Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Many are present in plasma membranes of neurons and are recognition sites: ex they help to
determine blood type
Mobility:
o Proteins: experiment done by mixing
plasma membranes of mouse and human
hybrid cells.
Proteins are initially confined to
their own halves of the newly
formed hybrid but they intermix
with time
Two antibodies used to visualize
the proteins are distinguished
using fluorescence microscopy
This proved that proteins can
move in a membrane
o Lipids: experiment done to measure
lateral diffusion rates of lipids by
fluorescence recovery after
photobleaching
Lipids in outer plasma membrane
are labeled with fluorescent probe
Small area is bleached by radiation
Over time, labeled lipids move into the bleached region
Rates of diffusion are typically high in lipid membranes
Cell membrane
o Spectrin based cytoskeleton of human red blood cell membrane
Spectrin dimers associate head to
head to form tetramers that are linked
in a netlike meshwork by junctional
complexes composed of short actin
filaments, tropomyosin, and adducing
Cytoskeleton is linked to the
membrane by indirect binding of
spectrin tetramers to some band 3
proteins via ankyrin molecules and
glycophorin
Allows some proteins to move
while others cant (those on band
3 and ankyrin)
This is mosaicism which gives
more structure to the cell
Rafts: enriched in sphlingolipids and cholesterol
o Responds to stress, antibody adhesion,
etc to bring things into or out of the cell
o Lots of cholesterol and doubly acylated
proteins
o Fatty acids can be in place on
proteins as post translational
modification
o Prenylated proteins are excluded
from the raft
o
o
o
the
THE CELL
Gut
o
Pulse Chase experiment: cells are supplied with precursor molecule in radioactive form
o Radioactive molecules mix with preexisting
unlabeled ones
o Changes in the location or chemical form of the
radioactive molecule can be followed as a function
of time
o The radioactive material is added and washed
away (pulse) and replaced by nonradioactive
molecules (chase)
o Chambers labeled A, B, C, D, represent different
compartments in the cell (detected by autoradiography or cell-fraction experiments) or
different chemical compounds (detected by chromatography or other chemical methods)
Golgi apparatus
o Traffic control point
o Convergence of biosynthesis, endocytosis,
recycling
o A series of subcompartments which serve as
separate environments