WASA DESIGN CRITERIA

LAHORE DEVELOPMENT AUTHOR ITY

Waler and Sanotation Agency

FINA L DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PHASE II

IMPROVEMENT PROCRAM

PART 1
TYPICAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SANITARY SEWERS

1.1.

TypeofSewtr System

Tile wntewatel c~Jection system ShOllld p,tfelably be of du.

uparate type. from wllich lain w~le' and glOllnd watel are e.dudad.
and these d~$ign cntarie arc applicable to tllch a system, Hcept as
!pecifically noted othtrwise.
Where nisting combined S!lWers (stotm drainage and was~e.
water collrtCt'on) are CQnnccmd to Ihe new 5epa'ate system, ~d equate
arrangemenlS sho\lld be requiled to allow interception of Ihe dry
wea:!":e. flow 10 11>8 separa te sewer ~~I~"', and ov.,flow 01 ucos$
Siorm flow to II su.face drainage channel 01 "ve.
Some highly congested a,,"as of Lahore suffer f,om very serious
drainage p.obl~m$. cau5ing iuUStilntial damage to property and

2
making streets

imp~ssab l e

after heavy

r~ills.

Construct ion of adequate

storm sewers in such areas is nOl economically feasib le. so it is

recommended thaI special allowance fOI some storm flow be mads

when designing the sanitary sewe rs. This can be done by designing th" sewers to cany the p~ak sanitary flow when only half ful l.
with Iha remaining half of the so wer capacity available for tho
gradual evacuation of storm rUrlOff.

1.2. Population Densities and OBSigll Period .

. Starting from the basil year of 1976, po",ulalion should be
estimated w ithin the s anitary se'N ~ r service area for two target years.
1986 and 2000 . The first is cons idered to represent the urbart
growth in tha short range de.ign period of 10 yaars, lind the sacond

represlIIlts th", long range design period of 24 years.

Most of the urban districts with in the usual large city service
area will have reached saturation population by the year 2000. it is
estimated. However. 50me districts may be only partially developed
in terms of the ultimate tributary population of the primary waste
water collection system.
In genera l. the sanitary sewer system shou ld be desig ned lor the
estimatej ullimale tributary po;Jula lioll. For some parts of the
system the cOrlSlruction should be carried out irl a single stage. while
other pans may ce constructed in two or moro stages,
Some of the factors which should theoretica lly bo cons idered in
deciding whether a relatively long or -short design period is ado;J
ted for the lirst stage construction ar e thll fo llowing; (a) Rat .. of
increase of construction costs in funure yea rs; (b) Rate of dep reci a.
tio n of the system compo"ent.; (c) Intllrest rates irl future y!lars ;
(d) Economy possib le throug h construction of targe system incre_
ments ; and (e) Anticipat~d changes in the trend of interest rates.
If these factor5 cculd be accuratel y evoluated, the ideal frrst
stage desig n pariod could be selected on a precise basis. Since they
are a 'i subject to uncertainty, computation of an optimal design
period would be a purely academic exercise. Fo r practical purposes
the lollowing design period criteria are suggested :-

-- -

Design

Ins/illIMion

Uiterels llnd Secondary sewols

Primary Co lleclors and interceptors :

Ultima te InbulalY populatIon

construction
Second sleo!! construct ion
Fi~!

P~riod

stage

Use de nsilie; in year 2000

Ul timate Iriou!ary population

Wastewater pump staliorls :

Fir~1

Use dellS;! BS In year 2000

stage SIIucture

Use

Second stage equipment

Use densities in yelH 2 000

in year 1986

53me liS pumping equ ipment

Wastewater force mains

1.3.

den~lies

First stag8 &quipmaOl

AveragB per capita Wastewator Vo lu me:

The mOSI

con~enienl

way of

e~prltSsing

11\9 volume of weste -

water, for computing anticipated future flows in t he differem pa rts

of th e sewer system. is in terms of average pe r capita daily Uows,

or the volume produced by one person in 0 '18 dty.
wilstew ~:er

This Yolume 01

is usually closely related to the qu antity of water used.

Various facto.s inflJence the per capita VQlumf of wastewater

(o r qua nti ty of water us&d), includ ing popul6tion density, economic
corditions, habits of tile peopill alld adequacy of water supply, For
the s~ko of ecs;",n ",mnti~.ity, il i5 r. ~om m.ndod I h~ 1 Ihe per cap it~
contribution of wa stew ater should be assumed to be COnSlan l
throughout the system, and Ihal the flows per person in Laho re be
cs timO lod as follo ws lor the years 1986 and 2000.
Year for wh ich El6timales aro made

1986

Estimated popul ation in study area

3 ,700.000

Per cent IIslimaloo \0 be Slrved

Estimated Popula tion

~N&d

90

Wilh water 3,330,000

2000
6,720,000

100
6,720,000

4
Estimated daily wa ter demand (Imgd)

234.5

538

Estimated demand per person (Igped)

72

80

Percent lIssumtd 10 .each sewer

80

85

Averag e ,ewage flow per p&r!iOn (Igpcd)

58

58
(Use 70)

Thus lor the year 2000 ood thereafter, a pElt capita a_age
fl ow of 70 Imperial galloI''' per d ay ;s recommend&<!.

Tllis may

be considered reason.bl, fellahore , compa red wilh the commonly

recommend&!! figure of 100 U.S. gallons per person per day (83
Igpcd) in a highly developed co untry such as Ih a United St~les,

14

Wastewater Volumes f rom N o n -residential Sources.

While most sewage in Lahore Is frDITI residences. substantial

volumes may <:ome f.om large industries

Of

commercial

afll as.

general allowance of 4.000 Imperial galions per acre P!!r day is

recommended for the La hore study It.ee, when designing the

s~w~rs. In addil ion, sp acial allowances may have 10 be mad e on
an individual basis fot very largol induMrial sources of w95t~water.

1.S. Ground Wa ler In filtrati on.

Infiltralion of ground wa ler imo the nllwly consuucum sewer
is expectlld to be kepI w ithin to le rable limi ts by tho use 01 watertight
join.,. HowB1ler. seme mioltJa tion is inlJVilable in any !>ewer syslem .
In the Lahore $ys tllm the sma ll er Solwer5 i\lill be leu subjec t to
;nfilllation becaJse they will genefl,Uy be sha, lower than the arger
seVloers. a nd therefore. Ius likely \0 be under tht g round water table
le\el. It is lecom'TIcnded tl'~t \h~ follo .... ing standard ~ lI ow,,"ncc~
be made for int ltration :
Sewers 9 \0 24. inch size; add 5 ~~ of a'/erag& Urlilary flow
Sewers over 24,nch size; ndd

1 0 ~;

of aveage sa nitary flow

1.6.

Va ria ti o ns in Wastewater Flo w .

The capacities of sanitary sewers must be su1ficien t to c3rry paak

flows, rather tha n th" ave raGe flow discusied in the preceding
sections, beca use t he rates of flows fo r any design poi nt w ill vary
subst antially

dcp~nding

on loc al water use customs, climatic cond i-

tions, Ihe day of Ihe wee k, tho hour of the day, etc.
The hou rly variations o f wastewater flows. rel ative to the average

dai ly flow . become less as t~e tributary area se:ved incre ases . since
lhe probab ilitios of s imulta n'Ou5 dis~harg~ of u~ed waler ar~ invers~
Iy proportional i n t he number of persons in the area.

A realistic me thod of est imating variat ions in WJ stewater flow

has been developed based on actual gaug ing of sanitary sewers in 11
number of cities in the northeastern USA. in 1962 The result is
shown as a se ries of curves on Figure 1. showing m6ximum and
minimum flow ratios over a wide range of average daily wastewater
f lows.
Fluc:uNion3 in l.aho re wi ll not be as great as fo r cities in tho
USA, because early mornin g arid ea rly evening peaks would not

occur !a the sarna extent. so that the ' nge of peak fac tors wou ld be
somewhat less in Lahore. It is recommended that t he factors for
Lahore be adopted as s~own in the last co lumn of t he following
t abulatio n (a lso see curve on Figur!ll)
Average daily flow (range)

Recommended

peak facror

lor maximum hourly rato in

Cis.

Lahore sewe rs.

"'0

1 .0

4.00

'.0

3.40

"'0

4.0

3.10

10

2.70

20

2.50

40

2.30

100

2.15

101

'0
'0
'0
'0

200

2.08

over

20O

U,
1 .1
'.1
4.1
11

.,"

2.00

,
1.7.

Pr oced u rM for Calculating To ta l D!'! sign Flow

A.

S&eon da ry end Illtera l sew ers

The foliowin'ij steps should be followed \0 compute t he \olal

design flow ("{imaled pe~k design Ilow) volumes :(.) CalJ;u l,ta Ihe ultlmate tribul~rv population of the area
urved by tbo Silwer, using Ihe arlliciptlted u ltimate poPI,lI~
lion danl; ilies.
(b) Multip ly Ihe population obtained bV the per eapita sewage
volume of 70 Igpcd \0 obtain the !lver<lge d.Jily lIow, ;1Ild

cooven \0 an aver<lgit daily late in c\lbic feet pel second

(Cis) .
(c) Select the pea k factor from the tabulatio n g iven above
in Sec tion 1.5.
(d)

MyIUpl.,.. the average

da~.,.

r(lle by Ihe peak factor 100bldin

the maximum hourly laIC 01 sewage flow.

(el Calc ulate the al 'ow8r.ce f01 industrial sewag . at lhe
standard

rat~

01 4000 Imperi81 gallons/acre/day

( f) Calculate the inlihr al ion al lowa nee. afte r tentativlly deter-

nmrng the s!wer sizl!; to be 5 percent 01 th, average

dai ly Ilow fale for g" \024 " se .... ers. and 10 percent lor
SQWOr$ 27" size or larger.
( gJ II en allowance is to be added for
t~Q r~te

~lorm

should be chosen arb itrarily.

w.te r in the ,MoW,,, .

11 is SIJllllested tha:

a fate equa l to tho sum of items (d). (e) s nd (I) may be u:;ed.
(h) If lhere are aoy very larlle ind ustrial sources 01 Wtls:ew4ter

in the trrbutary area. the rr flows shou ld be addod.

(i ) The total design IIow lor the sewer (estImated p(lDk design

flow) is the sum 01 items (d) through (1\).

7
B. Primary collectors and interceptors.
Fo r these principal sewers, consideration should be given to
the possibility of construction in two or more stages, and the basic
design computations should be carried out lor at least two conditions: 1.

2.

The ultimate tributary populatiorl and land use plan; and

The tributary population and land use plan anticipated in the

year 2000.

The peak design flow volumes in the primary collectors

and interceptors should f irst ba calcu lated for the ultimate develop-

ment condition of the tributary area at each design point, following

the same procedures suggested above for secondary and lateral

sewers.

The flow volumes thus on!a ined wou ld pro vidll the basis

for designing the principal collectors and interceptors to serve the

ultimate tributary population .
Next the peak design flow volumes should be Galculated for the
development anticipated in the YCJr 2000, as a basis for possible
stage construction of the primary co llector and interceptor system.

C.

Pump stations and force mains

pump stations to be proposed for early construction may possi_

bly be very large, located along the main interceptors.

Therefore,

it wo"ld b" impractical to try to anlicirale nood'" bAyond the year

2000 , due to uncertainties as to the direction and magnitude of

urban growth 50 far in the future . Thus the same type 01 flow
volume computations should be carried out for the pump stations
as suggested above for primary collectors and intarceptors in the
year 2000.
The wastewater

pumps, electric contro ls, other mechanical

equipment, and force mailH, can be ludily duplicated in tile future,

so that tile first stage construction should be based on the expected
flow volumes only 10 years or so in the fu!urtl,

\
B

1.8 .

Design Basis fo r Sanitary Sewers.

A.

ClassificDtion o f ... we .

Terms which

~Ie

used to describe sanitary sewers inClude the

following; lateralS, secondary slIwers. primary collectors. interceptors

and force mains. Th Ke are explained u follows;
Laterals _ thcse are sewers thaI discharge inl0 II secondary or
other sewer and have no other unilll<y se .....1If as
ore

U$Ually

of the smallest

collection system. or 9-inch

!flbul~ry;

they

5;2" p ......in.d in t he wu tev.tel .. r

diamel~r.

Secondary sewers-lhesD art also known as branch or sub.

ml in sowers, In to which IWO or rnole laltlrals discharge. and whiCh
carry the wastewater 1I0ws to the primary colh'CIOIS o r interceptors;
they may be cons,de red to va ry in Size 1rom 9 to 15-inch di ame te r.
Pri mary sewers- t hes" are also known as main or tro,mk

s ewers. into which the lat~al$ or secondary sewers discharge. ~nd

which di:;charge to interceptors or pum p sta tions ; they may be
consideled to be o f relat ively 1'''Ue sizes, ISinch diameter or larger.
Inte rc eptors-these are sewers th e l recei",e wastewater flows
from a nunber of tran$V\lrse o r !fibutary sewe.s. and Conducl ,ueh
flows to e point for pumping. treatment, or d isposal; they usually
are 01 a smllar renge of sizes to the primJry sewers.

B. Minimum Size
No sanitary sewe r shou ld be smaller than 9.inc h diameter.
C.

Hydrau lic design (see Figures 2 and 3)

In orde r to pro", id ll an air space in the upper pan of san itary

sewers 101 ventilation

rc as~ns

at the estimated peak. flo ..... rates. e nd

provid e an add itio nal sa fe ty fa ctor. it is rBco rnmended that they be

d es ign\ld using the following ratios o f estimllled peak design flow
(ad) to capacity flOW ing full (Of) :

-. "'

'.J -,

"

"

,
.'

TC ",
0

.'

__-

----j.

, - --- -

--

;.
T :;: ,
"

:.c..._~

__

~-:

--.

-I

---~

<

>

'.;,.

"C r

".

"

>

a
,
--~-

,
i i
i"", "'j --J.. _
.,...... /
c----,---;--+-+--i--"-.,cT'T=4'..:;...+-;

:c-_-:,-.,-,-,,,~:,-,,-,,,='~!=[!!~1=:~I=:~~~;ttl==~V~

_ '_____~.~I_~
II_L2
II _L
i ~I_L
, i-L-~

Ratio ad/Of

Mu ltiplier Od to
obtain Of

9 to 15

0 .70

1.43

18 to 48

0.75

1.33

54 or larger

0.80

1.25

All !e'NM5 should be designed so that the flowing full velocIty will
be at lea~1 2 1t.5, 10 minimize the selding 01 solids. Based on the
Mannaing flo w IQfIT\ula with an " N" ~arue of 0.013, the following

minimum slope5 are tacomrlM!nded :

Sewer sizi (incll4ls)

9
12
15

18

Minimum slop'"
.0028

--

.0020

.0015
.001 2

21

.0010

24

.COOS

27

.0007

3.

.0006

36

.00045

.
42

"

.00037
.00031
.00026

60

.00023

66

.00020

72

.00018

84

.00015

96

.00013

'08

.00011

'0
Under special conJilions, slightly lesser slopes lha " the above may
be permin.. d. but on ly where the depth of flow in the sewer will be
at least 0.3 of the diameter for the averag e design flow rate.

In any

such casos, the design engineer mus t includo in his computations the
depths of f low in th e seW,1I for the minimum dai ly, averag e dally,
and maximum hourly ratas of f low.

Figur e 2 p.t!senls capacity

curves for sewers flOWing fu ll (Manning " N" -0.013).

At sewer junctions at manholes, pipe ;rw erts should be arrang ed

such Ihal 1M O.S point of th e depths of incomifl9 an d outgoing pi;les

are matched, wherever convenient to do so.

D.

Sewer ali gnmen t

All sewers sh all be laid with uniform slope betw&en rnanhoJes.

Sewers 24 - inch diameter or smaller sha ll be laid with a st raight

horizontal alignment between manholes; for sewers 30- inch size or
larger. it is acceptabl e to include smooth horizontal curve s between
manholes. if desir able.

E.

Materials and strength

Any generally accepted ma teri al tor sowers should be given

conside ration, but the materials se lecte d should be sui table fo r local
conditions, such as cha racter of sewage wastes, so ils cha racteristics,
heavy external loadings, abrasion and sim ilar problems.
All sewe rs shoul d be strong enough to

pre~ant

damage from

supe ri mposed loads. Proper allowance f or loa ds on th a sewe r should

also be made because of the width and depth of trench.

Wnen

standard &tl!lIlgth sew er pipe is not sufficient. addit ional s: rength may
be obtained by using extra str ength pipe or specia l construction
feature. to incre ase the sewer st reng th.


11

F. Sewer joints
The

constru~tion

specifications

should clearly

indicate the

method of making sewer joints and the materials to be used .

sewers urlder the

w~ter

table.

rubb~r

(Of

n~opume)

For all

gasket joints

should be rcquiroo for precast sowers; pipe ends should be bel!

and spigot or lon3uo arId 9 100V~ design. Leakage tests should be

specified for newly constructed sewers. b'l wale r testing. Leakage
outwa rd or inward

(exfi ltration or infiltration) should not exceed

about 420 Imperill gallons per inch of pips diameter per mile per
day fo r any section of the system.

G _ Calculations
Sewer desig1 calculations should be presonted
tabular form, prop~dy d ,,,,uldl,,,J dlllJ i"u""tili"ll.

1 .9.

A.

in standa rd

Sewe r Manholes

l ocation

A manhole should be il1~talled at the end of each sewer line;

at all changes in grade. size. or al ignmer\t; at all intersections;
and spaced not o,.er 300 it for sewers 15-inch size. or smaller. 400
ft for sewe rs 18 to 30inch ~izc and 500 fl for sewers 36-inch size or
larger. Greater s~acing may b ... pe rmitted in very large sewers and
in those carry ing ~ sett led effluent. In some cases. smooth horizontal
curves between manholes may be acceptable. as noted in Section
1.8 D. above.
Although th~ above stated maximum manhole spacings are
considered valid for cities where sewers can be cleaned by conVarition~1 modern methods. closer spac ing of ma nholes may be needed
in Lahore for sewers l S-inch size o r smaller. For these letaral and
secondary sewers in Lahoro. consideration may ba given to closer
spacing of manho:es, possibly 100 feet apan. This would facilitate
the cleaning 01 the sewers. and wotsld also make it easier to
constrtsct house CJrmections (see Sec tion 1.13).

12
8.

Drop manhola

Experience in Lahor. lias provon that drop pipes. lor sewer

entering manholos at olovo{ions of mole Ihan 2 feet above the
manhole invert. Quickly become clogged and canllOI be properly

maintained. and so should be avoided.

Wherey,,! possible. the

slope of the incoming sewe r should bit selected to avoid any drop of

2 f&el or mOle at manhole.

C. Insi de diameter
The inside diameter of manholes should bit at IUl 48 inches
101

se'Nerag~ up to

24 -inch sit'. and at le ast 60 inches forlllrgilf

sowers.
O.

Fl ow channBI

The flow channel through manholes should COrlform Hl shape

end slope to tha t of the sewers.

E. Manhol e covers

Manhole covers, shou ld be dosignod to minimize the entry

01 surface waHll", wherevef the mallhole tops may be flocd~d by

street runoff o r hill h water.

F. Manhole watertightness
For conditions in Lahore it is cor.sidered preferable to avoid
using briCk milnhole wa 'is below the groundwater table level, and to
use

reinforc~ COflc'~te

table level.

mantlole bas" and .... a:l$ to abov" th9 water

Wnere groundwatel cordilions ale unfavou ' able and

blick 01 segmented block manhOle walls are 10 be

u~d,

they Should

be waterproofed on the extelior with good quality (I to 3) cement

plaster coating supplemented by

bituminous waterproof coating.

13
1.10

'menea Sipho ns

InvettO<! siphons snould have not less than 2 barrels, with ill mini
mum pipe size of 6 inches, and saould be provided with necessary
flu~"i1d

and maintenance. Tht man

holes should have adequate clurances fot roddin9. In gJnOJral.

appurt.nanc8S fo r convenien t

enough head should be provided and pipe sizes selected to secure

velocities 01 at least 3 feet per s'lcond for average floW!. The Inlel
and cutlets details should be arranged so that the normal flow is
diverted to , barrel, and ei th:!r b arr'll mly bl CUI out 01 s91"1ice for
cleaning .

1.11

Sewe r Trenc h Eart h Lo ad An a lysis

5tructuralloading analysis of underg'ound sewers should take

into consideration the backfill loads, traffic loads and impact loads,
using Marston's Formula. The acceptable load for any sewer may
be celculated as follows :

Safe supporting Strength

Where :

Load Factor)C 3edge bearing strergth

Factor of Safety
-

l oad Factor for differen t types of sewer bedding shall be

as stated in Section 1 .12 bolow.
3 ftdoe bearing strength is the test load of the pipe
expressed in pounds per linear fcot to produce ult imate
failure.
Factor 01 Safety is 1.5 fo r concrete pipe.

Standard sewer load tables should be prepared for variou s sower

sizes, depths and trench conditions, to make it e3sy fOT the designer
to estimate the combined backfill and tr311iC loading on the sewer
The safe supponlng strength of the sewer pipe should be greater
than the calcula ted combined loading on the sewer, and the strength
class of the pipe should be selected accordingly.

,
14
T~.e

requ ired strength

cla~5

of the sewer pipes should be shown

on the sewer profile drawings. and shoul d be properly called for in

the constructiorl
1.1 2

specific~tions.

Sewer Bedd ing

Most 01 the sewers la id in th e l ahore aloa have pOOl subsoil

cond iti ons, requiring t he usc 01 spocial bedd ing materials.

When!

special bedding materials are required, they may be one of the

following :

A. Bric k Balla st
Brick ballast bedding is norma1ly used in Lahore under poor

subsoil condi!io lls above the water table, instead of gooo qua lity
sand Of bank run sar>d and gravel, which are not readily available.

The brick ballast should be clea n

m~teri~1

ranging between I-inch

and II-inch gauge, broken from firs! class brick Of brick bats. A load
facto r of 1. 7 m~y be used for concrete

sewers with d ry brick

ballast bedding.
B. Crushed stone
Crushed stone bedding is normally used

In

lahore lor sewers

below the wa t er tab le level. or wiler", a l>eddin\J superiorio briCk

bal last is needec.

The crushed Slone

Should be clean material

ranging between 3/ 4_inch and 1 ~_ inch gauge, crushild from rock of

app roved type and source.

A load factor 011.9 may be used for

concrete sewers with crushed stone bedcing.

C. Concrete cradle
Concrete cradle

bedding is

normally used where increased

strength requireme nts ca ll for a bedd ing superior to crushed stone.

15
The concreto usad snould be of GOod qU<lli~, wilh a 7.da~ com.
pr~:;.siv'

slIInglh of at leaSI 2.000 poundJ pel squall inch. Til,

COI1C1ltl1 cradle should ba

~ap8d

and strength&n the ,.Wef pipe.

1m concrete 11'113<5 with

1.13

and proporticned to amply P'OIICl

A load factor of 3.0 may

und

concrate c/adle beddinll .

House Connections

The provic!ln9 of Wy& 0' lOS fi\t, n!;! in the sewor, is !'lOt confeasible in Lehora, because of manufac\urillo;J lim,laIU,I Jllof
tile local eoncnno pip!! plants. Common practice is to run Ihe
house s.w.~ to manhoh.s in the ma in sower line. and in densely
bullt-up areas there ere numtrous conrllclions discharging inlo oleh
manhula. causing saPJration at solid and ctlVious prob lems for
sewer main tenance workers . II is recommended thst Ihe following
sid~led

practices should be adopted tD improve tho situntion.

A Add itional manhooles
For 'ateral lnd secondary se ..... llI, wh,ch ale u~uilly rela Dvely
shallow. consJdoratio:l should b~ given to doser ",,<10"'''0 of man_
hal"". possiblV 100 faet apart.
House SAwers CDuid then be
connected to the manholes. and only a few would be di scharging
into each mallhole. All sewers and house connact ions should eMfr
the mJnholes near 11:1.1 bottom. ind all entry joints should be luk.
ploofed a/ound the pipes.

B. Sidewalk

jU~(ltio"

boxes

For deeper $Owars, where closely S.pacld manholes

would

involve eXC8SS'V8 cost. sha llow sidewalk junction boxes can

provided.

SIIa:e~ i cll ll y

located so that each junCiion

recvivv Il or morij house sewers.

junction

bo~

wou 'd be tarried to

OO~

be

could

The flow from each sid.walk

a $(twar manhole . Since they

wOlJld be c011.dered part of the waSI_aler colh'Ctioll facilities, the

sidewalk junction bOXIIS nnd their diachllge pipes should be COllslNctt"d as par t of the main sewer lin. alld paid lor by lDAfWASA.

- -,

16
1.1 4

Connaction of Open Surfllce Oro;n$

In some congested city areas of Laho re, thEt san itary sewJge i5

tol lected in opan surface drains, and it is probable that this practice

wi ll be continued

becau~e

of the extreme difficulty of constructing

~reas .

Connection of Ihe open surface drains

sewer pipes in such

to the sewer system must be consi dered on

basis.

and

the

details

special individual

of the required construction ,hould b9

presented by the designer in a suitable .eparate sketCh or diagram

on the

dr~wings.

for cech such surface drain.

SELECTION OF STR ENGTH CLASS FOR

REINFORCED CONCRETE
SE'NER PIPES

1 , Genera l, As e~plain.d in Section 1.11 of fhe "Typ,cal

Oesign Criteria for Sanitary Sewers", prapered by COM L~hcre in
July 1976, the requiled streng tll class Of tile sewer pipes should be
shown on the sewer profile drawings, All of the sewers In Lahore,
from 9" to 96" diameter, ere as.Sl,lmcd to Involve the use of reinfOl ced
concrete pipes plecast in Ille far-tory ,1'1 ilccordilll'lce with the
requi remel'lts of the latest reVision of st andard specificaliol'l ASTM
C76 It is luther assumed that the desigl'l requi lemel'lts of the pipes
will normally comply "..ith Table III 01 Table IV, wall B.
2. Maximum Depth fo r Us ual Tren ch Co nd it ions. The
following calculllllOI'l$ (pages 2 to 5) are ba~ed UpOI'l Marston's
formula for determining the load 01'1 underglOUl'ld conduit. The va lues
und for Bd are Ihose requirOld for laying of sewer pipes in lahore,
as. adopted by lDA.f\VASA.. The values of C" (page 2, Table 1)
wele determined from Chart No. 1 on page 189 of "Concrete Pipe
Field Manual". published in 1958 by the Amer ican Concre te Pipe
Association: curve 0 was used. ordinary me)(imum for unsalurated
clay. Teble 5 (page 6) prasent. the recomm&nded mUlmum sewer
depths for C76 pipes, Table 111 end IV, sizes 9" to 96", fo, different
types of Ir&r'lch bedding.
3. Unusua l Trench Co ndi tion s, If the tranch conditions afe
such that other loads. in eddition 10 the weight 01 the backlill
meteri81, will occu r to a significant eden , on the surface ovel the
17

t8
conduit, tho v may have to bo la k~n Into account. However, for
depths 01 covar over 6 In ! tho effecti of s uch additional surface
loa ds m ~y be neglectod. especia ll y if the usua l rig id pavemen ts would
be used at the surface. Under roa dways with very sh allow coveri ng
of earth ove r Iho sewe, pipo, th e surf.ea loa ds woul d be of mate'
importance lin d mu st be coosiderttd in each suc h case.
LAH ORE PRO J ECT

Maximum Sewer Depths All owab l e wit h C76 Re p

Calcul ate vertic a l lo ad on sewer pipe as lollows :

W . .. C,iW S d2

w here

use

W, _ Iotal vertical load on pipe in pounds pe r li nea r foot

C~_Load CQf; ffi cil!ll l for trench installations
w _ weight per cubic foot of fi ll, pounds
Bd_ lr9f1ch widt h allop o lpipe, fee t
w _ 120 pounds/cult for la hore sew ers

Table l - values lor Ci

anume o rd inary clay ba ck fill (w - 120 :!ojc l)

0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0

0.73
1.00

40

2.50
2.80
3.03
323
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.8

5.0
6.0

7.0
8.0

9.0
10.0
1510 20
H _ Hei ght of fi ll over top of SII Wllr

1.25

1.57
1-B 5
2.10

"
Table 2 - va lu es lor Bd ~nd a ,2

12 xB_se wer dlam (inch es)

adfor Lahole (It)

2.25

5.1

12

2.67

7.1

15

3.0

9.0

"

33

10.9

21

45

20.2

'4

4.'

23

27

5.'

27

30

,.

32

36

6.3

40

42

7.3

53

48

7.'

61

54

' .4

71

60

9.0

61

66

92

72

"
102

104

78

10.8

117

84

11.3

128

90

1 1.9

96

12.5

'"

156

20

TABL E 3

ljS"O load

Maximum values for W,

.. safety factor

where B

_internal pipe diameter. feet

O- Ioad

.. thr.1 _ edge load for ul tim ate failure

safety

f~ctor

_1.5 for concrete pipe

_3.0 for trench with concrot e cradle

and lj

_1.9 for c rushed stone bedding

_1.7 for brick ballast be dding

_1.5 lor shaped bottom without bedding

Q.load for C76 Table II!

_2000 fbI li" It/ft diam

a.load for C76 Table IV

_ leOO Ib/li n 11111 diam

Then max W. for Table III :

concreto cradlo

_ 4000)(8

crushed stone bedd ng

.. 2530,,8

bliet. ba 'iast bedding

shaped Without bedding

.. 2000 " B

2270 ,,8

And max W, for Table IV:

concrete cladl.

.. 6000xB

crushed stone bedding

.. 3800><B

brick b(lilast bedding

_ 3':00 " B

5haped .....ithout bedding

.. 3000x B

"

TA BL E 4

Maximum P,rm iniblll Load (w o) on Co ncrate Sewers

(lor Reinforced conCfete C76, Tables III and IV)
Pi pe dia

C7S pipe

B(h)

doss

0.75

Table III

1.0
1.5

1.900

Table lV

3,000
4, 500

Table 111

4.000

Table IV

6,000

Table III

6,000
9,000

Tab la IV

2.0
2.5
3.0

MaxlrT1I.lm p~rm,s!lble load W, (Ibs)

Without
Stone
Brick
cradle
bedding
bedding
ball ast

Concrete

8.000

Table til
Table IV

12,000

Table III

10,000

Table IV

15,O~

Table III

12,000
18,000

Table IV

14,000

2,850

1,700
2 ,550

1,500
2.:(50

2.530
3,800

2.270
3.400

2.000
3.000

3,800

3,400

3,000

5,700

5.100

4,500

5.060
7,500

4,540

4,000
6,000

6,330
9,500

5,670

5.000

8,500

7 ,500

7,800

6,800

6,000

1 1,t.OO

10,200

9,000

8,900
13,300

8,0:>0

7,000

12,000

10.500

8.000

MOO

Table III
Table IV

21,000

Tabla 111
Table 1'1

15,000
24,000

15,100

9,100
13,600

Table III

18,000
27.000

1 1,400
17,100

10.200
15,300

13,500

Table IV

20,000
30,000

12,700
19,000

11 ,400
17,100

10,000
15,000

6.0

Table !II
Tab~ e IV

24.000
36,000

15,200
22..800

13,600
20,400

12.000
18,000

7.0

Table !II
Table IV

28,000
42,000

17,700
26,500

15,900
23,800

14.000
21 ,000

8.0

Table1!l
Table IV

32,000
48.000

20,200
30,300

18,200
27,300

16,000
24.000

3.5
4.0
4.5

Teble IV

5.0

Tabla II!

10,100

12.000

9.000

22
TABLE 5

Muimu m Dept h to Inve rt for Re p StM.'ers C76 (feet)

(A)
Pipe

Table (in)

C76

(8)

(0)

Pipe
dia

Pip e
Th lckne$S (It)

(tt)

MaJ!.

flilowabh~

depitl 10 invell

(B+C+ H)
COrlCfe!.

cradle

withou t
bedding ballast bedding

S IOnEt

Brick

Assume
(' )

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

")

(1)

(8)

",IV

9
12

0.75

0.10

No Limit

lSA

12.0

9.'

12

'00

15

1.25

'IV"

",IV

",IV
",IV

18
21

'IV" "

",IV
",IV
",IV

27

30
36

. .50

1.75
2. 00

2.25

2.50

300

N. l

N.L.

N.L.

27.9

0. 15

N.L.
N.L.

16.6
N.L.

13.4
N.L.

10.6
25.8

0.20

N.L.
N.L.

18.2
N.L.

14.7

12.1

N.lo

27.3

N.L .
N.L.

19.6

1El.O

13.2

Nl.

N.L.

29.4

26.2

,,,

10.2

N.L.

13. t
23.5

28,4

14 .2

12 .6

H .

25.

21 .3

" ,0
17.7

28'

14 .7

13.0

N.L.

25.8

21 .7

27.0
tH o

14.8

25.0

13.2
21 .3

17.9

16.0
26.5

145
22.7

12.S
194

16.6

1 Ei.O

12.1

N.L.

25 .8

22.7

19.5

29 .6

17.7
27.3

16.0

, 3.6
21.0

0. 20
0.25
0.25

0.25

0.30
0.30

28.5
N.L.

I" 42
IV

3.:;0

I" 48
IV

4.00

0 .35

DAD

",

N.L.

, 1.5

24.1

16.3

11 .5
18.0
11.7

23

(1 )
-

[2)

~)

[4)

(5)

[6)

[7)

(8)

54

4.50

0.45

30.4

18.8
2B.7

16.8
25.2

14.4

19.8
30.1

17.7
26.7

15, 1

20.8
31.3

18.4
27.7

24.3

21.3
31.8

18.7

16.5

28.3

24,8

21.7
32.S

, 9.1
29,0

17.4
25.6

22.4
33.6

19.7
30.0

18.2
26.8

22.8
34.2

20.2

30.8

19.1
27.5

23.3
35.0

21.0
31.7

111

IV

N.L.

III
IV

60

111

66

5.00

0.50

N.L.

5.50

0.55

IV

III
IV

78

111

84

6.00

0 .60

33.5
N.L.

6.50

0.65

34.2
N.L.

7.00

0.70

IV

35.4-

N.L.
90

7.50

0.75

IV
III
IV

33.0
N.L.

III
IV

111

3 1. 8

35.9
N.L.

96

8.00

0.80

36.9
N,L.

22.'

23.2
15.7

10.1

28.3

PART 2
OESIGN CRITERIA FOR SEWAGE PUMP STATIONS

2 .1

Gen e ra l Con,ideret,onl

2.1.1. Type of pump :station-Sew"'Je pump itatiOnS should

be of the dry well lype, wi th th e pumps and dlsche rge lines inst alled
in the dry well. The sewage wet will i shall bll completely separate,
induding the wet well wperstructu ,a, ,I any. It is 1'101 anticipated,
however. that II wet well superstrucwre will ba needo~ in lehore.
2.1 .2. Flooding -Sewage pump slations should no t be s ubject
to flooding, eilher of the superstructure or the pump station site.
The superstl\lcture should ba localed well aw.y from streets or ro ads,
,lnd the site should be readily accessible by car or tl\lck.
2.1 .3. Provision f o r or il-No Drit remova l fac l ~ties sho uld be
provided. but the design of the sewage wet well should receive
specialllltemion to minimize the poss rble depositIon and accumula_
tion 01 grit. The pump dis charge piping should be destgned to
pl"evell1 the sen:ng of gut in the pump dIscharge fines o f pumps not
operating.
2.2 Infl uent Chamber a n d Channels
2.2.1. Influent Chamber-The inliusnl c!-amb.. will r!!Ce ive
lhe incoming SSWSIS. llnd d ivide the flow as necessary to the influent
ch,nnel, and Wilt wells. Normally there should bt tWO influent
cnannels and W1lt wells. to facili,atl repairs and c'eJnlng wit~out

Z5
shutting cown the pump station opera tion. Conveniently operated
sluice gates should be provided at the influent chambe r outle!s.

2.2.2 Pump Station Overflow-An overflow ar.d emergency

conduit should bE) provided fOI e<lch sewage pump station,
for use if the pump station must be shut down, wher<! requ ired to
prevent immersion damage to etacuic motors, switchgear. andl
discharg~

or other equipment. me o'Jetflow should be located at the influent

chamber or a convenient upstream chamber, and should disch<Jrge
by gravity to the naarest drainage channal or weter course. II may
be necessary to provide a backwater gate at the overflow discharge
point, for obvious reasons.
2 .2.3

I nfluent channels and bar screens-Normall y

there

should be two influent channels. each designed to carr, half the

flow from the influeflt chamber. Each channe l shall have a manually cleaned bar SCHten (mechan ically cleaned bar screens are considered to involve 100 many operational and mainteflilnce problems
for use in lahore). Suggested details of the screen chambers aHI
as fo llows:
(a) Bar screen inc! irled 45 to 60 degrees from the horizontal.
(b ) Clear openirlg between bars to be at least 2 Inches bl.lt not
more than 2.5 inches.

(c) Velocity of flow through bars to be 1.5 to 2.5 feet per

second. 10 facililate hand cleaning.

(d) A convenient operating piatform to be provided for hand

cleillling and draining of screenings.

(e) An adequate manually operated hoist to be provided for
lifting screenings containers from the operating platform to
grade level.

(f) A stairway 10 be provided for access from the grade level

to the operating platform.
2.3.

Wet wells.
2.3.1

Duplicate Wells-For large sewage

pump

stations

(such as those proposed in Lahore) the wet well should be divided

into 2 chambers connected with sluice gate opening.

This will

26
permit isolalioro and shutdown of an $ side during clea ning or mainten ant!! work in the wet well Irta, wh~e keeping the olhM side in
service for eontinuity 01 pump itation OPCrllI;on.

2.3 .2

Wet We ll SizlII - The ,lfettiv& capacity of the

Wilt

well

should provide a hol ding period not to excef:Od 10 minutes fOf tha
ave r~g e

5anitary (dry wealher) flow. For th e ultimate IlJIticip'ated

flow condition of the Lahore sewage pump stalions, it is suggested
lhal an effective wei well capacity be Yle<:led 10 provide a holding
l ima of approximately 5 minutes at average sanitary desi(Jn flow.
Add itional holding cap,,"city, needlld to avoid frequent starting end

Slopping o' sewage pumps, WI I be ns umed to be pl'ovidlld in the

lerge intercepting sewers which discharge to the IIISpectivll pump
stations.
2.3.3 Wet W~I Floo r_ The wet wltll floor shall be hopper
shaped. The horizonta l a re~ of the hopper bonom sha ll be no larger
than needed for proper installation of tha se ..... age pum p wction
popes and other wer well appurtenances. The sloped portion of the
hopper bottom shall he"", a slope of at least 1 vitrticlll to 1
horizonta l.
2.4

Sewa g e Pum ps and Dr ives.

2.4.1 Type - The se wage pumcs shell be vertica l, cen trifug al,
non-clog type suilable for installa tion in a dry well wrth the c rive
motor located ebove Oil 81 separate malO( floor, Pf","erably above
gr3da leval.
2.4.2 Shafting-.ntermadiate shalting betwoon pump Dnd
motor shall bQ prov,ded 85 needed. complele w ilh SU itable couplings,
staady bear ngs 81d 5up;>orl5.
2.4.3 Motors- The dri~e motors s:'811 bs vertrcal. Open, 0110proof. soli d shaft, squirrel cage, iMuel ion type design fo r operat ion
on electriC current availa~le ;'1 lal>ore for large horsepower unit5.
24.4 Pump BIIle~tion-The number 01 pumps and capacities
of ind ividual pumps shall be se lecled 10 genera lly fit flow conditions.
to the g re~t eSi feasible eXlent. No rmal prac\ ce should be to
provide sufficient units that, Wllh anyone pump OU1 01 operation.

27
the remaining u'1its will r.avo sufficient

cepacity to handl!! the

muirrum houlV design lIov. rate.

2. ~. 5

Pu mp prim ing and intako-The pum,) shall ile in.talled

so I hat it wi;1 operate under i positive suction head uncle.- nom-al
operating cond,llons. Each pump should nalle an individua l intake,
and lha wet 'Nell should bil designed to avoid turbulence neaf the
pu mp intake.

2.4 .6. e.xpea sup ervision o f j:lstaUation - Th~ m"nu ' actur~r
of Ihe sew ag a pumps shodd be requi red to pro'/idll the on-si:e
seNicI:> of an installa tioll expert, 10 supe rvi.;e the Ins;alla:io1 In Ita
pump station of l'le pumps. $halting, motors and eppJrte1ances, for
l orge capacity pump stations in Lahore.

This reQ uire,119M should to

included in the pu-np procuroment specificati ons and the construction spec i lic~tlons perlaining 10 installation of tne pumping
equipme~t,

2"

Su c t io n and Oi s cn ll rg c Piping,

2.5.1

Materials-AI! pump suction and discharge piping with-

in tbe pump station wet we ll and dry well should be cast iron or
ductile ilon, with flangod joints.

2.52 Suction piping- A separate suction pipe shall b9 prov i.

ded fOI each sewage pUIf1), Inclueing a flange and lIare intskl
elboW, w~1I casting, shu loff v~ l ve and nllcessary COnnec Ill'lg p i pe~
and fittings. Suction piping should be silld adequately to avoid
high floW velocities under the norm al cesign conditions. Valoci.
ties should prelerJb ly bo withi n a range of 2 to 4 It/second at the
flare inlet and 4 to 8 ft.'second in the suct.on pipe.

2.5.3 Discha rg9 pipin g- Tna

discharge line hom eech

sewage pump should include a flexible COnneCllon, a s ..... ing type
check valve, II s hutoff valve, afld flecess~ ly conf1ecting pipes and
fillings. VehlCl lles should 'prefe rably be w thin II lange o f 610
10 fll~econd in the discharge pipe.

2.504 P ipe su p pons-Ample supports sho\lld be provided

lor I:uct ion and di5c har ll8 p ipi nll. In p">v<lnr loads lrom roac hing th e
Sewage pumps a nd 10 l85isl hydraulic thnrsl.

28
2.5. 5

Fo rc e m ai ns _ lrl the Lahore sewerage system separate

force mains from the pump station should be provi ded for the

successive construc tion sUges, if feasi ble. Fo rce mains may be

cast iron pipe (el). suitable iron p ipe (01), fabricated steel pipe,
reinforced conc rete cy linder pipe (ReCP). high density polyethylene
(HOPE). or asbestos ceme nt pipe (Ae). Flo w velocities in Ihe force
main should be within a range of 6 1010 fee t p~f second, preferably
in the lower part of the range. High poil1ts in force mains, where
air locking might occu r, should be avoided,

2 .6

Ventil atio n.

2.6.1 Ge nera l Adequate vantilation shall be pro ... ided for all
sewage pump sta tions . Where the pump dry well is below the
ground surface. positive mechanical vef11ilat ion is required. Independent ventilation is required for the wet wel l if it contains screens
or mechanica l equipment which need maintenance or inspection.
There shall be no interconnectio n between the dry well and wet
well vent ilation systems. Switches lor operation of all ven tila tion
equipment should be located co nvenient ly and clearly marked for
easy identification.
2.6.2 Wet w e lls-Ventilation for wet wells should consis t of
a continuous positive fresh alf supply nElat the screen operating
platform. e ~ haust would bi: th rough the open top 0; the wet well .
For duplicate wet wel l compartments, two separate ventilation units
s hould be provided. The wet well ventilation units shou ld provide
at lea5112 air changes per hour.
2.6.3. Dry wclis - Vcnt il Mion for dry we lls should consist of
a continuous positive fresh air supply near the floor of the pump
room, exhaust condu its should be provi ded from the ceiling area of
the pump room to Ihe outside of the s uperst ructure. The dry we ll
ventilation unit should provide at least 6 air changes per hour.
2.7.

Misc ellaneous Design Details .

2.7.1 Acc ess~ Suitable and safe means of access shall be

provided to pump s tation dry wells, consisting of stairways of sotisfa ctory dimensions wit~ rest lalldings (It ve rtical interva ls not
(lxceeding 10 fect. Similar access stairways should be provided

"

for weI wells cOltaining Gither bar screens or mechanical equ ipment
needing inspection or m~interlallce. Stairways a nd lest land ings
should have suitable handra ils.

2.7.2 Alarm syst em-An alarm sy3tem should be provided

for each sewage pump station, to be actua ted in cases of r;ower
failure, pump failure, or pum;:. malfunction. The alarm should be
audiovisual type, located for easy external observation.
2.7 .3 Ele1:tricat e qui pmen t -Electrical equipment in the
sewage pump stations which is located in enclosed places whe re
gas may accumulate. such as tha wet well or dry well pump room,
should be ra!ec explosion-proof.
2.7.4 Pu mp removal-Provisions shall bi! made to fac ilitate
Ihe removal of sewage pumps and motors. Adequate monOloil s,
hoisting eq ui pment hatches, dools and ilool areas should be provided for th is pu rpose.
2,7.5 Dry well sump pu mps-A separate sump pump installation with duplicate pumping units shall be provided in Iha pump
station dry we ll. 10 automaIlcally diSCharge leaKaga or drainage.
The discharge point shall be aoove the o'lerflow le'le l 01 the wet
we ll . The flool of thc dry wel l shou ld slope to Iha sump. For
largo sewage pump stations (such as Ihose proposed in Lahore) it
is;suggested thaI each sum;:! pumil shou ld have a capacity of about
100 U.S. gallon~ per minu te .
2.7.6 Sewage p u mp c o ntrols-Automatic contro ls shall btl
provided for the sewage pumps, to oparalO tho pumps in a pre-seleeted~sequence to genera lly fit sewage inflow conditions. The automatic control equipment m3Y be anyone of the following:
(a) Purged air s.. stem with separate bubb le tubes in the 2 weI
well compartment; to be pro'/iced with duplicate air compressor and storage tank units.
(b ) Float oJerated mercury switch type, w ith II separate unit

to be provided in each wet well.

(c) Float operated 'Se lectrol"' type, either with separate float

tubes in the 2 wet well compartments or a single f108\ tube

30
in the dry wall.

Float tubes should be located in such a

way that the floats would not be seriously affected by

sewage inflow or the suction of Ihe pumps,

Aoa! tubes

in dry wells should extend high enough to pr9v8n1 overtlow.

2.7.7 Standby power source-Electric power 110m at least

2 different independent sources should be available at each sewage
pump station, one of which should be used as a standby power
source. The main cOMlol panel switchgear should be provided
accordingly.

2.7.8

Wat er $uppIV- There shall be no physical connection

between any pot able water supply and a sewage pump station
wh ic h might cause contamination of the potable water supply_ An
isolated internal water system should be provided in the sewage
pump station for such uses as wa ter seal 101 the pumps. flushing
connections. hose connections for washing purposes. etc.
2 .8

Ma nu al s en d M a intena nce Equip ment.

2.8.1

Operating instruct ions-An appropria te manual should

be provided for each sewage pump station. w i th a complete set of

oper~ting instru ctions fo r all equ ipment and control devic!s. includ
ing a clear explanation of emergency procedures.
2.8.2

M aintenance sched u les-Suitab!e maintenance sche-

dules should be provided for routine and preventive maintenance of

all sewage pump station equipment.
2.8 .3 Tool s and spare parts.-A suffiCient assortment of tools
should be provided at each sewage pump station to enable the
operalors to perform routine repairs and maintenance wo!'\(.
spare paris. as recommended by the equipment

Enough

manufacturers.

should be kept on hand at each sewage pump slat ion to satisfy

requirements lor repairs and maintenance of the sewage pumps and
all other mechanical equipment for at laast 3 years.

PART 3
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WATER DISBIBUnON SYSTEM

3 .1

Ganeral Considerat ions

The w~ter distri bution system proposed for Lahore, in tho

Revised Maste' Plan Report prepared in Septembe'. 1975 (MPR). is
based upon the construction of water supply tubewells accordu"l9 to
Sche-na II of the MPR. This S(;hemd indud,,",," well centers located
to the north. nOfthwest and northeast of the city. plus individual
wells located throughoul Ih2 study arta at ,ough'y 4.000 foot stp
aration f'om Olher individual wells. All new wells are 10 have 8
capacily of 4 cub ic fect per second (cis) ,uch. Figure 221 of Ihe
MPR shows ten totivo local ions fOllha l'IMer supply tubewalk and a
tent<ltivD configulation for Iha primary netwo,\;. (main gild) of distri.
bution mains to serve the en\lfe study 8lea.
The pflmary

natl~Orlc:

scggested by the ccnSl.l lants for planninu

PUrp<:>3ao::, ~hown on Figu, .. 221 of Ine Mf'R. w,,~ h~sed on pro
viding ,~a t ef at 8 pea'{ ~our demand f8111 IIqual 10 2.25 timH the
average day demand rate, to lTI~e t the neads 01 IhB city in tha yeal
1986. On tha t bas,s. the p i m~ry network wate r ma ins would rongo
up 10 60iflch $IZO and ~ubstantia l ground storage raseNoi ,s WIth
boos:er pumps WQuld ba nee ded ifl the cenlral zones of Iha city. II
was recommen.;led in t;". MPiI. t"at additional st... dies should b,
made to uplor. all"1:"I8Iiv:o> ne:worlr. configurations, prior to final
design 01 lhe primary network pilling.
31

32

3.2

Recommended Prime ry Network

To eSlabli$h primary network sizes lor final (leslgn , the consul-

lanlS studied two configuration me!:!,'s for lila water supply and
distribution facilities lor 1986, ~ nd a IQlal of 19 computer run~ we'll
mado \0 arrive at ;) S3lisf;)Clory hydraulically balanced system.
Basic lactors used in the compute. analyses were:

II.

Estima ted averag e demand .allJ in 1986 .... ... 43 4 Cis

b,

Pe ak facto. (maximum day role) e$SLlmed .

c.

Peak. design 'ale _"umBd (1.33 X 434) .. ... ... 580 CIs

d.

Number of 4 CIs

e.

Desirable range of flow velocitin :

tulJ~w,,' is

1.33

nndel:l. _ . .. ....... 145

MaKimum ,............ B.O his

Minimum
f.

0.8 hi5

Desirable range o f walBI pressures:

M aximum ........ ... . SOps;

Mmimum ...... ........ 20

p~

It was reali~ed by Ih a con5ultants th at the us:! o f the low peak

facto r wo uld generally reduce th e sizes of th e primary network water
mains. and in Ihe IUlu ra local storago Md boost~f pum;lS would be
!leeded at various locations lor satidying short pe riod demands in
exceS$ of thc design r5te.
The resuh ino primary network recommended by the consultants
is Simila r in shape to Ihct 01 Fig ure 221 01 tOle MPR, but mary of
Ihe proposed pip-e si~es have been reduced . with the largest now
being 48-inoh. A work map has been prepared by tho consultants
to Show the tfnlative locations and si zes now propoStid for fin al
design 01 the primary network 01 water d rWibution ml ins. It is
entJtled " Distribution System 1986 Configuration Model 2 Run 5 N,
Maximum Day 580 cis", and supersedes Figure 221 of tha MPR.

33
3,3

Secon da ry Networ ks

Actually the w~tet dislIibution mains 10 serve:he Lahors Metropolitan Area wil l all be interconnected. so that the-, will comprise a
single systllm for Iha entire city. However, In 5~eeling the facilities
to be included in su~ply and construction contraCI$, as well as for
refurence purposes In Ihese design criteria. it is convenient 10 classify
the system il110 primary ~nd secondary networ'.'tS. liS follows:
~.

Primary network - ma ins ttl mch siu and larger

b.

Secondary network mains 12-inCh size lIild .smalls.

As in any such arbilrary method of claulficatio". thll border hne

is not always clearly justi fiable' so tlla ! it may be conveniBnl in some

cases to consider 12.inch ma ins as part ollho pri:nllry network .

Thesa uses should become evident as the f;MI, deti\jn work prog.
ressos . In ge ne ral. nevertheless. rt is considered convonient to
inclUde most of th. 12-inch mains tIS part of the secondary networks.

The following desig n criteria a ro recommended for the secondary

networks 01 water distribution ma'ns. as suggested by th. eXpe'ience
of Ihe consultant and tokrng into accounl local com! I,on s in L"ho.e;
3.3.1 Selec t io n o f si zes. The extreme variability of supply and
demand conditIons makes it impractical to use any hydraulic analysis
for selecting th8 Si~8S of secondary network water mains. The
:ollowing .rnpiric31 " fule-ol- Inumb" is suggestod :
il.

Spacing of 12" and 10" mains - 2.500 to 3.000 It

b.

S;J8cing of 8" and 6" m3ins - SOO 10 1.500 It

c.

Spacing of 3" and 4" maills -

needed

The minimum 51ze recommended to. any Wa ll)< main supplying

fire hydran~ is 6.inch. Th. minrmum size recomrrllYlded for wat.t
mains not supply in'.! life hyd ra rllS is 3-inch.
3.3.2 N.1wo rk DHi g n: The alement of eng in.ering judgment"
very important in 58cond~ .y network. des ign, and some lactors tu be
considered 'lfe:

34
iI .

Dead ends shoLlld be avoided w liorlcver l ea5ible, by looping

of ~ I I wa ter distribution pipes.

b.

wner. dead ends occur, there Should

be

some provision

for flushing 5Uttl as a t ire hydran t.

c.

No flushi ng device should be

conn.c!~d

in al'ly w ay to any

s!r.... or line.

3.3.3 Location and Spicing of Va l ves. Sufficient shutoff vaivis

s l10 uld be pIal/I dod (go te o r s lu ice valves) to permit isolation o f perU
of the walaf distribution sy stem for emorgan<:y repa irs and main.
tenance, withou t having to interrupt service 10 very large s9C tOrs.
There are no exact I1Jles for determining val\lo Locations and spacing.

so that Iho designer must exercise judgment in avoidi~ ellceSlive

numbers ofvllives while pt'oviding for convenient system OPflration.
In general valves should be installed 81 all branches from tha large r
size secondary mains, Tha cost of valves is slrall compared to the
other system components, blIt large r size valves ca n involve slIbsta ntlal expense, As an approximate gu ide to ,he number of valvu
which may be needed in secondary netwo rks in l ahore, the following allowances ara sUGgested:
Size of sacondary
wuer main (inches)

AV8lage valv" sp<Icing

suggested (feet)

"

1500

10

900

800

800

400

200

"
"
"
",.

,.

2000
1200

1000
800
600
400

3.3.4 Fire Hyd rants . Th e nlImbe r and spacing of fi re hydrants to

be pro'J ided in a large city such as Lahore cen only be decided in an
arbitrary marmor, based upon the co nlbined oPlllon of muniCipal a nd
LOA WAS;" officials as to t'>e deg ree of fire protection that is durrable. The ' actors to be considered are: tho typo 01 building co n~tructjon. which jnflu~ncc~ the ~criou~neu of the Ii", hd~ .. ,\J IIUU tI,,,,
chances HUI files m gil l spread 10 adjoining premiSlts; the COSt

.... ""1:. ..." . '''-"

". "" ..,,"" V' '' L'

--..

...
~

001

00 '

- -~

~J

.,o

.,o

,-

''"1=
.

\I. , - _

1 1-

- ..j..j

,.

\m'~1

.,
I

r~

.,

,IMu

-r:+KR~C(1;!I'~NUIJ
TI

'"

r A\lE/tAiJE

Ir-I,

-+:

''0

DR l

~- d+~

HOI{t-oc51

1_

.. ""

_:,IMUMIOAY[ I~"; Ctt(lunt~ ]RHt

: ~_
L- "

.,

.,w,
,u

1= I~j,*,l~i

-t--

.,

"

",
11

~ ' U,..

-,

OI;CWlf! GEI R)l n .

'.

~IL

o.

I""':"' 1~1'~1 "1 ''"I:::. l~-I 1- .

.,

liD.

00 '

01

FIGUR( - i - VAR I ATIO ", S IN

0'

"

'0

Z""

WASTEw,o\TER FLOW IN SANITARY SEWERS

In

" 10

35

wnich would be involved in providing (lnd maintaining the fire

hydrants; the effectiveneu in Lahore of Ille presently used firelighting system of lank trucks with booster pumps, which ale
dispat:hed to the scene of the I're : and the interest of government
officials in providing more effeClive and mocem fad ities. liS
represen ted by the furnishing of suitably spaced fire hydr~nts and Ihe

equ;pping of the fire department wilh pumper trucks lind

3.4

3CCCl5Soriu.

Water Main M aterial,.

There are a number of pipe materials which hove been proven

acceptable for municipal water distribution systems, through actual

experlenca 10 various parts 01 the world . The;& includo ductile iron.

cast iron. prestressed concrete, steel, asbeslo'-cement. and pl;)stic

pipe,.
3.4.1 Ductile Iron and Cast Iro n. Pipes and fittings 01 these
materials are coml1ercially evailable in tht entire range ofsize:5
which # 111 be needed in the Lahore wa ter system, so they shoule be
permitttd as acceptable alternative malenal1 for both Ihe primary
and secondary dislribution networks. Joints of eil!"ler th e push-on
or mec!"lanlcallype, wi th rubber gaskets. are recommendltd.
3.4.2 Prestressed Concrete. Prestressed concrele cylinder pipe
and fitllngs ant commercially available in some countries, and may
be competitive in price In sizes IS-inc h 01 larg&l. if th&y can be
manufactu red close enough to the point 01 use 10 evoid excessive
transportation costs. This type of pipe has an embedded steel
cylinder along Its lull length, encased in concrete and supplemented
with preStressing wires and a CI):ltino of dense mort". 0' con(;tcte.
It is recommended as an acceptable altematl\'e type of pipe lor the
primary distribution .network only (sizes 16-inch and larger). Joints
.hould be of the be.1 and spigot type, with round rubbet "O-rinll'"
gaskeu. Ou\lets of fil1ing~, for connoction to other types of pipe,
can be mechanical joint or flange type.
3.4.3 Steel. Water pipes lind fittings of $leel are ob1alll8ble at
competttive prices in largll .izes, and can be mode of comparable
Quality with the other materials mentioned above, for distribution
system use. This would be done by requiring 8n interior lining of

36
cemer.\ mortar and an external wrapping of as~astos fait. for all
pipes and fittings. These pipes can De specified as acceptable alter.
native materialS for t ile primary distribu tion network (sizes 16-inch
and largel) . Jointli which are considered acceptable for use in
Lahore a re: bell and spigo t typ e with roll-on rubber gaskets; or
plair'! end type with DrBSsar couplings, or aqual. Fitting outlets can
be mechanical joint or flanga type.

3.4.4 Asbestos -Cement.

Water pipes

of asbestos-cement are

commercially obtainable U;:IIO 24-inch size, and are usually camp",tilive in price with othe r malerials upto abouI12-im;h size, taking irllo

,lGcount tha requi red fitl ings and tapp ing bands. They are
rm:ommended as an acceptable alternative material for the secondary
networks (sizes 12-inch and smaller). Fittings and specials should
be cast iron. design for usa with rubber rings lor joirlting w ith A.C.
pipes. The piptl'" shuuld btl of the rubber ring pu",h.on type. with
A,C. Couplings. Special Tapping bands or saddles wou!d be required
for making service connections ,
3 .4.5 P last ic. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes of the unplast icized
or rigid type have gained wide acceptance for small size water
mains, so should be permitted as an acceptable alternative matefial
for the secondary distribution network. (sizes 12-inch and smailer).
Joints should be of the rubber ring push on type . Care wou ld bll
requ ired in specifyirg the littings and specials, to ElrIsure compatibil ity with other types of pipe in the lahore system. Special
tapping bands or saddles wo uld be needed for makieg service
connections.
3.5 Service l ines
The most importam factor in regard to the usefu l life 01 water
service lines is tne ability 01 the service pipe material to resist
ime rnal and externa l corrosion. Inability to do so results in reducing
the carrying ca pacily and possible leakage . Some flexibility in the
service pipe is considered importam. to avoid possible leakage dUB
10 settling of the service line trenc h.
Past pr~ctice in lahore has been to lise galvanized iron pipe for
seNice lines. Connections have been nonflexibte, with the pipe
leading directly from the corporation stop in the main to the served


37
In many cases there is no readi ly accessible shutoff va l"e
fer tn e service line. This type of installation is no t considered
desirable, since the galvanized iron pipe is not highly resistant to
corrosion, the rigidity of the Stl r,,;ce line may cause lea kage problem,. and the ob3cnco o f an acces.ible shutoff vallie may cllu~e
premIses.

wa ter wastae when the customer plumbing is defecllve.

It is cecommended that co nside ration be given to using po lye thene (PE) plastic pipe or tubing lor waler service lines. The PE
pipe for this usa should have a pressure rating of at leas! 125 psi ,
and should be of suit able sizes fo r joining directly to standard
corporation stops.

3.6

Installation of Water Mains

Most operati ons In the instal lation of water distribution mains

a 'e the same regardless of t he mat Br;<lls of which the pipe an d
fi ttings are made. Standa rd s have been issued by t~e Ame ri can
Water Works Association (AWWA) and other organilat io ns for the
laying of differen t types of pipe, <lnd there is no need to discuss
tr,em in detail herein The fol lo wing paragrap hs are limited to
mention of the installatio n factors Which may si~nif i cantl y affect the
perform ance and life of the water mains,
3,6.1 Pipe Handling_AJ I pipes ond fittings s hould be Inspected
for damage w he n they are being unloaded at the installation site,
P pes and fittings should not be dropped from the truck. If a derrick
and cable with hooks a re used in ur loacing, the hook s hou ld be
rlb ber covered. If a fori<. lilt is used, core is needed to avoid
damaging th!! exterio r coating, interior lining. or the pip e its!!lf. In
moving pipes and fi tt ings, they shou ld neve r be pushed by a bulldozer blade or other mechanical equipment. bu t should be either
rolled by hand o r moved by hois t.
3.6.2 Trench ing-Water distribution pipes in Lahore may be
installed with a trench depth th ot provides cover of 2.5 to 5 lect oval
tcp of the pipe. depend ing on the pipe size, except at places w ne re
it is necessary to go deeper to get under o bstructions. Secondary
network pipes (3 to 12-inch size) should have a cover of 2.5 to 3.5
feet, and primary network pipes (l B. inch sile o r large r) a cover of 5

3B
feet. The trench width should be kept as narrow as feasible, but
should be enough to permit proper installation of the pipe, with room
for the workmen to make the joints and tamp t he backfill around the
p'pe.
All pipes and fittings must be adequately supponed by the
trench bottom, A continuous uniform bedding is nllt8ded. Stones
found in the trench should be removed for a depth of at least 6 inches
below the bottom of the pipe. Pipe can be laid on the trench
bottom without special bOOding maleriel if the soil is suitable and
the bottom has been levelled properly. For pipe laid in poor soil.

wet trench or rock, special bedding material must be provided. At

the pipe joints, holes must be provided for belJs or couplings and
for making up the joints.
3.6.3 J o ints-The types of joints will depend upon the kind of pipe
used, as discussed above under the heading "Water Main Materials".
Jointing procedures shou ld follow the recommendations of the
pipes and fittings.
practice in backfilling water mains
3.6.4 Backfi lling-Usual
involves partial backfill before leakage tests and completed backfill
aher t ests. The partial backfill leaves joints exposed or covered
only by a shallow layer of earth. The backfill material should be good
soil which does not contain any rocks. bricks or hard lumps of clav
For some pipe materials, special precautions are needed during
backfill operations, as recommended by the pipe manufacturer.
3.6.5 Test in9-The installation specifications should call for
pressure testing of all water mains alter they are installed. The
hydrostatic test should be carried out by sections as completed,
usually after the trench has been partially backfilled . Allowable
leakage limitations and other t est requirements should be clearly
specified, including t he test pressure.
3.6.6 D isinfection_All water mains should be flushed and disin
fected after installati:>n, by sections as completed. The insta llation
specifications should include detailed requirements for the pro.
cedures to be followed. including bacteriological testing.


39
3.7

Storage

As explained above in Section 3.1, a relatively low peak 13etor of

1.33 for the maximum day rate of waler demand was used for
designing the primary distribution network tor 1986 conditions.
This will probably make t necessary in the future to provide local
storage and lxIoster pumps to satisfy hourly peak. demands, These

requirements should hancled on a cuebycas9 and districtbydis trict basis. as the need aris es in the fu ture.

PART 4
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR STORM DRAINAGE

4.' .

Gener al
As a result of engineering studies conducted in recent years, the

Lahore study area has been divided iMO four districts:

Chotta Ravi Dr ainage District consists of the northern
part of the study area encl osed by the Pakistan Railway and the
northern part of the bund, plus the area occupied by the Old City
up to the western part of tke !lund. This district has been divided
(a)

into two sub-districts: Lower Cholla Ravi, w ith stormwatar flowing

away from the railway line in e westerly direction; and Upper
Cholla Ravi, with stormwater lIowing away from t he railway line
in an easterly direction and a portion flowing to the west from
Shalimar Gardens area.
(b) Mian M i r Drainage District I consiSIS of the central
part of the study area bounded on the east by the Cantonment. and
on the w es t by the western portion of the protective bund. Drainage
is in a weslerly direction 10 the bund. thence to the Ravi River.

eel

Mlan Mi r Drainage District II consists of the we st cen-

tral portion of the study area to the sout h of Mian Mir Drainage
District I. bounded on the east by Ferozepur Road, on the south by
the lahore Branch Central Bari Doab C1\nal, and on th e west by the
Ravi River. Drainage is generally westward parallel 10 the Katcha
Multan Road, and then to t he Ravi River.

40

41
(d)

Satte K(ltla Drainage District

is locatod in the south

portion cf the study area, encompassing Model Town, the Lahore

TownShip Scheme, and adjacent MadS. Dra inage is in II southwesterly direction generally toward the Rav; River.
By early 1975 a fairly welldefined pattem of primary drainage
channels was established in Lahore, and construction had eithcr
bean eomplel&d or was in progress on important portions 01 the
system, as follows :
(a) In the Upper ChoUa Rav ; Drainage Nca, constructi on of
23,000 feet of I:!rainaga chanl'\e ls had been completed or

unde rway.

Contract documents had been prepared tor a

funher 2$,000 f eet. The Channels in this district (ue designad \0 ca rry a peak flow at the bund, at the location of
the Shad Bagh Ora inage Pump Station. of approximatel ',
600 c u,ec .

(b) In the Lower Cholta Rav; Drainage A rea. approximately

7000 feet 01 drainage Channel had been completed, whi le
(;ontraCl uocum~n ts had b~en p'''pared for ~ furthe r 5.000
fe et. The channel is designed 10 carry a peak flow al t he
bund, .t the location of t he Choua Revi Drainag9 Pump
Station. of approximately 225 cusecs.
(c) A realignmllnt of the mai n drainage channe l had been adopl ed by LlT/WW (now LDAfWASA) for Mian M ir Drainage
District II.

Construct ion 01 18,000 f% t 01 the primary

drainage channel was in progress in mid-1975.

mary channel has

been

The pri_

designed lor a peak f low

of

approximately 200 cusecs at the poinl where it crosses

Multan Road. and 8Pprox imately 800 cusecs at the conflu_
ence w ith the Revi River.
4 .2.

Design cf Primary Dr ainagQ Channels

The 19741975

~tudies

carried out by CD M . incillding review

of prior practices and recommendat ions, resu lt ed in the adoption of

a reasonable hydrograph method lor computing peak storm runofl
in designing the primary drainag9 channels in Lahore.

The fol lowing

42

paragraphs, derived from the COM Final Report of September 1975

on the Lahoro Water Suppcly, Sewarago and Drainage Project, explain
the hydrograph method speci fically as recommended fo r use in the
lahore primary drainage system.

4 .2.1. Computation of Peak Runoff

(. ) Ra in fall -On the basis of 27 years of rainfall records, from
1947 to 1974. maximum problbl, 6.hour ra instorm. of
2-yeer and 5yur froqU8flCy were determined, using only
the maximum annual storms.

The hourly distribution of

,.infoll for the 2-ye8( lind 5-ye" frequency storms is shown

on Figure 1.
(b) Runoff-Because of various ch.racteristics of I Wltllllhed
area, not aU rain wh ich falls is runoff, some being lost as
inliltration, some stored in surface depressions, some intercepted by vegeta tion. ,tc. For Lahore. I he fe inf.1I exce"
" vailabl, for runoff alter lossas has Deen calculated by
subtraction o f 0.1 inch for tne fil'$l hour. subsequently
applYing ~pp ropriate runoff coefficients to all 6 hours of
rainfal1.

The n..noff cOlifficienlS havo been treated as time-

varying for Ihe fi rst thle! hours. Rainfall exc!tSs for the
drainage districts 01 the study area is shown in Table 1.
for Ihe 5year and 2yeal frequllncy storms.

(e) Peak Runoff -Becau se

the

rainfall

excesses for

Ihe

vlrious different time increments of a deSign storm do not

rllach a partiCLlar point simultaneously, a method lor calculatmg the peak runoff IS required. Th e Rational Method is
gene rally appllitd \0 relalively small catchmen t a!e85, while
the Hydrograph Method is common ly applied to rela tively
largc catchmcnl area3. Although there is no wide ly Iccep
ted dehnrtlon of the sil e of catchment area above which
the Hydrog/Bph Method or below which the Rational
Method should be used, the drainage areas for the primary
dra rn age channels within the Lahore study alea are consi.
dered to be su fficiently large to warrant use of Ihe Hydro'
graph Method.

It is an empirical method o f peak storm_

water runoff analysis. based on lhe fact that a triangu' ar

43
runoff hydrograph can be created for any increment~1 unit
of rain fall e xcess. using daJa obtainable for the particular
drainagft are a concerned. The parumete" required for a
constr uc tion of the incremental hydro gr aph aro : incrementa!
peak lI.moli (qr); time !rom beginning of rainfall eJCCess to
peak runoff (T, ) ; lind base time of the hydroglaph (T. ).
Thelelationship of th ese paramet~r5 is g ive n by the following
eq ua tions

,.
2. T, - 1/2 0+0.6 T.

Where

q p .. peak

runoff rato in CIJS(lCS,

A _uibutary area . in Squa nt miles_

K _ a cons tant. dotermined for a particular waterShed. (NOTE: " K" lor Lahore, IISO 48 4)
0; .. incremental
T.. _time Irom

e~ceS$

st ~rt

rai n, in in ches.

of runcll to peak rale. hours.

T, .. tim. of concelltration, hours.

o .. inc/emental fainfaU

e~cess

peliod.

hoU IS.

T; .. time base 01 hydrogf3ph. haUlS.

Flgufe 2 demonstrates the application of these pa rametars
to a ",,'O)le in(:fement 01 rainfall excess. All of the inclemenu of II design Siorm can then be treated si milarly. wilh
the total peak runoff then obtainable by IillaJJ hical addition .
Tablo 2 contains a summary of peak flows calc.uhlted by
this meillod lor the drain ag e d istri cts of the Lahore
study area,

44

..

~
~

1-0

j
~
z
<

,.,.

;z!

,.

0"

>
u

..

-
...

z
u

,.

,
T t N E,

I'I OUflS

0' "

.-."

. " II .

"

. ...

,
TI "'(

tl OU RS

LAHOfl~

IMPROVE MENT TRUST W:'TfR WIN

GREATER LAHORE WAT ER SUPPLY,

SE w ERAGE ANO ORAII'IAC<: PROJECT.

"U II' v" ""OUI Lt ll0. " , 0'

lAM"' I T(AII

'~HU["'C'

c....

D"[ss[ II 5 " ,~lE LTo.

(O M JULTl ~ 6 (NG INn.,

... ro

-3.4.-

.... ..............

fl"UIU
D.T(~

JU N[ 1111 1

45
TABLE I_RAINFALL EXCESS

60-120

120-180

180-240

240-300

300-360

Tim!!. minutes

0-60

Incremental

1.736

0 .518

0.518

0.672

0.288

0.168

Rainfall, in.

(1.095)

(0.530)

(0.025)

(0.020)

(0.270)

(0,015)

UPPER CHonA RAVI DRAINAGE DISTRICT

0.39

0.45

0.43

0.43

0.43

0.S56

0.202

0.233

0.269

0. 124

0.072

(0.338)

(0.207)

(0.011

(0.009)

(0.016)

(0.006)

R,moff Coefficierlt 0.3 4

Incremental

Excei s, in.

LOWER CHonA RAV I DRAINAGE DISTRICT

Runoff Coefficient

0.40

0.44

0.48

0.48

0.48

0.48

InClementa l
Excess. in.

0.654

0.228

0.249

0.322

0.138

0,081

(0.398)

(0.:233)

(0.012)

(0.010)

(0.130)

(O.OO7)

MIAN M IR ORAINAGE DISTRICT I

Ru noff~Coeffic;ent

0.30

0.34

0-39

0.39

0.39

0.39

Incremental
Excess. in.

0.491

0.176

0.202

0.262

0. 112

0.066

(0.298)

(O.tSO)

(0.010)

(0.008)

(Q.l05)

(0.006)

M IAN M IR DRA!NAGE D!STR!CT II

Runo ff Coefficien t

0.28

0.33

0.31

0.37

0,37

0 .37

Incrementa!
Excess, in.

0.458

0. 171

0 .192

0.249

0.107

0.062

(0.279)

(0,175)

(0.009)

(0.00 7)

(0.100)

(0.006)

SAno KATLA DRA!NAGE D!STRICT

Runoff Coefficient

0.25

0.28

0.32

0.32

0.32

0.32

Incrementa!
Excess, in .

0.409

0.145

0,166

0.215

0.092

0.054

(0 .249)

(0.148)

(0.008)

(0.006)

(O.08S)

(0.005)

Notes:

(1 )

(2)

Unbrack.cted figures rOlle r to the "Syear"' rain.

Srack.eted ligures refer 10 t he 2year" rain.

1
46

(d) Design Star m -A rough estimate of constructio n CO$~

01 pri mary drainage channels ond pump stations for twoyea r and five-year storms was made, assuming immediate

construction for the ultimallJ eKpected flow conditions.

The results indicated channel arld pump station costs wou ld
be ~bout 70 to 80 percent greater if designed for the 5-year
(compared to the 2-year) frequenp( storm. Th erefore,
since stOlmw~ter f looding for shon periods wou ld probably
not caUS6 eKtensive property damage, it is rocommend ed
that the 2yeal frequency storm be used to compute peak
runo ff for channel design.

(e) Fina l Design Basis_ It is re commended Ihal the total peak:

runoff rates given in Table 2, lor the " 2-'11181" flow rates
and for th e respective drainage districts named therein ,
should be used for linal design of the corresponding primal'l
dra inage Chann els.
For o!her Lahore drainage dis trict s no! named in Table 2.
it is recommended thaI the curve sllown on Figure 5 be
used to estima!o th e 2y ear peak runoff rates to be ust d in
tho finel:design of the primal'l drainage channels. The curve
w as derived by plotting the 2year peak runo!! ralts from
Ta ble 2. and drawing a curve considered to provide reasco.
ably conservative resu lts in the upJ:er flo w filing\! 01 the
pl otted points.

4.2.2 Design of Channels.

In the COM Final Aepon of Sep tember 1975. primary dra inage
channels were &elected from preliminary desi9n calculations. based
upon peak runoffs comput ed as explairled abQve and utilizing the
standillrd charlnol closssectioo;s shown on Figure 3 and 4. The
Manning formula was used for the design calculations:

V. 1.486 x nx A!Jl S'jl

Where

V = flow velocity in f.et per second.

n ~ coeffieient

of roughness, or friction factor.

R_ hydraulic radius in feet.
S ~ mean slope of hydrau lic gradi ent.

47
L.Mt OF! ~

I:APROVE'I'IEN': TRUST WATER WING

GR EAT!rfl L..AHORE WATER SUPP LY,

SEWERAGE ANO OR~INAC E PROJECT
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49
The Manning friction factor (n) wa s assum ed 10 vary from
0.013 lor finished plastered brick ("pucca") channels, to 0 .025 for
smooth stra ight earth channels (n _ O.020 is recommended for
channels of Ultimate shape wit h lining 01 cunette only and bottom
Jeft "Ketene"). A maximum veloell'{ 01 2.5 Ips (feet per second)
is recommende d for earth chan nel s, under full flow conditions.
H .e channe ls will provide surface drainage of the relevant drainage
districts by gravity during average daily flow condi tions in the Ravi
River, excep t for the Mian Mil Drainage District II. Table 3 shows
the calculated channel flow capacity for the proposed primary drainage channe ls. Th ese shoul d, of course, be reviewed during fin al
de5ign, and modified as necessary to suit the ac tua l alignmen ts and
other controlling factors.

4.3

Design of Storm Dra inage Pump Stations.

4.3.1 Frequenc y of Pumping.

According to the sta tements by LlTJW'N (now LD A IWASA) staff
members, the pumps locat ed in the tw o existing drainage pump
stations at the Chotta Rav; and Babu Sabu sites are put ; 010 opera ti on wh en the gauge at th e Shahdara Gauging Station reaches approximately 14.00 feet. This can only be considered a " rule of thumb"
since it is only necessary to operate the drainage pumps when the
flood level of the Ravi River causes backflow in the stormwater
drainage channels, wh ich could occur under various conditions.
However, this "ru le of thumb" indicates that from the last 27 years
of record a reading of 14.00 ft or more on the Shahdara gauge can
be expected less t han one day per year on the average, or about
two days per year during years in w hich floods of th is magnitude
occur. The relative elevations of the Ravi River and the drainage
channels wi ll permit gravity drainage of the Cholta Ravi and Mian
Mir I Drainage Districts under average flow co nditions of the Ravi,
with occasional pumping required as not~d above. Because of the
lower elevation of the M ian Mil II Orainage District. pumping from
this district will be more frequent.

4.3.2

Design D ischarge.

The ultimate capacity of the stormwater drainage pump stations

should be the same as the peak flow ra tes for which the channels

50

ale designed. Tentative peak flow ralM are shown in Table 3.

However, initiel pump stalior) capacities could be less thar'llhe
ultimate dllSign ' low rates.
4 .3.3.

Pump Station Oesign.

The previously constructed. but still unuslJd. New Babu Sabu

drainagE! pump station consists of a "dry well" structure with pumps
to be located below the elevation 01 the water surface in the adjacent
chllnne!. The pump suction piping e~tends through the dry well
wall into the ch annel. with the pumps alweys under " floodedsuction" cond itions. It is recommended that future drainage pump
stations be of similar construction. Pumps should be 01 the yerlical
shaft direct coupl ed type. with pump end motor installed on onl
frame .

4.4

Design of Secondary Stormwator Channels.

4 .4.1

Use of Figura S.

Figure 5, derived as explained above in Section 4.2 .1 subsec tion (9), gives peak runoff rDtes for the 2-year Storm in Lahore for
tributary drainage areas of 350 to 20,000 acres. Although the
I1Jnoff rates of Table 2 were calculated for primary drainage channels, it is considered reasonable to use Figure 5 for secondary
channels also. In other words, the limiting area below which the
Rationa! Method should be used, as discussed in Section 4.2.1
subsection (c), may be adopted as 350 acres in the case of Lahore.
4.4.2

Use of the Rational Method

It is reconmended that the Rational Method ba used to compute

peDk runoff rates for tributary drainage areas smaller than 350 acres.
in the following form
Q _CIA

Wneu,

Q .. peak

runoff in cusecs

C .. runoff coeffician t

51

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G<l:EAT[1I U/l OIIE wnEIi SUPPLY,

SEWERACl.E j\.ND OIlAINACE PROJECT

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54
.. average rainfall intensity

=t!~03

A _tributary area in ICI85

t _ rainfall durati on in minutes. assumed to be tho sarna

n the time of concentfalion lor the runoff to the
design point.
The Ta lbOt Formula in l he form

1 _ _ '83
_ ",

was

1+1 0"

selected on the

basis 01 best fit to Obsel"lied data, relative to t he 5-year frequency

storm. and usil'l9 II 27year Illinfell record {Teble K-3 of MPR).
4.5

Use of Parti ally Combined Sewer System.

It was stated in the CDM Final Report of September 1976 Ihat

the de facto e~istence 01 a partially combine-d sewer system. and the

practical impossib,lity of separation of sewel8ga and stormwater
drainage system W i thin the foreseeable future justify the continued
operation of a "partially combined" sewer system in Lah ore, even
though COM has suggeste~ that new sewers in most city areas
should be designed for peak sanitary flows only. Although the
stormwater c~ptll;;ity provided in sewers designed for peak sanitary
flow is small compared wit h t he slormwatElr flows fo r which drainagll
channels have been designed. the drainage prob'ems in many loca
tions will be appreci~b ly decreased by thll inclusion of $ome itOlm
watll in sewers.
During final design in some highly congested areas, it may be
desirable to make speci~1 allowance fer some storm flow in the
sewer, in addition to the peak sanitary flow. This will usually be
done on an arbitrary basis. sinet eesign on a truly combined flow
basis would involve prohi!;)itive construction costs. An example
would be to design the sewer to hand 'e the peak sanitary flow when
funning only half full; thus onehalf or mOle of the sewer capacity
wou!d always be ovaileble \0 hand~e storm runo l!. The decis ion
as \0 how much storm flow to all ow in &OwOt~ d~5igned primarily
to hSfldle peak sanitary lIows is purely a ma tte r of eng in eering
judgment. and should be made by someone who knows II grea t
deal about local conditions in the congutad city areas which are
dellimantaUy affected by the pending of storm fUnofL

,
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