ELSEVIER

Heat-Transfer Intensification Promoted by

Vertical Structures in Closed Channel
Under Magnetic Field
Yu. B. Kolesnikov
0. V. Andreev
Institute of Physics,
Latvian Academy of Sciences,
Salaspils-I, LV-2169 Latvia

wThe effect of large two-dimensional

vertical structures on heat transfer in
liquid metal flow in an annular channel under an axial uniform strong
magnetic field has been experimentally investigated. Hot and cold channel
walls were parallel to the field. Structures commensurable
with the channels cross-sectional
dimension
and stretched
along the field were generated owing to flow around the stagnant zones in flow above and below the
conducting
cylindrical obstacles placed on the hot wall. It is shown that
transversal
heat transfer increases six times compared with free channel
flow. Here, the hot-wall temperature
decreased more than three times. In
the presence
of cylindrical obstacles in the channel, the increase in the
power spent for fluid motion is not required to achieve the large Nusselt
numbers. The mean and fluctuating velocities in the flow cross section were
measured by using a potential probe. The Reynolds stresses and turbulent
energy production
for the flow were also obtained
experimentally.
The
temperature
distributions
were measured by thermocouples.
Local characteristics measured
in the channel are used to provide analysis of flow
structure
and
redistribution
of velocity
and
temperature
fields.
0 Elsevier Science Inc., 1997
Keywords: magnetic field, uortical promoter, stagnant zone, mean
velocity and temperature, fluctuating velocity, the Reynolds stress,
turbulent energy production, heat transfer, power spent for motion
creation

INTRODUCTION
The necessity

to increase heat transfer in a flow appears

in some problems related to the use of liquid metal. The
concept of intensification
is based, as a rule, on the
generation
of natural turbulence
at the large Reynolds
numbers [l, 21. These experimental
studies deal, in general, with the investigation of mean characteristics
of twodimensional
flows in the channels with circular and rectangular cross-sectional
geometry in transverse and longitudinal strong magnetic fields and with flows in regions of
an inhomogeneous
transverse field. As a result of interaction of induced electrical current and magnetic field, the
vortex electromagnetic
force emerges shaping the unstable free shear layers. Under strong magnetic field, these
layers are thin and generate small-scale turbulent vortices
[3], which are able to provide only local heat transfer.
It has been known that a common feature of liquid
metal flow around bodies and grids, as well as of shear
flows, under a strong magnetic field is the transition to a
two-dimensional
flow state in the plane perpendicular
to
Address correspondence

the field [4-61. In such a case, the turbulence

becomes
sufficiently two-dimensional,
and main turbulent energy is
concentrated
in large perturbations,
oriented along the
field [6, 71. The tendency to change to a two-dimensional
state was also found at the flow around an insulated
cylinder, the axis of which was perpendicular
to the field
181.
Therefore,
to ensure effective heat transfer, the task
may be reduced to the choice of optimum flow configuration to generate intensive large-scale perturbations
in the
vicinity of a hot wall at small turbulent Reynolds numbers
and minimum power consumption. An effective method of
heat-transfer
enhancement
is the promotion of large-scale,
two-dimensional
vortices by conducting inserts mounted
on channel walls perpendicular
to a magnetic field [9, lo].
Under that condition, the Nusselt number was several
times larger than that in the channel without inserts [lo].
An insertion into a channel of insulated cylinders parallel
to the field also promotes the two-dimensional
perturbations commensurable
with the cross section of these bod-

to Prof. Yu. B. Kolesnikov, Institute of Physics, Latvian Academy of Sciences, Salaspils-1, LV-2169 Latvia.

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 1997; 15:82-90

0 Elsevier Science Inc., 1997
65.5Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010

0894-1777/97/$17.00
PI1 SOS94-1777(97)00048-4

Heat-Transfer
ies [6, 111. The investigations
of velocity characteristics
behind cylinders shown that intensity of perturbations
reaches 20% [6]. To obtain the flow perturbations
commensurable with the width of a channel, it is necessary to
enlarge the cross-sectional
size of the bodies. However,
that enlargement
straightens flow and increases the hydrodynamic channel drag.
In the present study, the idea of heat-transfer
enhancement is based on the possibility of generating the intensive
flow vorticity parallel to a magnetic field on the boundaries of conducting cylinders placed downstream on the
heated wall parallel to the field. The axes of cylinders are
perpendicular
to a flow and magnetic field. It will be
shown that electric current shorting through the cylinders
creates the electromagnetic
vortex body force in a flow,
which leads to the formation
of streamlined
stagnant
zones above and below cylinders and stretched along the
field. These zones form unstable two-dimensional
flow
with a nonuniform velocity profile in the plane perpendicular to the field. A contribution
of cylinder drag in waste
power characteristics
of the flow, at least in a weak
magnetic field, is negligible because the ratio of midplane
areas of the cylinder and channel is about lo-*.

I.

Intensification

in Closed Channel

83

homogeneous
B
magnetic field I
copper
cylinder
In-Ga-Sn

+b
Lb-vb
to current
source

\/
3

b
EXPERIMENTAL
APPARATUS
AND
MEASUREMENT
METHODS
Experimental

Setup

The basic experimental

setup consists of a closed annular
channel with a rectangular cross section 46 mm in height
and 120 mm and 55 mm in outer and inner diameters,
respectively (Fig. la). The side channel walls parallel to
the magnetic field were made of 5-mm-thick copper and
served as electrodes, which were used for direct electric
current supply to the working liquid. A symmetrical outer
supply of the electric current to side walls provided uniform distribution
of the radial component of the electric
current along the channel. The bottom and top walls of
the channel perpendicular
to the magnetic field were
made of g-mm-thick
Plexiglas. The working liquid was
eutectic alloy In-Ga-Sn with the following characteristics
at 20C: p = 6400 kg/m3, Y = 3.4 X low7 m/s, u = 3.46
x lo6 R-m-l,
and A = 39 W/(mC). The motion of the
liquid in the channel arises as a result of the interaction of
a radial component
of electric current with the external
vertical magnetic field due to the force j x B.
The annular geometry of the channel and the uniform
distribution of the electromagnetic
force in the azimuthal
direction allowed an investigation of the flow without the
inlet and outlet sections, as well as the longitudinal
pressure gradient.
This device models the processes in a
plane-parallel
channel flow in the region of stationary
hydro and thermodynamic
processes taking place behind
the initial distance of flow stabilization. The magnetic field
was created by a direct current (dc) electromagnet.
The
distance between magnet poles was 150 mm. The experiments were carried out at magnetic inductions
in the
range of B = 0.63-1.4 T, and electric current strength
varied in the range of I = 5-30 A.
The outer wall parallel to the field contained
the
water-cooling
channel. The temperature
of this wall was
20 + 0.5C and was kept constant by using a thermostat.

Figure 1. (a) Experimental operating channel for heat-transfer study in the presence of a strong magnetic field: 1, cover;
2, bottom; 3, electrical heater; 4, copper electrodes; 5, probe;
In-Ga-Sn, working liquid, W, heat flux. (b) Placement of next
cylinders on the hot wall: s, distance between the ends of the
cylinders; d, diameter of cylinders; h, cylinders height.
The inner channel wall contained a dc electrical heater
made of Ni-Cr wire. The heater power, P, kept the heat
flux through the inner wall up to 5.9 kW/m. To diminish
the interaction between the heating current and the magnetic field, the heater coil was arranged primarily along
the magnetic field lines. The top and bottom walls of the
channel were thermally insulated.
To ensure more effective heat transfer by vortex generation, copper cylinders d = 5-mm diameter and h = lomm-length with steps s = 39.3, 78.5, 117.8, and 235.6 mm
between their ends, were mounted in the azimuthal direction on the inner heated wall (Fig. lb). The cylinders were
positioned
at the half height of the wall. The electric
current shorting through the cylinders creates in a flow
the vortex electromagnetic
force rot,(i x B) = B,dj,/az,
which leads to the formation of stagnant zones above and
below cylinders stretched along the magnetic field direction (Fig. 2). It should be noted that, in spite of rather

copper
cylinder

Figure 2. Disposition of stagnant zones above (a) and below

(6) cylinder protruding along magnetic field.

84

Yu. B. Kolesnikov and 0. V. Andreev

large angular velocity of the flow, the Rossby number is

too large (Ro = 30) to ensure the formation of stagnant
zones cause by the rotation effect because, in rotating
fluid, Ro must be less than 0.1 for this.
Velocity

and Temperature

Measurement

Methods

The measurements
of the averaged azimuthal velocity and
azimuthal and radial velocity fluctuation components were
carried out by using a conductance
anemometer.
It is
assumed that the conductivity of the fluid is constant and
large; the frequencies
in the flow are not very large,
because it is well fulfilled for a liquid metal. In such a
case, the use of conductance
anemometer
is based on
Ohms law in the form
cp + V x B),

j = c(-grad

where (-grad
cp) is the electrical field induced by the
motion of an electrically conducting fluid with velocity V
in the presence of an external magnetic field B [121.
In the presence of a two-dimensional
velocity field,
components of this equation on the coordinate axes at the
vertical field B = [O,0, B] are
&J
____Bu_L.
ax

Jcp
__&_J,.
JY

Jcp
_=_I.
dz

j
(T

If the magnetic field is strong enough, the electric current

j is negligible in the internal part of the flow except in the
boundary layers. In this case, it is tenable to suppose that
the component jz/a
is larger than other components
of
electric current, because the presence of component jJu
does not lead to interaction between a magnetic field and
flow velocity that induces that electric current. The relations jJo
> ix/u, j/a
and, consequently,

enable identification
of the electrical field measured in a
experiment
and velocity values because a potential-difference probe with two point electrodes located on a line
of magnetic field immediately
measures the component
j,/a.
This occurs if the Hartmann number is large enough.
We use the Hartmann
number defined in the following
form:
.
It was experimentally
proved in Refs. 6 and 7 that dpo/Jz
= (0.1 - O.O5)&p/dy for a channel flow at Ha > 100.
This reasoning may be enlarged on two-dimensional
flow perturbations
in the presence of a strong magnetic
field. As pointed out in Ref. 13, at L > 2aN-1 , the
energy-containing
eddies with scale L in the perpendicular plane and dimension
2a parallel
to the field are
two-dimensional,
and pulsation velocity can also be measured by the induction-velometry
method. The interaction
parameter
uB2
N=-L
is defined
forces.

by the ration

PV

of electromagnetic

and inertial

Thus, the dc and rms values of electrical field components

acp/dx and &p/dy
measured
by a potentialdifference
probe and their cross correlation
allow the
deduction of both components
of averaged velocity and
velocity pulsation intensity, as well as Reynolds stress
7, = -p(uv>.
The measurements
were carried out with a conductance
anemometer
with a fore-electrode
sensor. The sensor
electrodes were made of 0.33-mm-diameter
copper wire
with varnish insulation. Electrical contact with the working liquid was ensured only at the electrode ends placed
directly in the measuring point. The sensitive elements of
one pair of electrodes were placed in the radial direction
for measurement
of azimuthal velocity U, and those of the
other pair of electrodes were placed in the azimuthal
direction for measurement
of radial velocity V. The distances Ali (i = 1,2) between corresponding
electrodes
were 1.2 mm. The probe wire elements were placed in a
2-mm-diameter
insulated tube. The working length of the
probe was 23 mm, so the measuring point was in the
middle of the channel height. A traverse of probe in
the radial direction was controlled by a specially manufactured coordinate device in which the accuracy of scale was
as
0.1 mm. The velocities U and V were determined
A cp/BAli from the potential difference A p measured by a
sensor. For measuring the averaged velocities, the signal
from the sensor was fed into a dc voltmeter
with a
measurement
range from 3 PV to 10 V. It was found that
the ratio of averaged velocity component V to component
U in flow cross sections between adjacent cylinders is
about 5 x lo-, which allows component
V to be neglected. The range of dc values for U was up to 300 pV.
The intensity of the velocity fluctuations
U and v was
measured with an amplifier having a frequency range of
O-200 Hz, an amplification
factor 1.53 X 104, and an
intrinsic noise level of 0.5 pV, whereas, in the experilarge energy-containing
perturbations
had a
ments,
frequency range of 5-10 Hz, and the rms signal level
measured by the sensor ranged from 13 to 70 /-LV. In
measurements
of the potential difference in nonisotherma1 flow of the eutectic alloy In-Ga-Sn by copper electrodes, the thermal electromotive
force (temf) appears.
Because the temf for couple Cu-InGaSn is 2 pV/deg, in
the experiments described herein the maximum temperature gradient between probe electrodes created a temf of
0.47 /.Lv.
The relative rms error for the velocity measured by a
conductance
anemometer
in two-dimensional
MHD flow
under a strong magnetic field is defined as

where E is the electric field strength perpendicular

to the
magnetic field and velocity gained by the anemometer,
and V(t) is the velocity depending
on the coordinate
along the magnetic field. In the core of the flow limited by
the boundary layers, the electric field strength is balanced
by an electric moving force per unit length V(z)B. Thus,
the electric current is supplanted to the boundary layers
on the walls perpendicular
and parallel to the ma netic
field with thicknesses
uI - Ha- and u,, m Ha- IA, accordingly (Fig. 3). Evaluation of E can be made using the

Heat-Transfer

+b

b-

Figure 3. Schematic
representation
of electric current
streamlines in magnetohydrodynamic
boundary layers on the
walls parallel and perpendicular
to the magnetic field in
vertical section between adjacent cylinders.
solution for V(z) in the Hartmann
flow between two
planes perpendicular
to the field [12].
There is no longitudinal
pressure gradient in the flow,
because fluid is driven by body electromagnetic
force, and
so the rms relative error for the velocity measurements
is
-l/2
E=

$Ha

i 0
1
at the large Hartmann
numbers. In the experiments,
at
Ha = 1792, the averaged velocity measurement
error in
the flow outside the boundary layers did not exceed 5%.
Averaged temperature
profiles were obtained by thermocouple. A thermocouple with a sensitivity of 40 pV/deg
made of copper and constantan
wires had a 0.3-mmdiameter sensor and was placed 5 mm above the measuring point of potential probe along a magnetic field line.
The use of such a combined probe in two-dimensional
flow at a strong enough magnetic field is valid because the
velocity and temperature
distributions
along the field are
uniform 14, 101.
Ihe Nusselt number Nu = cub/h, where (Y= P/[F(T,
by the differ- 73/21,
b = r. ln(R/r,), was determined
ence in temperatures
between the hot Th and the cold T,
side walls parallel to the magnetic field, the channel sizes,
and the physical quality of the fluid. The temperature
of
the walls was measured by thermocouples
with sensors
placed in the orifices of the hot and cold walls at a height

Intensification

in Closed Channel

85

of 35 mm from the bottom and a distance of 0.2 mm from

the inner channel wall surface. Ihe O.Cmm-diameter
thermocouples were made of copper and constantan wires.
The orifices were filled with transformer
oil to improve
thermal contact between the thermocouple
and the wall.
AI1 flow characteristics
were measured
in the vertical
middle plane between adjacent cylindrical promoters.
The following flow instability parameters were used: the
Reynolds number Re = (b,/u)[lB/(
p2~)1/~) and the
parameter
Rh = Re/[(b,/2a)Ha],
which is the relation
between the bottom friction time and inertial time.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
DISCUSSION

AND

The averaged azimuthal velocity profiles of the flows in

the channel with and without cylinders are different (Fig.
4). In the free channel under the strong magnetic field,
the velocity distribution
corresponds to the feeding electrical current distribution
with the maximum near the
inner wall. So, the side shear boundary-layer
thickness,
which determines
the radial scale of the vortices in an
unstable regime, is too small to generate a large-scale
vortex. The use of the conducting cylinders on the inner
wall destroys this shear layer near the hot wall and creates
stagnant zones, as mentioned earlier. The stagnant zones
form an averaged velocity profile with a maximum at
r = 0.4. To represent
the data, we used the following
dimensionless
distance between cylinders:
s =

(s -d)
(b, - h)

where s is the distance between cylinders, d their diameter, b, the channel width, and h the channel height. At
S = 1.4, negative values of velocity are explained by the
narrow disposition of the cylinders and the emergence of
bound vortices between adjacent stagnant zones. At large
values of the S parameter, the velocity profiles virtually
coincide.
The measured azimuthal and radial velocity fluctuations
at the strong magnetic field and small S shown in Fig. 5
indicate that the perturbation
intensity is about 12% of
the maximum velocity in the channel with the cylinders.
There are three prominent maxima in the azimuthal com-

0.6

?
3
0.2
Figure 4. Mean velocity profiles at B = 1.4 T and
Rh = 42.7, and different S: (1) channel without
cylinders, U,,, = 88 cm/s; (2) S = 1.4, U_ = 33.4
cm/s; (3) S = 4.66, U,, = 32.6 cm/s; (4) S =
9.56, U,, = 36.5 cm/s.

86

Yu. B. Kolesnikov and 0. V. Andreev

10
"0

=;
g
?
->
-3

Figure 5. Distributions of azimuthal and radial

velocity pulsation intensities at B = 1.4 T, Rh
= 42.7, and S = 1.4. (1) u/U,,;
(2) L/U,,,~~;
and (3) U/U,,;
U,,, = 33.4 cm/s.

6
2
-2

ponent distribution,
whereas the radial component
has
one maximum expressed. These distributions
also show
that there are large-scale intensive vortices in the flow,
which are of the same order as the transverse scale of the
flow.
Under these conditions, the Reynolds turbulent
stress
or = -p( uu) is positive in virtually the entire flow section in spite of various signs of the mean velocity gradient
across the channel (Fig. 6). The location of maximum or
alongside the hot wall is where the vortices mentioned
earlier are skewed toward this wall. It is confirmed by
intensity distributions
of azimuthal
and radial velocity
pulsations
in Fig. 5. The turbulent
energy production
Pt = r,rd(U/r)/dr
is positive at r > 0.35 and negative at
r < 0.25. Availability
of positive energy production
indicates that the pulsation energy is transferred to the flow in
a given region, so the average velocity changes direction.
The curves in Fig. 7 demonstrate
the profiles of transverse distributions
of the mean temperature
both in the
free channel and in the channel with the cylinders. In the
first case, in laminar and turbulent regimes, the temperature profiles are similar (temperature
of the heated wall in
turbulent regime is about 10% less than that at a laminar
regime; see Fig. 10). In the second case, at the turbulent
regime, the temperature
gradient in the central part of the
channel decreases with increasing distance between cylinders. The temperature
distribution becomes virtually uniform at S = 9.56 (pos 4). In fact, the increase in the

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

distance between cylinders must lead to a maximum value

of the Nusselt number at fixed Rh.
The graphs in Fig. 8 indicate that two-dimensional,
large-scale
structures
provide a high intensity of heat
transfer from the hot to the cold wall at different values of
Rh and various S. Owing to the enhancement
of Rh, the
value of the velocity pulsating intensity grows, and Nu
increases to as much as 8.24. It is also seen that, in a free
channel (without cylinders), the Nu number increases to
only 1.6 at Rh = 42.7.
The growth of a large vortex contribution
to heat transfer at various magnetic fields is illustrated by the curves
shown in Fig. 9. At a relatively weak magnetic field (pas.
11, the stagnant zones are not expressed and cannot generate intensive enough large vortices. Moreover, these
vortices are unstable at this magnetic field and break up
into small- and middle-scale vortices. Consequently,
the
Nusselt number is 4.12 at Rh = 86. If the magnetic field
increases two times (pos. 31, the two-dimensional
large
vortices become more stable, and the Nusselt number
reaches a value as high as 8.24 at Rh = 65.
This heat-transfer
intensification
is also confirmed by
measurements
of the hot-wall temperature
presented in
Fig. 10 at various values of S. It is seen that the hot-wall
temperature
decreases by only 10% (curve 11 in a free
channel. In the channel with cylindrical promoters, the
temperature
of this wall decreases by 65% at two large
values of S (pos. 3 and 4). A diminished decrease in the

3
2
1
0
Figure 6. Distributions of turbulent stress and
energy production
at B = 1.4 T, Rh = 42.7,
S = 1.4. (1) turbulent stress rr; (2) energy production Pr; (3) averaged velocity U.

-1
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Heat-Transfer

Intensification

in Closed Channel

87

0.8
E

0.6

0.4
0.2

0.2

10

0.6

0.4

0.8

Figure 7. Mean temperature profiles at B = 1.4 T,

Rh = 42.7 and different S. (1) Channel without
cylinders (S = 03); (2) S = 1.4; (3) S = 4.66; (4)
S = 9.56, channel with cylinders. T,,,. mM = 27.3C
is the temperature of the hot wall at the laminar
regime.

a
6
5

4
2

---

--

0
0

10

Figure 8. Dependencies of the Nusselt number

on parameter S at B = 1.4 T. (1) Rh = 42.7;
(2) Rh = 47.0; (3) Rh = 61.5; (4) channel without cylinders at Rh = 42.7.

100

Rh

Figure 9. Dependencies of the Nusselt number

on the Rh parameter at S = 4.66 and different
values of the magnetic field, (1) B = 0.73; (2)
B = 1.0; (3) B = 1.4 T, (4) without cylinders at
B= 1.4 T.

10

60

40

80

88 Yu.B. Kolesnikov and 0. V. Andreev

1
0.8

0.2
Figure 10. Dependencies

of hot-wall temperature on Rh at B = 1.4 T. (1) Channel without

cylinders; (2) S = 1.4; (3) S = 4.66; (4) S = 9.56.
T,, lam = 27.3C.

Rh
for a liquid cooling system in the International
Tbermonuclear Experimental
Reactor (ITER) [l, 111, the use of the
vertical promoters having conductivity higher than that of
a working liquid has advantages. The advantages are the
relative simplicity of the promoters design, the reduction
in the pressure drop in a magnetohydrodynamic
channel
due to a low flow rate, and the decrease in temperature of
the hot wall, compared with design versions of a blanket
multichannel
cooling system. Extrapolation
of the presented results shows that Nu = 5.3 for flow velocity V,, = 1
m/s, and the magnetic field B = 5 T expected for a
thermofusion
liquid metal blanket can be obtained.
These studies contain useful information
relating to
other applications
such as liquid metal heat exchangers
that require heat-transfer
processes, as, for example, in
the absence of gravity thermal convection.
As a rule, the possibilities of traditional
methods for
measurement
of local velocity characteristics
in nonisothermal electrical-conducting
opaque flows, such as liquid metal flows, are limited. We infer that the conductance potential-difference
method employed in this study

wall temperature at Rh > 55 (the Reynolds number grows)

is conditioned
by the instability of the main large-scale
perturbations,
leading to a decrease in their intensity and,
consequently,
to an efficiency decrease in heat transfer.
The dependency
of the Nusselt number on the power
spent for fluid motion creation per unit volume, q =
IA@/V,,
shown in Fig. 11, indicates that the ratio Nu/q
for the channel with cylindrical promoters is 5.5 times as
large as that for a free channel (pos. 2 and 4). The lesser
values of the ratio (pos. 3 and 4) at large S can be
explained by the growing horizontal scale of main perturbations and their instability (see also the falling Nusselt
number in Fig. 8 at large S).
PRACTICAL

SIGNIFICANCE

80

60

40

/ USEFULNESS

We have investigated
the influence of two-dimensional
vertical structures on the increase in heat transfer in a
channel from heated to cold walls, parallel to the field. It
has been shown that heat-transfer
intensity can be increased multifold. If we take into consideration
the fact
that a eutectic liquid metal alloy is one of the candidates

10

Figure 11. Dependency

on the power spent to
B = 1.4 T. (1) S = 1.4;
9.56; (4) channel without

0
of the Nusselt number
create fluid motion at
(2) S = 4.66; (3) S =
cylinders.

-____

-_____-__________-_I

-__-

q (kW/m3)

Heat-Transfer
is simple and has reasonable
accuracy compared with
others. The signal measured by the potential probe does
not depend on the fluid temperature
gradient and can be
used to obtain both distributions
of velocities and the
Reynolds stress, whereas other measuring
means-for
instance, the thermoanemometer
with hot wire in similar
flows-cannot
be used.
These results can also be applied to a fully developed
channel flow, except for its initial sections where thermoand
magnetohydrodynamic
characteristics
undergo
changes.

CONCLUSIONS
Considerable
heat transfer in a channel between hot and
cold walls parallel to a strong magnetic field cannot be
obtained by an increase in flow velocity near the hot wall.
The velocity increase leads only to an increase in power
spent for motion creation, to the generation of small-scale
turbulence, and, consequently,
to local heat transfer in the
vicinity of the heated wall. The measurements
developed
in this work allowed intensive heat transfer. The artificial
stagnant zones in the flow localized downstream, with the
use of conducting cylindrical obstacles, play an important
role in this case. The relation between obstacle volume
and channel volume does not exceed 2.6 X 10P3. The
main conclusions are summarized as follows:
At the positioning of conducting cylindrical promoters
on the hot wall, the stagnant zones of fluid above and
below them appear to be under a strong magnetic
field as a result of the displacement
of the electric
current into promoters. Flow velocity drops almost to
zero above and below promoters.
A transverse scale of perturbations
generated by stagnant zones exceeds the length of cylindrical promoters
by three times and occupies 80-90% of a channel
cross section. The intensities of azimuthal and radial
velocity pulsations
divided by a maximum averaged
velocity are 12% at a strong magnetic field of B = 1.4
T. Their maxima are displaced toward the hot wall. At
the appearance of perturbations
commensurable
with
flow width, the Reynolds stress distribution
has two
maxima moved apart a distance of Ar = 0.6. In the
radial distribution
of turbulent
energy production,
there are two extreme values. An extreme in the
region of the hot wall is negative; that is, the momentum of perturbations
is transferred
to the flow. The
effect is pronounced
owing to the existence of a
recurrent flow in this region at the positive Reynolds
stress.
In the presence of promoters,
the Nusselt number
calculated by the temperature
difference between hot
and cold walls increases as much as 8.24, whereas, in a
free channel, the Nusselt number does not exceed 1.6.
A relatively high heat transfer ensures a three fold
decrease in the hot-wall temperature
compared with
that in a free channel flow at the same heat flux.
The ratio of the Nusselt number in the channel with
promoters to the Nusselt number in the free channel
flow reaches 5.5, whereas the ratio of velocities is 0.37
at the same power spent for the creation of main
motions.

Intensification

in Closed Channel

89

NOMENCLATURE
half height of channel, m
magnetic field induction, T
BZ z-component
of magnetic field induction, T
bo width of channel, m
b modified width of channel, m
d diameter of cylinder, m
E electric field strength, V/m
F area of heater side surface (= 47rr,a), m2
h length of the cylinder, m
Ha Hartmann number, dimensionless
I electric current strength, A
j electric current density, A/m2
j, z-component of electric current density, A/m2
L scale of the turbulent eddies in the plane
perpendicular
to the magnetic field, m
Ali distances between corresponding
probe sensor
electrodes, m
N MHD-interaction
parameter ( = Ha2/Re),
dimensionless
Nu Nusselt number, dimensionless
P power of electrical heater, W
energy production, kg/cm s3)
Pt turbulent
Q heat flux density on the heater surface, W/m2
power spent for fluid motion creation, W/m3
f: outer radius of channel, m
r radial coordinate [ = (r* - ro)/bo],
dimensionless
r* running radial coordinate, m
Re Reynolds number [= (b,/vXIB/(
p2a))/2],
dimensionless
dimensionless
Rh parameter { = Re/[(b,/2a)Ha]},
+ 111,
Ro Rossby number [ = 2r(r,/h
dimensionless
inner radius of channel, m
distance between cylinders [ = (s - d)/(b,
h)], dimensionless
distance between cylinders, m
hot wall temperature,
C
cold wall temperature,
C
azimuthal component of turbulent intensity
(= (u~)~/U,,)
of fluid, dimensionless
radial component of turbulent intensity
(= (v 2)2/U,,)
of fluid, dimensionless
azimuthal and radial components
of velocity
pulsations, m/s
maximum azimuthal component of mean
velocity, m/s
velocity of fluid averaged in z-direction, m/s
volume of the channel, m3
vertical direction, parallel to magnetic field, m
a

Greek Symbols
heat emission coefficient, W/(m2C)
thicknesses of boundary layers on the walls
perpendicular
and parallel to magnetic field, m
root-mean-square
relative error for electrical
potential probe measurement,
dimensionless

90

Yu. B. Kolesnikov and 0. V. Andreev

A
u

P
u

Ai
cp
lam
max

thermal conductivity, W/(mU

kinematic viscosity, m2/c
fluid density, kg/m3
electrical conductivity, R ~ m -
Reynolds stress, kg/(m s2)
electrical potential difference between
and outer wall, V
electric field potential, V . m

Riga, USSR 1988, Liquid Metal Magnetohydrodynamics, Kluwer,

the Netherlands,
pp. 153-159, 1989.
6. Kolesnikov, Yu. B., and Tsinober, A. B., Two-Dimensional
Turbulent Flow Behind a Circular Cylinder. Magnetohydrodynamics
8(3), 300-307, 1972.

the inner

Subscripts
laminar regime
maximum value
REFERENCES

1. Barleon, L., Casal, V., and Lenhart,

L., MHD Flow in LiquidMetal-Cooled
Blanket. Fusion Eng. Design 14, 401-412, 1991.
2. Picologlou, B. F., and Reed, C. B., Experimental
Investigation
of
3-D MHD Flows at High Hartmann
Number and Interaction
Parameters.
Proc. IUTAM
Symp. Liquid Metal MHD, Riga,
USSR, 1988, Liquid Metal Magnetohydrodynamics, Kluwer, the
Netherlands,
pp. 71-77, 1989.
3. Kolesnikov, Yu. B., and Polyakov, N. N., An Experimental
Study
of an Axisymmetrical
Rotary Shear Flow in a Homogeneous
Axial Magnetic Field 1: Average Flow and Velocity Fluctuations.
Magnetohydrodynamics 19(3), 301-306, 1983.
4. Kolesnikov, Yu. B., and Tsinober, A. B., Experimental
Investigation of Two-Dimensional
Turbulence
Behind a Grid. Izu. Akad.
Nauk S.S.S.R., Mekh. Zhidkosti Gaza (4), 146-152, 1974.
5. Kljukin, A. A., and Kolesnikov, Yu. B., MHD Turbulence
Decay
Behind Spatial Grids. Proc. IUTAM Symp. Liquid metal MHD,

7. Kolesnikov,
Yu. B., Experimental
Investigation
of Instability of
Plane-Parallel
Shear Flow in a Magnetic Field. Magnetohydrodynamics 21(l), 47-53, 1985.
8. Kolesnikov,
Yu. B., and Tsinober,
A. B., Three-Dimensional
Magnetohydrodynamic
Flow Past a Cylinder of Finite Length.
Magnetohydrodynamics 7(2), 271-273, 1971.
9. Kolesnikov, Yu. B., and Tsinober, A. B., Magnetohydrodynamic
Flow in Region of Conductive
Jump on Wall. Magnetohydrodynamics S(l), 70-74, 1972.
10. Andreev,
0. V., and Kolesnikov,
Yu. B., Anisotropy
of Heat
Transfer
Processes in a Rotating
Flow in a Uniform Magnetic
Field at Nonuniform
Conductivity
of the Boundaries.
Magnetohydrodynamics 29(2), 181-186, 1993.
11. Barleon, L., Mack, K. J., Kirchner,
R., and Stieglitz, R., MHD
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Electrically Insulated Channel at Fusion Relevant Parameters.
18th Int. SOFT Conf., August, Karlsruhe,
Germany, pp. 1-4, 1994.
12. Shercliff, J. A., The Theory of Electromagnetic Flow-Measurement.
Cambridge
University Press, London 1962.
13. Sommeria,
J., and Moreau,
R., Why, How, and When, MHD
Turbulence
Becomes
Two-Dimensional.
J. Fluid Mech. 118,
507-518, 1982.

Received

February

25, 1995; revised

September

10, 1995