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The commonly accepted definition of the curriculum has changed from
content of courses of study and list of subjects and courses to all the
experiences which are offered to learners under the auspices or direction
of the school..
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... a structured series of intended learning
outcomes (Johnson, 1967, him. 130).
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...(1) the choice of arena for curriculum decision making, (2) the selection
and involvement of person in curriculum planning, (3) organization for
and leachniques used in curriculum plannning, (4) actual writing of a
curriculum, (5) implementing the curriculum, (6) evaluation the
curriculum, and (7) providing for feedback and modification of the
curriculum.
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humanitas, pembentukan pribadi, dan
sifat-sifat mental.
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a lifelong personal growth process
rather than an information and skill gathering process that exists only during the
school years (Diane app, et. al., 1975, hlm. 154).
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bring about changes in the physical world which tecnologies have always
done but also in our insti- tutions, attitudes, and expectations, values,
goals, and in our very conceptions of the meaning of existence (Holtzman,
1970, hlm. 237).
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Man totally determined by his environment. Therefore, if we wish to relate
to him for better to educate him, we need only learn scientifically, how to
control his environment in such away as to reshape his behavior. What we
need is a technology of behavior (Skinner, 1972).
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theory is a way of making sense of a disturbing situation, so as to allow us most
effectivelly to bring to bear our reverfoice of habits, and even more impor- tant, to
modify habits or discard them together, reflacing new ones as the situa- tion
demands. nd the reconstructed logic, accordingly, theory will appear as the
device for interpreting, criticizing, and unifying established laws, modify- ing
them to fit data unanticipated in their formation, and guiding the enter- prise of
discovering new and more powerful generalizations.
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"... a theory is set of conventions that
should contain a cluster of relevant assumption systematically related to each
other and a set of empirical definitions".
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In its simplest form, a theory is a symbolic instruction designed to bring generalizable fact (or laws) into systematic connection. It consist of a) a set of units
(facts, concepts, variables), and b) a system of relationships among the units.
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theory may be defined as an integrated body of definitions, assumptions and
general prepositions covering a given subject matter from which a comprehensive
and consistent set of specific and testable hypotheses can be deducted logically.
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general theory is built upon the facts discovered by means of the use of theorems and other conceptual models from empirical data and which have been expressed in the form of laws, correlations, or other type of generalizations. It involves synthesis and is directed to the formulation of propositions about universals.
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theory is a set of interelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and prepositions
that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among
variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena".
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Theory by its nature is impractical. The world of practicality is built around
clusters of specific events. The world of theory derives from generalization law a
axiomes and theorems explaining specific events and the relationships among
them (Beauchamp, 1975, him. 35).
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a. The present and projected kinds of knowledge and personality traits required for citizenship, vocation, and self development.
b. unified theory must be judicious about the latest development in learning theory and teaching technology.
c. unified theory has to provide for general and special education, for differences in ability and bent (Broudy, 1960, hlm. 24).
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menyatakan bahwa Irrespective of label, evidence mounts that education is
sufficiently mature to become an organized field of study.
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1. curriculum is a structured series of intended learning out comes.
2. Selection is an essential aspect of curriculum formulation.
3. Structure is an essential charactistic of curriculum.
4. Curriculum guide instruction
5. Curriculum evaluation involeves validation of both selection and
structure.
6. Curriculum is the criterion for instructional evaluation.
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1) Philosphy is primary and basic to an educational philosophy, 2) philosophy is
the flower not root of education, 3) educational philosophy is an independent
discipline which might benefit from contact with general philosophy, but this
contact is not essential, 4) philosophy and the theory of education is one (Butler,
1957: 12).
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ll values are thus subjective and either intrinsic or instrumental .... Values being
finally intrinsic, and feeling, it is held, being immeasurable, no scale of values,
and of any two things felt as intrinsically valuable it is than another. To be felt as
worthwhile in itself is thus the ultimate orientation of value. (Dewey dalam Joe
Park, (Ed). 1958, hlm. 185).
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>To learn from experience is hi make a backward and forward
connection between what we have do to things and what we enjoy or suffer from
thing in consequence (Dewey, dalam Jo Park, 1958: 94).
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To state it differently, insight is the sensed way through or solution of a problematic situation.... We might say that an insight is a kind of intelligent feel we get
about a situation that permits us to continue to strive actively to serve our
purposes. (Bigge dan Hunt, 1980, hlm. 293).
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3. He has less need to protect bureaucratic rules.
4. He communicates more clearly and realistically to superiors, peers, and
sub-ordinates because he is more open and less self-protective.
5. He is more person oriented and democratic.
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7. He is more able to accept both positive and negative feeback and use it
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1. He is more able to listen to students,
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1. He feels freer to express both positive and negative feelings in class.
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4. He discovers that he is responsible for his own learning
5. He awe anal tear of authority diminish as he finds teachers and .1(liiiiii
istr.um. litho fallibly human beings.
6. He finds that the learning process enables him to deal with his lily (Rogers,
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