Paraphrasing,summarisingandsynthesising:Exercises

Takenfrom:EPAX:StudySkills(EPowell2013:www.epax.co.uk)

ActivityA:Changetheformoftheword,usingthepromptinbrackets.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

E.g.development(changetoverb)todevelop
Toanalyse(changetonoun)
Evaluation(changetoverb)
Theoretical(changetoverb)
Problem(changetoadjective)
Toexpect(changetonoun)
Toagree(changetooppositeverb)
Toprove(changetonoun)
Toprove(changetooppositeverb)

ActivityB:Finishtheseparaphrasedsentencesbychangingtheword/wordtypeandgrammar.

E.g.Westudiedthestatisticsthenappliedforfunding.

After_________thestatistics,wemadean_________forfunding.

Afterstudyingthestatistics,wemadeanapplicationforfunding.

1.Thecouncilcutfundingsowecouldnotprovidefreeparking.
Becauseofcouncilfunding_________,therewasno_________forfreeparking.
2.Hisproposalwasafailureasitwastootheoretical.
Hisproposal_________becauseitreliedtoomuchon_________.
3.AstheemphasiswasonlyontheUK,therewereweaknessesintheevidence.
By_________theUKonly,theevidencewas_________.

ActivityC:Decidewhichparaphraseisbetter.
1.Advertsareamajorpartofeverydaylife.
Paraphrase1
Advertisingisanimportantfeatureofdailylife.
Paraphrase2
Theinfluenceofadvertscanbefeltinallaspectsofourlives.

2.Advertsforthesoftdrink,Tango,haverecentlybeenbannedforpossiblyencouragingplaygroundbullying.
Paraphrase1
Advertisingforthefizzydrink,Tango,havebeendisallowedrecentlyforpotentiallyleadingtoschoolbullying.
Paraphrase2
AbanonTangoadvertshasbeenimplementedrecently,assomefeltthecontentcouldencourageschool
bullies.

ActivityD:Paraphrasethefollowing:
1. FormanypeopleacrossEurope,theintroductionoftheEurohasledtopricerisesinmanyeverydaygoods.
2. Womenhavetraditionallybeenseenasmothersandhomemakersanditisonlyinrecentyearsthatthey
havebeenmakingsignificantinroadsintothejobmarket.Thereisstillalongwaytogobeforetheyachieve
completeequalitywithmenbutthesituationhasdefinitelyimproved.
1

ActivityE:Summarisethefollowingparagraphinthenumberofwordsinbrackets.
Onerestrictionwouldarguablybeonfoodadvertising.95%oftheseduringchildrenstelevisionprogrammes
wereforproductshighinfat,saltorsugar(Grissom,2010)andmany,includingtheWorldHealthOrganisation,
believethatthereisalinkbetweensuchfoodsandincreasinglevelsofobesityandhighbloodpressure.Yetfor
every$1spentbytheWHOtocombattheseeffectsofapoordiet,theglobalfoodindustryspends$500,partof
anannualindustryworth$25billion(WHO,2009).Itisobviouslynotafairfightandaschildrenshealthisat
stake,thereisastrongcaseforalimitationonfoodadvertisingtotheyoung.(30words)

ActivityF:Paraphraseandsummarisethefollowingparagraph
thereisindeedconsiderableoverlapbetweenethicsandlaw.Infact,thelawisessentiallyan
institutionalisationorcodificationofethicsintospecificsocialrules,regulations,andproscriptions.
Nevertheless,thetwoarenotequivalent.Thelawmightbesaidtobeadefinitionoftheminimumacceptable
standardsofbehaviour.However,manymorallycontestableissues,whetherinbusinessorelsewhere,arenot
explicitlycoveredbythelaw....Inonesensethen,businessethicscanbesaidtobeginwherethelawends.
Businessethicsisprimarilyconcernedwiththoseissuesnotcoveredbythelaw,orwherethereisnodefinite
consensusonwhethersomethingisrightorwrong.
(ExtractfromCrane,A.andMatten,D.(2007)BusinessEthics.pp5,7)

Suggestedanswers

ActivityA
analysis;toevaluate;totheorise;problematic;expectation;todisagree;proof;todisprove

ActivityB
1. Becauseofcouncilfundingcuts,therewasnoprovisionforfreeparking.
2. Hisproposalfailedbecauseitreliedtoomuchontheory.
3. ByemphasisingtheUKonly,theevidencewasweak.

ActivityC
1. Paraphrase2(paraphrase1justwordsubstitution,notchangedenough)
2. Paraphrase2(paraphrase1justwordsubstitution,notchangedenough)

ActivityD
1.ForthemajorityoftheEuropeanpopulation,theEuroresultedinhigherpricesformanydailyitems.
2a.Aswomenhavemovedintothejobmarket,theyhaveleftbehindtheirtraditionalrolesashousewivesand
mothers,andseentheirsituationgenerallyimprove,thoughequalitywithmenisstillsomewayoff.
2b.Thoughnotyetequaltomeninthejobmarket,womenaregenerallyinastrongerpositionnowthaninthe
pastwhentheyweremorerestrictedtotraditionalrolesinthehome.

ActivityE
Givengrowinghealthproblemsinchildren,thereisanargumentforbanningadvertsforunhealthyfood,
especiallyasthefoodindustryfaroutspendsthosetryingtopromoteamorebalanceddiet.(31words)

ActivityF
Whendescribingwhatbusinessethicsis,itisessentialtoclarifythatitisnotsynonymouswiththelaworwith
moralsingeneral.Althoughthelawoverlapswithethics,itusuallyonlyregulatesthelowestlevelofacceptable
behaviour(CraneandMatten,2007).Infact,businessethicsismainlyconcernedwithissuesandareasof
businessconductwhicharenotspecificallycoveredbythelawandwhicharethereforevulnerableto
exploitationandtowhatisviewedasimmoralbehaviour,eventhoughitmaybelegal(ibid).