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DOI:10.1007/s11770-016-0543-3
Introduction
The 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake triggered
thousands of landslides in the mountains of southwestern
China and caused heavy casualties and property losses
Huang and Li, 2009; Huang et al., 2013). Geohazard
mitigation and risk assessment require the identification
of landslide-triggering mechanisms and the collection of
data before the critical sliding stage. Many researchers
Manuscript received by the Editor February 21, 2016; revised manuscript received March 12, 2016.
*This study was funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2013CB733203) and the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41474055).
1. Hubei Subsurface Multiscale Imaging Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of
Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China.
Corresponding author: Hu Xiang-Yun (Email: xyhu@163.com)
2016 The Editorial Department of APPLIED GEOPHYSICS. All rights reserved.
Landslide monitoring
Perrone et al., 2004; Shan et al., 2014). Because slope
stability is mainly affected by rainwater infiltration
and runoff (Bivre et al., 2012), electrical resistivity
tomography (ERT) has been frequently used owing to
its greater sensitivity to subsurface water content and
groundwater flow, compared with wave theory based
methods (Lapenna et al., 2005; Miller et al., 2008).
Furthermore, ERT provides information on the threedimensional structure of landslides (Perrone et al.,
2014) because of multichannel instruments used in
data acquisition (Loke et al., 2013) and improvements
in computer technology and geophysical inversion
algorithms (Gunther et al., 2006; Li et al., 2014; Rucker
et al., 2006) that have increased the S/N and spatial
resolution. However, precipitation infiltration to the
slope with what kind of runoff and drainage, slope
containing water change and slide zone with holding
time of water in a series of key hydrogeological process
problems have not only spatial distribution complexity,
but also unceasingly along with the time evolution
(Lebourg et al., 2010).
Therefore, when exploring the structure of the
slope, it is essential to characterize the spatiotemporal
evolution of of precipitation (fluid flow) through the
landslide, because this is the main controlling factor
of causing landslides. In situ stationary monitoring at
drilling boreholes has been widely used in hydrological
investigations to understand the hydrological and
geological processes (Thomsen et al., 2004), but this
investigations always are constrained by a series of
factors, such as the heterogeneity of the strata, the
limitation of the point sampling survey scale and
the in situ geological environment broken by the
hydrogeological drillings (Binley et al., 2010; Binley
et al., 2015).The application of the time-lapse electrical
resistivity tomography (TLERT) method helped to
better understand complex subsurface hydrogeological
properties and processes. The method relies on the
direct observation of dynamic electrical changes.
Hydrogeophysics studies hydraulic conductivity
estimation (Hayley et al., 2009; Kuras et al., 2009;
Oldenborger et al., 2007), groundwater contamination
monitoring as well as in situ remediation (Gasperikova
et al., 2012; Revil et al., 2013), and saltwater intrusion
surveys (de Franco et al., 2009; Martorana et al., 2014).
Lebourg et al. (2005) have been reported to map the
time-dependent three-dimensional evolution of pore
water pressure in deep-seated landslides using the
TLERT method. In addition, Cassiani et al. (2009)
observed that fast vertical infiltration into the bedrock
through specific flow paths significantly affect slope
2
Xu et al.
are unconsolidated and granular. Gravel constitutes more
than 50%, and the diameter ranges between 10 mm and
50 mm. Gravel pores are filled with silt that is slightly
denser and of poor self-stability.
3. The Quaternary alluvial layer comprises Zagunao
River deposits and is found in the toe of the floodplain
and shore terraces. Parent rocks are phyllite and quartz
sandstone, which are moderately weathered and filled
with medium-grained sand. Here, 20100 mm pebbles
constitute more than 50% of the alluvial layer.
The joint fissures are relatively well developed in the
area. There are several bedrock outcrops in the rear side
of the landslide. The faults and large-scale joint fissures
are potential flow pathways for water infiltration and
transportation.
68.8
61.4
60
60
41.2
40
35.4
34.2
19
20
2.5
72.5
9.1
5.4
2.1
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Landslide monitoring
constrained inversion decreased the artifacts and
increased stability. Similarly, for the time regularization
we can select the L1-norm, L2-norm, and Lp-norm as
well (Karaoulis et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2013; Loke et
al., 2014). In this work, the data collected in 2013 were
used as the initial model to delineate the sliding surface
and lithology. Finally, we compared the independent
inversion and the timespace-domain-constrained
inversion.
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stern
Chin
a
Lixian
BZK6
ZK06
2050
ZK09
BZK5
2000
BZK4
1975
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BZK3
1950
1925
1862.30
1900
1875
1850
BZK2
1825
1800
1775
1750
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1820.23
1725
1700
1650
1675
BZK17
1625
1724.41
1650
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1625
1600
1600
1575
1575
1550
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1525
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