APPENDIX I: HEAD LOSS CALCULATION DATA

1. FRICTION HEAD LOSS OF STRAIGHT PIPE

Darcy-Weisbach's Formula given by equation (A-1) is most often applied for
short length pipes used for connection between pumps and suction/discharge chambers.

hf = "

L v2

D 2g

-------- (A-1)

where hf : friction head loss (m)

! : friction coefficient (see below)

L : pipe length (m)

D : pipe inside diameter (m)
v : flow velocity inside pipe (m/s)
g : acceleration of gravity = 9.8 (m/s2)
For new steel pipes transporting water,

" = { 0.02 +

1
} a ------- (A-2)
2000D

Allowance factor, a, is to be assumed

! at 1.3 ~ 1.5.
For a new steel pipe up to 200 mm, Fig.
A-1 may be used to read out the friction head
loss in mm per m of pipe length. (Actual
internal pipe diameters by JIS G 3452 are
used for the indicated nominal diameters.)
For exact values of ! in terms of
Reynolds Number and relative roughness, so-

Fig. A-1 Friction Head Loss in mm/m

called Moodys Chart as given in Fig. A-2

for Straight Steel Pipe

needs to be referred to.

A-1

For the use of Moodys Chart it is necessary to identify Reynolds Number, Re, of
the pipeline as given by equation (A-3):
Re = VD / "

-------- (A-3)

where V : average velocity (m/s)

D : representative dimension, ex. pipe diameter (m)
2

" : kinematic viscosity (m /s),

-6

(for water at normal temperature, 10 m /s can be assumed.)

For the values of roughness k at the pipe internal surface, refer to Table A-1.
Table A-1

Pipe Surface Roughness

Pipe Material (new)

Glass, drawn copper, etc.
Steel
Asphalted cast iron
Galvanized cast iron
Cast iron
Concrete

Fig. A-2

Roughness k (mm)
smooth
0.05
0.12
0.15
0.25
0.3 to 3.0

Friction Coefficient versus Reynolds Number (Moodys Chart)

A-2

For long pipelines transporting water, Hazen-Williams' Formula, given by

equation (A-4), is widely used:.

hf = 10.666

--------- (A-4)

where hf : friction head loss (m)

L : pipe length (m)
Q : flow rate (m3/s)
C : flow coefficient (see Table A-2)
D : pipe inside diameter (m)
Table A-2 Values of Flow Coefficient C
Type of Pipe
New welded steel pipe
Steel pipe after
20 years use
New cast iron pipe
Cast iron pipe after
20 years use

C
140
100
130
100

! Type of pipe
Cement lined pipe
Bitumen lined pipe
Asbestos cement pipe
Pre-stressed concrete pipe
FRP plastic pipe

C
140
140
130
130
150

For design purposes the value of C = 130 is often applied. Refer to Fig. A-3.

Head loss (m) per 1000 m pipe length

Q1.85
L
C 1.85 D 4.87

Fig. A-3

Friction Head Loss (Hazen-Williams C=130)

A-3

2. EQUIVALENT LENGTH FOR PIPING ELEMENTS

Head losses for piping elements are calculated from their equivalent lengths of
straight pipe by referring to Table A-3 below:
Table A-3

Equivalent Length for Piping Elements

By adding the straight pipe length and equivalent lengths of piping elements
connected in series, an overall friction head loss is calculated by equation (A-1). For the
value of !, an appropriate allowance factor a needs to be multiplied for providing
margin for unexpected losses and aging.
3

Example: A pumping system below is designed to deliver water of 1.2 m /min

through a 100 mm steel pipeline with a straight pipe length totaling 80 m, one foot valve,
four elbows, one check valve and one gate valve.
Straight pipe

80 m

Foot valve

11.6 m

Check valve

11.6 m

Gate valve

0.9 m

Elbow
Total

1.8 x 4 = 7.2 m
112 m

From Fig. A-1, the head loss is

found to be 60 mm/m=0.06 m/m. Then,
the total friction head loss is obtained as
hf = 0.06 x 112 x1.3 = 8.74 m

Fig. A-4

A-4

Example of Pumping System

3. FRICTION COEFFICIENTS
In the following Table A-4 are shown values of friction coefficients f as given in
equation (2-2), p.2-4, for respective piping elements and valves used in pumping
systems handling water:
Table A-4
Element

Friction Coefficients

Configuration

Condition

(1) Inlet with right

f
0.50

angle edge
(2) Inlet with
chamfered edge

0.25
0.06 ~ 0.005

(3) Bell-mouth
0.06 ~ 0.005
0.3

(4) Sudden

hf =

expansion
(5) Gradual
expansion
hf = $ (v1-v2)2/2g

(v1 " v2 ) 2
2g
o

(6) Sudden
contraction
hf = $ v22/2g
(7) Orifice
hf = $ v2/2g
c:area at C, b:area at B

A-5

# = 30
o
= 20
o
= 10
(D2/D1)2 = 0.2
= 0.3
= 0.4
= 0.5
= 0.6
= 0.7
c/b = 0.2
= 0.3
= 0.4
= 0.5
= 0.6
= 0.7
= 0.8

0.697
0.425
0.183
0.38
0.34
0.29
0.24
0.18
0.14
47.8
17.5
7.80
3.75
1.80
0.80
0.29

Table A-4
Element

Friction Coefficients Conted

Configuration

Condition
o

# = 90 R/D=1

(8) Bend

R/D=2
# = 45 R/D=1
R/D=2
o

# = 30o
= 45o
= 60o
= 90

(9) Refracted bend

# = 60o
= 60o
= 90o
= 90o
= 90

(10) Refracted bend

with n
refractions

n=2
n=3
n=2
n=3
n=4

f
0.294
0.145
0.208
0.103
0.073
0.183
0.365
0.990
0.268
0.236
0.377
0.299
0.250

(11) Tees
0.97
1.5

% 100
% 150
% 200
% 250
above % 300
% 200 & % 250
% 300 & % 400
% 450 & % 600
% 700 & % 900
above % 1000
% 100
% 150
% 200
% 250
% 300
% 350
% 400
% 800
% 900
% 1000
% 1200
%1350
% 1500
% 1650
% 100
% 150
% 200
% 300

(12) Gate valve

(Full open)
(13) Butterfly valve
(Full open)
(14) Swing type
check valve

(15) Flap valve

(16) Foot valve

with strainer

0.164
0.145
0.103
0.047
0.00
2.4 ~ 1.8
1.4 ~ 0.86
0.7 ~ 0.45
0.4 ~ 0.35
0.3 ~ 0.25
1.32
1.27
1.21
1.16
1.11
1.05
1.00
0.92
0.89
0.85
0.78
0.73
0.68
0.62
1.0
2.5
2.6
2.4

(Source for Table A-4: Ebara Pump System Engineering Handbook, 2001, Ebara Corp.)

A-6

APPENDIX II: REPRESENTATIVE PUMP TYPES

1.

RANGE OF APPLICATIONS
Turbo type pumps are applied in various fields of infrastructures and industries,

for which range of applications is best expressed in terms of total head and capacity.
Fig. 1-1 shows a typical example of applicable ranges for respective types.
!"#"""
* Specified by JIS

34*&5,67&8,-.2

!#"""
%71*9):;<&5

!""
=;5*)BC*&<7D

!"

F4;G57,E;(*)41D
=)>78,?54@

E)1<57BC*&<7D

A>)&5,?54@

!
"$!

!$"

!"$"

!""$"

!#"""$"

%&'&()*+,-. 0.)12

Fig. 1-1 Applicable Ranges

2.

HIGH HEAD PUMPS

Various types of centrifugal (radial flow) pumps are used for applications where

total head higher than several meters are required. For small bore ranges, a series of
standardized models are available in the market for respective types including the
following:
(1) End suction single stage centrifugal pumps,
(2) Multi-stage centrifugal volute pumps,
(3) Double suction centrifugal pumps, and
(4) Multi-stage vertical shaft diffuser (turbine) pumps.
A-7

2.1

End Suction Single Stage Centrifugal Pumps

(1) Construction: Impeller is overhung at shaft end introducing liquid axially.

Discharge is normally to the top. Casing and impeller are often made through press
stamping using stainless steel plate.
(2) Applicable Range: Standard models with suction bores up to 150 mm are
usually available with total head reaching 80 m or more with 2-pole motors.
(3) Features: Direct coupling with 4-pole motors is commonly used, whereas 2-pole
motor drive is also available. Each model is allocated for standard motor outputs in
low voltage range. Compact type features impeller directly mounted on motor shaft
with mechanical seal.
!"#$%&

+,-.//.0

'(")*

Fig. 2-1

Example of Sectional View

(a) Iron casting type

Fig. 2-2

(b) Press stamping type

End Suction Centrifugal Pump

A-8

2.1.1 Self Priming Pumps

Self-priming pumps are used to facilitate automatic priming prior to operation
when they are installed above the suction water level.
(1) Construction: The impeller is located below the suction inlet with a check valve to
retain water in the casing. When the pump is started, the impeller creates a vacuum
at the suction side by rotating action of water initially contained, and expels the air
therein to the discharge side, eventually providing normal operation within a few
minutes.

Fig. 2-3 Self Priming Action

(2) Applicable Range: Standard models with suction bores up to 150 mm are
usually available with total head reaching 20 m. The type is often used in
agricultural irrigation as well as in general water supply and drainage services..
(3) Features: Direct coupling with 4-pole motors is commonly used, whereas 2-pole
motor drive is also available. Each model is allocated for standard motor outputs in
low voltage range. The pump efficiency is somewhat lower than that of
conventional centrifugal pumps, however, self-priming ability often approaches
suction lift of around 6 m providing ease in starting procedures.

Fig. 2-4 Self Priming Pump (Stationary Use)

A-9

Fig. 2-5 Engine Driven Portable Unit

2.2

Multi-Stage Centrifugal Volute Pumps

(1) Construction: Axially split volute casing sections are joined with casing bolts.
Shaft is supported by bearings at both ends. Devices to balance hydraulic thrust such
as balance disks are used to alleviate load on thrust bearing.
(2) Applicable Range: Rated capacity normally ranges from 0.1 to 3 m3/min for
standard models with total head up to about 130 m. Heads reaching 3,000 m can be
produced by custom made process pumps.
(3) Features: Standard models are directly coupled with either 4-pole or 2-pole motors.
Nozzle directions are normally side entry and top discharge. Each model is allocated
for standard motor outputs in low voltage range.

Fig. 2-6

Fig. 2-7

Example of Sectional View

Multi-Stage Centrifugal Volute Pump

A-10

2.3

Double Suction Centrifugal Pumps

(1) Construction: Double suction impeller is mounted at the center and rotating
assembly is supported by bearings at both ends. Casing is split horizontally with
suction and discharge nozzles provided at lower half. Vertical type is also available.
(2) Applicable Range: Standardized models are often available for bores from 200
to 500 mm producing total head more than 50 m. Total head up to 170 m can
normally be attained with single stage.
(3) Features: Operation is stable with axial thrust balanced. Because of double suction
impeller, suction performance is superior in comparison with single suction models.
Often used in waterworks and industry utility services.

Fig. 2-8

Fig. 2-9

Example of Sectional View

Horizontal Shaft Double Suction Centrifugal Pump

A-11

2.4

Multi-stage Vertical Shaft Diffuser Pumps

(1) Construction: One stage consists of an impeller and a compact set of diffuser vanes.
Impellers and diffuser vanes in recent models are often made by stainless steel press
stamping. The unit is in-line type for ease in installation between pipes.
(2) Applicable Range: High head pumps are normally standardized up to capacity 5
m3/min and total head reaching 200 m.
(3) Features: Due to vertical compact construction, the units are preferably used in
potable water booster units as well as in process industries.

(a) Sectional View

Fig. 2-10

(b) Impeller and Diffuser

Example of Multi-stage Vertical Shaft Diffuser Pumps

Fig. 2-11

Built-in Units in Booster Unit

A-12

3.

MEDIUM HEAD PUMPS

Most of the medium head pumps are of mixed flow type. Horizontal shaft type is

often available with the total head up to 15 m, whereas vertical shaft type is applied to
total head of 30 m or more.
3.1

Horizontal Shaft Volute Type Mixed Flow Pumps

(1) Construction: Mixed flow impeller is overhung at the end of shaft, which is
supported by two outer bearings. Discharge is directed to either top or horizontal
perpendicular to the shaft axis.
(2) Applicable Range: This type is normally available for bores up to 500 mm
producing total head as much as 15 m. V-belt drive is applied to obtain required
pump speed when the prime mover speed does not meet with the pump speed.
(3) Features: Simple in construction and easy for maintenance. Shut-off head and shutoff shaft power can be made comparatively small for ease in operation.
!"#$%&

1."0$%&23"#$%&

+,-.//.0

'(")*
1"//24."0$%&

Fig. 3-1
1"//24."0$%&
'83*$9%239:.0

5/"%62-"37$%&

Example of
Sectional View

Fig. 3-2
Horizontal Shaft
Volute Type

A-13

Mixed Flow Pumps

3.2 Vertical Shaft Volute Type Mixed Flow Pumps

(1) Construction: Mixed flow impeller is mounted at the lower end of shaft which is
supported by outer bearings. The unit is designed suitable for dry pit installation with
the motor often placed at the upper floor.
(2) Applicable Range: Standard design is often available for bores as large as 700 mm
producing total head up to 20 m, however, custom made pumps sometimes exceed
2,000 mm in bore size.
(3) Features: Characteristics are favorable compared with diffuser casing type. Large
output pumps are often applied for water intake and transmission projects. For
sewage pumping, flow passages inside the pump are suitable for providing non-clog
features. Sewage pumps are often provided with hand holes at the volute casing and
the suction bend to facilitate easy maintenance.

Fig. 3-3

Example of Sectional View

A-14

Fig. 3-4 Installation in Dry Pit

3.3 Vertical Shaft Diffuser Casing Mixed Flow Pumps

(1) Construction: Impeller is driven by a line shaft extending through discharge elbow,
column pipes and diffuser casing. Submersible bearings are usually made of
synthetic rubber or ceramics to be lubricated by clean water. Axial thrust is often
supported by the driving motor.
(2) Applicable Range: Standard range covers bores from 300 to 900 mm with total
heads up to 20 m. By employing multi-stage construction total heads as high as 150
m can be attained.
(3) Features: Wet pit installation facilitates simple starting procedures and safety against
cavitation. Due to compact construction the type is applied when available
installation space is limited. Barrel case type is advantageous for providing higher
available NPSH and often used for booster purposes.

Fig. 3-5

Sectional View

Fig. 3-6 Sectional View

(Barrel Type)

A-15

4.

LOW HEAD PUMPS

In most cases, low head pumps handle large capacities, for which mixed flow or

axial flow pumps are exclusively used. For large installations, vertical shaft types are
often applied to provide necessary NPSH while saving installation space. Concrete
casing structures are adopted in some huge bore units to economize construction costs
while providing required rigidity.
4.1

Low Head Mixed Flow Pumps

(1) Construction: Open type impeller is often applied. Horizontal shaft type
incorporates horizontally split casing facilitating ease in maintenance. Rotating
assembly is supported by an outer bearing set and a submersible bearing. Vertical
shaft type is similar to the medium head diffuser casing pump. Installation position is
sometimes made inclined. For large bore pumps, axial thrust is normally supported
by the driving unit on the top.
(2) Applicable Range: Conventional bore sizes for horizontal shaft types is 400 to 2,000
mm with head up to 7 m, whereas vertical shaft types range up to 3,000 mm or more
producing head more than 10 m.
(3) Features: Compared with axial flow types, characteristics are favorable over a wide
capacity range and shaft power shows little change against capacity enabling shut-off
starts and stops. Often applied for raw water intake, storm water drainage, etc.
Inclined shaft type is preferably used for irrigation purposes for ease in installation
along river embankment. Vertical pull-out type is often applied for cooling seawater
intake in thermal power plants for periodic maintenance purposes.

Fig. 4-1

Sectional View of Horizontal Shaft Mixed Flow Pump

A-16

Fig. 4-2

Outside View

(with upper casing removed)

Fig. 4-3

(a)

Standard Type
Fig.

4-4

(b) Adjustable Blade Type

Installation

(c) Pull-out Type

Sectional View of Vertical Shaft Mixed Flow Pumps

A-17

Fig. 4-5

Example of Inclined Pump Installation

4.2 Axial Flow Pumps

(1) Construction: Both horizontal and vertical shaft types are similar to those of mixed
flow pumps except for shapes of impeller and diffuser casing. Inclined installation is
sometimes applied for agricultural irrigation and drainage purposes.
(2) Applicable Range: Horizontal shaft type is usually used for total head up to 3 to 4 m.
Vertical shaft types are commonly used for large bore installations for head up to 8 m.
Applicable bore sizes are similar to those of the mixed flow pumps.
(3) Features:

The pump size is made more compact than that of mixed flow type

because of high specific speeds applied, however, susceptibility to cavitation is

pronounced. At reduced capacities, operation becomes unstable with shut-off power
increased, hence, operational capacity range is larger than about 60% of the rated
capacity. The type is often suitable for storm water drainage and low head water
intake. Adjustable blades (variable pitch) impeller is available to adjust the pump
output as is practiced for large units.

A-18

Fig. 4-6

Fig. 4-7

Sectional View of Horizontal Shaft Axial Flow Pump

Sectional View of Vertical Shaft Axial Flow Pumps

A-19

5.

SUBMERSIBLE MOTOR PUMPS

Submersible pumps with built-in motors are now widely used for ground water

intake, sewage pumping and drainage purposes as well as agricultural applications.

Portable units are commonly used for construction work requiring temporary
dewatering. For deep tube well pumping, wet type submersible motors with clear water
sealed inside are normally used. For pumping sewage motors are of dry type with air
enclosed incorporating double type mechanical seals with oil in between the seals for
preventing leakage into the motor. Such submersible motor pumps are often selected for
their simplicity in installation and ease in operation.
5.1

Multi-stage Deep Well Pumps

(1) Construction: One stage consists of an impeller and a compact bowl casing
with diffuser vanes. Multi-stage pumping elements can be driven from the top (borehole
type), whereas submersible motor drive from the bottom is advantageous eliminating
intermediate bearing losses. Small bore units are often made by stainless steel through
press stamping processes.
(2) Applicable Range: High head pumps used for deep wells are normally
standardized up to capacity 5 m3/min and total head more than 200 m.
(3) Features: Diametrical size of the
pump is made compact for installation in
a deep tube well. Submersible motor
with clear water enclosed is exclusively
used in modern applications.
(4) Application: Ground water intake
from deep wells for water supply,
irrigation and industries.
(5) Relevant standards:

JIS B 3342

Fig. 5-1 Outside View

A-20

Fig. 5-2 Typical Installation

Fig. 5-3

Example of Sectional View

Notes: In comparison with drive-shaft type with motor on top, installation of the
submersible motor type is much easier due to shorter length and light weight requiring
less straightness of the well.
Higher pump efficiencies are ensured due to reduced hydraulic losses along riser
pipes and elimination of mechanical losses at intermediate bearings. Motor noise can
also be avoided.
Excessive drawdown of water level in the well needs to be monitored to avoid dry
operation. Protective device by electrodes to detect water level is normally provided.
Sand intrusion into well through screens must be minimized to avoid clogging and
erosion in water passages and submerged bearings.

A-21

5.2 Volute Type Sewage Pumps

(1) Construction: Volute casing is directly connected with the motor frame.
Impeller is mounted at the end of motor shaft. For medium size pumps, the unit is
often supported by a discharge bend with a detachable connector and guide pipes to
withdraw the unit for maintenance purposes.
(2) Applicable Range: This type is normally standardized for bores up to 800 mm
producing total heads in medium range.
(3) Features: Pump inside passages are designed to pass solid materials while pumping
polluted water. When a cooling jacket is provided around the motor frame, the unit
can also be installed in a dry pit.
(4) Application: Sewage pumping, wastewater disposal and drainage.

Fig. 5-4

Example of Outside View and Sectional View

Fig. 5-5

Installation Either in Wet Pit or Dry Pit

A-22

(5) Small bore standard models

For bore up to 300 mm refer to the following:

Fig. 5-6

Example of Sectional View

Fig. 5-7 Outline

The model is often equipped with float switches to provide automatic operation
according to sump water levels as shown in Fig. 5-7.
(6) Vortex Type Pump
Vortex type pump was developed to pass
freely solid matters entering the inlet port. An
open type impeller is located in the upper
recessed pocket being not exposed to the
inside

flow.

Though

its

efficiency

is

somewhat lower than conventional types, the

type features

non-clogging

performance

resulting in easy maintenance. Standard

range provides bores up to 125 mm.
Fig. 5-8 Vortex Type Pump

A-23

(7) Portable Submersible Pumps

For temporary dewatering as required at construction sites, rugged construction units
are available providing ease in handling and featuring resilience to water containing
sand and slurries and non-clogging design. Bores up to 100 or 150 mm are standardized.

Fig. 5-9
5.2

Examples of Portable Submersible Pumps

Diffuser Type Mixed and Axial Flow Pumps

(1) Construction: Mixed or axial flow impeller is incorporated with a diffuser casing on
which a submersible motor is mounted. The pumping unit is placed inside a column
pipe with a discharge nozzle for easy installation and dismantling. Electric power and
control cables are extended through the column pipe to an outside panel. A built-in
motor thermal detector and a leakage detector are incorporated for protection. The
column is normally supported on the ground floor.
(2) Applicable Range: Medium to large bore sizes are available producing from 1.5 to
20 m total heads, which is limited by applicable outputs of submersible motors to be
powered by low voltage power source.
(3) Features: The type is suitable for handling large capacities with low heads often
encountered in drainage services. Because of simple construction with an integral
motor, the pumping unit can easily be installed in a sump without a pump house.
(4) Application:

Stormwater drainage, flood control and irrigation.

A-24

Fig. 5-10

Example of Sectional View

Fig. 5-11 Installation Methods

A-25

Fig. 5-12 Installation Example

;<;

Fig. 5-13

Example of Inclined Installation

A-26

UNITS CONVERSION TABLE

(1) Pressure
Pa
1
1 !105
9.80665 !104
1.01325 !105
9.80665
1.33322 !102

kg/cm2
atm
1.01972 !10-5 9.86923 !10-6

bar
1 !10-5

1
1.01972
0.986923
0.980665
1
0.967841
1.01325
1.03323
1
9.80665 !10-5
1 ! 10-4
9.67841 !10-5
1.33322 !10-3 1.35951 !10-3 1.31579 !10-3

mmH2O

mmHg or Torr
7.50062 !10-3
0.101972
1.01972 !104 7.50062 !102
1 ! 104
7.35559 !102
1.03323 ! 104 7.60000 !102
7.35559 !10-2
1
13.5951

1 Pa = 1 N/m2
(2) Stress

MPa or N/mm2
1 ! 10-6

kgf/mm2
1.01972 ! 10-7

kgf/cm2
1.01972 ! 10-5

1 ! 106
9.80665 ! 106
9.80665 ! 104

1
9.80665
9.80665 ! 10-2

0.101972
1
1 ! 10-2

10.1972
100
1

kgfm

kcal
2.38889 ! 10-4
8.6000 ! 102
2.32470 ! 10-3

Pa

(3) Work / Energy / Heat

J

kWh
2.77778 ! 10-7

1
3.600 !

106

1
2.72407 ! 10-6
1.16279 ! 10-3

9.860665
4.18605 ! 103
1 J = 1 N!m

0.101972
3.67098 ! 105
1
4.26858 ! 102

1 Wh = 3600 J

1
1 cal = 4.18605 J

(4) Power / Heat Flow

kW
1
9.80665 ! 10-3
0.7355
1.16279 ! 10-3
1 W = 1 J/s

kgfm/s
1.01972 ! 102
1
75
0.118572

HP (metric)
1.35962
1.33333 ! 10-2
1
1.58095 ! 10-3
1 HP = 0.7355 kW

kcal/h
8.6000 ! 102
8.43371
6.32529 ! 102
1

INDEX
A
Actual head............................................2-3,3-5
Air pocket .............................................4-10,11
Air valve....................................................4-11
Anchor bolt................................................. 4-13
Atmospheric pressure head .......................1-14
Affinity laws................................................3-8
Axial flow pump............... 1-2,5,13, II-12,13,18
Axial thrust................................................1-18
B
Balancing hole...........................................1-18
Balancing disc ...........................................1-18
Best efficiency point (bep)....................1-11,15
Bearing .............................................2-19, 4-35
Bevel gear..................................................2-12
Bore, pump ...............................................1-5,6
Bowl efficiency .........................................1-12
Bronze ..................................................2-18,20
Butterfly valve...................................... 4-7, I-6
C
Carbon steel...............................................2-18
Carbon steel casting..............................2-18,19
Cavitation .......................... 1-13, 4-26,28, 5-15
Cavitation coefficient ..................................4-6
Centrifugal pump.........................1-5,13, II-1~5
Check valve........................................4-7, I-4,6
Closed type impeller ....................................1-3
Controls .......................................................3-6
Compound gauge........................................ 4-20
Corrosion.................................................... 4-30
Coupling ......................................2-19, 4-14,15
D
Darcy-Weisbach ...........................................I-1
Deep well pump........................................ II-14
Diesel engine.............................................2-11
Diffuser................................................1-4, II-6
Discharge piping .......................................4-11
Discharge chamber....................................4-12
Double suction....................... 1-2,15, 2-16, II-5
Dry pit .............................................4-3, II-8,16
Ductile iron casting...............................2-18,19
E

Efficiency, pump ............ 1-10,12, 2-11,12, 3-3

Efficiency, operating ...................................3-3
Electric motor ............................................2-10
Equivalent length..........................................I-4
Erosion...............................................1-12, 4-30
F
Flanged joint................................................4-8
Flap valve...............................................4-7, I-6
Flexible coupling.......................................2-19
Flexible pipe joint........................................4-9
Fluid coupling............................................2-12
Foot valve.......................................... 4-2,7, I-4
G
Gate valve.............................................. 4-7, I-6
Gauge height....................................4-20,21,22
Gears..........................................................2-12
Gland packing........................... 1-19, 4-23,35,36,
Globe valve...................................................I-4
Gravity, acceleration of.............1-8,10, 3-1, I-1
Gray iron casting ..................................2-18,19
H
Hazen-Williams' formula .............................I-3
Helical gear................................................2-12
HIS............................................................5-1,21
Hydraulic gradient............................2-13, 4-12
Hydraulic thrust...........................................4-9
Hydraulic axial thrust ................................1-18
I
Impeller profile............................................1-9
Impeller type ...............................................1-2
Impeller diameter cut ................................3-11
Induction motor ......................................2-8,10
In-line type ................................................. II-6
Insulation, motor .......................................4-24
Inverter ......................................................3-10
Investment cost............................................2-2
ISO............................................................5-1,21
J
JIS................................... 2-18,19, 5-1,13,17,21
L
Leakage .....................................................1-19
Loads, operating ..........................................2-2

Note: Roman figures (I and II) indicate Attachment numbers.

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INDEX
M
Main pipe.....................................................4-8
Megger meter.............................................4-24
Mixed flow pump ................1-2,4,5 II-7~11,18
Manometer.............................................. 4-20,22
Mechanical seal ...........................1-19, 4-35,38
Moodys chart...............................................I-2
Multi-stage pump......................1-3,5, II-1,4,14
N
Net Positive Suction Head
Available ...........................1-14,16, 2-13,14
Required ....................1-14,15,16, 2-15, 5-15
NPSH3........................................................ 5-15
NPSHR ....................................................... 5-15
O
Open type impeller.....................................1-10
Operating point ............................................3-2
Operating load .............................................2-2
Operating range ...........................................3-2
Operating efficiency....................................3-3
Operational range ......................................1-16
Orifice................................................... 5-7, I-5
P
Pad........................................................4-13,14
Parallel operation......................................3-5,6
Performance testing................................5-1~21
Planetary gear ............................................2-12
Pressure gauge.......................................4-20, 5-4
Prime mover ......................2-10,11, 4-16,17,18
Project cost ..................................................2-2
Pump efficiency......1-10,12, 2-11,12, 3-3, 5-12
Pump speed............................2-7,8,16, 3-8, 5-9
R
Radial flow pump .....................................1-2,4
Reynolds number..........................................I-2
Reducer...................................................4-9,10
Resonance.............................................4-25,27
Reverse flow.............................................4-6,7
Rotary cone valve........................................4-7
S
Self-priming pump.................................... II-13
Series operation ........................................3-5,3

Shaft direction..............................................2-9
Shaft power...........................................1-10,11
Sluice valve .................................................4-7
Spare part...................................................4-36
Specific speed........................................1-8~12
Squirrel cage induction motor ...................2-10
Stainless steel ..................................2-17,18,20
Start frequency .....................................3-14,15
Starting interval .........................................3-14
Steal casting..........................................2-18,19
Stuffing box......................................1-19, 4-36
Submerged vortex ...............................4-1,5,28
Submersible motor pump .................... II-14~20
Suction performance ...................1-12, 2-13,15
Suction piping.........................................4-9,10
Suction specific speed ...............................1-15
Sump layout.................................................4-2
Surging ....................................................... 4-25
Synchronous speed......................................2-8
System head curve.......................3-1,2,9,11,13
T
Total head ............................1-7,8,9, 2-3~7, 5-3
Transmission efficiency........................2-11,12
U
Unit capacity.........................................2-13,14
V
Vapor pressure head, saturated.............1-13,14
Variable pitch.............................................3-11
Variable speed control ..............................3-8,9
Venturi tube...............................................5-7,8
Vibration..............................................4-25~28
Viscosity....................................................5-17
Volute casing............................................1-3,4
W
Waterhammer ........................................4-11,12
Weir...........................................................5-8,9
Wet pit .........................................1-7, 2-6, II-16

Note: Roman figures (I and II) indicate Attachment numbers.

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