Design and Concept.

The electrical charge tomography process require continuous, consistent delivery of

solids materials with high accuracy of controlled flow rate and of course smooth running
operation. Suits with its requirement, such proper measurement system need to be cautiously
choose and indeed the electrostatic sensor will be the best option to run such smooth operation
for this system. The major advantage of picking up an electrostatic sensor which indeed because
of high sensitivity for concentration readings. According to some information obtained from
some research, if cross-correlation signal processing algorithms combined with it, it will provide
the most economical methods of measuring the velocity of solids in pipelines.
There are four main components in an electrodynamic tomography system. The
components are sensing part, signal conditioning system, data acquisition system and computer
that used for data processing and tomogram display. Solid particles such as dry powders will
generate electrostatic charge by friction within the pipeline wall. Each particle collides with
another particle in a wall, and consequently becomes charged up to a certain value of
electrostatic charge.
The derivation of signal produce from the random changes of induced charge arising
from the turbulent nature of the flow. The electrodes of the sensor will detect the motion of
electrostatic charge produce and eventually turn it into voltage signal by the electrodynamic
transducer. Below are an example of electrodynamic circuits.

Briefly this circuit operate by the current flow through the resistor which resulting in the
voltage, and consequently provides the input to the integrated circuit amplifier, connected as a
non-inverting voltage follower. The output of this amplifier is fed back to the negative input pin.

While the output are being fed back to the negative input, it will then be used as a guard
voltage for the input circuit to the non-inverting voltage amplifier. On the other side of circuit,
the AC coupling used in this circuit will act as a gate which only let the AC signal to pass to the
other stage of circuit. Other than that the Zener diode contained in this circuit will prevent the
large amount of voltage discharge which happened in a conveyor in way to protect the transducer
amplifier from damages. As mentioned above there is a an IC used in this circuit. The IC used
are TLO84CN. Basically, the TL084 of JFET input operational amplifier provides wide
bandwidths and fast slew rate (the maximum rate at which an amplifier can respond to an
abrupt change of input level) with low input bias currents, input offset currents and supply
currents. The IC is compatible with the industry standard MC1741, MC1458 and
MC3403/LM324 bipolar products. Besides that this IC provides a working operation temperature
from 0 to 70C which will be good advantage to work in such high-temperature circuit condition.
All of this description mention can be found from the datasheet of Texas Instrument regarding
about IC TL084CN.
The output from this operation will be connected to a data acquisition system (DAS). The way
this DAS operated are the signal output for each electrode will increase from zero volts to an
equal magnitude of the electrostatic charge of the object which passing through the pipe. All the
outputs reading will be captured by it and those signal will then be available for the image
processing using the Matlab software. Below are some detail about the IC used for the signal
circuit obtained from its datasheet.

Meanwhile on the Data Acquisition System the KPCI-1802HC will be used as

its data acquisition card along with the STA-1800HC as its screw terminal accessory.
The screw terminal will also be connected to the sensor via its four 18-way ribbon
cables. The KPCI-1802HC used in this system model is a high-performance PCI-bus
data acquisition board for PC-compatible computers running Windows operating
system. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnection) is standard interface developed
by Intel. This technology allows fast memory, disk and video access. It do have
some advantage for using this model which are :

The PCI-bus Plug and Play feature allows a user to install the data acquisition
board without making manual system configurations. Upon system power-up
or reset, the PCI-bus Plug and Play feature automatically configures the board
for the system, eliminating the need to set DIP switches on the board
manually.

Cleaner, faster, direct data transfer to and from memory using bus mastering
to bypass the CPU. Data transfer occurs at speeds up to 132 MB/sec rate for
the PCI bus, versus 8.33 MB/sec maximum for the ISA bus, due to the 32 bit
width and 33 MHz clock speed of the PCI bus. Besides, data transfer causes
minimal interruptions to normal processing.

Through some research on the datasheet about this model, it were made to be
much simpler to gather analog data, read an output digital signals and provide
analog stimulus. Some features in this model are flexible clocking rate, triggering
and gating modes and furthermore this model does support bus mastering,
interrupt, or target mode data trasnfer methods. Figure belows are the connectr
pin assignment provides in its datasheet.