CHURCH HISTORY II FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

1. Identify 3 of the following church leaders (each worth points):

A. Daniel Payne: African Methodist Episcopal Church Historian and its foremost
educator. Also, most renowned AMEC 19th century bishop. He is the founder of
Wilberforce University.
B. A female friend of John Knox, who compiled the first transition of Calvins
works into English Anne Locke
C. Leader of the Azusa Street Revival William J. Seymour
D. Elizabeth Cady Stanton one of the early leaders of the woman suffrage
movement in America. Also fought for the ordination of women. Argues that
Elohim is a divine plurality; thats why God is male and female.
E. Robert Bellarmine the main systematizer of Catholic polemics against
Protestantism.
F. The first great Pietist (often called the Father of Pietism) Philipp Jakob
Spener
G. Organizer of the Moravian Church Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf
H. August Hermann Francke most renown of all Lutheran Pietist for his social
justice and organizing of foreign missions.
I. Founder of the Quaker Movement George Fox
J. Founder of Christian Science Mary Baker Eddy
Briefly describe the origins of 3 of the following church bodies (each worth 2 points)
A. African Methodist Episcopal Church In Philadelphia, Richard Allen led a
1787 succession in reaction to the segregation-taking place in the Wesleyan
Methodist church. It wasnt until 1816 when Allen was consecrated bishop that
the AMEC was actually formed.
B. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church In New York, a later 1793 African
American separation from Methodist ecclesiastical segregation led to the
formation of the AMEZC in 1924. The leaders of the secession setup their own
democratic church in reaction to undesired interference by Bishop Allen in
seeking to plant his own church in New York.
C. Christian Methodist Episcopal the CME Church, called the Colored
Methodist Episcopal Church until 1954, was established in 186, as a result of an
agreement between African Americans and white Protestants, apart of the

Methodist Episcopal Church, South. The white members wanted to segregate

from the African Americans so they released them to start the CME church.
D. Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) was established in 1983 with the merger of the
northern body (United Presbyterian Church) and the southern body (Presbyterian
Church in the United States).
E. Church of God In Christ established in 1907 by Charles H. Mason and other
supporters after attending the Azusa Mission. COGIC is a Pentecostal, Holiness
body.
F. Salvation Army the leaders were William Booth and his wife, Catherine
Mumford. It was founded in 1865 in England by Methodists who were distressed
about their churchs apparent abandonment of Wesleyan ideals in favor of middleclass respectability. Aimed to provide for the spiritual and physical well-being of
the urban masses.
G. Society of Friends started by George Fox after being ostracized from the
church because of his newfound spiritual insights. They believe the inner light
exists in all humans providing access to God. Often the followers would tremble
as a result of religious enthusiasm, leading to critics calling the Quakers.
H. United Methodist Church founded in 1968 as a result of a merger between the
Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church.
2. Identify in 1 sentence, 3 of the following (each worth 3 points):
A. Huguenots were French Protestants who were Calvinistic. The Edict of Nantes
granted them freedom to practice their religion, but forbade them from owning
places of worship and collecting funds.
B. Jansenism Names after Cornelius Jansenius. Emerged out of a concern that a
Catholic condemnation of the Reformers might effectively entail a denial of
Augustines thought.
C. Gallicanism According to Gallicans, ecclesiastical authority resides with the
bishops, not with the pope.
D. Remonstrants followers of Arminius that offered an alternative to Calvins
view of predestination in 1610. They affirmed predestination but said it was based
on Gods foreknowledge.
E. Social Gospel started by Walter Rauschenbusch and believed that there must be
a relationship between the gospel and the misery in which the urban masses lived,
that the social and economic life of America must conform to the gospel.

F. Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV in 1958 granting the Huguenots freedom of

religion as long as they renounced foreign alliances.
G. Azusa Street Revival A black-led interracial movement initiated by William
Seymour that resulted in an outbreak of tongues in Los Angeles in 1906.
H. Barmen Declaration a document prepared by Barth that represent the formal
protest of the Confessing Church against Hitler and his Nazi regime.
I. Westminster Confession a document produced by the Westminster Assembly
that is Reformed Orthodox in theology and Presbyterian in Polity; thus it is the
official statement of faith for the Presbyterian Church.
J. Letter from Birmingham Jail drafted by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
during his imprisonment in a Birmingham, AL jail. It was a response to a public
letter drafted by white religious leaders who believed Kings nonviolent movement
was wrong.
3. Prior to the formation of African-American denominations, what two church
movements of the modern period had the best recode opposing slavery? Methodists
and Quakers
4. Compare and Contrast the views of 3 sets of the following (each set worth 5
points): [Only two of your choices may be A, B, I, or K]
A. Luther and Nominalism (on Justification) Nominalists believe we are saved
by grace and works, with works preceding grace. Luther believes that we are
saved by grace through faith.
B. Luther and the Council of Trent Luther believes that we are saved by grace
through faith. The Council of Trent affirms the views of Thomas Aquinas, that
justification is a process, with the cooperation of the will. The will cooperates
with God in preparing for grace.
C. The Barmen Declaration and the German Christians (on Church-state
relations) The Barmen Declaration, written by Barth, supports Calvin view of
the state (law) being subordinated to the church (gospel). The German Christians
support Luthers two-kingdom ethic.
D. Karl Barth and Friedrich Schleiermacher (Where does Tillich stand in this
debate) Barth supports neoorthodoxy and the orthodox method of interpreting
our human experience in terms of the traditional theological concepts.
Schleiermacher is a correlationsit that was influenced by romanticism;
interpreting scripture through our human experiences. Tillich was a correlationist
as well, but he is influenced by existentialism instead of romanticism.

E. Jacob Arminius and Synod of Dort (what is Calvins position in this debate)?
Arminius and the Remonstrants affirmed predestination but said it was based on
Gods foreknowledge of who would later have faith. Also they were against
double predestination, proclaiming that Christ death was for all and that grace is
not irresistible and can be lost. The Synod of Dort affirms T.U.L.I.P. (total
depravity unconditional election limited atonement irresistible grace perseverance of the saints). Calvin is on the side of the Synod of Dort.
5. Compare and contrast the views 2 sets of the following (each set worth 5 points):
[One o f the choices must be A, C, or E. The other must be B, D, or F.]
A. Luther, Calvin, and Simons on church-state relationships - Luther believes in
the two-kingdom ethic in which the state and the church are to be kept distinct by
employing to circles that overlap but are not concentric. Christians lives in
between both realms. Simmons believes the believers church and that the church
should receive no support from the world. Calvin believes that the gospel has the
final word over the law, exercising influence over the state.
B. General Baptists and Particular Baptists The Particular Baptists believe in
double predestination that only certain people will be saved. General Baptists
reject predestination in favor of a Arminianism and its idea that grace is available
to all.
C. Luther and Calvin on the most important use of the law Both Luther and
Calvin believe in the two initial uses of the law: (1) political and (2) theological.
Luther emphasizes the theological use of the law, which uses the law of God as a
way of condemning sin. While Calvin emphasizes a third use of the law as a way
of helping instruct Christian living.
D. Anglican Evangelicals and the Oxford Movement The Anglican Evangelicals
tried to push the protestant side of the Anglican Church of England reflected in
the life of the church. As a backlash to this movement the Oxford Movement,
started by Newman and Keble, sought to recover the Catholic elements of the
Anglican heritage such as apostolic succession and the central role of the
Eucharist.
E. Martin Luther King Jr. and Walter Rauschenbusch King and
Rauschenbusch both started social movements. Kings movement sought to gain
equality for blacks and Rauschenbusch headed the Social Gospel Movement with
an emphasis on gaining social justice for the poor white union workers. King was
influenced by Rauschenbusch, however he thought Rauschenbusch was nave in
thinking that the kingdom of God could be brought here to earth.
F. John Locke and David Hume on the reliability of sense experience

6. Compare and Contrast the views of Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, Wesley, and Church
of England, and the Council of Trent on the status of the consecrated bread and
wine in the Lords Supper. (worth 5 points)
Zwingli the consecrated bread and wine are mere symbols
Calvin though the elements remain bread and wine, and Christ is not in
them, by eating and drinking one is brought to Christs heavenly presence.
Luther Christ is really in the bread and wine, though the elements remain
bread and wine.
Council of Trent the elements are no longer bread and wine, but really
Christs Body and Blood.
Wesley and the Church of England same as Calvin.
Compare the views of the above person/church bodies with regard to Baptism (who
it is for and what it accomplishes)
Zwingli believes that we are born again in eternity and that baptism is a symbol
of what has already taken place in eternity. Infants are baptized b/c God has
already chosen the infant and the practice of admitting infants to the old covenant
is symbolic of the inclusion into the new covenant.
Calvin believes that baptism is a seal of ones election. If one dies w/o having
received the sacrament of baptism then that means that one was not elected. The
elect infants are entitled to baptism as an of the elect.
Luther believes that we are born again in baptism. He too advocates for infant
baptism b/c it is testimony to justification by grace and a long-standing tradition
of the church.
Council of Trent believes that we are born again in baptism. Advocates for
infant baptism because it is the means by which one is born again and it is a longstanding tradition of the church.
Wesley and the Church of England baptism is the instrument through which one
is drafted into the church.
7. Describe in 1 or 2 sentences (or merely list) the theological commitments of the
following (each worth 3 points):
A. Vatican I
Mary was immaculately concepted;
Infallibility of the Bible; and
The Pope is infallible when speaking ex-cathedra, from the chair
B. Vatican II was concerned about ecumenism, building bridges between the Church
and the modern world.
C. Council of Trent
Condemns Protestants, consolidating Catholic Reformation;
Regulates indulgences;
Mandates clerical and monastic reform;
Affirms most theological convictions of Thomas Aquinas

8. Identify the central theological issue in the mind of Luther that caused the
Reformation. Is the continuing existence of Protestantism still justifiable in light of
subsequent developments in the Roman Catholic Church beginning with the
Counter-Reformation? Be sure that your answer notes some of these developments.
The two central theological issues for Luther was justification by grace through faith and
the sale of indulgences. The Roman Catholic Church has witnessed developments similar
to Luthers views. The Council of Trent declared that we are saved by a cooperation of
grace and works. The council also halted the sale of indulgences and relics. Vatican II
and its ecumenical movement declared bishops would share in the power; that Protestants
are separate brethrens whose communities have vestiges of the Catholic Church; affirmed
the Priesthood of all believers; worship would no longer be done in Latin but in the
language of the masses; declared that Protestants could be included in the church);
justification by grace and lapsarian election. All of these developments would seem to
end the need for Protestantism. However, they do not address one of the major issues in
the Protestant movement the varied views of the sacrament and the churches polity. With
these differences still existing I would say that Protestantism still needs to exist.
9. List 3 of the theologically distinct parties that comprised Puritanism
Episcopal loyalists - were committed to working for reform while remaining in
the Church of England and maintaining its Episcopal polity.
Presbyterians remained loyal to the Church England, but believed that reform
could be accomplished by the adoption of a Presbyterian polity, which exercise
authority on behalf of the whole body.
Independents the most radical broke away from the Church of England calling for
a congregational polity.
Describe the Anabaptist Movements theological agenda and identify its distinct
groups. (worth 3 points)
The Anabaptist theological agenda was to:
1. the voluntary character of church membership;
2. the separation of these churches from the national or territorial state;
3. the rejection of infant baptism and insistence on believers baptism.
4. restoration of the N.T. church

The Spiritualists- Schwenkfield

Early Anabaptists Giebel
Revolutionary Anabaptist Hoff
Later Anabaptist Simons

10. Name 2 of the numerous theologians/theological movements that Martin Luther

King Jr. expressly identified as exerting influence on his though. In each case, note
how he claims to have been influenced. (worth 3 points)
The influence of the great Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi was evident in Kings method
of nonviolence. King was also influenced by Tillich and his existentialism, which King

believed well portrays the human condition as Neihbur had sought to describe our sinful
nature.
*Describe the teachings of the Mikaelites and Stephanites, noting why they were
condemned and which church condemned them. (worth 3 points)The Mikaelites taught a Gnostic dualism contending that God cannot be known and so
only can be approached by degrees under the guidance of certain teachers who can
interpret the secret meaning of scripture. The Stephanites did not venerate the cross or
the Virgin Mary.
11. Answer two of the following three questions. (Each worth 4 points)
Explain your answer taking into account both the modern Revivalism of
True or False: Revivalism in America has always been devoid of social
concern Dwight Moody and Billy Graham as well as the Great Awakening
and the Second Great Awakening. It is false that Revivalism has always been
devoid of social concern. Starting with the Great Awakening the Revivalism has
been concerned with the conversion of all individuals. During this Revivalism we
see the first real outreach to convert African American slaves in the south. Also
we began to see a development of semi-independent religious for slaves began in
this period. The first half of the Second Great Awakening ushered in another
revival that pushed Christian devotion and living. During this period women
played a major role in forming mission societies and serving in leadership roles.
As well we see a growth in African American membership. However, as a result
of segregation in the south we see the development of African American
denominations. Dwight Moody was an exception to the social concern going on
in his period. He was only concerned with saving souls not to transform society.
He ushered a new form of American Revivalism that was not concerned with
social issues. Thus, Billy Graham the greatest modern revivalist, followed in his
footsteps on being concerned with conversion of souls and not social concerns.

Explain the present status of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in relation to

the Coptic Church. Has such a relationship between these church bodies
always existed? The Ethiopian Orthodox church declared itself autocephalous in
1952, maintaining its longtime sisterly relation with the Coptic Orthodox Church
while becoming independent. The ties between these church bodies were longstanding dating back to the fourth century.

Compare and Contrast the views of the National Baptist Convention, when
led by Joseph Jackson, and the Progressive National Baptist Convention,
under the influence of Martin Luther King, Jr., with regard to strategies of
liberation. Joseph Jackson and the NBC advocated less protest and more
individual responsibility on the part of African Americans. He called for
production, not protest and for blacks to do for themselves, not merely receive
help from whites. King and the PNBC supported the use of nonviolent protest as
a means of creating tension in society in order to reveal the sins of racism and to
coerce a response of justice.

12. Explain Immanuel Kants view of truth (or how we come to know what it is true
[epistemology]). Contrast it with a pre-Enlightenment understanding of this
concept. (worth 3 points) Through his epistemology, especially the distinction
between the noumenon (the thing-in-itself, which can never be known) and the
phenomenon (ones perception of the noumenon), Kant insisted that one can only obtain
phenomal knowledge of the thing. Everyone has his/her own perception of truth. PreEnlightenment understanding contends that truth is the stories told by the elders. The
truth accessible through tradition for Pre-Enlightenment men and women was deemed
absolute.
Compare and contrast the Sons of Unction and the Sons of Grace. (worth 3 points)
The Sons of Unction teach that Christ two natures are unified like a phantasm, just as
when water is poured into wine, the wine remains wine. The Sons of Grace teach that the
unification of Christs divinity and humanity takes place through the redemptive birth of
Christs divinity and happened when the Father anointed the Son with the Spirit. A synod
by the Ethiopian monarchs at Berru Meda in 1978 settled the controversy by urging them
to submit to a common faith and under those suppositions effectively conceded the
validity of both schools.