2007 Fall

and 2008
Spring

MATH202 Introduction to Analysis

MATH202 Introduction to Analysis (2007 Fall and 2008 Spring)

Midterm Review
Reminder: The midterm will be scheduled on 20/11 (Tuesday) at LTD. The exam will
cover Sets, Countability, Series and also real numbers
Part II: Series
Things you need to know:
1. Able to judge and proof a given series converges or not
2. Able to determine in which cases will the series converges (or diverges)
3. Able to do some simple proof on series
Reviews of all tests:
1. Term Test:
If the series

k=1 a k

converges, then lim ak = 0

k

k=1 a k

If limk 0, then

diverges.

(Special Series Test)

2. Geometric Series Test

ar n

S=
n=0

S converges when r < 1 and diverges when r 1

3. Telescoping Series Test

S=

(bn bn+1 ) = b1 lim bn+1

n

n=1

S converges if limn bn+1 = L, diverge if limn bn+1 = or does not exist.

4. P-series Test

S=
k=1

1
kp

S converges if p > 1, diverge if p 1

Midterm Review

Page 1

2007 Fall
and 2008
Spring

MATH202 Introduction to Analysis

For non negative series ONLY

5. Integral Test
If : , + is a decreasing function and () = .Then

converges if and only if

k=1 f(k)

f(k) <

diverges if and only if

f(k) =

6. Comparison Test
Given vk uk 0 for every k.
If
k=1 vk converges, then
If

k=1 uk

k=1 f(k)

k=1 vk

diverges, then

k=1 uk

converges

diverges

7. Limit Comparison Test (Useful in simplifying the series)

Given uk , vk > 0
v

If limk u k = L > 0 where L is a number,

k

Then

k=1 uk

converges diverges

k=1 vk

converges (diverges)

Remark, when applying limit comparison test, the following things may be helpful:
(1)

when k is large

(2) + + . + + (for ) (when k is large)

(3) +

where x is a fixed number (when k is large)

(4)
( + ) for any constant c>0. (when k is large)
For Alternating Series
8. Alternating Series Test
If c1 c2 c3 . and limk ck = 0, then

k=1

1 k ck converges

For General Series

9. Absolute Convergence Test

If
k=1 |a k | converges, then
k=1 a k converges

(Be careful, k=1 |ak | diverges doesnt imply

k=1 a k diverges)
10. Root Test
If limk

ak exists, then

Midterm Review

Page 2

2007 Fall
and 2008
Spring

MATH202 Introduction to Analysis

k=1 a k

k=1 a k

(1) limk

ak < 1

(2) limk
(3) limk

ak > 1
diverges
ak = 1 , the test does not tell whether the series converges or not

converges absolutely

11. Ratio Test

If ak 0 for every k and limk
(1) limk

a k +1

(2) limk

a k +1

(3) limk

a k +1

ak

ak

a k +1
ak

exists, then

<1

k=1 a k

converges absolutely

>1

k=1 a k

diverges

= 1, the test does not tell whether the series converges or not

ak

Example 1 (Level 1)
Check whether the following series converges
a)

cosk
k=1 k 2 +2k

b)

k
k=1 e /

c)

2k !

k=1 3k k 4

d)

cosk sin 2k

k=1
2k

e)

sin k
k=2 lnk

f)

k
k=1 cos ( )

g)

k
2 cosk
k=1 k1 !

h)

2
k=1 1/pk

where pk is kth prime number (p1 = 2, p2 = 3, . )

Solution:
a) (Method 1)
cosk
k=1 k 2 +2k

k=1 k 2 +2k

which is an alternating series

Since ck = k 2 +2k is decreasing and limk = 0.

By alternating series test,
Midterm Review

cosk
k=1 k 2 +2k

converges
Page 3

2007 Fall
and 2008
Spring

MATH202 Introduction to Analysis

(Method 2)
cosk

k=1 k 2 +2k

Consider

k=1 k 2

Since

k=1 k 2 +2k

<

converges by p-test, so
cosk
k=1 k 2 +2k

test. Finally

b) Since limk

k=1 k 2

k=1 2k )

(or

cosk

k=1 k 2 +2k

converges by comparison

converges by absolute convergence test

= lim

1

2
1
2

= lim

=0

Therefore by term test, the series diverges.

c) Since the series involves factorials, we may use ratio test,
2 k+1 !
k+1
+1
4 2 + 2 2 + 1
3
k+1 4
lim
= lim
= lim
=>1
k

2k !
3 k+1 4
3k k 4
By ratio test, the series diverges.
d) Since cosk and sin2k can be negative, so we first consider

k=1

cosk sin2k
2k

k=1

Finally

k=1

k=1 2k

Note that
Then

cosk

1
2k

since cosk, sin2k 1

1

converges by geometric series test

sin 2k

2k

cosk sin 2k

k=1
2k

< 1.

converges by comparison test

converges by absolute convergence test.

e) We can apply the limit comparison test

Note sin

which is large, therefore

lim

For series
Midterm Review

sin

where k is large

1
1
sin
/ 1 = lim
=1
1

sin

k=2 klnk

Page 4

2007 Fall
and 2008
Spring

MATH202 Introduction to Analysis

1

Let f x = xlnx and it is clear that f is decreasing function in [2, ) and

1

limx = 0.
Then

1
2 xlnx

dx =

1
2 lnx

d lnx = ln lnx
1

k=2 klnk

Hence by integral test, the series

diverges.

sin k
k=2 lnk

By limit comparison test,

diverges

f) Since the power involves k, we can apply root test in this case
lim

cosk ( ) = lim cos = cos 0 = 1 < 1

By root test, the series converges

g) *Note: if we use the ratio test directly, then
limk

+1

= lim

2 cos +1

which may lend to great trouble.

So we should simplify it a little bit.

Consider

2k cosk

k=1 k1 !

Apply ratio test, limk

By ratio test,

2k

k=1 k1 !
+1

2k cosk

k=1 k1 !

= lim = 0 < 1

converges
k
2 cosk
k=1 k1 !

By absolute convergence test, the series

h) Note that
Since

k=1 p 2

k=1 k 2

= 22 + 32 + 52 + < 12 + 22 + 32 + =

=1 2

converges by p-test,

then by comparison test,

Midterm Review

converges.

k=1 p 2
k

converges

Page 5

2007 Fall
and 2008
Spring

MATH202 Introduction to Analysis

Difficult Situation:
Example 2
Check whether the series converges or not

ke

sin

1
1
ln 1+

k=1

The series look complicated, we can first simplify it by applying limit comparison test
Note sin

and ln 1 + when k is large.

Therefore ke

sin

Note limk

ke

1
k

sin

1
k

ln 1+

1 1 1
k k

ke

= kek when k is large

1
1
ln 1+
k
k
k 2

=1

ke
2

k
Consider
k=1 ke
2
2
2
2
Let f x = xex , f x = ex 2x 2 ex = 1 2x 2 ex < 0 for x 1,
2

And limx = lim

= lim

1
2

=0

(Applying integral test)

x 2

xe
1

By integral test,

1
=
2

k 2
k=1 ke

1
2
2
ex 2 = ex
2

1
= 1 <
2

converges.
1

By limit comparison test,

sin
ln 1+

k=1 ke

converges

Example 3
Check whether the series converges or not

k tan
k=1

2007

Solution:
One may try to use limit comparison test,
Since tan
tan

2007

2007
k

can be negative for k = 1,2,3, ., but when k 2007, then

will become positive (since

2007
k

1 < 2)

So we split the series into 2 parts

Midterm Review

Page 6

2007 Fall
and 2008
Spring

MATH202 Introduction to Analysis

2007
k tan
=

k=1

2007

For k is large, tan

2007
k tan

2007

And limk

k tan

2007

2007

k tan

, so

k tan
k=2007

2007

2007

2007

=1
1

k=2007 1
k2

= 2007

Hence by limit comparison test

k=1

2007
k tan
+

k=1

2007

2007

k=2007

Since the series

2006

k=2007

k tan

which diverges by p-test

2007

diverges and so does

Remark: (Failure of Absolute Convergence test in this case)

Some of you may consider the absolute value

k=1

k tan

k tan

2007

Then using same argument as above

Since

2007

diverges, then

But we CAN NOT say

(Since

k=1

2007

k tan

|ak | diverges DOES NOT IMPLY

2007

2007

diverges,

diverges.
ak diverges)

Example 4
Check whether the series converges or not

k=1 k

sin2

Since it is difficult for to evaluate the integral, we need to simplify a bit.

Since

sin 2

is positive and therefore

sin 2
k

is also positive. We can apply

comparison test.
Solution:

sin2

Midterm Review

1
= ex

= ek

Page 7

2007 Fall
and 2008
Spring

MATH202 Introduction to Analysis

sin 2

k=1 k

Hence
Since

k=1 e k

k
k=1 e

k=1 e k

converges by geometric series test, therefore,

sin 2

k=1 k

converges by comparison test.

Example 5 (2006 Fall Final)
k

k=1 k+b 2

a) Find the set of all positive numbers b such that

b) Find all positive numbers c such that

1 k k

k=1 k+c 2

converges

converges

Solution:
a) (Method 1: via integral test)
Let f x =

x
,
x+b 2

f x =

1
x+b 2

2x
x+b 3

+ 3

We see that f x < 0 when x > b

In order to apply the integral test successfully, we need to split the series

k
k+b

k=1

[b]
2

=
k=1

k
k+b

+
k= b +1

k
k+b

Where [b] is the greatest integer less than or equal to b

Since

b +1 x+b 2

Therefore by integral test,

1
b +1 x+b

+ 2

k= b +1 k+b 2

= ln x + b + x+b

diverges and so does

b +1

k=1 k+b 2

for

all b > 0. Hence there is no such b

(Method 2: via limit comparison test)
Since when k is large k + b k and

+ 2
1

Since limk
k

k=1 k+b 2

= 1 and

1
k

k
k+b

2 =

diverges, hence by limit comparison test,

diverges for all b > 0

b) It looks like an alternating series, we try to apply the alternating series test
Let ck =

k
k+c

Midterm Review

, from a) method 1, we see

k
k+c 2

decreases only when x > c. So

Page 8

2007 Fall
and 2008
Spring

MATH202 Introduction to Analysis

we have c c +1

+2

.. 0

Once we need to split the series

1 k k
=
k+c 2

k=1

[c]

k=1

1 k k
+
k+c 2

1 k k

k=[c]+1 k+c 2

By alternating series test,

1 k k
k+c 2

k=[c]+1

1 k k

k=1 k+c 2

converges and so does

for

all c > 0. The answer is all positive c.

Example 6 (2005 Fall)
Let cosak 0 for k = 1,2,3, . and if
ak

Determine with proof if

|ak | converges,

converges or not

cosa k

Solution:
We need to make use of the condition

|ak | converges , hence we use limit

comparison test. Since cosak may be negative, we first consider

Note (assume ak 0), limk

Finally

cosa k
1

=1=1

|ak | converges, limk = 0 by term test.)

(*Note: Since

ak

|ak | converges, so

Now since

/| | = limk

ak

ak

cosa k

converges by limit comparison test,

converges by absolute convergence test.

cosa k

Exercise 1
Try to do Practice Exercise #90
Exercise 2
a)

k=1 cos

b)

2k+1 !2k

k=1 3 k+2 2

c)

2 k
k=1 2k !

d)

2k+1 5

k=1
k!

e)

k
k=1 sin

sin

tan

k=1

and

Midterm Review

and
1

1+

cosk

(simpify it first!!)

sin

cosk

k=1 k 4 +k+1

(2002 L1 Midterm)

(2002 L2 Midterm)
1

and

1cos

1
k=1
2

(2003 Final)
Page 9

2007 Fall
and 2008
Spring

MATH202 Introduction to Analysis

f)

3k

k=1 2k !k!

g)

3k !

k=1 k!2k

(2005 Fall Exam)

(2005 Fall Exam)

Exercise 3
Find (with proof) all positive numbers b such that the series

k=1

1 k

b+k

converges.

Midterm Review

Page 10