Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Introduction
Simulation of ground motion to possible earthquakes is
essential in the aseismic design of man made structures.
In literature, three broad approaches are available
for this purpose. The first is the purely empirical
method of modelling ground motions as a stochastic
process and to describe the ground motion in terms of
various statistical parameters and frequency spectra
(Shinozuka and Sato 1967; Iyengar and Iyengar 1969).
The second approach is based on acceptable source
mechanism and wave propagation in horizontally
layered elastic media (Khattri et al 1994; Yu et al
1995). There are also hybrid methods, called empirical
Greens function approach, wherein observed acceler-
ograms from small earthquakes are judiciously combined to simulate surface motion from larger events
(Kumar et al 1999). In the present paper, a method is
proposed for representing recorded strong motion
displacement time histories as response of the near
source region modelled as a finite two dimensional
elastic medium. For the source, a simple external force
mechanism is postulated. The magnitude and location
of this source is found by normal mode analysis of the
near source region coupled with an error minimization
procedure. The source thus determined is demonstrated to be capable of simulating recorded ground
acceleration time histories. Preliminary results are
presented for the case of data recorded during the
Uttarkashi earthquake of 20th October 1991.
Keywords. Strong motion; array data; normal mode; elastic medium; earthquake source; mean square error.
Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), 110, No. 1, March 2001, pp. 9--23
# Printed in India
10
n r2 un ;
n n
@x @x
@z
n cn w_ n fz tx cx z cz
n w
@ @wn @un
n r2 wn :
n n
@z
@y @x
Mjk ;
otherwise 3
4. Source location
Let the medium be subjected to a sequence of impulses
(Ix ,Iz ) applied at known time instants t tl at
unknown locations (cx ,cz )(l 0; 1; 2 . . . m). The
responses ux; 0; t and wx; 0; t are known at a few
points (x xi , z 0)(i 1; 2 . . . p) on the surface in
the time interval (0; T). The source location problem
is to estimate the points (clx ,clz ) and the corresponding impulses (Ix ,Iz ). For a given impulse, the
equations of motion given by equations (1) and (2)
Figure 1.
Displacement time histories for Uttarkashi earthquake (NS, EW and vertical components).
11
12
Figure 2.
XX
ajk tWjk x; z:
Z HZ
0
L
0
!2jk ajk
Fjk =Mjk
h
i
2
2
Ujk
Wjk
dxdz
Iz Wjk cx ; cz hjk t t ;
hjk t 1=!jk ejk !jk t sin$jk t;
$jk !jk
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 :
1 jk
9
10
11
Figure 3.
XX
j
Qu;il
l0
1
Mjk
Ujk xi ; 0Ujk cx ; cz hjk t t ;
XX
j
13
1
Mjk
Ujk xi ; 0Wjk cx ; cz hjk t
t :
14
Similarly,
wi t
s
X
l0
Ix Pw;il t Iz Qw;il t;
13
15
Pw;il
XX
j
1
Mjk
Wjk xi ; 0Ujk cx ; cz hjk t t ;
Qw;il
XX
j
16
1
Mjk
Wjk xi ; 0
Wjk cx ; cz hjk t t :
17
Figure 4. (Continued)
14
Figure 4.
15
16
Figure 5.
Contours of mean square error (a) 0--0.5 sec (b) 0.5--1 sec (c) 1--1.5 sec.
18
19
Figure 6.
17
i1
2
wi I0x Pw;i0 I0z Qw;i0 :
20
18
0:
@I0x @I0z
21
"
p1 Z
X
i1
Th
i
Riz i1 Ri1z i 2 dt:
22
Where, the coefficients g11,g12,g21,g22,S1,S2 still contain the unknowns (c0x ,c0z ). Error minimization w.r.t.
c0x ,c0z is possible; however simultaneous solution of all
the equations is numerically cumbersome. An alternate error criterion to find (c0x ,c0z ) is as follows.
From equations (18) and (19), one can write
27
28
One can easily find the value of (c0x ,c0z ) for which
"2 will be the absolute minimum in the domain of the
medium. With this value of (c0x ,c0z ), one can solve
equation (22) to find the values of (I0x ,I0z ) as per the
present approach.
23
24
25
26
Table 1. Source location, impulse magnitude and displacements (N--S section, Uttarkashi earthquake).
Interval S
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Time, sec.
0--0.5
0.5--1.0
1.0--1.5
1.5--2.0
2.0--2.5
2.5--3.0
3.0--3.5
3.5--4.0
4.0--4.5
4.5--5.0
5.0--5.5
5.5--6.0
6.0--6.5
6.5--7.0
7.0--7.5
7.5--8.0
8.0--8.5
8.5--9.0
9.0--9.5
9.5--10.0
10.0--10.5
10.5--11.0
11.0--11.5
11.5--12.0
12.0--12.5
12.5--13.0
13.0--13.5
13.5--14.0
14.0--14.5
14.5--15.0
Location, km
Csy
Csz
72
71.5
70
69.5
68
67
66
64
63
62.5
61
59
57
54
53
60
57.5
56
46
44
47
43.5
42
41.5
41
40.5
41
42.5
44.5
40.5
19
18.5
18
17.5
17
16.5
16
16
16
15.5
14.5
14.5
14
13.5
13
16
14.5
13.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12
12
11.5
11.5
12
11
11
11
12
Impulse, kg-sec
Isy
1.61E 11
1.89E 12
2.59E 12
5.38E 12
6.71E 13
9.14E 13
4.47E 13
2.87E 13
3.42E 13
6.64E 13
5.37E 13
3.77E 13
2.74E 13
3.00E 13
1.11E 12
8.11E 12
9.97E 12
9.16E 12
1.87E 12
3.11E 12
7.54E 12
5.40E 12
7.52E 12
3.09E 12
2.64E 12
1.69E 12
3.33E 12
3.30E 10
1.44E 10
1.20E 10
Displacement, cm
Isz
3.06E 09
7.00E 09
2.60E 10
3.90E 10
1.56E 11
1.78E 11
7.66E 11
4.17E 11
1.08E 11
2.80E 11
4.33E 11
6.82E 11
8.41E 11
5.71E 11
2.07E 11
1.36E 11
6.14E 10
7.52E 10
9.08E 10
1.21E 10
5.82E 10
2.90E 10
7.99E 10
2.44E 10
4.94E 10
2.21E 10
3.94E 09
3.25E 09
3.47E 09
1.42E 09
v
0.000
0.099
0.358
0.098
0.476
0.557
2.345
0.955
0.355
0.198
1.112
0.021
11.755
25.467
42.703
44.321
10.004
18.902
35.043
38.374
26.547
8.528
11.364
20.696
13.039
4.636
3.659
10.679
11.580
0.000
w
0.000
0.050
0.034
0.139
0.059
0.027
0.927
0.590
1.075
0.390
1.036
1.328
4.807
13.567
17.573
16.319
1.299
15.802
21.819
18.989
10.651
2.530
4.588
7.367
4.930
4.379
5.034
5.367
5.287
0.000
29
Figure 7.
19
Source location, magnitude of equivalent impulses and displacement at the souce (EW section, Uttarkashi earthquake).
20
6. Numerical results
The above method has been applied to the Uttarkashi
event, using the ground displacement records of a few
stations. With reference to figure 3, a section is taken
in the N--S direction such that this passes through
Bhatwari, which recorded the largest displacements
during the 1991 earthquake. Four other stations which
are very close to this section are presumed to be on the
surface as shown in figure 4. This is a limitation of the
two-dimensional model used here, which can be overcome only by analyzing a 3-D elastic medium. The
natural frequencies and mode shapes of the threelayered regional model have been found. The N--S and
vertical displacement components of the five stations
indicated above have been inverted using the method
described previously. The total length of the record is
15 sec. The time step for impulse and source
determination has been chosen as 0.5 sec uniformly.
Since, the response is expressed as a series (equations
4, 5), it is necessary to include all terms which
contribute in the frequency range of interest namely
0--0.5 Hz. In the present problem, it is found that this
Figure 8.
7. Simulation
In many engineering problems, simulation of ground
acceleration time history is required. Accelerograms
contain high frequencies up to the order of 10 Hz and
more. How good is the present source model in
simulating the recorded accelerations at the stations?
To answer this question, the impulse source model
Figure 9.
21
22
23
References
Chandrasekaran A R and Das J D 1995 Strong motion records
from Uttarkashi earthquake, Mem. Geol. Soc. India, 30 pp.
133--147
Ewing W M, Jardetzky W S and Press F 1957 Elastic waves in
Layered Media, (McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.,)
Geological Survey of India 1992 Uttarkashi Earthquake
October, 20, 1991 (1992), Special Publication No. 30.
Iyengar R N and Iyengar K T S 1969 A non-stationary random
process model for earthquake accelerograms, Bulletin of the
Seismological Society of America, 59 pp. 1163--1188
Iyengar R N and Rao P N 1975 Free vibration of an elastic
medium; Bulletin of the Indian Society of Earthquake
Technology, 12(4) December 1975, pp. 147--154
Khattri K N 1993 An overview of seismicity of Himalaya, In
Earthquake Hazard and Large Dams in the Himalaya, (ed)
V K Gaur, New Delhi: INTACH
Khattri K N, Yu G, Anderson J G, Brune J N and Zeng Y 1994
Seismic hazard estimation using modelling of earthquake
strong ground motions: a brief analysis of 1991 Uttarkashi
earthquake, Himalaya and prognostication for a great
earthquake in the region, Curr. Sci. 67(5), September,
pp. 343--353
Kumar D Khattri K N Teotia S S and Rai S S 1999 Modelling
of accelerograms of two Himalayan earthquakes using a
novel semi-empirical method and estimation of accelerogram for a hypothetical great earthquake in the Himalaya;
Curr: Sci. 76(6) 25 March 1999, pp. 819--830
NISA II 1994 Users Manual, Engineering Mechanics Research
Corporation, Troy, Michigan, USA, December 1994.
Shinozuka H and Sato Y 1967 Simulation of non-stationary
random process; Journal of Engineering Mechanics Division
ASCE, 93(1), pp. 11--40
Yu G, Khattri K N, Anderson J G, Brune J N and Zeng Y
1995 Strong ground motion from the Uttarkashi, Himalaya,
India, earthquake: Comparison of observations with synthetics using the composite source model; Bulletin of
the Seismological Society of America, 85(1), February,
pp. 31--50