Demiss Alemu Amibe (Dr.

-Ing)

Content
1. Background
2. Objectives
3. Baseline Setting of Vehicle Fuel Economy
4. Impact of vehicle Emission on Air pollution
5. Fuel Quality.
6. Policy Measures
7. Cost Benefit Analysis
8. Conclusion

Background
GEFI sees that there is an opportunity to improve new
car fuel efficiency by 30% by 2020 and 50% by 2030 in
a cost effective way.
Improvement of conventional vehicle technologies
Dissemination new vehicle technologies by creating

conducive environment

Hybrid electric vehicles.

Electric Vehicle

Creating awareness to change driving habit

Reducing traffic congestion

Background
It is estimated that the vehicle population in Ethiopia has

exceeded 350,0000 and growing with about 8% annually.

Among this 250,000 are light duty vehicles which emit
about 1.9 million ton of CO per annum.
Most of the light duty vehicles are older than 15 years and
beyond their useful service life. As a result, high fuel
consumption, emission of pollutants and road accident
prevail.
Hence, Ethiopia is working with United Nations
Environment Program (UNEP) to increase vehicle fuel
efficiency by identifying and implementing relevant policy
packages and this study is part of that.

Background: Ethiopias Climate-Resilient Green

Economy strategy
The total passenger transport in passenger-km in

Ethiopia is expected to increase from 40 billion in 2010

to 220 billion in 2030 driven by a strong urbanization.
If business goes as usual ,emissions from the motor
vehicles will increase from 5 million ton CO2 in 2010
to 41 million ton CO2 in 2030

Background: Ethiopias Climate-Resilient Green

Economy strategy

Background: ECRGES policy measures

Reducing demand of passenger cars in Addis Ababa by a

light-rail transit system and a bus rapid transit system;

Improving vehicle fuel efficiency by setting fuel efficiency
standards,
Promoting clean fuels by blending ethanol with gasoline and
gasoil with biodiesel
Adopting hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles,
Shifting freight transport from road to an electric rail network.
GFEI and ECREGS have some objectives only the targets are
different.

Objectives
Provide baseline data for tracking progress in

improvement of vehicle efficiency as per GFEI

guidelines in
Ensure that Ethiopian policymakers have sufficient and
updated information in order to draft appropriate
legislations and guidelines for dissemination of more
fuel-efficient vehicles
Assess the impact of vehicle emission and fuel quality
on the ambient air quality
Make the study of GFEI in Ethiopia as a pilot for wide
spread application in Africa

Total Vehicle Fleet in Ethiopia (2010)

Baseline for Vehicle Efficiency Improvement

One of the major activities of the study on Pilot Global

Fuel Economy Initiative Program in Ethiopia is vehicle

registration data collection, vehicle data analysis, and
vehicle performance determination for the baseline
years 2005, 2008 and 2010 .
The main objective for setting a baseline and
developing a national vehicle database necessary to
track improvement in fuel economy and reduction of
emission of carbon dioxide and other pollutant per unit
vehicle.

Baseline for Vehicle Efficiency Improvement

Data Attributes
Vehicle make and model,
Production year
Year of first registration
Fuel type
Engine size
Domestically produced or imported
New or second hand import
Rated Fuel Economy per model and test cycle basis.
Number of sales by model

Baseline : Data sources

Ethiopian Revenues and Customs Authority (ERCA)

and
Vehicles assembling Enterprises

Baseline : Data Type

The vehicle data incorporates brand new vehicles as

well as used ones with gross weight less than 3500 kg

and having number of seats less than or equal to 15.
Such types of vehicles are known as light duty vehicles.
The light duty vehicles data in this study includes
passenger cars : compact cars, saloon cart car, sport
utility vehicles (SUV), as well as vans and pick-ups.
The data was collected only for the years 2005, 2008,
2010 and 2011.

BASELINE : Raw Data at ECRA

TOYOTA COROLLA

(CH#JT1EOEE9000447281,M/Y1992 MODEL-EE90LAEMDEW,ENG-2E-2451657)
ENGINE 3L-5475634, MODEL LN166LPRMDS,M/Y2004 (TOYOTA HILUX DOUBLE CABINE
PICKUP CH.NO. JTFDE626X00128020)
NISSAN X-TRAIL MOD.TVHNLAYT30URAY062Z
(CH.NO. JN1TENT30Z0005735 EN.NO. YD22146725)
1*2ND HAND CAR TOYOTA COROLLA,M.Y 1992
(CH#.JT1LOEE9007143710, CC 1295 MOD#.EE90LALMDEW,ENG#.2E-2441128)

Make

Model

Condi.

Body
Type

Engine Net
Fuel
Disp.
Weight Type
Vol. CC

Qty

Prod.ion Regist
year
Year

Fuel cons. Fuel econ. GHG

km/l
Emiss.
l/100 km

gCO2/km
TOYOTA

Corolla USED

Saloon

1300

950 Petrol

1986

2005

8.2

12.2

192.9

TOYOTA

Corolla USED

Saloon

1300

1000 Petrol

2003

2008

6.5

15.3

153.8

FORD

Fiesta

NEW

Compact

1250

3441 Petrol

2010

2010

7.6

13.2

178.3

HYUNDA Getz

NEW

Compact

1086

961 Petrol

2010

2010

5.6

17.7

133

NISSAN

Hard
body

NEW

Pick Up

3153

3836 Diesel

2010

2010

8.8

11.3

236.6

TOYOTA

Hilux

USED

Pick Up

2779

3000 Diesel

2002

2008

11.1

296

TOYOTA

Land
cruiser

NEW

SUV

4164

2060 Diesel

2004

2005

13.3

7.5

355.2

Baseline Setting: Registered vehicles

Imported Vehicles

Year

2005

2008

2010

Qty

5598

10254

14931

Locally Assembled LD Vehicles

Year
Qty

2005

2008

2010

257

450

Baseline : No of Registered vehicles

Baseline : Classification of by age Regist. Vehicles

Baseline : Classification of Regist. Vehicles by Body Type

Baseline : Classification of Regist. Vehicles by Fuel Type

Baseline : Classification Regist. Vehicles By Brand

Baseline : Average Fuel Economy and Emission

Baseline : Fuel Economy Trend in km/l

Baseline : CO2 Emission in g/km Trend

Baseline setting: Conclusion

The average fuel economy for vehicles in Ethiopia in

2005 and 2008 were 11.5 km/l (8.7 l/100 km)with

corresponding CO2 emission of 217 and 221 gCO2/km
while in 2010 the fuel economy slightly increased to
12 km/l ( 8.3 l/100 km) with a corresponding CO2
emission of 212 gCO2/km.
Diesel fueled vehicles were found to travel less
kilometer per liter of fuel as compared to petrol engine
vehicles and emit more CO2 than petrol fueled vehicles.
These results are in lower regime when compared to
that of reported in the literature [ICCT,2012], which is
caused by importation of second hand vehicles and
proportionally large number of Vans, Pick-ups and
SUVs.

Impact of Vehicle Emission on Air Pollution

Measurement of air pollution caused by vehicular
emissions in the Addis Ababa city
Carbon monoxide, CO
Particulate matter, PM2.5
Sulfur dioxide,SO2 and
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2

Impact of Vehicle Emission : PM and CO

Concentration levels of PM2.5 and CO in the ambient air

were measure and evaluated

PM2.5 concentration levels in the ambient air are higher

than the WHO guideline limits for all sites.

PM2.5

concentration levels are also higher than the

Ethiopian EPA guideline limit values except for Aduwa

Square, Arada, Imperial Hotel, and Entoto sites.
CO measurement s were within the maximum limits

PM2.5 Concentrations at Teklehaimanot

PM2.5 concentration data for different sites season

Site
Code

Name

PM2.5 Concentration, g/m3

24-hour average

Maximum

S1

Aduwa Square (Megenagna)

54.8

4471.9

S2

Arada (Arada building)

30.7

624.0

S3

Betel

135.6

6576.4

S4

Bob Marley Square

43.6

511.1

S5

Bole Bridge

97.3

1982.6

S6

Bus Station (Addis Ketema)

70.4

1827.5

S7

Entoto (St. Mary Church)

27.2

808.5

S8

Kaliti Road Intersection (Traffic

271.4

9082.6

light)
S9

La gare traffic light

83.5

3268.8

S10

Mexico Square

228.6

17169.3

S11

Taklehaimanot Square

342.1

2933.7

S12

Urael Traffic Light

165

1837.5

Nitrogen dioxide and Sulfur dioxide Measurement

NO2 levels at all sites were not detected during the field

survey suggesting that its concentration is below the

guideline limit value of 0.11ppm(200g/m3)
SO2 concentration was not detected by the instrument
implying that its level is low in the ambient air.

Fuel Quality: Diesel and Gasoline Consumption

Fuel Quality: Bio-fuel Strategy

Targets supply of fuels from locally produced
Bio-fuel
Ensuring the production of Bio-fuel without
affecting food self sufficiency,
Initial blending to ethanol to gasoline was 5 %,
(B5) at At present, it is 10 % , (B10).
The amount of ethanol to be blended is
expected to increase from year to year

Fuel Quality: Ethiopian Standard

Parameter

Limits
Gasoline

RON

Min. 91

MON

Total Sulfur( g/g)

Max (1000 ppm)

Density @ 15 OC.(g/ml)

0.705-0.74

Lead Content, g/L

Max. 0.013
Diesel

Cetane number

Cetane index
Total Sulphur % Weight

Min 48

Flashpoint

Min 52oC

Max 0.50(5000ppm)

Fuel Quality: Global and Local Sulfur Content

Europe, the US, and Japan sulfur reduced to 15 ppm
In developing countries including Ethiopia .sulfur level is
very high. In Ethiopia, sulfur max limit

Gasoline 1000ppm
Gasoil 5000ppm.

The continued import of high sulfur fuels will inhibit the

effectiveness diesel particle filter in reducing PM emission.
Growing environmental and human health problems

Technology Options
Fuel efficiency improvement of conventional

passenger cars
Proper maintenance of old vehicles and gradual
replacement
Reducing traffic congestion by road improvement and
use of mass transit

Technology Options: Hybrid vehicles

Travels twice per liter as
conventional vehicle in in city
driving
Technology is becoming
popular in developed countries

Technology Options: Electric vehicle

Zero fuel consumption
High initial cost due to battery cost
Travels about 100 km between
charges
Longer recharge time

Technology Options: Catalytic Converters

Reduces Emission of pollutants
Three way catalytic converter for petrol engines
Oxidation catalytic converter and diesel particle filter for
diesel engine

Policy Measures
Enhancing Vehicle Efficiency Improvement
Mandatory requirement of fuel efficiency and

emission certificate for vehicles to be imported or

assembled in the country.
Banning of import of old second hand vehicles
Introduction of hybrid and electric vehicle by offering
tax incentives ( The existing vehicle tax system
increases progressively with cylinder capacity)
Improvement of maintenance infrastructure of
vehicles and increasing awareness

Policy Measures
Promoting Use of cleaner fuels
Amending the Ethiopian standard for limiting sulfur

to 50 ppm maximum in diesel fuel after 2015 so that

modern vehicles with diesel engines with lower
particulate emissions can effectively use particulate
filter for cleaning exhaust.
Preparation of incentive package to promote biodiesel
production such as VAT exemption

Policy Measures: Assumption for Targets

Conventional vehicles efficiency from 2010 to 2020 will

be improve by 20 % at average compared to that of

2005 and 25 % in 2020-2030
Hybrid vehicle will be 5 % of the fleet in 2030 ( LDV
fleet = 650,000) with some electric vehicles.
Hybrid will account 20 % by 2050 of 1,750,000 light
duty vehicles and electric vehicles 5 % of fleet.

Targets for 2020 in Fuel Economy

Targets for 2030 in Fuel Economy

Targets for 2050 in Fuel Economy

Cost Benefit Analysis

Comparison of Conventional , Hybrid and Electric
Vehicles
Toyota Yaris conventional specification
Prime mover
Petrol engine
Engine power
74 kW
Engine Disp. volume 1500 c.c.
No of cylinders
4
Transmission
4 speed automatic or 5 manual
Average fuel consumption 13.5 km/l

Cost Benefit Analysis

Toyota Yaris Hybrid
Prime mover
petrol engine and battery
powering the electrical motor
Engine power
55 kW
Engine Disp. volume 1500 c.c.
No of cylinders
4
Transmission
4 speed automatic
Engine power
55 kW
Total maximum power 74 kW
Average fuel consumption 28.5 l/ km
CO2 emissions of only 79 g/km,

Cost Benefit Analysis

Cost Benefit Analysis: Existing Tax System

60000
50000

USD

40000
30000

20000
10000
0

Cost Benefit Analysis: Existing Tax System

60000
50000

USD

40000
30000

20000
10000
0

Conclusion
Achieving GFEI target by 2020 will depend on improvement

in conventional vehicle technology and beyond

2020 on

reduction of initial cost of hybrid and electric vehicles.

The given targets have to be revised by stakeholders
Hybrid and electric vehicles life cycle costs are high in
Ethiopia due to high vehicle taxes.
While lowering sulfur content in the fuel and implementing
EU III and above Environmental standards is achievable, it

has cost implications.