CGL MAKE

TECHNO-COMMERCIAL OFFER
Shri Sharafat Ali,
Lucky India Power Solutions
572, Gulshan Colony, Behind OBC Bank, Near
Roadways Bus Stand
Muradnagar,
Dist. Ghaziabad-201206, UP, India

S6/PQ/RAM/SVC/AVANTHA/11032013/Rev
2013

09 May

To
The Engineering Department,
Avantha Power,
Odisha
Subject:

Techno-commercial offer for Power Factor Improvement

Kind Attention: Mr. Rajesh Kumar

Dear Sir:
We are thankful & proud to receive this opportunity for offering our Power Quality Solution at Avantha Power,
Jeypore, Odisha.
We would like to propose the most advance solution to power factor improvement and reactive power
management.
Kindly go over the technical details and find our commercial offer at the end.

REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT

Reactive Power
When a load is connected to a line it requires two types of power

Active Power (kW) for mechanical power or heat

Reactive power (kVAr) for setting up magnetic field necessary for the operation of certain type of loads.

The composition of active & reactive power is called as apparent power (KVA) and the ratio between the active
power and apparent power is defined as power factor (PF).
PF = KW / KVA
Power factor of a particular load depends on its electrical characteristics.

kVA

kVAr

kW
Reactive Power Compensation
Reactive power cannot be used profitably. It has to be generated, transmitted and distributed through the
electrical network. This fact causes the over sizing of the generators, transformers and lines, as well as losses
and line voltage drops.

The reactive power required by an inductive load can be supplied through a capacitor, connected in parallel to
the load. The capacitor connection to the electrical network is called as compensation. This will improve the
power factor which directly affects profitability for both electrical suppliers and users. The efficiency of power
generating, transmission and distribution equipment can be improved by operating the equipment at near unity
power factor. For this reason most of Electrical Authorities have introduce penalty for low power factor &
incentives for higher power factor.
Type of Reactive Power Compensation

Individual compensation ( Fixed Capacitor direct across the load )

for motors, transformers and loads with a long operating time

Centralized compensation ( Manual Switched Capacitor Bank )

for load center, having large no. of constant inductive loads.

Automatic Centralized compensation ( Auto Switched Capacitor Bank at incomer side )

at incomer side having varying loads in the system.

Static VAR Compensators (STATCOM / SVC)

at incomer side having non linear, dynamic varying loads in the system

Benefits of RPC / Power Factor Improvement system

Voltage improvement
Reduction in KVA demand, which give reduction in M.D. KVA Charges
Avoidance of P.F Penalty & Availing P.F Incentives from Utilities / SEBs.
Better utilization of available power
Lesser Break Down & Higher Productivity.
Excellent payback period

The single equipment that we plan to offer can be used for:

Reactive power compensation
Harmonic compensation
Unbalance correction in the line current
STATCOM
STATCOM is an IGBT based power electronics devices. It used IGBT and inverter technology. It is installed in
parallel to the Non-linear loads. It reacts instantly to verifying load conditions & gives a linear output of reactive
power, whenever required.
Today the large use of power electronics will give bright future for STACOM.
Application
STATCOM is used for reactive power compensation in a system having:

Non-linear loads like Drives, electric ark furnace, welding loads etc.
Low Reactive Power Requirement (Up to 500 KVAr)
Low voltage network (415 V)

Features of CG make STATCOM

Indoor, 415 V, 3 Phase, 50 Hz System

100 kVAR to 500 kVAR
IGBT based, linear output, Step less system
Instantaneous response, Response time : < 6 ms
Rs 232 & RS 485 communication
No risk of overloading.
Any additional demand can be met at any time by adding further modular Blocks.

Active power filters have been recognized as a valid solution to current harmonic and reactive
power compensation for non-linear loads. The principle of operation of active filters is based on
the injection of current harmonics required by the load. Thus the basic principle of shunt active
power filter is that it generates a current equal and opposite in polarity to the harmonic current
drawn by the load and injects it to the point of common coupling there by forcing the source
current to be pure sinusoidal.
ACTIVE vs. PASSIVE FILTERS
The active harmonic compensator has certain advantages over passive harmonic filters:
1. All the harmonics presented can be compensated by one piece of equipment
2. The maximum order of harmonics has no theoretical limit
3. Adaptable, if harmonic components change in magnitude or frequency these can be accommodated by
control adjustments rather than costly equipment changes.
4. It will not introduce system resonances that can move a harmonic problem from one frequency to
another.
5. The rating of active power filter can be less than a conquerable passive filter for the same nonlinear
load.
6. Active filter have the advantage of being able to compensate for harmonics without fundamental
frequency reactive power concerns
7. Filtering/ reactive compensation not affected by system voltage variation.
8. Selectively remove any or group of harmonics with or without reactive power compensation.
9. No large transients at switch on
10. It removes only your harmonic problems and does not filter your neighbors.
11. Is capable of removing a wide range of frequencies and not just the characteristic harmonics.
12. Reduce additional currents in the neutral caused by harmonics
13. Adds damping to the mains network
14. No interaction with other filters or capacitors
15. Adapts to changing loads as they happen
16. Can be expanded easily
17. Very little site analysis necessary
18. Generally smaller

Passive filter:
1. The application of passively tuned filters creates new system resonances which are dependent on
specific system condition.
2. Passive filters often need to be overrated to account for possible harmonic absorption from the power
system.

3. Passive filter ratings must be coordinated with reactive power requirements of the loads and it is often
difficult to design the filters to avoid leading power factor operation for some load condition.
4. Passive filters are not suitable for changing system conditions, not dynamic as in the case of APF.
5. Loss of parallel branch may lead to overstressing other branches in service
6. De-tuning due to aging, deterioration and temperature effects
7. Effect of system impedance on design
8. Definite purpose circuit breakers needed
9. Over voltages due to switching
10. Tuned filters cannot be employed if there are lots of inter-harmonics in the power system.

The advantages of passive harmonic filter are:

1. Reliable operation
2. Easy design procedure
3. Act as reactive power compensator
4. Cheap configurations per harmonic

Q-POWER
Principle and characteristics
1. Reasons for limiting harmonics
Power electronics based equipment is the main source of the harmonic pollution in electric networks.
Examples of such equipment include drives (AC or DC), UPSs, welders, PCs, printers etc.
In general, the semiconductor switches in this equipment conduct only during a fraction of the fundamental period. This
is how such equipment can obtain their main properties regarding energy saving, dynamic performance and flexibility
of control. However, as a result a discontinuous current containing a considerable amount of distortion is drawn from
the supply.
Harmonic pollution causes a number of problems. A first effect is the increase of the RMS value and the peak-value of
the distorted waveform. This is illustrated in figure 1.1 that shows the increase of these values as more harmonic
components are added to an initially undistorted waveform. The RMS-value and the peak-value of the undistorted
waveform are defined as 100 %. The peaks of the fundamental component and the distortion components are
assumed to be aligned. It may be seen that the distorted waveform, which contains harmonics up to the 25th
harmonic, has a peak value that is twice the value of the undistorted waveform and a RMS-value that is 10 % higher.

Figure 1.1: Evolution of the increase in peak-value and the RMS-value of a waveform as
more harmonic components are added
The increase in RMS-value leads to increased heating of the electrical equipment. Furthermore, circuit breakers may
trip due to higher thermal or instantaneous levels. Also, fuses may blow and capacitors may be damaged. kWh meters
may give faulty readings. The winding and iron losses of motors increase and they may experience perturbing torques
on the shaft. Sensitive electronic equipment may be damaged. Equipment, which uses the supply voltage as a
reference may not be able to synchronize properly and either applies wrong firing pulses to switching elements or
switch off. Interference with electronic communications equipment may occur. Distorted networks may also cause
generators malfunctions. Overall it may be concluded that an excessive amount of harmonics leads to a premature
ageing of the electrical installation. This is an important motivation for taking action against harmonics.

2. General principle of active filtering

The active filter measures the harmonic currents and generates actively a harmonic current spectrum in opposite
phase to the measured distorting harmonic current. The original harmonics are thereby cancelled.

The principle is shown in figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2: Principle of active filtering

The control of the active filter in combination with the active generation of the compensating current allows for a
concept that may not be overloaded. Harmonic currents exceeding the capacity of the active filter will remain on the
network, but the filter will operate and eliminate all harmonic currents up to its capacity.
The principle of active filter showing currents and spectra is clarified in Figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3: Active filter principle illustrated in time and frequency domain

3. The CGL Active filter: The Q-POWER

As we have just seen, the active filter is basically a compensating current generator. The most important parts are then
the current generator and the control system.
The compensating current is in a first step created by a three-phase Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) inverter
bridge that is able to generate any given voltage waveform with PWM (Space Vector Modulation) technology. The
IGBT bridge uses a DC voltage source realized in the form of a DC capacitor.

The inverter bridge is in fact the same technology as in AC drives.

The generated voltage is coupled to the network via reactors and a small filter circuit. The desired current generator is
thereby achieved. The DC capacitors are loaded actively through the inverter bridge and there is no need of external
power source. Obviously, the DC voltage level must always be higher than the peak value of the network voltage in
order to be able to inject currents to the network.
To control the active filter the choice stands between open loop and closed loop current control. Under open loop
current control, the harmonics currents are measured on the load side of the active filter that computes the required
compensating current and injects it into the network. Closed loop current control as performed by the
Q-POWER is shown in Figure 1.4.
In this topology the resulting current to the network is measured and the active filter operates by injecting a
compensating current minimizing this resulting current. In this configuration, the filter directly controls its effect on the
filtration.

Figure 1.4: Closed loop control

In addition to being more precise, the closed loop control system also allows for a direct control of the degree of
filtering. Furthermore, the closed loop control system ensures that measurement errors do not result in a higher
distortion.
To fully exploit the potential of an active filter we need a digital measurement and control system that is fast enough to
operate in true real time. We need to be able to track the individual harmonics and control the compensating current
according to the requirements of the plant and this with full control at every instant in time. To achieve this, we need
high speed and advanced Digital Signal Processors, DSPs.
Among the physical signals needed by the Q-POWER, the three line currents have obviously to be measured.
Standard CTs with 1A secondary are usually sufficient. Those analogue signals must first be acquired, leveled and anti
alias-filtered before digitalization. Fast and high precision analogue-to-digital converters present in the DSP are used
to create a digital representation of the analogue signals. The digitized signals are then processed by the DSP that
controls all measurements and calculations in real time, and builds the PWM references for the inverter. The same
processor handles all digital input/output (including the command of the PWM inverter). The 32bit DSP at very high
speed ensures all the tasks are executed correctly in the multi-tasking environment. The protection routines are rightly
prioritized to ensure safe operation at all conditions.

4. The Q-POWER
a) Filtering
The main requirement for an active filter installed in an industrial installation is to attenuate the harmonics produced by
the non-linear loads of the installation.
The ideal active filter should allow the user to choose freely which harmonic components to
filter and should offer an adjustable degree of filtering.

The Q-POWER can filter simultaneously 6 independent harmonics up to the 20th for 50Hz based
networks.

The number of harmonics to be filtered as well as their frequencies is completely programmable

by the user.
Besides the harmonic selection functionality, the user has also the possibility to specify a filtration level for each
selected harmonic. The Q-POWER will filter the selected harmonics until the filtration level set by the user is reached.
This filtration level can be different for each selected harmonic. This functionality is especially useful when the
objective is to fulfill the requirements of a standard and results in a better use of the available compensation power. It
also allows the installation of active filters on networks already fitted with a fixed passive filter.
We can see that we are very close to the ideal filter: the choice of which harmonic components to filter are free and the
degree of filtering is adjustable according to the wishes of the user. Moreover, all typical harmonics generated by nonlinear loads may be filtered simultaneously.

b) Reactive power
Besides the filtering functionality, reactive power compensation is also possible with the active filter. Compared to
traditional capacitor banks, the reactive compensation of the Q-POWER is continuous (step less), fast and smooth
(no transients at switching).
The compensation can be either capacitive or inductive.
Two types of compensation are available: automatic compensation where a target power factor has to be set, and
fixed compensation based on a predefined amount of Kvar.

Components description and identification

Components description
As already explained, the active filter is basically composed of two parts: the current generator and the control system.

a) Q-POWER current generator

The power circuit of the CGL active filter Q-POWER is represented hereafter.

The main components are:

PWM inverter and DC link
PWM reactors

 Output filter
Pre-charging circuit
Q-POWER panel contains inverter modules, control circuit, line inductors, output filter etc.
Protection is realized through ACB and there is one pre-charging circuit.
The PWM inverter is composed of DC capacitors and an IGBT inverter bridge. This system is able to generate any
voltage waveform with PWM technology.
The PWM inverter is controlled by a powerful DSP based controller. The controller processes the various current,
voltage signals to estimate the harmonics and reactive power requirement. Based on the requirement current
reference is generated for driving the inverter.

The PWM reactors convert the voltage created by the PWM inverter into currents that will be
injected in the network.
The output filter consists in line reactors and capacitors connected across the lines (shunt circuit). The purposed of this
filter is to trap the switching harmonics.
The function of the pre-charging circuit is to avoid at start-up high inrush currents that could damage the power
electronics or create transients in the network.

b) The control
For best performances, the control of the Q-POWER is Digital Signal Processor (DSP) based.
The three lines currents are measured by external CT. Those analogue signals scaled and anti alias-filtered before
digitalization. Fast and high precision ADC present in the DSP is used to create a digital representation of the
analogue signals. The digitized signals are then processed by the DSP that controls all measurements and
calculations in real time, and builds the PWM references for the inverter. The same processor handles all digital
input/output (including the command of the PWM inverter). The 32bit DSP at very high speed ensures all
the tasks are executed correctly in the multi-tasking environment. The protection routines are rightly prioritized to
ensure safe operation at all conditions. Other modules are data logging and communication. The controller has 2 serial
communication channels, one for HMI (Human Machine Interface) and other for linking with a PC (Personal Computer)
for downloading the logged data for further analysis. One CAN (CAN 2.0B compliant) based channel also available for
connecting with other Q-POWER units in the distributed compensation environment.

Finally to sum up, the main components of the system offered are:
1. Main Breaker
2. Line Inductors
3. Pre-charge circuit
4. Output Filter
5. IGBT inverter
6. IGBT driver circuits
7. Control Circuit
8. User interface

PRICE:
Sr.
1

Product Description
415 V, 100 kVAr, STATCOM

Qty.
1 nos.

Unit Price
6,50,000

Total (INR)
6,50,000

In words: Rupees Six Lacs Fifty Thousand Only

TERMS & CONDITIONS:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Prices are ex works (Aurangabad Plant)

Taxes, duties & local levies extra at actual
Payment:30% advance with PO & balance against proforma invoice before dispatch
Delivery within 4 to 6 weeks from receipt of PO & drawing approval, whichever happens later
Freight and insurance to customers account
Inspection if required to be arranged by the customer, date of readiness will be conveyed a week in advance
Scope: Design, engineering, manufacturing, testing, packaging, loading & supervision of commissioning
Exclusions: CT, PT, control and power cables, any civil / mechanical modifications required at the time of erection and installation.
CT, PT specifications will be given to the customer for procurement prior to commissioning
Warranty: Up to 12 months from commissioning
Performance requires a voltage varying not beyond 415 +/- 10%
Supply will be governed by Force Majeure conditions
Offer validity: Up to 30.05.13

Thanking you in anticipation & expecting your affirmative response to our proposal.
For Crompton Greaves Ltd
Abhishek Bhattacharya
Power System Division