidbasereactionsaremetathesis(doubledisplacement)reactions
anacidbasereactionisaprotontransferprocess
o anacidisamoleculeorionthatdonatesaproton
o abaseisamoleculeorionthatacceptsaproton
whenanioniccarbonateistreatedwithanacid,oneoftheproductsiscarbondioxide

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions

Thekeychemicaleventinanoxidationreduction(redox)reactionisthenetmovementof
electronsfromonereactanttoanother.Themovementoccursfromthereactant(oratom
inthereactant)withlessattractionforelectronstothereactant(oratom)
withmoreattractionforelectrons.
Ionic:transferofelectrons;covalent:shiftelectrons
Formationofcompoundfromitselementsandthereverseprocess

Oxidation: Increase in O.N.; Reduction: Decrease in O.N.

eachatominamolecule(orformulaunit)isassignedanoxidationnumber
(O.N.),oroxidationstate,whichisthechargetheatomwouldhaveifelectronswere
transferredcompletely,notshared.
Elementsinioniccompoundshavefullcharges;elementsincovalentorpolyatomic
ionshavepartialcharges
O.N.hasthesignbeforethenumber:+2,whereasionicchargehasthesignafter,2+

Combination Redox: X + Y -> Z

Decomposition Redox: Z -> X + Y
Single Displacement: X + YZ -> XZ + Y
o Double displacement is not redox; precipitation or acid-base
Combustion: process of combining with oxygen

Activity Series:
Metal are ranked by their ability to displace H2 and another metal from solution; the most
reactive metals displace H2 from liquid water

Halogen activity series

o

Equilibrium:
wehaveviewedreactionsastransformationsofreactantsintoproductsthatproceeduntil
theyarecomplete,thatis,untilthelimitingreactantisusedup.
However,manyreactionsstopbeforethishappensbecausetwoopposingreactionsare
takingplacesimultaneously:theforward(lefttoright)reactioncontinues,butthereverse
(righttoleft)reactionoccursjustasfast(atthesamerate).
Atthispoint,nofurtherchangesappearintheamountsofreactantsorproducts,andthe
reactionmixturehasreacheddynamicequilibrium
o everyreactionisreversibleandwillreachdynamicequilibriumifallthereactants
andproductsarepresent
o equilibriumisreachedwhenallthesubstancesremainincontactwitheachother