Church History II

I.

Breakdown of the Middle Ages

A. Socio-Economic Changes
How: Brought Middle Ages to an end by challenging the
dominant economic system which was feudalism. Took hundreds
of years of tension but done by 17th century.
Feudalism economic system where wealth is determined by
land
Rise of Capitalism economic system where wealth is
determined by the goods
and services you can deliver (craftsmen can trade for land or
goods/services)
*Results in the birth of European nations, b/c of
relationships between
regions and feudal lords. Form kingdoms. Starts in
Southern Europe.
Italy does not become a nation until 19th century.
Capitalism comes to Germany late 1400s its regions
(Luthers time)
1. Colonialism search for bigger markets especially by
Spanish & Portuguese attempt to close the markets to
others by claiming land
When peoples of Europe settled on land and laid claim
to it as theirs.
2. Slavery trade came to coast of Africa, trading partners,
per DuBois, slavery was mothered by capitalism dont
want to pay workers much to put profits back into the
companies. Cheap labor. Europeans learn of
indentured servitude. Began to take slaves for cheap
labor from inland indigenous people.
B. Secular Power Corrupts
How: Brings an end to the Middle Ages by undermining
European confidence in the Church which characterized the
Middle Ages.
Simony buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices, Church gets
co-opted by the upper class. (Way for feudal lords to insure
future for children after the first born son to have land. The
church controls and possesses land. So as head they would
control.) the result is that clergy becomes more upper class.
The lower class being squeezed out of clerical office.
Avignon Papacy = Great Western Schism French king has so
much power, moves pope to France makes sure Frenchman is

elected pope. How can the bishop of Rome be the one living in
France?
Catherine of Siena wrote and published, had clout that
she could urge
Pope to return to Rome.
Conciliar Movement bishops as a group when they meet
as a council
have more power than the pope.
Restoration of Rome p. 7-8 meeting in Pisa to have one Pope,
Council of Constance, Popes then begin to make Rome more
attractive
Renaissance movement to appreciate the Greco-Roman
culture. Building
projects begin. New cathedral built. Costs money and
start to sell
indulgences. Every subsequent pope was Italian until John
Paul II.
C. Intellectual Developments
How: All challenge the prevailing intellectual assumptions of the
Middle Ages
Scholastic theology and realism
1. Pre-Reformers All against corruption in church and all
against scholastic
theology
John Wycliffe famous professor, recovered true
Augustine
During time of Avignon papacy, against corruption of
selling of
Indulgences. Catholic hierarchy lied about his teachings
and undermined
him. Church said he taught everyone had to relinquish
their authority.
Never actually condemned b/c he had a power base.
*Recovered unconditional (double) predestination. Defined
Church as the body of the elect. The priesthood of all
believers not just the clergy leaders. Church is to renounce
all authority except in service. Save by grace and works,
grace comes first. Rejects transubstantiation. (Church was
teaching that the substance was Jesus body and blood but it
was an accident that it tastes like wine and bread.) For
Wycliffe when take elements you ingest Spirit who takes you
directly to the heaven and encounter Jesus.
Lollards went underground for several centuries. There
was still desire

to reform
John Huss younger than Wycliffe, was condemned as a
heretic.
Could bring together people from different spheres of life.
Was in favor of transubstantiation
Hussites Upper class followers
Taborites Lower class followers, fled to Moravia and lived
there for
Years started Moravian church
2. Mysticism through disciplined contemplation and prayer can
have union with Christ that is more intense and it is a unity
almost like intercourse
Early Medieval Mystics p. 11 (Francis of Assisi, Bernard of
Clairvaux)
Thomas a Kempis stresses works, imitate Jesus, grace first
Meister Eckhart
German Theology
Catherine of Siena
Julian Norwich
3. Renaissance Humanism get back to Greeks and Romans
Christians start studying Bible in original languages, noted
that the artwork in Greece and Roman were centered on
beauty. Said Roman history was interpreted before in light
of Christianity not as it really was. If go back then can use
philosophy to undermine power mongering of Church
leaders
Erasmus interpret in light of philosophy, correlation view
world view is starting point and thereby interprets the Bible.
Stoicism accept it. Dont let emotions rule. Be tranquil.
Message of Jesus is imitating Jesus. Justification by grace and
works with grace first. But have free will.
4. Nominalism break with prevailing view of philosophy that
universal forms were real. (Scholastics are realists)
Forerunner: John Duns Scotis not a nominalist, teacher of the
nominalists
Disagreed with scholastics that reason and faith harmony.
Believed in
universal forms. If it doesnt make sense it must be
true.
Major Proponents Ockham, Holcut, Biel
Ockhams Razor universal forms are only names, when
examining reality the simplest explanation is the best.
Make theology plain. Read scripture literally orthodox
theological method.(Martin Luther taught same)

Tradition is just attempt to use reason to explain. Sola

scriptura taught.
Teach predestination based on foreknowledge. (double)
Grace is not a substance as Aquinas taught. It is Gods
love. When call on
the Lord then get response. (Semi-Pelagianism. Which was
condemned
by Synod of Orange.)
7/7/2008 Conflicts
TUESDAY 7/8
I.
II.

III.

IV.

Life in the Late Middle Ages in Western Europe

Late Medieval Spirituality - Emotional
Catholics rely on tradition
A. Sacrament of Confession must name specifically, (4th Lateran
Council)
Weekly confession
Purgatory p. 22, Churchs teaching was grace and works, so
need works erase sins since not all gone when die, need more
grace so go to purgatory
B. Indulgences selling of indulgences was new
Matthew 16:19, 18:18 Peter and the keys to the Kingdom, Pope
can therefore forgive sins b/c he has the power of the keys to
forgive venial sins
Sale of Indulgences
Leo X if Albert can raise the money then will get
Albert of Brandenburg (Mainz) simony for him to be a bishop and
archbishop
John Tetzel monk who was a good salesman, had parades
*Luthers Response heard Tetzel was coming to sell, nailed the 95
theses to the
church door
Young Martin Luther
Hans father, became entrepreneur went to mines, generated
enough wealth to
own a mine (new scholarship says mother may not have been
peasant), stern
discipline
Early education: Peasant roots, sent to become a lawyer
Augustinian Monk (Order that was dedicated to keeping Augustinian
thought alive, not started by Augustine himself) thunderstorm,
frightened and said if kept from safe from storm hed become a
monk
Angst God is angry, angst in German means despair with fright

V.

VI.

Johann Staupitz
Doctrinal Studies: Nominalism read Reminis commentary on
Lombards Sentences.
Read about
Did Luther have a hang-up with Daddy? Erik Erikson
Young Professor at Wittenburg not a big university
Tower experience
African Roots Augustines teachings
*Righteousness of God - dikaisounh tou Qeou God himself is not
righteous but He
makes us just. Gives this righteousness away
by grace.
*Romans 3:21-26 - concludes save by grace alone
Augustinian revival on campus
*By grace alone
External righteousness, clothed in righteousness, not something
internalized like
Aquinas says.
Allies Melanchthon
Indulgence Controversy Flares if sell indulgences, then works
needed for grace
Why: To protect the doctrine of justification grace alone
Why Luther took a stand is a professor and has right to speak
against corruption,
he was ordained
Letter to his bishop wrote a letter to his bishop but didnt know
bishop was Albert the Culprit, who went to the pope
Role of the PressA printer (printing press had been invented) copied theses and
spread throughout Germany, then to other parts of Europe
Heidelberg Disputation Pope chose to have Staupitz handle
matter, Staupitz advised a debate but dont speak about
indulgences, summoned younger theologians
Martin Bucer teacher of Calvin and influenced Anglican Church
Theology of the Cross P. 39 defense of justification by grace
alone
God works in hidden mysterious ways paradoxes (Faith
goes against
reason)
God used death to give life, there is a paradox in every
aspect of life and
it contradicts reason so life is a paradox
1. God is found in ordinary things
2. Gods revelation is most authentic in suffering
3. God hides himself even when He reveals himself
4. God is hidden deus absconditus
5. Even the Christian life is hidden analogy the atheist
who does good works

Diet of Augsberg Pope and Bishop Albert not content

Thomas Cajeton Cardinal sent to dispute Luther, pushed Luther
who said a council needed to resolve the issue
Conciliarist Luther now accused of being a conciliarist b/c
council not favorably seen at that time b/c believed to undermine
papal authority
Staupitz offers retreat to protect. Luther declined.
Political allies
Frederick the Wise wanted to be known as one who exercised
wisdom
Decided to give Luther a fair hearing, comes to agree with
Luther, hides
Luther
when he is kicked out of Church
Peace Pact offered by Pope reason, Holy Roman emperor dies,
political
maneuvers to keep Spanish king out and not overcome
Vatican, Frederick
appears to be
good candidate and would need to offer
peace to Luther
John Eck university professor vs. Andreas Karlstadt
Wanted to attack Luther for publication purposes, attacks
colleague of Luther;
Karlstadt
Luther is outraged b/c believed peace was broken
Leipzig Disputation debate arranged, where Luther met Eck
Eck talks about Hus, Luther defends Hus and is accused of being
a heretic b/c Hus
had been condemned
Pope sent letter of excommunication Luther burned it.
Diet of Worms p. 34 Frederick called for meeting to see if princes
would go along
with what Pope has done and enforce punishment. Luther
explains theology.
See quote on p. 34 and appeals to scripture. Princes condemned
him. Found
guilty as a political and religious criminal.
Throughout most of Germany
he is hunted. Frederick hid him in a castle. Frederick was
also
excommunicated. The bishop of Worms
*Ellingsen said this influenced MLK, Sr b/c he changed his name from
Michael.
VII. Was the Reformation a mistake?

VIII.

IX.

Initially called themselves Evangelical Catholics. Were called

Lutherans name stuck.
Young Luthers Theology
Its all about justification by grace
Analysis of Ninety-Five Theses doesnt mention word
Repentance of sin says #1 is justification by grace
p. 141 Kerr sinner is a sick man who needs grace
Papal authority
Theses #26 ,38, 50 Bettensen p. 207ff
Critical of papal practices, but respectful and believes in
the office of the
pope
In Lutheran book of doctrine, said if Pope endorses
justification by faith
would
be happy to have Pope be head of Lutheran
church
Concern with the poor
Theology of the Cross reviewed
Freedom from the law God counts us righteous
simul iustus et peccatur
Luther even goes to situational ethic
Life after Worms
In hiding at the castle
Translated a Bible into German, became the most famous. Was
printed and distributed
throughout Germany which was not united. The circulation of
the Bible united
the language. Ordinary people heard it when Bible was read in
Church and
became familiar with the language.

Who will take Luthers place? Melanchthon schooled in the

Renaissance,
intellectual, wants to keep Catholicism or Karlstadt
Karlstadt wanted break with Catholic church, Luther did not
In Zwickau (Montanists) there is outburst of tongues and go back
to Wittenberg
(Zwickau Prophets) new revelations when Holy Spirit takes
control. Luther
goes to Saxony and orders condemnation of the Zwickau
prophets and has
Melanchthon in charge. Problem is if Holy Spirit gives new
revelations, then God not
working in ordinary thats grand things theyve also
forgotten original sin.

DEBATE Luther vs. Aquinas vs. the Nominalists

7/8/2008 Conflicts:
Luther vs. Papal establishment
(Know the meetings/debates associated with the Indulgence controversy)
Luther vs. Aquinas
Luther vs. Nominalism

Wednesday 7/9
I.
II.

III.

Otto von Karlstadt

Controversy and Zwickau
The Peasants Revolt economic and impressed that Luther stood
up, several uprising until there is a well-educated leader, Muntzer
Thomas Muntzer
Can bring in the kingdom of God by revelation The Gospel must
govern the
Church, the Law of God governs government. Jesus teaching
must govern
society
Two-Kingdom Ethic
(Illustration of the connected/concentric circles) another model
is the
Anabaptist Model Luther says if you say new revelation that
youre
compromising justification, by revolution cannot bring in the
Kingdom of God,
legislating the Gospel then turn Gospel into the Law. Must keep
the law and
gospel distinct. Gospel is anything that speaks of Gods love.
The real Augustine
is keeping the Law and Gospel distinct two cities.
(Marx would say Luther sold out to the powers that be.)
Said go and slay the peasants per Luther it has nothing to do with
the Church. This was about politics use the Law. Political use of the
law. What is justice? 10 commandments believes in a just war.
Luther on Africa, Slavery, Women, Jews
Jews Luther made arguably Hitler possible. At one point wrote
treatise to give Jews equal rights. Some Jews were proselytizing
Catholics so then oppressed them.
Africa p. 45 Christian freedom is not physical. Later writings
argue escaped slaves should be permitted to flee and have life and
livelihood, vol. 29 Luthers works, so was he talking about slaves or
the word in Germany used for peasants. See p. 46 speaks out

IV.

V.
VI.

VII.

against myth of Hams children cursed, praises Ethiopians and the

culture said one of the wise men was Black
His wife a former nun, p. 48 ran the household, engaged with
men in theological conversations
Believed in educating women and in emergencies can be ordained,
see p. 49 when he speaks of God as mother
Luther advocated safety net for the poor Lutheran social ethics
Erasmian Controversy Erasmus didnt like what he perceived as
Luthers radicalism wrote book On Free Will
Sin of Bondage of the Will name of book Luther wrote, again says
compromising justification by grace, were in bondage b/c its all
concupiscence see Romans 7 Paul bondage to sin, the good I
would do.
Strong Doctrine of Providence see Sec. XXIV Erasmus paper
Double Predestination Romans 11:17, 21
Political Dynamics
Reforms Success
Zwingli and the Marburg Colloquy
Zwingli is a man of the mind, not emotion, does not agree Jesus is
physically present, only symbols
Luthers Mature Theology
1. Overriding Concern: Its all about justification by grace
2. Theological Method: Law & Gospel Orthodox Theology
literalist, did not believe in biblical infallibility, didnt like James or
Revelation, uses the Augustinian spirit/letter distinction, there is
a Law/Gospel distinction law doesnt compromise justification,
need word of law to get on your knees, Luther doesnt speak on
the third use of the law
3. Trinity and God God of love, whos always there unconditionally,
can cuddle up and snuggle with God. Stresses the oneness of
God more than the others. Christo-centric. Jesus fully
reveals God.
4. An African Christology says Luthers preaching p. 152, narrative
style that has you identify with the characters - communicatio
idiomatum (Alexandrian viewpoint)
5. Atonement
Classic View Luther taught God was in struggle with evil.
Overcame the devil. Which makes God a god who struggles
and is vulnerable. This implies a weak view of providence.
Satisfaction Theory to satisfy the punishment for sin taught
sometimes by Luther
6. Justification Single Predestination (God offers to everybody
dont throw it away)
Forensic View God declares you righteous
Conformity to Christ As a marriage to Jesus, it changes you
after a while

VIII.

Even faith must be a work of grace?

7. Sanctification the moment you are justified
Uses of Law dont need to worry about good works, need it
preached b/c still a sinner simul iutus et peccator, best we can
do is be a brave sinner admit do good but have a selfish
reason
Begin a life of living with Jesus and the longer with Him, the more
you become like Him, it follows spontaneously
8. Church: If teach justification by grace then it is created by God,
defines as the community that is gathered together and
administration of the sacraments, does not define the church in
terms of believers, its a hospital for sinners
9. Ministry: Preachers are Gods puppets, Gods working through
them, only agent of God, priesthood of all believers priests b/c
spend whole life in sacrifice These#1 every day is a day of
repentance
10.
Sacraments three, when include confession, later in life
embraces all seven in the official book of doctrine only
Baptism born again in baptism Romans 6 and infant baptism
b/c Holy Spirit can give them grace as well. Otherwise make
faith a work, admits later that the Bible is ambiguous, argues
from tradition that they always baptized infants.
Communion Still bread and still wine but you ingest Jesus
when you take it in, the finite can contain the Infinite (brings in
his Alexandrian Christology)
11.
Eschatology doesnt make much of it. Difference
between future eschat. When Jesus comes back, realized eschat.
We are in the end times now. He believed that the Reformation
would hasten it. Believed kingdom of God comes any time a
good work is done. So one would spontaneously seize every
opportunity. Luther has a preference for soul sleep, like the
Anabaptists cradled in the arms of God. Left open hope for
salvation for all on basis of single predestination
The Augsburg Confession - *Official Document/Doctrine of
the Lutheran Church
p. 233 Bettensen statement of belief from the protestant,
the majority
princes voted it down .
Luther is dead by this time. Reflects Luthers theology. There is
no
reference to predestination. There are some who criticize it as
not going far
enough to reflect Luther.
Second Diet of Spire and Protestantism

Lutheran princes asked for second diet to try to change

condemnation of Worms, they reaffirmed condemnation and
some protested so they were called protestants
1. Philip Melanchthon peacemaker and wrote the Confession,
presented at another Diet of Augsburg. Began to write some
things a bit further than Luther.
2. Majority princes form Catholic League to invade Lutheran
territory, Lutherans are Schmalkald League have war
____________________
3. Peace of Nuremberg settles war, live and let live each side
promises not to invade each others territory and not proselytize
in each others territories, Lutherans were to promise never to
change the Augsburg Confession that keeps them from getting
more radical. Sets a pattern in Europe some parts of Germany
to this day are predominantly Catholic or Lutheran and it
depends on who was the prince at the time of this accord.
*Three uses of the Law: 1. Political use civil law (?) , 2. To bring us to
recognize our sinfulness like Paul discusses in Romans, Luther does not
stress the third use of the law. Real purpose for the law is the instruction
in living such as Methodists and Baptists, etc. Luther says that use lays
guilt on people. You leave people in their guilt.
DEBATE: Luther vs. Peasants vs. Erasmus
7/9/08 Conflicts:
Luther
Luther
Luther
Luther

& Melanchthon vs. Karlstadt

vs. Zwickau
vs. Peasants
vs. Erasmus

Thursday 7/10
I.

II.
III.

The Mature Luthers Theology Stressing justification is word of

assurance, truly free
1. Church
2. Ministry
3. Sacraments
4. Eschatology
Yesterdays Debate Luther, Peasants & Erasmus
Augsberg Confession
1. Second Diet of Spire and Protestantism
2. Philip Melanchthon and Diet of Augsburg
3. Peace of Nuremberg makes it official
4. The Theology of the Confession

IV.

V.

Ulrich Zwingli: His Life Germanic Swiss (there are French and there
are Italian Swiss)
More educated and sophisticated than Luther note some emphasis
on
1. A Renaissance Scholar a lot of Greek philosophy, becomes
renown, humanist
2. Conflict in Zurich (indulgences) and Ministry: Anabaptist
Controversy
Reformed church began, left Catholic church after taking stand
on indulgences (1517)
Gets the whole city to turn reform
Had Radical students Grebel & George Blaurock if with
government and have infant baptism then not consistent with
scripture
Disputed with Luther at Marburg colloquy, did not agree on
sacraments
3. Peace of Kappel and Martyrdom
Dispute there between Catholic and Protestants like in Germany
agree not to invade each others territories and practice within
each others areas, Treaty of Kappel
Catholic princes invade Zurich as treaty is being signed. Zwingli
went with the the army and is martyred
Zwinglis Theology - Scripture alone using the best intellectual
tools of the day
[On the continuum Catholicism Luther is closer to Catholics
Zwingli is away from Catholics Anabaptists and others are all the
way from Catholicism]
1. Overriding Concern: Sola scriptura interpreted in light of the
Renaissance thinking, concerned about morality of the Swiss
people and the manipulation of the Swiss soldiers. (Swiss were
known as the best soldiers, the best money could buy. Even the
pope employed them today Vatican has the Swiss army. Were
used as mercenaries Zwingli believed it corrupted them.)
2. Theological Method: Correlationist, no tradition scripture alone
(Law Gospel belong together when have Old and New
Testament together)
More critical than Luther of the apocrypha
Always instruct the masses how to live. Believes in all three uses
of the law
3. God, Trinity, Christology
Greeks believe in the universal form they are unchanging so
God too must be unchanging since He created the forms.
Unchanging all powerful God.

Stresses the distinction of the persons of the Trinity. Stresses

God the Father more than the others
Since there is Greek philosophy the flesh is not more important
and dont mix the two. Is Antiochene in thought if God suffered
w/ Son then God changes so no communicato idiomatum.
4. Providence & Predestination
Everything that happens is Gods doing therefore double
predestination because God decided not because of
foreknowledge.

5. Atonement & Sin

Sinners in all we do and we need to say that or not relying on
God.
Atonement Satisfaction theory no classic b/c no tricking the
devil with an all-powerful God
6. Justification- faith alone, justification by grace
7. Sanctification begins with justification but can grow in grace
8. Church & Ministry: changed the pulpit to being higher than the
altar in the church building, music changes
A community assembled by Word and sacrament (Like Luther)
Ministry is same as Luther but more emphasis on morality,
priesthood of all believers
9. Sacraments- just two, baptism is just a symbol was born again
in eternity, what the Old Testament taught in keeping with New
b/c infant circumcision like infant baptism
Communion Finite cannot contain infinite otherwise have a
weak God,
elements are symbol
10.
Eschatology against soul sleep - The soul goes directly to
heaven upon death,
stresses future = Second Coming
11.
Social Justice
Silent on slavery, silent on women
(Illustration of Church/State relationship) Church State relation
(set up a theocracy in Zurich)
VI. Who Are the Anabaptists/What they believe (p.84)
Three views- (See p. 84)
Only three denominations left now, Amish, Mennonites, Coterian
(sp?)
VII. Anabaptist Groups Highly Educated
1. Early Anabaptists Zwingli w/modification on infant baptism and
Church-State
Swiss Brethren
*Conrad Grebel
*George Blaurock
-Hans Denck starts churches in Germany

-Schleitheim Confession (p.90) formulated their own

statement of belief
Five core beliefs
2. Spiritualists Stress the Holy Spirit
*Zwickau Prophets
*Thomas Muntzer
*Caspar Schwenkfeld (p.86-87) said he got revelation about
Christs body
becoming more deified. So the elements in Communion are not
really corporeal.
3. Revolutionary Anabaptists to be covered 7/11
- Melchior Hofmann
- Munster
4. Later Anabaptists
Menno Simons (Mennonites)
Jacob Huttten (Return to Acts)
Jacob Ammann (Amish)
VIII. Theology of Menno Simons Highly educated Renaissance humanist
1. Overriding Concern: To restore a New Testament church
2. Church & Discipline: The Church is the community of those who
have been born again. Therefore must keep the church pure and
stress discipline. Standards of membership so third use of the
law
3. Theological Method: Law & Gospel
Renaissance humanist, scripture alone but read in light of Greek
philosophy
The Law and the Gospel belong together just like Zwingli
4. Trinity & Christology
Just affirms the Trinity doesnt discuss
Dont mix spirit and flesh, Antiochene Christology
5. Justification & Predestination
Justification by faith, affirms forensic view (declared righteous) of
faith, must choose Jesus, still a work of the Holy Spirit
Against double predestination, but says can be affirmed as a
hymn of praise for Gods salvation and thus implies single
predestination
6. Sanctification comes with justification but need to discipline
yourself
7. Sacraments two,
Believers baptism no infant baptism, baptism is just a symbol
8. Social Ethics did give women leadership in the church, believed
women were passive in the birth process father gives life. A

real reaction to the revolutionary Anabaptists who had to go into

hiding and were separated.
Keep themselves separate from others. Dont involve
themselves in society. There are two groups now of Mennonites
who
State
Church
DEBATE: Luther vs. Zwingli vs. Simons
Todays Conflicts: 7/10/2008
Zwingli vs. Luther
Zwingli vs. Anabaptists
Luther vs. Anabaptists
Differences among the Anabaptists groups

Friday 7/11
I.

Anabaptist Group
1. Early Anabaptists
-Swiss Brethren
*Conrad Grebel
*George Blaurock
*Hans Denck German Anabaptist
2. Spiritualists
Zwickau Prophets
Caspar Schwencfeld Deification of Christs humanity,
taught Christ was mystically in communion but not in the
Sebastian Franck worse thing that happened was when
Constantine co-opted the Church. Received a revelation of the
Eternal Word who is Christ, the Holy Spirit give you the
greatest reason. Never called the Christ, Jesus. If do so then you
leave the Word in the past. Detaches Christ from Jesus.
Michael Sevetus rejects Trinity, where did it come from?
Constantine, started Unitarianism w/ Secimus, taught free will,
denied predestination
Fautus Secimus same as Sevetus
3. Revolutionary Anabaptists same view of church and state as
Zwingli, were
going to bring in the kingdom of God, Gospel over the state
Melchior Hofmann lay preacher, believed the New
Jerusalem would
come, did plant seed or trade, people starved
Munster town where they took over and made it
Christian, p. 91,
iconoclasts, polygamy

II.

4. Later Anabaptists
Menno Simons & Mennonites some shunning
Jacob Ammann & Amish were rejected by Mennonites,
want stricter
Enforcement, shunning (more than excommunication
b/c
completely reject all contact with the shunned
person)
John Hutter & Hutterian Brethren
Free Will & Grace
1. Hans Denck
2. Menno Simons

DEBATE: Hans Denck and the Anabaptists emphasis on free will and the
decision of faith
freed themselves from Pelagianism?
P. 89 Second Paragraph Anabaptist debate question
III.

IV.

Impact of John Calvin: Mr. Protestant Theologian (Know your Calvin)

Calvins parents were initially puritan, they joined the Anglican
Church
(Ellingsen says a lot of Calvin in Daniel Payne)
John Calvin: Renaissance Scholar and Obedient Son
This is a French culture. French dont follow routine creativity rules
1. Youth father dreamed of sending him to priesthood, father got
son appointed a priest (covers education)
Father wanted him to be a lawyer went (?)
2. Study in Paris one of the greatest universities in Europe,
Sorbonne
- Nicolas Cop radical college chaplain invites Calvin to help
with sermon, as a result they were kicked out b/c this Catholic
town thinks they sound like Luther.
3. Reformation Scholar: The Way to Geneva
Studied the Bible and the Reformation, still being paid by the
parish over which hed been appointed priest, writes a book and
becomes well known. Finally renounces priestly appointment
and becomes a protestant. Strasbourg is now in France on the
Rhine at that time was considered Germanic.
4. Reformation in Geneva
William Farel tried to get to Strasbourg but took detour b/c
authorities are after him.
In Geneva a reformation had begun. Town is mostly
French. The capitalists were the leaders of the reformation b/c
they wanted to get rid Catholic church who were in favor of
feudalism. Invite Farel to be leader. Farel called Calvin and
asked him to meet. Stayed and became Farels assistant. Get
banished by the capitalists b/c too stern. Catholics take over
once they leave. Ask Calvin and Farel to come back.

V.

5. Sojourn in Strasbourg goes there after leaving Geneva

Bucer wants to make Calvin pastor of church (Lutheran
church)
Calvin meets his wife there. Farel sends letter to ask for
Calvin back in Geneva.
Martin Bucer & his theology
Taught a third use of the law unlike Luther. Believes in the
continuity of Law and Gospel. Gospel and Law belong together,
Gospel is over the law but_____, Differed on the Lords Supper
Jesus is bodily present like Luther? (**check book)
Wittenberg Concord we are both Lutherans and the
differences are not enough to divide us. (Luther & Bucer)
6. Return to Geneva and Impact
When Farel dies Calvin becomes the main pastor. Strict rules for
church, doesnt establish a theocracy, has reputation as a great
offer and gets many students from all over. French students start
revolution at home Huguenots, Netherland start largest
reform church in the Netherlands
John Knox from Scotland started reformed church in Scotland
which eventually become Presbyterians.
7. Spread of the Reformed Tradition
John Knox Presbyterian church
John Calvins Theology
1. Overriding Concern: Its all about the sovereignty of God,
need a big God and discipline, can get town councilman to
mandate church worship
2. Theological Method- Starts with a literal sense of scripture,
Orthodox
Scripture gives Knowledge of God its a heart knowledge that
transforms the
life
Internal testimony of the Spirit if God is sovereign everything
that happens is because God has the Spirit testify to you.
(similar to Luthers the Bible is a dead letter unless the Spirit
comes check book)
Praise God and dont complain (God Is good all the time)
Law & Gospel belong together
Zwingli gets there through philosophy
Calvin gets there through literal reading of the Bible
Both are (Bullinger made deal with Calvin dont agree on
everything and the differences arent enough to divide us
Zurich Consensus) founders of reform
3. God & Trinity
There is more to know about God, Jesus doesnt reveal all, the
emphasis is on
the Father in the Trinity
Christology Antiochene

Providence God decided all things ahead of time, all your

actions, but dont
blame God for evil when you do it, dont you enjoy it so
its your fault
4. Sin & Atonement Satisfaction theory
5. Justification forensic, grace
6. Sanctification begins simultaneously but it is a process, third
use of the law,
Discipline
Holy Spirit strong doctrine, Holy Spirit guides
everything
7. Double Predestination faith is not something you decide b/c
God is sovereign
so double predestination, if elect you have an instinct in
your gut from
perseverance one who preserves is one you want to have
as a
capitalist worker.
8. Church & Ministry assembly gathered together by the
preaching of the Word
and the administration of the sacraments, a society that
shapes who we
are
Priesthood of all believers
Clergy must be disciplines
9. Sacraments two, says sacrament is a seal its a seal of
election for baptism,
infant baptism b/c God loves all the elect equally, Lords
Supper eat
bread and wine in faith and the Holy Spirit lifts you up
10.
Eschatology future eschatology, (all to this point are
future except Luther), no
soul sleep
11.
Social Justice gospel is superior to church, did praise the
ancient African churches but didnt praise the culture. Believed
that women had the right of refusal in sexual matters. Slavery
wrote book that said is a consequence of sin. Didnt condemn
slavery.
Church State: Gospel outside circle over Law and the state
Youre free when you do willing the Will of God. Analogy with one
whom you really love, almost not free to not love but its fun to love
them.
DEBATE: Calvin vs. Other Reformers
Conflicts for 7/11/2008:

Calvin
vs. Luther
Conflicts in Geneva
Aquinas
Calvin
vs. Simons
I.

Calvin
Calvin

vs. Aquinas
vs. Zwingli

Calvin

vs.

7/14/2008

English Culture: Yesterday and Today

Different culture than continental Europe. England, Scotland and
Irish are separate not one nation as now.
Make it Work not theorizers, not method people like Germans
English are a practical people. Believe in a hierarchy

II.

A Fragile Young Nation

Henrys father was the first of the great monarchs. Monarchy is new
and fragile so considered by other Europeans as backwards. Had
previously had bad blood with the French (remember the Avignon
papacy). Felt the Church had been co-opted by the French.
Scots never were well liked b/c they had supported the Avignon
papacy.

III.

Alliance with the Super-Power a developing nation (England)

needed alliances to grow

Arthur (not yet on the throne, he was a prince) & Catherine of

Aragon (of Spain and daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella)
*Spain never joined in the Reform movement
Catherine married Arthur and he died soon thereafter. Henry
succeeded him.
Can you marry your brothers wife?
Leviticus 18:16 for centuries that passage had been read as
forbidding the marriage to the brothers wife. Medieval Catholic
Church did not regard the kinsman redeemer concept, reading
allegorically (said to be a danger of so reading)
Julius II says Yes has alliance with Spanish king, gives blessing
for the marriage
IV.

Henry VIII needs a male heir

Divorce as the only way out p. 113
To say this sacrament didnt work then what are you
saying? Compromising the integrity of the sacraments.
Spanish Royalty & Papacy - say no

V.

Henry gets what he wants

He must make a choice, whats more important the alliance or the

stability of his nation? Argued that the Pope erred in letting him get
married, this accords with tradition per Henry. Knew there were
loyal Catholics in England so applies pressure to the papacy.
His religious views prior to the Reform
Had written an article criticizing Luther earlier. Now its a matter
of politics.

Parliamentary actions
Gets parliament to back his views. Parliament at that time was
just a body for advice and consent.
Threatens to Retain Funds gets Parliament to do so. Were
previously good givers to Rome. Pope didnt back down,
however
Restraint of Appeals (Bettensen 242-243)
No clergy person may appeal to the Pope for advice. Which
effectively removes Popes power in England.
Dispensations Action: King has no Spiritual Boss (Bettensen
247)
Head of state is now independent of the Pope. Henry is stirring
up loyalty
Supremacy Act (Bettensen: 252)
The Monarch is the head of the Church in England, which
continues to today. Thus it is the beginning of the Church of
England.

VI.

Why the English people accepted the Reform

VII.

Ethnic Pride took pride in themselves vs. the way other

Europeans viewed them.
The Lollard Legacy Lollard underground was still around.
Opportunity to get away from Church and its corruption
The Renaissance
Thomas Cranmer leader, who becomes archbishop

A Catholic Church
Six Articles (Bettensen: 259) Statement of Faith
Maintains transubstantiation, retains communion in one kind,
retains most things Catholic basically Catholicism without the
Pope.
Henrys Agenda for the Church

VIII.

Edward VI

Cranmer is committed to Calvin and Luthers view of the Church.

More towards Calvin but he meets Bucer. Bucer lectured at Oxford
theology eat the bread and are raised up with the third use of the
law.
Book of Common Prayer
First Edition Bucer-based
Second Edition more catholic
IX.

Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary): Return to Catholicism

Daughter of Catherine staunch Catholic
Tries to squash Reforms and persecutes Cranmer
Officially sought to restore authority of the Pope
Dies without heir so next in line is Elizabeth

X.

Elizabeth I and the Elizabethan Settlement

Has been said there is a special tie between Elizabeth and Henry
good relationship. Wanted to end what Mary had done and keep
balance with Reform this is called the Elizabethan Settlement

The Book of Common Prayer Revised Anew looks something like it

does today
Gets new statement of faith Thirty-Nine Articles
Supremacy Act reaffirms Henrys actions and says monarch is
head of the Church in England
Act of Uniformity (Bettensen p. 262) is in many ways very
Catholic. Wants to make sure there is a uniformity in the way
worship is done = liturgy
Not clear what overrides, Luther influence with Bucer, Catholic,
England, Calvin
XI.

Early Steps of Reform in Scotland

Orderly by nature. Willing to stand for principle. English look down
on the Scots.
Scotland as Independent Nation
Reform began with Calvin influence
Capitalists started in Scotland. Get movement in catholic church
there so start a reformation. Put pressure on Mary for reform.
James V and his daughter is Mary Stuart
John Knox & Scotts Confession important document in
Presbyterian church
Knox had studied under Calvin
Established new church Reformed Church of Scotland, 100
years later name is changed to Presbyterian b/c of the
Presbyterian polity.

XII.

The Thirty-Nine Articles n- Official Document of the Church of

England replaces the Six Articles. The theological statement.
Basically Calvins theology without predestination and Divine
sovereignty. This is not radical, this is reform. This is a universal
document.
Put it in the Book of Common Prayer
Overriding Concern of the Reform of liturgy and reform of polity
Put it in English instead of Latin. Do enough to make it work.
The Importance of Liturgy and Polity, any phrases that imply
pelagianism are removed to stress grace
God, Trinity, Christology
God is three in one nothing more said
Christology has a Calvinist view so more Antiochene b/c rejects
communicato
idiomatum
Scripture and Apocrypha
Theological Method Take no position
Even lists which books are authoritative, statement on the
apocrypha that they are inferior to the other canonical books.
Sin & Free Will
Affirm original sin, no free will apart from grace but dont call it
concupiscence
still sinning apart from grace. Do allow for free will. No strong
view of providence like Calvin. Scottish reformers would disagree
with this point.
Justification & Predestination
Justification by grace through faith. Not as extreme as Luther
forensic view, grace only is a most wholesome doctrine (Article
XI)
Predestination Article XVII before the foundations, decreed to
deliver those whom Hes chosen single predestination. Not
irresistible grace.
Sanctification
Like Calvin it sanctification begins simultaneously with
justification
Third Use of the Law
Urges reading of several sermons that teach you how to
live
Church & Ministry
Calvin defines church as Gods act, creating community ______
Ministry polity is Episcopal
Cant tell Church State view, does reject state over the Church
Nothing on Eschatology
Sacraments

Calvinist view of sacraments. Sign of regeneration of new birth.

A sign or a seal is like on a government document. Divine seal.
Like Luther, Zwingli, Calvin allow for infant baptism tradition
Lords Supper those who receive it is a partaking of the body
and blood of Christ. Real presence but only after a heavenly
manner. Same as Calvin. (Spirit lifts you up.)
DEBATE:

Anglican Reformation vs. Other Reformers

Todays Conflicts:
Political and Religious Controversies in the Anglican Reformation
(Pertaining to royalty and international relations)
Thirty-Nine Articles
vs.
The Six Articles
The Book of Common Prayer vs. Luther
The Book of common Prayer vs. Zwingli
The Book of common Prayer vs. Simons
The Book of common Prayer vs. Calvin
*If Time: Tomorrows Class
Catholic Reform or Counter-Reformation, Pre-Reformation Catholic
Reforms (Those already covered. ) Isabellas Reforms Francisco de Cisneros

7/15/2008
I.

Counter Reformation or Catholic Reformation?

Difference in the terms only in the nuance

II.

Pre-Reformation Reforms
Already discussed

III.

Isabellas Reform

Ferdinand and Isabella first rulers of Spain (united), they sanctioned

colonialization.
Wipe out the Muslims.
Francisco de Cisneros worked with Isabella to wipe out heretics
(Jews and
Muslims) and education
Inquisition ecclesiastical court whose judgments have secular
consequences. Sentence/judgment carried out by the monarchy.
Were able to solidify Catholicism
IV.
Catholic Polemics
1. John Eck Leipzig disputation w/ Luther

2. James Latomus debated Luther in books (Luther wrote book,

Against the Ass Latomus) Insisted the Vulgate is the only
translation of the Bible
3. Robert Bellarmine John Calvin of the Catholic Reform
theology almost identical to the Council of Trent (See Reading
Notes)
Monastic Reform
1. Restraining Ancient Models
Discalced Carmelites committed to practicing poverty
o Teresa of Avila
o St John of the Cross
Capuchins another order that practiced poverty
o Matteo da Bascio
2. New Paradigms - New Model for Monasticism
Jesuits Ignatius Loyola renaissance man, had been in
military dont question the leader (See reading notes)
Originally he had a burden dream of winning Holy Land for
Christianity through evangelism, Pope sent Jesuits to infiltrate
Protestants and debate them to refute them. Only at forefront
of theology since the 60s.
Missionary Reform began in the late Middle Ages
1. Accommodationists (tend to be Correlationists) most of the
work tends to be done in Asia not Africa (views them as equal
trading partners)
Robert Nobili success among the lower caste in India
Took name brahmen teacher, created separate worship
for castes
Matteo Ricci Jesuit in China, tried to penetrate the Chinese
intellectual elite

V.

VI.

Huguenots got to the Americas before Spanish but lost war to Spanish
(St. Augustine)
2. Pedro Claver met the slaves brought to the shores, cared for
them
3. Mogrovejo Archbishop of Lima convened Third Lima Council
(bishops of Peru)
Lobbied to end slavery
Create schools for the freedmen in Native American
languages, majority of slaves were Native American
VII.

Papal Reform p. 128

Leo was a Renaissance Humanist
Paul III tried to make Rome a wealthy center for universe

VIII.

The Council of Trent: How and Why?

Convened very painstakingly

After Luthers death

Purpose:
1. To clean up Catholic Church
2. To condemn and eradicate the protestant heretics (That
was the status of protestants prior to Vatican II. See significance
of Kennedys presidency. He was accountable to the Pope.
Protestants are now considered separated brethren not
considered to have churches because the Catholic Church is the
only true church.) Taught against public schools. Were then
against
IX.

Teachings of Council of Trent

Affirmed original sin there are venial and mortal sins
1. Biblical Authority teaches Divine dictation section (a) p.276
Bettensen
2. Tradition p. 281 Bettensen a guide to rule out the renegade
3. Ecclesiastical Reform bishops must live in their sees (ends
simony?), establish seminaries for their priests, regulate
indulgences p.289 (purgatory)
4. Sacraments Affirm 7 sacraments, transubstantiation
5. Papal Authority Pope has authority to appoint all the bishops,
this was new before this the local bishops got together and
appointed.
6. Justification
- Aquinas: Established as the Teacher of the Church
He is the best interpreter of Augustine. Not rejecting
Augustine.
Grace and works, but grace comes first, renounce the idea
that works come first
(avoid Pelagianism)
X.
Was the Reform a Success?
Methodists and Catholics have appointed a team of theologians to
meet to dialogue on justification etc.
Was it a success without flaw?
DEBATE Counter-Reformation vs. Protestant Reformers
TODAYS CONFLICTS:
Council of Trent vs. Nominalism
vs. Monastic
Council of Trent vs. Luther
Council of Trent vs. Zwingli
Council of Trent vs. Simons
Council of Trent vs. Calvin
Council of Trent vs. Thirty-Nine Articles

Catholic Monastic Establishment

7/16/2008

Reformers

I.

II.

Women of the Reformation

1. Those already covered p. 133
2. Anne Askew martyr, under Henry VIII
3. Many Anabaptist martyrs were women
4. Anne Locke important in Presbyterianism, first to translate
Calvin into English, went into exile with John Knox
5. Maria of Hungary and Bohemia sister of Charles of Spain,
started with Renaissance supposition, Charles put her in charge
(Regent) of the Netherlands was commonly said to be ally of
Luther she doesnt give up Catholicism, she always supported
the judgment of the inquisition to find heretics guilty but she
got light sentences as opposed to death or life sentence.
6. Anna Pedersdotter Absalon (she was Norwegian) martyred,
condemned as a witch used to get to her husband [All before
Further Spread of Reformation in Western Europe
1. Peace of Nuremberg Revisited
2. Protestant setbacks
Luthers marital advice (Smalkald League alliance of protestant
princes) Phillips
wife denied marital relations, advice was find comfort
elsewhere
(situational ethic), German society reacted and Catholics
even
Melanchthon *Luther is discredited
Luthers Death Charles invades Lutheran territories and break
the Peace of
Nuremburg
3. Interim of Augsburg, p. 137 new peace treaty, Catholic
League get more out of
the deal this time make Lutheran give in to more Catholic
doctrines
4. Peace of Augsburg and end of Charles reign
Catholicism did not get foothold
Return to Peace of Nuremburg no longer need to teach
Catholic theology
5. To Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden)
There were tribal rivalries between the three. Sweden has
always been the most powerful of the three. Danish king was
frustrated that he couldnt rule among the Swedes, wanted to
use the Reformation to create chaos to gain power. So politics
got the Reformation into Scandinavia. Lutheranism gets planted.
Breaks up empire and each becomes independent countries.

In Sweden they were able to get Catholic bishops to convert. To

this day they have apostolic succession in Sweden (bishops).
In Norway combine Lutheranism with Viking gods.
6. Benelux
Belgum and Luxemburg are today still predominantly Protestant
but Netherlands isnt so much. Deal cut that regions
predominantly Protestants remain so and the Catholics remain
so.
7. France
Huguenots spread so that they even had some in the
royal family by marriage.
Henry IV (Bourbon): Paris is worth a mass.
His predecessors persecuted Huguenots
He was raised Huguenot but converted to
Catholicism for
political reasons. (Is this the beginning of secularism
and use of
religion for sake of politics?) Reason France is still a
Catholic
nation. France in the 20th century forward is most
secular.
Edict of Nantes guaranteed religious freedom in France
III.

IV.

Thirty Years War

1. Causes and alliances
Resentment of other nations/regions with what was
happening in the Netherlands.
Catholic vs. Protestant war though not religiously
motivated. Full European war. Laity experience it as a
religious war.
2. Perceptions
3. Peace of Westphalia p.144 began to move Europe towards
freedom of worship
17th Century
First peace treaty to include Reformed, Lutheran and Catholics
(not Anabaptists)
Allowed for freedom of worship
Emergence of Orthodox Theology and its Characteristics
Different Definitions of Orthodox
1. Small o conformity to doctrine
2. Orthodox referring to the eastern churches
3. Orthodox in terms of theological method

4. Orthodox style of theology that employs the orthodox

method of
theology and add belief the Bible is inerrant and that it is a
book of
doctrine. The heart of theology is about understanding the
doctrines to
teach and preach clearly, very polemic. (Very
argumentative)
So time is now spent in doctrinal exposition
So homiletics change b/c theology is getting different
This theology is only with Lutheran and Reformed
orthodox theology
V.

VI.

Catholic Orthodox Theology

Challenges:
1. Gallicanism sought to restore the ancient liberties of the local
bishops,
backlash to Trent, tied to French nationalism believed
planted seeds for the
French Revolution
- Febronianism same as Gallicanism but outside of France
2. Jansenism two aims: clear corruption in the Church, Trent
replaced Augustines theology. Wanted that side of Augustine
(grace alone) emphasized. Doesnt that sound protestant?
Hence the problem Affiliated with Gallicanism, create French
nationalism.
- Blaise Pascal a Catholic who writes in thoughts (Pensees)
3. Probabilism truth is a matter of probability
4. Quietism wait quietly and Jesus will come and give us grace
- Jeanne Guyon
When God comes to live in us He brings us all His virtues
Catholics against b/c belief that you must choose
Lutheran Orthodox Theology
1. Character of Orthodox theology
No more critical approach to scripture. The Bible is inerrant.
Doctrine is an end in itself. (Luther wasnt systematic.)
Throw out the marriage to Christ concept
Forensic view of justification is the dominant view.
2. Philippists vs. Gnesio-Lutherans

Philippists - Controversy between Philip Melanchthon and those

who believed he sold out. He began teaching a third use of the
Law. Friend of Calvin and teaches Calvins view of communion
Teaches 3 causes of conversion Holy Spirit, Grace, Movement of
the Will
Gnesio (from gnosis) called by Melanchthon because theyre
going by head knowledge
Were using Catholic practices in liturgy
3. Synergism must be willing to accept God before He will come to
you, make a
decision the receive (Melanchthon doesnt say this but
criticized as
spawning such.)
4. Formula of Concord and adiaphora these indifferent,
everything that doesnt
pertain to directly to justification by grace doesnt matter.
Condemn
concurrent causes of conversion. Reject Calvins view of
communion.
Added third use of the law.
5. Syncretism dont compromise on justification by grace
(ecumenism beginnings)
Were believed by Orthodox to compromise Lutheranism.
- Georg Calixtus
VII.

Reformed Orthodox Theology, p. 282 Bettensen

1. Jacob Arminius Dutch Reform background proud of his
heritage, began to
question some of Calvins teachings says God offers
salvation to all but
election is based on foreknowledge, double predestination
- Remonstrants
2. Synod of Dort T U L I P
Convened with theologians from all over Reformed movement
(even from Scotland) condemned Arminius
T- Total depravity
U Unconditional election
L Limited atonement Jesus only died for the elect
(Calvin didnt
actually teach
this)
I Irresistible grace

P Perseverance of the saints

Predestination stressed. (Something Scots took home with them
and
incorporated in Westminster Confession)
VIII. England on the Eve of the Puritan Revolution
James I unpopular, was said that he was gay. Hated by many.
He was more loyal to the Catholic side. There was a movement
puritan
- King James Bible because of call for English translation of
the Bible. Elizabethan settlement was unraveling. Done to
placate puritans.
IX. Puritanism purify the Church of all of its remaining
Catholic vestiges (ex. Liturgies, priests, vestments, icons, dont
have the altar in the center.)
Their favorite theologian was Calvin.
1. Its nature see definition above
2. Parties
Pre-lateral Party Episcopal loyalists, just want to keep
bishops
Presbyterians polity of representative democracy, each
congregation elects spokesperson. Reps meet in
presbyterial meetings and make decisions for the whole.
Scots went to meeting and took this presbyter
system back to
Scotland (Reformed) and they adopted the polity
during the
puritan era and named the Presbyterian church
Independents Need to start new churches independent of
the Church of England and of each other have
congregations. Some fled to America the Mayflower
members
o Reformed Congregationalists
o Baptists doesnt allow for infant baptism. The
beginnings of the Baptist Church, p. 156
John Smyth became puritan as a pastor of Church of
England, persecuted and fled to America where he met
the Mennonites and fell in love with them. Initially an
Anabaptist.
Thomas Helwys spawned the seeds for the Baptist
church

Emphasize predestination more than Calvin. See God as so

awesome and you
will be silent before him. Three uses of the law and third is the most
important. The
puritan work ethic. (That is the protestant work ethic.) ***Check the
Puritan Catechism.
X.

The Revolution & Restoration

1. Charles I successor to James, so Catholic in orientation that
revolution started to get rid of monarchy. Chaos in England now.
Parliament was more puritan. New ruling body is Parliament
representative democracy.
2. Protectorate parliament seeds power to one person to be a
benevolent dictator (English Civil War).
Oliver Cromwell
3. Westminster Assembly Gospel is over the state, invite
Reformed theologians from all over even some whod been at
Dort.
Presbyterians in Scotland
4. Restoration Benevolent dictatorship doesnt work. Decide on
restoring monarchy. More Catholic than like. Puritanism begins
to wane.
Charles II restored Church of England as under Elizabeth
James II: Catholicism
William and Mary Came from two different houses so more
stable and were able to restore the Church of England on the
basis of the Elizabethan Settlement

XI.

Westminster Confession (Bettensen p. 319)

Basically Calvin with two differences, infallibility of the Bible (Article
I) and more emphasis on double predestination than early Calvin
(Article III)
1. Biblical Authority
2. God, Trinity, Christology
3. Predestination
4. Atonement and Sin
5. Justification
6. Sanctification
7. Church & Ministry
8. Sacraments baptism is a seal
9. Social Ethics

XII.

London Confessions
Baptists come up with their own Confessions p. 323

Taught double predestination

General Baptists tend towards Arminius
As opposed to particular Baptists who believe God only saves
particular
people.
Christology is Antiochene (everyone except
Original Sin yes
Justification by grace alone
Sanctification begins at the point of salvation p. 325 (XIX)
Church p. 324 (XXXIII) more emphasis on the church as a company
of believers
Baptism is called an ordinance (XXXIX), fellowship with others
Church/State Relations take no government money there is an
implication for
social ethics, want Gospel to impinge on the State
*General Baptists teach a conditional predestination like Arminius
(based on
foreknowledge.) (The condition is faithfulness)
*Particular Baptists unconditional double predestination, like
Calvin & Zwingli,
Synod of Dort
The first missionaries in America were particular Baptists
Arminius P. 282 Article III teaching about free will, say cant do
anything without grace. Avoids Pelagian charge chose because of grace.
Grace comes first, b/c Holy Spirit moves them.
DEBATE: Westminster vs. Augsburg vs. Early Baptist Confessions vs. General
Baptists on 7/17
--Ellingsen says no mention of predestination or scripture in Augsburg
b/c no need for all of that. Emphasis on justification in Augsburg.
7/16/2008 CONFLICTS:
Political Dynamics leading to:
Interim of Augsburg
Edict of Nantes
Thirty Years War
Peace of Westphalia
Puritan Revolution
Protestant Orthodox Theology vs. Reformers
Catholic Orthodox Theology vs. Gallicanism (Louis XIVs version of a Catholic
church with the
French monarch as the head and refusal to submit to papal authority.
Said authority

was with the local bishops not pope.)

Catholic Orthodox Theology vs. Jansenism
Quietism vs. Jansenism- [Jansenius concern that there is a denial of
Augustinian thought, strict
discipline also (Because it became so popular it became more like a
political movement than theological so it died out.)]
Lutheran Orthodox Theology vs. Syncretism (distinguishing what is essential
from what is secondary)

Lutheran Orthodox Theology vs. Synergism (controversy over free will espoused
by Melanchthon)

Gnesio-Lutherans vs. Philipists Fundamental Lutherans vs. followers of

Melanchthon
Synod of Dort vs. Arminianism (double predestination is not biblical and makes God
responsible for sin)
p. 152

Church of England vs. Puritanism (name given to them because they sought
to purify the
Church by returning to biblical religion.)
Puritanism (varieties of) p. 155
General Baptists vs. Particular Baptists
Religiously Centered Society vs. Modern Worldview (Henry IV: Paris is worth a
Mass)

7/17/08
I.

The Enlightenment: Reaction to Orthodox Theology

Begins in the 18th Century (Seeds sown in 17th century) Only in
Western Europe
The predominant view that dominated at the time was
orthodox theology
American life is a product of the Enlightenment
The way theology has been done has been shaped by
Enlightenment
The Western community began a quest for truth not bound or
blockaded by ancient traditions. It must be a truth that youve
found on your own. Not found in the community b/c the head of the
community is manipulating to keep self in power. This is when they
stopped being communal in spirit.
Learning doctrine in schools, no encouragement to think for self.
Some students wanted to be able to think for themselves. Science
was being taught in light of Christianity. Some students wanted
more focus spiritual life.

II.

Rationalism truth is to be found in reason

1. Rene Descartes

III.

The way philosophy and theology is taught is oppressive and

unscientific
Need solid proof
Start by doubting
Cogito ergo sum can move from there what gives us the
ability to think?
From there Descartes was able to prove the existence of
God. By this,
however he maintained the dualism of Greek philosophy
b/c to think
means the mind exists havent proven the existence of
the body.
2. Solving the Cartesian Dilemma How do we solve the dualism?
Nicolas Malebranche occasionalism
The mind is distinct from the body. He was crippled. Every
once in a
while they overlap. (Think of his reality and how he lives
with a crippled
body.) The real heart of us is the mind.
Gottfried Leibniz
More often than not when we are thinking we can
experience joy or
sadness. Since we can be sure there is a God, the reason
my mind can
tell our bodies to do something, there is a pre-established
harmony.
o Pre-Established Harmony
Benedict de Spinoza
Abolish the distinction. God is identical with the cosmos.
This spiritual
God has overcome the problem b/c God is the world. So
my mind and
body are one.
o Pantheism
Empiricism truth is to be found in experience (Scotland)
Truth is done in experiments.
1. John Locke influences the Founding Fathers.
Find absolute truth by experiencing things. Thinks people
are good and want to do the good.
2. Deism- God made the world and like the clock winder let it go
3. David Hume skeptic, finds Locke to be nave. Absolute truth is
the truth of the
people with the most clout. Relativism no absolute
Christian truth.
More pessimistic about human nature.
4. French Philosophes believed Hume had a point but there is
some truth that can

be found of which we can be certain

o Voltaire the human race is on the way towards more
social justice.
Look at the development from barbarism of
Europeans, etc.
o Baron de Montesque felt the kingdoms in France were not
in the best
interest of the people. Human beings are not really
good. The
British were sharing power with government and
theorized that
power sharing among three branches would work.
Many
founders of U.S. quoted him.
o Jean Jacque Rousseau because of government there is the
grabbing of
power. Originally humans made compacts with each
other.
(Book the Social Contract)
IV.

V.

VI.

Common Sense Realism agree Lock is nave, absolute truth is

almost impossible to come by. But some things are just common
sense. There is a moral common sense. People just know right
from wrong.
Thomas Reid
One of his students was John Witherspoon first president of
Princeton.
(Madison was one of his students.)
Immanuel Kant said to be the premier philosopher of the 20th
century, Correlationist
Hume is correct, absolute truth isnt possible.
There is the categorical imperative never try to do anything that
you wouldnt want to have a law passed done to you.
Noumenon the thing in itself reality but cannot be experienced
directly. Can
never get to the essence of the thing itself.
Phenomenon the best we can do is experience the essence
There are some a priori space and time
This undergirds practically every white theologian (modern).
Modern Spiritualism reaction to the Enlightenment and to
Orthodox Theology
Essence of Christianity is not to be found in doctrine or things of the
mind but in the experience of the faith.
1. Jakob Boehme P. 172 was raised a Lutheran but had visions,
God is the

Urgrund the foundation of all things and never-ending

depth, transcends
good and evil. Sent is Christ come to make us
conquerors and we can
now fight the devil must go heaven where the devil is.
2. Emanuel Swedenborg
P. 173 developed crystallography had a vision. Practical
scientist. All that
exists is a reflection of divine attributes. Said it was a
fulfillment of the
prophecy of new truths. The coming of the kingdom of God.
- Church of the New Jerusalem invokes Swedenborgs
teachings
3. George Fox founder of Quakers
- Society of Friends
Practical man who despaired over all the religious
controversies. Came to the insight that he could
communicate with God when he went into himself. It was like
an inner light which was more important than all the
externals. The externals divide us. Found that other people
had the same experience and it was not exclusive to any one
race or national origin. All the liturgy is just a barrier. Worship
in silence.
The testimony of the Spirit is more important than scripture.
Dont vote in meetings function by consensus
Theology P. 337 Bettensen
Sin is what clouds the inner light
Justification by faith
Sanctification teach striving for perfection
Jesus died for all b/c all have
Sacraments but externals, baptism happens whenever you
experience the inner light. Communion is way of describing
Article 14 they condemned slavery
VII.

VIII.

The Nature of Pietism less critical of the Enlightenment but critical

of both. Has a social concern.
First pietists are Lutherans. Some want more from the churches.
Start small Bible studies. Called colleges of piety = pietists, some
rich teach others how to read
Pietism retains Christian doctrine.
The mother of universal education in Europe
Early Pietists
1. Philipp Spener - Strasbourg
Does in the name of Martin Luther.
Said Bible teaches striving for perfection. Emphasis on the
priesthood of all believers.

IX.

2. The Movement Spreads - Ecumenical

- Hans Nielsen Hauge Norway, created revival that moved
people away from the indigenous religions.
Taught social consciousness socialism puts the means of
production in the hands of the workers.
- Carl O. Rosenius Sweden
- F A Lampe Dutch in the Reform movement
3. August Francke
- Social movement, how can we teach and have poverty all
around
- Form agencies to minister to the poor
- Creates Mission Societies
4. Radical Pietism (Dunkers) Believers baptism only
- Church of the Brethren
- Brethren in Christ Church
5. Ludwig von Zinzendorf and the Moravian Church
- Zinzendorf encountered the wandering group from another
part of Germany and they needed a home. He gave them a
place to worship. Lutheran pastor accused of cultism,
excommunicated them.
- Moravians were a pietist group
- Augsburg Confessions is their book of doctrine
The Life of John Wesley
1. Family Background parents were high church Anglicans but not
how children were raised. Father loved the liturgy.
Puritan Roots (Calvinist)
Samuel & Susanna father alleged to be extreme, strong
emphasis on third use of the law discipline, father initiated
some Bible study groups
2. Oxford Education
The Holy Club formed Bible study groups
John liked church history Cappodocians and monks, Gregory
of Nyssa and (Macarius the Egyptian)?
Gained passion for evangelism
3. Mission to the New World
o Encounter with Moravians
o Disappointment & Disgrace
Didnt get to minister to Native Americans, just AngloAmericans
Disciplined his former girlfriend discredited b/c believed
motive was retaliation for being spurned
4. Return Home
o The Aldersgate Experience has experience, reading
Luthers lecture on the book of Romans there wrote
justification forensically, the word of grace ready to start
new ministry

5. A New Movement desire to reform within the Church of England

Revival and growth of movement
Tensions with Moravians finds he must reject b/c they teach
passivity and say not actively involved in faith. Need an active
faith.
No to Slavery - Condemned slavery
X.

Wesleys Theology Its an old time theology, simple

1. Overriding Concern: Entire Sanctification (some say its
justification)
Reason, experience, tradition and scripture are the sources for
faith. Scripture is primary
2. Theological Method: some say orthodox and some say
correlationist
3. *Ellingsen says hes very much like Calvin
4. Macarius the Egyptian
5. God/Trinity & Christology
An unambiguously loving God
Trinity doesnt elaborate, unwilling to stress essences
Antiochene
Doesnt talk
6. Atonement & Sin
Original sin a corruption of the nature, nature is inclined
to do evil
He is aware of Locke and empiricism
Atonement Calvin satisfaction theory
7. Justification grace through faith with forensic understanding
(like 39 Articles) that we are justified by faith is a wholesome
doctrine not the central teaching
8. Sanctification begins in justification
Perfection not unlike deification, an act of faith needs
a goal, strive for entire sanctification, third use of the law
= discipline, how to live
Some say he teaches deification or its a theme
9. Church & Ministry
Church a congregation of faithful men, church is gathered
by Gods act
Ministry everyone is involved, the priesthood of all
believers, no article
on ministry in the Articles of Religion, there are lifestyle
expectation
third use of the Law
10.
Sacraments
Dominant view is symbolism
Anglican understanding has been taking over in United
Methodism more than a symbol the heavenly assent of
the soul

Retain infant baptism (Articles of Religion say sign

Ellingsen says its like Calvins assent)
The Lords Supper sign of love, Anglican wording on
heavenly assent.
His mother thought real presence of Christ
11.
Social Ethics/Justice included the poor in small groups,
care for the poor,
concern for health, operating with natural law and gospel
interpretation
Active in starting anti-slavery societies
With slavery the very nature of Christian perfection
cannot allow for
this kind of bondage. Dominant view among scholars is
the Gospel
Was however, per Ellingsen demeaning of African society
and culture
12.
Wrote the Articles of Religion, like Westminster but only 25
- condensed
DEBATE: Wesley vs. Puritanism vs. Quakers vs. the Reformers carried over
to 7/18
7/17/08 Todays Conflict:
Enlightenment vs. Protestant and Catholic Orthodox Theology
Pietism vs. Protestant Orthodox Theology
Modern Spiritualism vs. Protestant Orthodox Theology
Modern Spiritualism vs. Pietism
Rationalism vs. Empiricism
Descartes vs. Malebranche vs. Leibniz vs. Spinoza
Locke vs. Descartes
Locke vs. Hume
Hume vs. French Philosophes
Hume vs. Reid vs. Descartes vs. Locke
Modern Worldview vs. Pre-Modern Worldview
Wesley vs. All the Reformers We Have Studied
Wesley vs. Church of England
Wesley vs. Moravians

7/18/2008
DEBATE: Wesley vs. Puritanism vs. Quakers vs. the Reformers
I.

Early Colonial Ventures in the Americas

- Florida French Huguenots first, Spanish came in and the
longest, first American Church was the Catholic Church

II.

III.

IV.

Virginia British Anglicans, poorer English who acquired land

and became like Feudal lords turned capitalists cheap labor,
were Puritan
Church becomes more aristocratic feel estranged from
church and attracted by the Methodist and Baptist preachers
some go west into the Appalachians (Some of the impetus
was Third Lateran Council that baptized people cannot be
enslaved.
So get Virginia to say even if baptized still a slave (State over
Church) Ellingsen says the slave owners were heretics b/c
violated Church law
- Georgia originally settled as a free colony didnt stay that
way (DuBois thesis capitalism leads to slavery)
- African-American Church Planted (Silver Bluff)
The first were Baptists, near Savannah - congregation
Puritan Colonies and Puritan Paradigm
In New England Mayflower - Reformed Congregationalists
Followed discipline but as they prospered b/c slave holders
The Paradigm
The fist great revival preacher was a puritan Jonathan Edwards
Religious affliation of most of the founders in new England or
mid-Atlantic were part of the puritan party
Most Puritans today are affiliated with the UCC church
Baptists grew from Puritans
Presbyterians grew from Puritans
Methodists are associated with Puritanism
Worship becomes more and more influence by Puritanism on
different ethnic groups once they are in culture and get more
mainstream
Remember ellingsen calls Catholic church and Lutheran Chiurch a
minority church.
Mid Atlantic Colonies
New York was New Amsterdam (Dutch Reform Church)
Rhode Island Baptists settled to practice their own form of worship
New Jersey same history as New York, had a small amount of
Swedes (Lutheran),
gone by the Revolutionary War, had joined the Church of England
Pennsylvania Fox and the Quakers, never broke its treaty with
Native Americans as
other states
Delaware - Quakers
Maryland Catholic
Periods in American Church History Until World War II
1. Breakdown of the Puritan Communities
and the Half-Way Covenant

New England was Puritan colony state church governed by

Westminster Confession. Got more wealth then became less
religious. Poor tend to be more religious.
People started not coming to Church every Sunday thought of
excommunicating but thought theyd lose membership third
use of the law, the Half-Way Covenant discipline the
unbelievers, will even baptize the infants will have half-way
membership for the lapsed, the children are only half members.
2. Jonathan Edwards & The Great Awakening and Early AfricanAmerican
Christianity
Colonies previously had no sense of commonality. They were
thirteen separate
states. Revival created sense of nationhood. Began to see
the hypocrisy
of not converting their slaves though didnt see the
hypocrisy of slavery
itself.
- The Awakening
o George Whitefield
- Edwards Theology
Westminster Confession, but the doctrine impacts lives
feelings
Trinity goes back to Augustine Father loves the Son and
love is the Holy Spirit
Lords supper heavenly ascent
Church over the state
- The Essence of African-American Spirituality p. 208 & 209 in
o Mays & Nicholson, (Sernett, pp. 337ff)
Pride of ownership
Spirit of Freedom in the Church
Affords an opportunity to practice their faith
o Gayraud Wilmore Black and Presbyterianism
P. 208 in Roots
Relate the sacred and the secular
Dont preach a sermon without liberation
Africa as the land of origin
Emphasis on the will of God for social justice
Creative worship
o Albert Raboteau did research on the invisible institution,
generally geographical usually where Blacks
outnumbered Whites b/c slave owners feared revolution
- Role of Invisible Institution
3. Reaction of the Churches to Independence
Created a crisis among the Whites. They wanted to be American
now. Revolutionaries had been Deists who were not religious
- Retreat from the Establishment Need rational religion

4.

5.

6.
7.

8.

Unitarians Trinity is not a rational doctrine, free will

Universalists predestination is not rational and therefore
everyone is chosen
- Restorationist Movement
o Thomas Campbell had been an Arminian Presbyterian,
ecumenical movement of revival the Christian Church
Disciples of Christ
- The Episcopal Church Church of England renamed so wont
be called Tories
- The Methodist Church (Francis Asbury) Wesley had sided
with the royal house, wanted his preachers to be authorized
by the Church of England
Those who said too much to do so, and some qualified
people were being denied. Broke away and became the
Methodist Church Americans created the Methodist
church not in England and not Wesley
Immigration
- Nativism
- Catholics, Lutherans, Reformed Churches, Jews, Easter
Churches
Second Great Awakening
- Old Side vs. New Side
- Charles G. Finney
- Holiness Movement
- AME
o Richard Allen & His Theology
o Daniel Payne & His Theology
- AME Zion
o Peter Williams
o Frederick Douglas
o Jermain Loguen & His Theology
Denominations Divide Over Slavery
- Quakers, Mennonites condemn it
- Baptists - Methodists
-Lutherans
Reconstruction, Urbanization, Revivalism
- Black Church growth in the South
- Responses to Secularization
- Dwight Moody
- Black Church Retreat from social concern?
- Pentecostalism
o Charles Parham
o Azusa Street Revival Seymour
New African-American Denominations
- National Baptist Convention USA
Elias Morris and Division of NBC of America
- CME: Lucius Holsey & his Theology
- Alpha Synod

COGIC: C. H. Mason & his theology

Two-step vs. Three-step Pentecostalism
9. Liberal Fundamentalist Controversy
10.
New Religions
- Mormons
- Jehovahs Witnesses
- Christian Science
- Storefront Churches
o Father Divine
o Lost-Found Nation of Islam
7/18/08 Fridays Conflicts:
Independent African American Denominations v. White Mother Churches
Puritan Paradigm vs. Minority Churches
Great Awakenings vs. Modern Revivalism
Fundamentalism vs. Liberal Theology
Fundamentalism vs. Pentecostalism
Fundamentalism vs. Evangelical Movement
Holiness Movement vs. Methodism
Holiness Movement vs. Pentecostal Movement
Two-Step Pentecostalism vs. Three-Step Pentecostalism
CME vs. AME (on liberation strategies)
Loguen vs. Slavery
Loguen vs. Payne
Loguen vs. Morris
Payne vs. Morris
Loguen vs. Holsey
Loguen vs. Reformers
Allen vs. Holsey
Allen vs. Morris
Monday Debate: P. 209 Your view of the uniqueness of the African-American
church and the
puritan paradigm, p. 217 talking about AME Allens strategy and
Paynes strategy

7/21/08
Allen and Paynes Strategies:
Sernett Allen separation
Payne Welcome to the Ransomed addressing those who have
become freedmen
and women, urges Bible study, liberated life one of study
practices thrift and
industry. Not for the head but for the heart as well. With
education comes

morality
Puritan distinction of persons of Trinity God emphasized more b/c of
Sovereignty of God, orthodox theology, start with Calvin, strong doctrine of
providence, total depravity, justification by grace through faith, double
predestination, sanctification begins in justification can make progress,
third use of the law, church is Gods work gathering people together
sacraments, etc. like Calvin, eschatology more stress on future, Gospel
over the state
Puritan Paradigm the status churches with most power, wealth, business
(Presbyterian, Baptists, UCC are Puritan) in America Methodism fits into
paradigm, Episcopelean fits
Those that dont belong may co-opt like Lutherans, Muslims
Holiness may fit, question of whether Pentecostalism fits.
Nondenominational may fit or co-opt
I.

Periods of American Church History Prior to the 1950s

4. Immigration
Presbyterian becomes status church
Nativism Backlash those who speak a different language
Jews, Catholics, etc. pressured by Puritan paradigm
Immigrant Churches Cultural Womb for them
Communities band together in churches that have a
commonality
Seen as not being Americans
5. Second Great Awakening new revival before the Civil War
Puritan-led
Charles G. Finney- Presbyterian, didnt believe in Westminster
Confession and double predestination as others, was Arminian
doesnt stress Gods sovereign
Social Concern & Holiness Movement believed in saving the
nation
Had beginnings of abolitionist movement
Was an integrated movement (African-American and poor
whites) they
were Methodists, the churches were starting to favor the
rich (pew
rentals)
Felt church had gotten away from Wesley said didnt
stress
sanctification when combine it with justification said they
are two
distinct works of grace. When Holiness comes it comes
as an event not
a process.

New Side vs. Old Side the new side is Arminian, the old side is
traditional
Growth of African Americans in churches
- AME
Philadelphia most friendly to diversity
Richard Allen & His Theology first historic AfricanAmerican
denomination
o Strong doctrine of sin unlike Wesley
o Adopts Methodist articles of religion
o Third use of the law
o Possible separatist orientation (Not in Wesley)
Daniel Payne & His Theology
Sovereignty of God
Went to Gettysburg Seminary, taught by a Lutheran
pietist Schmucker who had integrated the school.
Ellingsen questions why he didnt become Lutheran
at one time Schmucker asked if he might be better
service to African American congregants.
Third use of the Law intercessory prayer
Govt pray for government, pray for Christian
values to be reflected in government
AME Zion declined offer to become part of Philadelphia AME
movement, felt
were hierarchical
Says historically the liberation arm of the African-American
church
Pete Williams & William Miller
Jermain Loguen & His Theology
Radical, urges disobeying the Fugitive Slave Act
Unchristian to obey the slave law
Per Ellingsen James Cone argues that the Black church uses
correlationist method as is part of the heritage of the liberation
6. Denominations Divide over Slavery
- Quakers Say No
- Methodists split over slavery (Methodist Episcopal South)
- Baptists split over slavery, London confessions taught
biblical infallibility
- Lutherans some German Lutherans created their own pietist
denoms. Most German Lutherans refused to condemn slavery
claiming Bible allowed
Franckean Synod Albert Francke heritage claimed, this group
sponsored Schmucker. Pietist group that supported abolition
Norwegian Synod cooperated with the Missouri Synod
Norwegian cut ties with them when they did not support
abolition
Presbyterians also split

7. Reconstruction, Urbanization, Later Immigration, Modern

Revivalism end of
19th Century
Leads to Republican hegemony, new Democratic
establishment thought
blacks were an arm of the Republicans
Great growth of the African American denominations
Northern
churches start to do work in the South
- Secularization & New Programs
?
- Salvation Army started by both of the Booths, male & female
Holiness, new revelations given, must worship in new ways
- Seventh Day Adventists worship on Saturday b/c its sign the
advent is here
- Holiness Denominations
- Dwight Moody Arminian, much like Finney aim to reach
society through the individual the revivalism of today,
thought became less and less about society
- Black Church Retreat from Social Concern
Elias Morris (Law & Order vs. the Race Problem), Holsey
advocates political non-involvement
8. New African-American Denominations after Civil War, Blacks
less inclined to associate with white denominations
- National Baptist Convention, USA when Northern Baptist
publishing house would not publish Sunday School materials
especially for Black Baptists
- Boyd Controversy and National Baptist Convention of America
Started their own printing house. Struggle over ownership
that began with Boyd pulled out and formed NBC, America
Elias Morris & His Theology
Says white denoms drew the color line, was in favor of
missions including
Africa.
Church & State Ministers should speak out against crime
against black
people. The law of God should be Supreme. Doesnt
advocate
political engagement.
CME
Stay loyal to the Methodist Episcopal South.
After slavery whites have less incentive to have them in
their
congregations. Want to rid themselves of the Blacks in the
congregations.
- Lucius Holsey & His Theology

Mixed parentage many early leaders were. (See Sernett).

Speaks of the fatherly directorship of the Methodist Church
Methodism like Wesley to show church for all people
African spirituality b/c says man is a natural spiritual being
Advocates political non-involvement
Alpha Synod
Black Lutherans in North Carolina released promised
money and never gave it. So they approached the Missouri
Synod who was doing parochial school work in the South.
Gave money in exchange for merging into the Missouri Synod.
One branch were getting Black membership from the
Caribbean immigrants
Pentecostal Movement & COGIC
Begins among Holiness members who are worried whether
theyve received the second work of grace. May be justified
but are they holy.
Charles Parham
Observed people speaking in tongues and began to think
the work of the Holy Spirit founder of Pentecostal Theology
is the Baptism of the Holy Spirit three works of grace
(justification, sanctification, baptism of the Holy Spirit
manifest in speaking in tongues)
W. J. Seymour
Had been student of Parham, outbreak of tongues, Azusa
Street, invited
by a woman to be the spokesman
Parham invited as an advisor but he thought it was a
disgrace
Two-Step vs. Three-Step
Some think only two step
Two-Step dont need baptism of Holy Spirit,
Justification/Sanctification

is step one, step two is speaking in tongues

C H Mason & His Theology COGIC is three-step
Was Baptist, tried to get Holiness Church to become
Pentecostal, first
black Pentecostal church
Pentecostalism is distinguished from charismatic b/c the
charismatic dont start their own denominations
9. Liberal-Fundamentalist Controversy
- Fundamentals say historical criticism/biblical does not match
biblical infallibility
Coalition of revivalists and old school Presbyterians in America
Liberals ultimately win
- Scopes Trial laws were being passed in south to ban
teaching of evolution and the like.

10.
-

Fundamentalism becomes a disgraced movements all that

was left after the 1930s was Southern whites. The educated
ones left the movement. Younger ones go to college and
theres a revival Evangelical movement who did not want
the separatist aspect
New Religious Movements
Nation of Islam Know it, p. 231-234
Mergers
Mormons
Jehovahs Witness
Christian Science
Father Divine & Peace Mission

Mondays Conflicts:
Free Churches vs. State Churches in Europe
Oxford Movement vs. Anglican Evangelicals
Protestants vs. Catholics in Canada
Protestants vs. Catholics in South and Central America
Vita Kempa vs. Catholic Church
Female Circumcision Controversy in Kenya
Churchs Role in Apartheid Controversy in South Africa
African Independent Churches vs. Missionary-Founded Churches
The Churchs Responses to the Industrial Revolution
Catholic Establishment vs Modernism
Biblical Criticism vs. Protestant Orthodox Theology
Biblical Criticism vs. Quest for the Historical Jesus
Church-type Church vs. Sect-Type Church
Hannack vs. Troeltsch
Schleiermacher vs. Bushnell
Williams vs. Racism
Rauschenbusch vs. Protestant Orthodox Theology
Stanton vs. Patriarchy
BE Sure to know these theologians:
Hegel
Baur
D F Strauss Schweitzer
Harnack
von Hofmann
Rudolf Otto
Schleiermacher
William James
Williams
Elizabeth Stanton Rauschenbusch Harkness
Karl Barth Nikolai Berdyarv Kierkegaard
Gerhard Ebeling Niebuhr
Bonheoffer
Mbiti
James Cone
7/22/2008
C.H. Mason orthodox theology

Troeltsch
Ritschl
Grundtrig Modernism
Horace Bushnell Fannie
Rosemary Ruether
Tillich
Bultmann
Vatican I & II
MLK

Raboteau African American spirituality as a reaction to white preaching

they heard their enslavement.
I.

International Political and Economic Developments in 18th 19th

Centuries
1. Secularization of Europe and New Nationalism
o French Revolution and Anti-Catholicism
French Revolution were more inspired by Enlightenment
have a more optimistic view of human nature tried to
abolish Catholicism (Catholic church has never forgotten
it. Whey suspicious of public schools, etc. concerned
about the abolition of Christianity.)
o New Nations
Germany finally becomes a nation
Italy finally becomes a nation tried to get the Pope to be
their leader, when he refused they took Rome away. Finally
capitulated and gave him the Vatican an independent
country.
o European Revivals
Some posited individual and some had social concern.
Free Churches church w/o state support
In many cases they are Lutheran pietist churches
English Baptists, Methodists, Evangelical free
Covenant Church in
Scandinavia, similar in other countries
Inter- Mission Societies
Because of the lack of interest in the safety net for
the poor
To revive the practices of the Reformers eventually
get the
government to reflect the ideals (about the 1920s)
The Oxford Movement and Anglican Evangelical Backlash
An attempt to recover the Catholic roots of the Anglican
Church
Get the other side with Anglo-evangelicals
J. H. Newman
William Wilberforce leader of the Anglo-evangelical
wing
2. French Colonial Ventures in Americas
Louisiana in France the dominant church is Catholic so see that
in Louisiana
Quebec French Canadians theres a linguistic split in Canada
the English
speaking are usually Protestant and the French speaking
are usually
Catholic, the largest Protestant church is the United Church
of Canada

3. Economic Manipulation of Catholic Church in South-Central

America
o Immigrant Waves
Spain and Portugal wanted to control the region.
Immigrants became so wealthy they began to ignore the
king. New immigrants were sent and they were put in
power by the monarchy even over the church b/c king
had conrol over the church and gave to govt.
o Protestant Seeds
Presented a Christianity not tied to monarchy (?)
4. Colonial Expansion and Missionary Outreach
Pietists took the lead. Started foreign mission societies. Said to
be the mother of the feminist movement b/c women often took
the lead.
o African-American Missions
Black missionaries went to Africa from America
William and Lucy Sheppard famous/legendary African
missionaries
Were there issues with indigenitizing?
o Uniat Churches
The attempt to make the Eastern churches Catholic,
allowed by special dispensation to keep indigenous styles
of worship.
o India
Malabars were Nestorians originally taught two distinct
natures like a marriage. Some renounced this and became
Uniat or joined Assyrian church.
Accomodationists eventually opened to indigenous
leadership
Pandita Romabai Brahman means upper caste did
ministry among the lower castes
o Vietnam Catholics
o Indigenous leaders in Burma
o China Inland Mission and Keswick Movement inspired a
lot of American missions society
o Protestants in Japan Christians were persecuted b/c of
suspicion
o Korea J. S. Ryang one of the fastest growing churches in
the word now p. 249 - elder of Southern Methodist Church
o Protestantism in Soitj-Central America
o Carribean
Predominantly the Church of England, not so many
independent Black denominations. More visible retentions
of the indigenous religious practices.
o Famed African Missionaries
David Livingstone

o
o
o
o

Albert Schweitzer referred to the peoples as

children, ended the search for the historical Jesus
African Independent Churches
Simon Kimbangu p. 255
Church of Jesus Christ on Earth tongues, healing,
obedience to
authority. Stressed monogamy. (Kongo is the ancient
kingdom)
Musama Disco Christo p. 260
Joseph Opia know the teachings and emphasis,
believed in
tongues and work of the Holy Spirit
retained many Catholic things though Methodist
William Wade Harris p.260
Militant against certain traditional practices of African
culture
Rejects witchcraft, avoided communion where may
be questions
about the elements
Cherubim and Seraphim Society p.262
Prophetic church, founded by withdrawl in Nigeria
from Anglican
church, emphasis drums in service
Ghana Philip Quagie p. 259
Kenya thriving today, Presbyteria there was 19th century
controversy over missionary interference with female
circumcision
Tanzania growth when you turn over to indigenous
South Africa and Apartheid
Dutch settle on the coast and are Calvinists begin to see
themselves as Afrikaners. First church are for them only.
civiled people and intermarry and have the coloreds.
Not like the inland people.
Moravians do missionary work. English settlers come in
and take over the colony. Afrikaners leave and go inland
and some coloreds go with them. Wars are then fought
with the inland peoples. Eventually get the resources to
overthrow british and create the Republic of South Africa.
Make Gospel over the state. Govern by the way theyve
done church. Each had their own churches. Society can be
separated too.
Calvinism is what influenced but not fault for the
segregation Afrikaners were influenced by Neo-Calvinism
claimed Calvin had astrong doctrine of creation Said
God doesnt want Black and Whiote toassociate.

The English speakers opposed apartheid many defied it.

White Anglican priest befriended young man and he grew
up in the Church of England. (Tutu)

II.

III.

5. Rise of Ecumenical Movement

International Missionary Council
Faith and Order Movement
Life and Work Movement
Modern Worldview and Church Reactions
1. Sunday Schools
2. YMCA/YWCA
3. Folk Schools say students shouldnt have to pass standardized
tests go to school.
N.F.S. Grundtrig
An attempt to break with traditional Lutheran orthodox
theology. Culture is an oral culture and Bible is not as
authoritative as when related to indigenous culture. Life is an
adventure. Justification by grace sets you free to not have to be
bound by rules.
19th Century Currents of Thought
1. Immanuel Kant tried to respond to the utter relativism of Hume
Sought to reinterpret Christianity in light of worldview, rational
categories used Ethics (all about morality) practical reason
Main moral category the imperative never do anything
wouldnt want a law against (??)
2. Gotthold Lessing and the Ditch
Big ditch between history and the truths of reason theyre all
accidents in history, reason provides the ultimate truth. Is
correlationist a way to get around this issue?
3. Hegel
The world runs according to reason the dialectic (Marx develops
theory of
4. Biblical Criticism
a. Invented by Hegel students
b. Need to read Bible as a book of history without= the
Churchs doctrine
Bauer & Strauss p. 280
Bauer uses the dialectic Paul vs. Peter and John is the
synthesis
Strauss concludes the Gospels are myths, says Jesus is
just a dialectic formula to synthesize divinity and humanity
5. Quest for the Historical Jesus to respond to this early biblical
critics

Schweitzer argued that we dont know enough about historical

Jesus to know Him. The best you can do is follow the way He is
in the Gospels.
6. Troeltsch SAYS theres no such thing as Christianity. Religion is
determined by the way communities structure themselves.
o Sociology cant understand apart from the sociological of
the community
Sect type ??? Church type gossip about you
Are there two different chrisitanities in the Black Church
o Historical criticism explains why people feel threatened
posits what historical critics do, learn to think historically
1. Principle of criticism just because a text is ancient
doesnt make it true. 2. Principle of correlation always
need to know what went on before and after the reported
event. 3. The principle of analogy never assume a
reported event is true unless it has an analogy to present
experience. takes away miracles
7. Church History as Discipline began to develop a department
for church history
o Albrecht Ritschl Hegelian, p. 283
Renewed interest in Luther see through Luthers eyes not
orthodox Lutheranism
o Adolf von Harnack, p. 284
There is an absolute essence to Christianity, it has a
morality
o Neo-Lutheranism & Neo-Calvinism
Luther renaissance
Urlangan theology Neo Lutheran, p. 285 salvation
history (what the Bible is) moves it from a dead letter
Redisovery of Calvinism occured
8. Rudolf Otto helped the west appreciate the value of studying
other religion
Numinous all religions are not about reason or reality, are about
the experience of the holy something so awesome there is a
feeling of awe in its presence.
IV.

Roman Catholic Responses Condemned the Enlightenment

1. Syllabus of Errors everything with the Enlightenment should be
condemned
2. Papal Infallibility and Vatican I teaching about the Immaculate
Conception Mary was born not in original sin not conceived in
sin, the Pope asserts this and has a Council they said Pope is
infallible when he teaches ex cathedra from the chair. So since
he has done so here it is infallible
3. Progressive Social Initiatives
- Rerum Novarum Bull that supports unions

V.

VI.

VII.
VIII.
IX.

X.

Friedrich Schleiermacher
Correlationist a pastor and professor of theology use Romantic
philosophy feelings the essence of being human, moral
influence theory of the atonement
Horace Bushnell
American theologian from Yale middle ground - cant say Bible is
not history. That doesnt mean its not true. It is poetry. It is like a
grear piece of literature and it inspires you. Poetry cant give you
an object or literal view of the text. Method of critical
correlation.
Fannie B. Williams
Is she the founder of womanist theology?
Elizabeth C. Stanton
Suffragist active in abolitionist movement
William James
Founder of the Psychology of Religion interpret in light of
psychology categories, pragmatism dont speculate about
absolute truth its truth if it works. (Ellingsen says Cornel West
says this is the popular view of African American community.)
Rauschenbusch and the Social Gospel Movement
The child of immigrants so identify with the downtrodden
Baptist advocates for the unions
Orthodox Theology - Jesus main message is eschatological is
about concrete everyday realities, justice emphasized have
affinities to socialism moral influence theory we should work to
bring in a kingdom of justice

Tuesdays Conflicts: 7/22/08

Schleiermacher vs. Barth
Niebuhr vs. Liberal Theology
Barth vs. Tillich
Barth vs. Bultmann
Niebuhr vs. Injustice
Kierkegaard vs. His Critics
Ebeling & Fuchs vs. Bultmann
Ebeling & Fuchs vs. Barth
Fascism vs. Capitalism vs. Communism
Eastern Orthodox Church vs. Lucaris
Russian Orthodox Church vs. Mogila
Russian Orthodox Church vs. Old Believers
Coptic Church vs. Ethiopian Orthodox Church
Ethiopian Orthodox Church vs. Mikaelites
Ethiopian Orthodox Church vs. Stephanites
Sons of Unction vs. sons of Grace
Bendyoen (?) vs. Enlightenment

7/23/08
I.
II.

III.

IV.
V.

Catholic Modernism
There were some who were teaching historical criticism despite the
Catholic Churchs conservative stance.
Ecumenical Movement three strands
International Missionary Council more cooperation on the
mission field
Faith and Order Movement take on doctrinal differences, are we
that separated? Resolve theological
Life and Work Movement started in Denmark but was
worldwide, why cant we cooperate on the mainland the social
action component of the ecumenical movement
o Always involved in anit-racism and anti-poverty campaigns
Wanted to bring the three strands together and after World War II
formed the World Council of Churches
Neo-Lutheranism (Definition #2) p. 285
Definition #1 - recover Luther and see Bible as salvation history
Definition #2 label attached to Lutheran orthodox theologians who
tried to make peace with the Lutheran pietists, be more spiritual
attempt to build bridges Missouri Synod
Modern Worldview Revisited (Three principles?)
If have modern outlook its harder to believe. Tend to try to find
bridges between worldview and traditional Christianity.
Twentieth Century: Shattered Optimism
Industrial revolution may not be all its cracked up to be with
oppression of workers.
1. World War I Germany wanted to have colonies like other
nations, defeated in WWI and there was hatred towards
Germany, seeds for WWII
2. Marx & The Communist Revolution communism based on idea
of dialect = history is rational, thesis, feudalism and capitalism
antithesis, workers own the means of production - synthesis
3. Psychotherapy unhappiness with situations manifest physically
o Sigmund Freud
Begin to see a pessimistic view. Human beings are
threefold. Untapped energy mind is ordering that energy
= EGO, desires of the ego =ID, add societys expectation =
Superego
4. Nihilism
o Friedrich Nietzsche
Ideologies are just being imposed on you. The main way
were manipulated is saying its Gods will. So say God
is dead. Be an uber man. We can choose I our own values.
5. Great Depressions sudden reversal of fortunes
6. Fascism & World War II in Germany and Italy times were so hard

Attempt to find middle ground between communism and

capitalism. Need govt that will protect the interests of the
people. Communal philosophy. Not force people to givce up
private property as communism does. Who are the people? my
people those within their own nation or community. So Hitler
took it and said all Germanic people are my people Jews are
not germans.
Hitler did social programs that lifted out of depression and
thereby came to power.
VI. Immediate Post-War Aftermath
1. Cold War
2. GI Idealism saw war as war against evil, what happened? That
generation is very idealistic. Army was still segregated but
sometimes there is opportunity for fellowship difference in what
white g I experienced coming back and what black G I found
(anger)
3. End of Colonialism idealism in europe. The movement for
indepence came in the 1950s those who had fought must have
seen a disconnect btwn fighting for freedom and holding
colonies, so perhaps more responsive to
VII. Eastern Orthodoxy in Modern Era
1. Fall of Constantinople (1453) conquered by muslims, so head
bishop of a church is now in a muslim town. Impact on eastern
Christians. Creates a siege mentality and muzzles the leadership
for many centuries. Churches become more independent b/c
leader doesnt get around to them. Not much evangelism
2. Cyril Lucaris paid attention to the reformation
Had read calvins works. Emphasis on sovereign God meshed
with the teaching on deification. He was condemned.
3. Russian Orthodoxy now have the largest eastern church. Begin
to claim their bishop is the head of the church.
Old Believers heresy there was desire to build bridge btwn
Greece and Russia. Czar suggests changing liturgy to make like
greek liturgy. This is the movement against those changes.
Theyre condemned b/c this is what the czar is doing.
Peter Mogila finds connections between deification and Aquinas
- condemned
Dukhobors spiritualist movement, goes against orthodoxy
Molokans same as above
Communist Oppression after 1918 state doesnt agree with
religion. Church survives Russian b/c they will not start a
revolution b/c of view harmonious existence of state and church.
VIII. Oriental/African Orthodoxy
Hard Times Ethiopians have no place to go b/c surrounded by
muslims, they are Jewish in nature, influenced by tribe of black Jews
Sabbath Controversy in Ethiopia want to worship like Jews,
resolved with two Sabbaths

Mikaelites (Gnostics) trapped in struggle of good and evil, no free

will, only with true sacred knowledge can soul be liberated, only
true teachers have saving knowledge
Stephanites no icons and opposed veneration of Mary but in
Ethiopia Mary is the mother of God so condemned.
Synod of Berru Meda resolves differences, Ethiopian emperor calls
synod agree both may be taught as long as dont criticize each
other.
Sons of Unction one nature of Jesus eternal always one,
eternally God decided to become human. But the one nature
overcomes like wine being poured into water and it overcomes it
Sons of Grace adoptionist, one nature became divine when he
was baptized. Think of water as comprised of oxygen and
hydrogen but not longer two just one water.
Brief Reunion with Catholicism, p. 313- movement to try to reunite,
Ethiopian king calls for reunion. Didnt last long.
Autocephalous Church Haile Selassie declared Ethiopian
independence
IX. Nikolai Berdyaev 314-315
Tried to use Ethiopian philosophy to help the west. Deification link
is way of liberating you from your individualism and sacred/secular
distinction.
X.
Early 20th Century Catholic Theology
Continuation of 19th century, orthodox style, polemical, against
enlightenment,
XI. Denominational Mergers p. 316-17
Methodists, Lutherans ethnic ties no longer necessary
XII. Lutheran Renaissance
XIII. Soren Kierkegaard & Existentialism attempt to break with greek
models of philosophy. Break with essences, whats important is
your existence and the choices youve made in life. Ellingsen says
he was a Lutheran pietist not a philosopher. Big enemy is Grundrig.
Indirect Communication method. If just preach revival no one
will listen. Writes novels and short stories, or poetry without
signing his name. tries to lure readers into seeing how miserable
they are. Secular literature to teach Christian principles.
Stages of Life thinks Hegel distorts Luther with rationalism.
Says just look at how people live their lives. Stages are not in
continuity. If live a certain way because you chose to live that
way. Esthetically love beauty above all else, no commitment to
anything but pleasure. Ethical committed to a principle and will
live or die for it. Religious stage is one who above all else is
ready to do what God wants above all else, freedom from the
law.
Ignored and rediscovered by Barth in 20th centuries.
XIV. Karl Barth & Neo-Orthodoxy trying to keep orthodoxy but with
salvation history, true to reformation spirit

Calvinist and raised as such. Became a correlationist sees

philosophy is not communicating to workers. Sees exploiters of
workers and becomes a socialist.
1. Life & Impact
2. Theological Method says faith and life transcends. Can tell
stories and in view of salvation history which doesnt mean the
Bible didnt happen.
- Salvation Hisotyr
- Transcendence of God the Bible becomes the Word of God it
is not itself the Word. Stresses the sovereignty of God.
3. Calvin Revisited, Except:
Christocentrism activist ontology (nature of ultimate reality)
we are what we do, we are not essences, everything starts
with Jesus has implications for how you preach and teach.
Trinity God is one b/c God has three functions
Gospel & Law third use of law like, gospel over the state
Predestination about God electing the man Jesus and it comes
before creation. And then any one in Jeus is elect. Who is in
Jesus? Everyone all have it but some throw it away Barth
says its double predestination and God choses elect and anyone
not in Jesus is not elect.
Devoted life to helping workers. Ally of the black church, similar
hermeneutic
XV.

Reinhold Niebuhr American in Detroit

Adopted Barths method. German reform preacher in branch that
merged into the UCC. Had connection with the union workers.
Supported civil rights movement. Consulted with John Kennedy on
vice president choice.
Life & Impact
Theological Method - orthodox
Sin applied to politics. Constitution is based on Calvinist doctrine
of sin. Politics involves concupiscent trade-offs.
Social Ethics wants Gospel over government, willingness to
compromise in govt then sounds like a two-kingdom ethic, like
Wesley and depends how you interpret
XVI. Fundamentalist Nay-Sayers reject Neo-Orthodoxy
Charles Hodge (Placher 165-167)
Biblical inffalibility
Doesnt teach divine dictation but insists on limited infallibility not
becoming the Word but is Gods word, infallible on matters of ethics
and religion but not in science and maybe not in politics.
Remaining theology is like the Westminster confession.
XVII. Georgia Harkness
1. Life life lived as a great adventure where we experience being
more than who we are.
2. Theological Method

3. Justification
Arminian & Self-Interest
4. Sanctification
Joyful Adventure
More than we are
Supports civil rights behind the scenes
XVIII. Rudolf Bultmann forget Barth
1. Demythologization
Martin Heidegger
2. Eschatological Existence best we can believe in is that God is a
god who says there is a new day. If take a leap of faith you can
be all you can be. What Bible writers were talking about was
that.
3. Christology Bible is a myth but speaks to an underlying
experience, all you can know is that he existed.
Jesus That
XIX. New Quest for Historical Jesus Christianity has been reduced to
anthropology
1. Gerhard Ebeling
2. Ernst Fuchs
XX. Paul Tillich Bible is a symbol
1. Method of Correlation
2. Being Itself thats who God is
3. Christology & Sin sin is an alienation from who you really are
and estranged from God
4. Justification & Sanctification universal salvation
XXI. Pius XII and Yearning for Reform
Pope during World War II, had a liberal leaning. Began to give
permission to teach historical criticism
Catholic Reformers p. 334-336
Karl Rahner: Transcendental Method
Persuaded by the doctrine of justification by grace. Crucial
correlation. Many catholic theologians have picked this up. Its all
about grace. Lets ontologize justification by grace. God and grace
are everywhere permeating all aspects of human existence. Must
read the Bible from oiur own experience. All experience is
permeated with grace.
XXII. Vatican II p. 336-337
Convened by Pope John XXIII. Was not expecting him to be as he
was. Thought he would not live long b/c he was older. See the
points in the textbook. Wants to bring the Catholic Church into the
modern world. Teaches justification by faith. Use peoples
language, ecumenism protestants have ecclesiastical comminuties
who just need to accept apostolic succession. Confirm the
preferential option for the poor. New view of the church, it is a
mystery the its more thatn the bishops includes the ministry of
the laity. Redefine the relationships of bishops more collegiality.

DEBATE: Barth vs. Schleiermacher vs. Harkness vs. Bultmann vs. Tillich vs.
Kierkegaard vs. Hodge vs. Early 20th Century Roman Catholic Theology
TODAYS DEBATE: Vatican II (and Rahner) vs. Protestant Reformers (Is schism
justified?)
Wednesdays Conflicts
Schleiermacher vs. Barth vs. Rahmer
Vatican II vs. Catholic Traditionalists
Vatican II vs. Protestant Reformers (Is this a Conflict?)
German Christians vs. Bonheoffer
German Christians vs. Barmen (?) Declaration
God is dead vs. Neo-Orthodox Theology
Fundamentalists vs. Evangelicals
Mbiti vs. Euro-centric Theology
Latin American Liberation Theology vs. Oppression
Latin American Liberation Theology vs. Black Theology (Is this a conflict?)
Black Theology vs. White Theology
Black Theology vs. Oppression
Feminist Theology & Womanist Theology vs. Patriarchy
Womanist Theology vs. Feminist Theology (Is this a conflict?)
King & Civil Rights Movement vs. Racisms
Thursdays Class see book for questions about civil rights for second
debate topic.