SQL

was initially developed at IBM by Donald Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in the

early 1970s, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English QUEry Language), was
designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBMs original quasi-relational database
management system.
In the late 1970s, Relational Software, Inc. (now Oracle Corporation) saw the potential of
the concepts described by Codd, Chamberlin, and Boyce, and developed their own SQLbased RDBMS with aspirations of selling it to the U.S. Navy, Central Intelligence Agency,
and other U.S. government agencies. In June 1979, Relational Software, Inc. introduced
the first commercially available implementation of SQL, Oracle V2 (Version2) for VAX
computers.

1970 - Dr. Edgar F. Ted Codd of IBM is known as the father of relational
databases. He described a relational model for databases.
1974 - Structured Query Language appeared.
1978 - IBM worked to develop Codds ideas and released a product named
System/R.
1986 - IBM developed the first prototype of relational database and
standardized by ANSI. The first relational database was released by Relational
Software and its later becoming Oracle.

What is SQL?
SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and
management of data in relational database. SQL stands for Structured Query
Language.
-SQL is a language that all commercial RDBMS implementations understand.
-SQL is a non-procedural language
-We would be discussing SQL with respect to oracle syntax

What is table?
The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables. The table is a collection of
related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.

 DDL (Data Definition Language)

Create
Alter
Drop
Truncate

 DML (Data Manipulation Language)

Insert
Update
Delete
Select

 DCL (Data Control Language)

Grant
Revoke
Commit
Rollback

SQL has three flavors of statements. The DDL, DML and

DCL. DDL is Data Definition Language statements. Some
examples:
CREATE - to create objects in the database
ALTER - alters the structure of the database
DROP - delete objects from the database
TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the
records are
removed
COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary
GRANT - gives users access privileges to database
REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command

DML is Data Manipulation Language statements. Some

examples:
SELECT - retrieve data from the a database
INSERT - insert data into a table UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain CALL - call
a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data
LOCK TABLE - control concurrency

DCL is Data Control Language statements. Some examples:

COMMIT - save work done
SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back
ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT
SET TRANSACTION - Change transaction options like what rollback segment to use

Data types
Number Char
Varchar2 Long
date

SQL supports various data types

Integers
Decimal numbers NUMBER, INTEGER .
Number is an oracle data type. Integer is an ANSI data type. Integer is
equivalent of
NUMBER (38)
The syntax for NUMBER is NUMBER (P, S) p is the precision and s is the
scale. P can
range from 1 to 38 and s from -84 to 127
Floating point numbers- FLOAT
Fixed length character strings- CHAR (len)
Fixed length character data of length len bytes. This should be used for fixed
length data. Variable length character strings Varchar2(len)
Variable length character string having maximum length len bytes. We must
specify the
size
DatesDATE

QUERIES PRACTICE CREATE SCHEMA Schema is a

database, Database can contain many tables.
CREATE SCHEMA softwarecompany ;

CREATE TABLE
The create table statement is used to create a new table. Here is the format of a simple
create table statement.
CREATE TABLE softwarecompany.employee (
Emp id INT NOT NULL,
Emp name VARCHAR(45) NULL,
Sal INT NULL,
DOB DATE NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (Emp id));

DESC

DESC softwarecompany.employee;

SELECT
The select statement is used to query the database and retrieve selected data that match the
criteria that you specify.
SELECT * FROM softwarecompany.employee;

INSERT
Creates a record,
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`employee` (`Emp id`, `Emp name`, `Sal`, `DOB`)
VALUES (111, prabagaran, 60000, 1988-12-26);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`employee` (`Emp id`, `Emp name`, `Sal`, `DOB`)
VALUES (112, akhila, 40000, 1992-04-21);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`employee` (`Emp id`, `Emp name`, `Sal`, `DOB`)
VALUES (113, john, 45000, 1947-01-18);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`employee` (`Emp id`, `Emp name`, `Sal`, `DOB`)
VALUES (114, Olivia, 35000, 1984-03-07);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`employee` (`Emp id`, `Emp name`, `Sal`, `DOB`)
VALUES (115, Michael, 80000, 1988-06-17);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`employee` (`Emp id`, `Emp name`, `Sal`, `DOB`)
VALUES (116, Daniel, 50000, 1999-05-02);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`employee` (`Emp id`, `Emp name`, `Sal`, `DOB`)
VALUES (117, Harper, 50000, 1990-08-15);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`employee` (`Emp id`, `Emp name`, `Sal`, `DOB`)
VALUES (118, Ella, 20000, 1980-12-12);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`employee` (`Emp id`, `Emp name`, `Sal`, `DOB`)
VALUES (119, Natalie, 30000, 1984-01-30);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`employee` (`Emp id`, `Emp name`, `Sal`, `DOB`)
VALUES (120, Scarlett, 100000, 1991-03-21);

SELECT * FROM softwarecompany.employee;

SELECT Empid , sal FROM

softwarecompany.employee;

WHERE:
SELECT * FROM softwarecompany.employee
WHERE Empid=117;

WHERE DOB=1999-05-02;

SELECT * FROM softwarecompany.employee

WHERE SAL BETWEEN 30000 AND 40000;

SELECT * FROM softwarecompany.employee

WHERE SAL IN(20000,30000,40000);

WHERE Empname IN(prabagaran,akhila);

SELECT * FROM softwarecompany.employee

WHERE Empname NOT IN(prabagaran,akhila);


SELECT * FROM softwarecompany.employee
WHERE Empname LIKE S% ;

WHERE Empname LIKE _a% ;

SELECT * FROM softwarecompany.employee

WHERE Empname LIKE __a% ;

CONCATENATIONS
|| >>-> pipe operations
AS >>> Alias, give rename column heading
->use for calculations
->AS keyword
SELECT Empname || Sal as EMP FROM softwarecompany.employee; OR
SELECT concat(Empname, ,Sal)EMP FROM softwarecompany.employee;

AND ,OR,NOT
SELECT * FROM softwarecompany.employee
WHERE Sal >=10000 AND Empname LIKE %el%;

WHERE Sal >=40000 OR Empname LIKE

%el%;

SELECT * FROM softwarecompany.employee

WHERE Empid NOT IN(111,112,113);

ORDER BY
ORDER BY is an optional clause which will allow you to display the results of your query
in a sorted order (either ascending order or descending order) based on the columns that
you specify to order by.
SELECT * FROM softwarecompany.employee
ORDER BY Empname ASC;

ORDER BY Empname DESC;

SELECT * FROM softwarecompany.employee

ORDER BY Sal;

AVG, MAX, MIN, SUM, COUNT

AVG
Returns the average value of a given column.

SELECT AVG(Sal) FROM softwarecompany.employee;

MAX
Returns the largest value in a given column.

SELECT MAX(Sal) FROM softwarecompany.employee;

MIN
Returns the smallest value in a given column

SELECT MIN(Sal) FROM softwarecompany.employee;

SUM
Returns the sum of the numeric values in a given column.

SELECT SUM(Sal) FROM softwarecompany.employee;

COUNT
Returns the total number of values in a given column.
SELECT COUNT(DEPT) FROM softwarecompany.employee

WHERE DEPT=SW;

UPDATE:
The update statement is used to update or change records that match a specified criteria.
This is accomplished by carefully constructing a where clause.
UPDATE softwarecompany.employee
SET Sal=Sal+500
WHERE Empid=111;

SELECT Sal+500 FROM

softwarecompany.employee;

ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLE softwarecompany.employee
ADD DEPT VARCHAR(20);

UPDATE
`softwarecompany`.`employee` SET `DEPT`=SW WHERE `Empid`=111;
UPDATE `softwarecompany`.`employee` SET `DEPT`=TE WHERE `Empid`=112;
UPDATE `softwarecompany`.`employee` SET `DEPT`=TE WHERE `Empid`=115;
UPDATE `softwarecompany`.`employee` SET `DEPT`=TE WHERE `Empid`=118;
UPDATE `softwarecompany`.`employee` SET `DEPT`=SW WHERE `Empid`=120;
UPDATE `softwarecompany`.`employee` SET `DEPT`=SW WHERE `Empid`=114;
UPDATE `softwarecompany`.`employee` SET `DEPT`=SW WHERE `Empid`=116;
UPDATE `softwarecompany`.`employee` SET `DEPT`=QW WHERE `Empid`=113;
UPDATE `softwarecompany`.`employee` SET `DEPT`=WQ WHERE `Empid`=117;
UPDATE `softwarecompany`.`employee` SET `DEPT`=WQ WHERE `Empid`=119;

DISTINCT Avoid duplicate.

SELECT DISTINCT Sal FROM softwarecompany.employee;

SELECT DISTINCT(DEPT) FROM

softwarecompany.employee;

CREATE SECOND TABLE IN DB software company

CREATE TABLE `softwarecompany`.`sw` (
`id` INT NOT NULL,
`pos` VARCHAR(45) NULL,
`sname` VARCHAR(45) NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`));

INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`sw` (`id`, `pos`, `sname`) VALUES (111, man,

a);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`sw` (`id`, `pos`, `sname`) VALUES (112, emp,
b);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`sw` (`id`, `pos`, `sname`) VALUES (113, emp,
c);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`sw` (`id`, `pos`, `sname`) VALUES (114, emp,
d);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`sw` (`id`, `pos`, `sname`) VALUES (115, mar,
e);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`sw` (`id`, `pos`, `sname`) VALUES (116, hr, f);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`sw` (`id`, `pos`, `sname`) VALUES (117, eng,
g);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`sw` (`id`, `pos`, `sname`) VALUES (118, mar,
h);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`sw` (`id`, `pos`, `sname`) VALUES (119, emp,
i);
INSERT INTO `softwarecompany`.`sw` (`id`, `pos`, `sname`) VALUES (120, hr, j);
SELECT * FROM

softwarecompany.sw;

JOIN
Data from More Than One Table by Using Joins.
SELECT * FROM softwarecompany.employee, softwarecompany.sw

where Empid=id;

Aliases
SELECT Empname as Name, pos as position FROM
softwarecompany.employee,softwarecompany.sw
where Empid=id;

INNER JOIN:
SELECT Empid,Sal,pos FROM softwarecompany.employee
INNER JOIN softwarecompany.sw

where Empid=id;

UNION, UNION ALL:

SELECT Empname,Empid FROM softwarecompany.employee
UNION ALL

SELECT sname,pos FROM softwarecompany.sw;

DELETE
Deletes records.

DELETE FROM softwarecompany.employee WHERE Empid=120;

Try Your Self

SQL All Syntax:
SELECT
SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name;
Or
SELECT * FROM table_name;

SELECT DISTINCT
SELECT DISTINCT column_name,column_name FROM table_name;

WHERE
SELECT column_name ,column_name FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value;
ORDER BY
SELECT column_name , column_name
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name ASC|DESC, column_name ASC|DESC;

INSERT INTO
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3...);
Or
INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,) VALUES
(value1,value2,value3,...);

UPDATE
UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value1,column2=value2, WHERE some_column=some_value;

DELETE
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column=some_value;

LIKE
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern;

IN
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,);

BETWEEN
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

Alias
SELECT column_name AS alias_name FROM table_name;
Or
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name AS alias_name;

INNER JOIN
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
Or
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

LEFT JOIN
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
Or
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
LEFT OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

RIGHT JOIN
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
Or
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
RIGHT OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

FULL OUTER JOIN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;

UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;

SELECT INTO
SELECT *
INTO newtable [IN externaldb] FROM table1;
Or
SELECT column_name(s)
INTO newtable [IN externaldb]
FROM table1;

INSERT INTO SELECT

INSERT INTO table2
SELECT * FROM table1;
Or
INSERT INTO table2
(column_name(s))
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1;

CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DATABASE dbname;
Or
CREATE SCHEMA dbname;

CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column_name1 data_type(size), column_name2 data_type(size), column_name3
data_type(size), .
);

DROP
DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name;
DROP INDEX table_name.index_name;
DROP INDEX index_name;
DROP TABLE table_name;
DROP DATABASE database_name;

TRUNCATE TABLE
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY column_name datatype;
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;
ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype;

AUTO INCREMENT
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
ID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
)

CREATE VIEW
CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
WHERE condition

AVG()
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name

COUNT
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) FROM table_name;

FIRST()
SELECT FIRST(column_name) FROM table_name;
SELECT column_name FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name ASC
LIMIT 1;
SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE ROWNUM <=1
ORDER BY column_name ASC;

LAST()
SELECT LAST(column_name) FROM table_name;

MAX()
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;

MIN()
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;

SUM()
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;

GROUP BY
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name;

HAVING
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value;

UCASE()
SELECT UCASE(column_name) FROM table_name;
SELECT UPPER(column_name) FROM table_name;

LCASE()
SELECT LCASE(column_name) FROM table_name;
SELECT LOWER(column_name) FROM table_name;

MID()
SELECT MID(column_name,start,length) AS some_name FROM table_name;

LEN()
SELECT LEN(column_name) FROM table_name;

ROUND()
SELECT ROUND(column_name,decimals) FROM table_name;

NOW()
SELECT NOW() FROM table_name;

FORMAT()
SELECT FORMAT(column_name,format) FROM table_name;