Economic Dispatch Thermal Units and Methods of Solution

Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units and
Methods of Solution
By:
HANDOKO RUSIANA ISKANDAR
[Student Number : 23214004]
Date of Report Assignment:

Thursday / October, 23rd 2014
Lecture:
Prof. Dr. GIBSON HILMAN SIANIPAR
Power Engineering
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Bandung Institute of Technology
2014
3.13 Economic Dispatch Problem

Consider three generating units that do not have convex input-output functions. (This is the
type of problem one encounters when considering valve points in the dispatch problem).
Unit 1.
80 + 8P1 + 0.024 P12
H1 (P1) =
196.4 + 3P1 + 0.075 P12
20 MW P1 60 MW
60 MW P1 100 MW
Generation limits are 20 MW P1 100 MW.

Unit 2.
120 + 6P2 + 0.04P22
H2 (P2) =
157.335 + 3.3333 P2 + 0.08333 P22
20 MW P2 40 MW
40 MW P2 100 MW
Generation limits are 20 MW P2 100 MW.

Unit 3.
100 + 4.6666P3 + 0.13333 P32
H3 (P3) =
316.66 + 2 P3 + 0.1 P32
20 MW P3 50 MW
50 MW P3 100 MW
Generation limits are 20 MW P3 100 MW. Fuel Costs = 1.5 R/M Btu fora all units.
Solution
a) Plot the cost function for each unit
For Unit 1
80 + 8P1 + 0.024 P12
H1 (P1) =
196.4 + 3P1 + 0.075 P12
20 MW P1 60 MW
60 MW P1 100 MW
Where:
P1 (20 MW, 40 MW, 60 MW, 80 MW, and 100 MW)
Fuel Costs = 1.5 R/MBtu

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fl(Pl) = Hl(Pl) x 1.5 = 80 + 8 (20) + 0.024 (20)2

Fl(Pl) = Hl(Pl) x 1.5 = 80 + 8 (40) + 0.024 (40)2
Fl(Pl) = Hl(Pl) x 1.5 = 196.4 + 3(60) + 0.075 (60)2
Fl(Pl) = Hl(Pl) x 1.5 = 196.4 + 3(80) + 0.075 (80)2
Fl(Pl) = Hl(Pl) x 1.5 = 196.4 + 3(100) + 0.075 (100)2
Source Code for plot the cost function unit 1 using matlab, is:
%Economic Dispatch Problem unit 1
syms
p1a=20:60;
h1a=80+8*p1a+0.024*p1a.^2;
cf1a=1.5*h1a;
p1b=60:100;
h1b=196.4+3*p1b+0.075*p1b.^2;
cf1b=1.5*h1b;
plot(p1a,cf1a,'b',p1b,cf1b,'r')
grid on;
xlabel('xp (Power Level)');
ylabel('yp (Cost Function)');
title('The cost function for unit 1')
Plot for cost function Unit 1

20MWP160MW
60MWP1100MW
Figure 1. The Cost Function for Unit 1

Unit 2
120 + 6P2 + 0.04P22
H2 (P2) =
157.335 + 3.3333 P2 + 0.08333 P22
20 MW P2 40 MW
40 MW P2 100 MW
Where:
P2 (20 MW, 40 MW, 60 MW, 80 MW, and 100 MW)

1.
2.
F2(P2) = H2 (P2) x 1.5 = 120 + 6 (20) + 0.04 (20)2

F2(P2) = H2 (P2) x 1.5 = 120 + 6 (40) + 0.04 (40)2
3.
4.
5.
F2(P2) = H2 (P2)x 1.5 = 157.335 + 3.3333 (60) + 0.08333 (60)2

F2(P2) = H2 (P2) x 1.5 = 157.335 + 3.3333 (80) + 0.08333 (80)2
F2(P2) = H2 (P2)x 1.5 = 157.335 + 3.3333 (100) + 0.08333 (100)2
syms
p2a=20:40;
h2a=120+6*p2a+0.04*p2a.^2;
cf2a=1.5*h2a;
p2b=40:100;
h2b=157.335+3.3333*p2b+0.083333*p2b.^2;
cf2b=1.5*h2b;
plot(p2a,cf2a,'g',p2b,cf2b,'y')
grid on;

20MWP140MW
40MWP1100MW

Unit 3
100 + 4.6666P3 + 0.13333 P32
H3 (P3) =
Where:
316.66 + 2 P3 + 0.1 P32
20 MW P3 50 MW
50 MW P3 100 MW
P1 (20 MW, 40 MW, 60 MW, 80 MW, and 100 MW)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
F3(P3) = H3 (P3) x 1.5 = 100 + 4.6666 (20) + 0.13333 (20)2

F3(P3) = H3 (P3) x 1.5 = 100 + 4.6666 (40) + 0.13333 (40)2
F3(P3) = H3 (P3) x 1.5 = 316.66 + 2 (60) + 0.1 (60)2
F3(P3) = H3 (P3) x 1.5 = 316.66 + 2 (80) + 0.1 (80)2
F3(P3) = H3 (P3) x 1.5 = 316.66 + 2 (100) + 0.1 (100)2
syms
p3a=20:50;
h3a=100+4.6666*p3a+0.13333*p3a.^2;
cf3a=1.5*h3a;
p3b=50:100;
h3b=316.66+2*p3b+0.1*p3b.^2;
cf3b=1.5*h3b;
plot(p3a,cf3a,'r',p3b,cf3b,'y')
grid on;
20MWP150MW
50MWP1100MW
Table 1. Cost Function for Each Unit

NO.
POWER LEVEL (MW)

P1=P2=P3
COST (R/Hour)
20
F1
374,4
F2
384,00
F3
369,99
2
3
40
60
657,6
969,6
635,99
985,99
749,98
1194,99
4
5
80
100
1374,6
1869,9
1435,96
1402,96
1674,99
2274,99
Plot for cost function Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3.
Figure 5. Plot for cost function for Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3.
b) Plot the incremental cost function for each unit.

These conditions and inequalities may be summarized as shown in the set of equations
making up Eq. 3.5
Unit 1
Incremental Cost function is:
dF1 (P1)
P1
80 + 8P1 + 0.024 P12

=
196.4 + 3P1 + 0.075 P12
20 MW P1 60 MW
60 MW P1 100 MW
Source Code for plot the incremental cost function unit 1 using matlab, is:
%Economic Dispatch Problem
%unit 1
p1a=20:60;
h1a=80+8*p1a+0.024*p1a.^2;
f1a=1.5*h1a;
p1b=60:100;
h1b=196.4+3*p1b+0.075*p1b.^2;
f1b=1.5*h1b;
df1a=diff(f1a);
p1a=21:60;
df1b=diff(f1b);
p1b=61:100;
plot(p1a,df1a,p1b,df1b,)
grid on;
xlabel('xp (Power Level, MW)');
ylabel('yp (Incremental Cost)');
title('The Incremental Cost Function for Unit 1')
Plot for incremental cost function Unit 1

21MWP160MW
61MWP1100MW
Figure 4. The Incremental Cost Function for Unit 1

Unit 2
dF2 (P2)
P2
120 + 6P2 + 0.04P22

=
157.335 + 3.3333 P2 + 0.08333 P22
20 MW P2 40 MW
40 MW P2 100 MW
%unit 2
p2a=20:40;
h2a=120+6*p2a+0.04*p2a.^2;
cf2a=1.5*h2a;
p2b=40:100;
h2b=157.335+3.3333*p2b+0.083333*p2b.^2;
cf2b=1.5*h2b;
df2a=diff(cf2a);
p2a=21:40;
df2b=diff(cf2b);
p2b=41:100;
plot(p2a,df2a,p2b,df2b)
grid on;

21MWP140MW
41MWP1100MW

Unit 3
dF3 (P3)
P3
100 + 4.6666P3 + 0.13333 P32

=
316.66 + 2 P3 + 0.1 P32
20 MW P3 50 MW
50 MW P3 100 MW
%unit 3
syms
p3a=20:50;
h3a=100+4.6666*p3a+0.13333*p3a.^2;
cf3a=1.5*h3a;
p3b=50:100;
h3b=316.66+2*p3b+0.1*p3b.^2;
cf3b=1.5*h3b;
df3a=diff(cf3a);
p3a=21:50;
df3b=diff(cf3b);
p3b=51:100;
plot(p3a,df3a,p3b,df3b)
grid on;

21MWP150MW
51MWP1100MW

Table 2. Incremental Cost Function for Each Unit
NO.
POWER LEVEL (MW)

P1=P2=P3
F1
1
2
20
40
13.44
14.88
COST (R/Hour)
F2
11.4
14.999955
F3
14.9997
22.9995
3
4
60
80
18
22.5
19.99935
24.99915
21
27
100
27
29.99975
33
Plot for incremental cost function Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3.
Figure 7. Plot for cost function for Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3.
c) Find the most economical dispatch for the following total demands assuming all units
are on-line:
PD
PD
PD
PD
PD
=
=
=
=
=
100 MW
140 MW
180 MW
220 MW
260 MW
Where :
PD = P1 + P2 + P3
Solve using dynamic programming and discrete load steps of 20 MW, starting at 20
MW through 100 MW for each unit.
Scheduling units 1 and 2, we find the minimum cost for the function
f2 = F1 (D P2) + F2 (P2)
The total deman is PD = 100 MW; 140 MW; 180 MW; 220 MW; 260 MW, so we need to
interpolate between the closest values that are available from the data. 260 MW
Table 2. Minimal Function Cost f2

P MW
F P
(R/h)
D
(MW)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
F D
(R/h)
374,40
657,60
969,60
1374,60
1869,60
20
40
60
80
100
384,00
635,99
985,98
1435,97
1985,95
758,40
1041,60
1353,60
1758,60
2253,60
1010,39
1293,59
1605,59
2010,59
2505,59
1360,38
1643,58
1955,58
2360,58
2855,58
1810,37
2093,57
2405,57
2810,57
3305,57
The result is:

Table 3. Loading of unit 2 at minimal cost level.
D
40
60
758,40
1010,39
80
100
1293,59
1605,59
40
40
120
140
1955,58
2360,58
60
60
160
180
2810,57
3305,57
80
80
200
220
3855,55
100
20
240
260
20
40
Next we minimize
F3= F2 (D P3) + F3 (P3)
2360,35
2643,55
2955,55
3360,55
3855,55
f
(R/h)
758,40
1010,39
1293,59
1605,59
1955,58
2360,58
2810,57
3305,57
3855,55
P*
(MW)
20
40
40
40
60
60
80
80
100
For 20 P 100 MW and PD = 100 MW; 140 MW; 180 MW; 220 MW; 260 MW.
Scheduling the tird unit for the nine different demand levels only requires nine rows of
the next table.
Table 4. Minimal Function Cost f3
P MW
F P
(R/h)
D
(MW)
f
(R/h)
20
40
758,40
60
1010,39
80
1293,59
100
1605,59
120
1955,58
140
2360,58
160
2810,57
180
3305,57
200
3855,55
220
240
260
20
40
60
80
100
370,00
749,99
1194,99
1674,99
2274,99
1128,40
1380,39
1508,39
1663,59
1760,38
1953,39
1975,59
2043,58
2205,38
2325,58
2355,58
2730,58
f
(R/h)
P*
(MW)
1128,40
20
1380,39
20
20
2433,39
1663,59
1975,59
20
2488,58
2685,38
3033,39
2325,58
20
2705,57
2800,58
2968,58
3285,38
2705,57
40
3180,56
3110,57
3150,57
3280,58
3568,58
3110,57
40
3675,56
3560,55
3555,57
3630,57
3880,58
3555,57
60
4225,54
4055,55
4005,56
4035,57
4230,57
4005,56
60
4605,54
4500,56
4485,56
4635,57
4485,56
80
5050,54
4980,56
5085,56
4980,56
80
The result show:

Table 5. The result for a demand level of 100 MW, 140MW, 180MW, 220, and 260 MW
D (MW)
Cost (R/h)
P*
P*
P*
100
1663,59
20
40
40
140
2325,58
20
60
60
180
3110,57
40
60
80
220
4005,56
60
80
80
260
4980,56
80
80
100
So, base on the table 5. We have the results for a demand of 100 MW on minimum cost
in operating unit, are:
P1 = 40, P2 = 40, and unit P3 = 20.
d) Solve dispatch problems without dynamic programming for PD = 100 MW.

We can use Matlab software for search the result fuel cost, and the sourc code are:
%Dispatch problems with Lambda Iteration
disp('###############Dispatch problems with Lambda
Iteration##############')
disp('_________________________________________________________________')
h = 0.001;
ia = [80; 120; 100];
ib = [8; 6; 4.6666];
ic = [0.024; 0.04; 0.13333];
id = [0.04; 0.13333];
ie = [0.024; 0.13333];
ig = [0.024; 0.04];
PD = 100;
delta_P = 0.001;
lambda = input('Input Lambda Value :');
disp('|"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""|')
disp('|Iterasi| Lambda |
P1
|
P2
|
P3
|
|')
disp('|
| R/MWh) | (MW)
| (MW)
| (MW) |
|')
disp('|"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""|')
iterasi = 0;
while abs(delta_P) >= 0.001
iterasi = iterasi +1;
P = (lambda - ib)./(2*ic);
delta_P = PD - sum(P);
J = sum(1./(2*ic));
delta_lambda = (delta_P)/J;
fprintf('| %2.0f
|%8.4f |%9.4f
iterasi, lambda, P(1), P(2), P(3) )
lambda = lambda + delta_lambda;
end
J1 = sum(1./(2*id));
J2 = sum(1./(2*ie));
J3 = sum(1./(2*ig));
iterasi = iterasi +1;
if P(1) < 20
P(1) = 20;
delta_P = PD - (P(1)+P(2)+P(3));
delta_lambda = (delta_P)/J1;
P(2) = (lambda - ib(2))./(2*ic(2));
P(3) = (lambda - ib(3))./(2*ic(3));
else if P(1) > 60
P(1) = 60;
delta_P = PD - (P(1) +P(2) + P(3));
P(2) = (lambda - ib(2))./(2*ic(2));
P(3) = (lambda - ib(3))./(2*ic(3));
else if P(2) < 20
P(2) = 20;
delta_P = PD - (P(1)+P(2)+P(3));
P(1) = (lambda - ib(1))./(2*ic(1));
P(3) = (lambda - ib(3))./(2*ic(3));
else if P(2) > 40
P(2) = 40;
|%9.4f
|%10.4f
|\n',
delta_P = PD - (P(1) +P(2) + P(3));

P(1) = (lambda - ib(1))./(2*ic(1));
P(3) = (lambda - ib(3))./(2*ic(3));
else if P(3) < 20;
P(3) = 20;
delta_P = PD - (P(1) +P(2) + P(3));
P(1) = (lambda - ib(1))./(2*ic(1));
P(2) = (lambda - ib(3))./(2*ic(2));
else if P(3) > 50;
P(3) = 50;
delta_P = PD - (P(1) +P(2) + P(3));
P(1) = (lambda - ib(1))./(2*ic(1));
P(2) = (lambda - ib(3))./(2*ic(2));
end
end
end
end
end
end
fprintf('| %2.0f
|%8.4f |%9.4f |%9.4f |%10.4f
|\n',
iterasi, lambda, P(1), P(2), P(3) )
disp('|===============================================================|')
disp('|===============================================================|')
Ct = sum(ia)+([P(1) P(2) P(3)]*ib)+sum([P(1)^2 P(2)^2 P(3)^2]*ic);
disp('|
|')
disp(['|
','Your Fuel Cost = ' num2str(Ct),' ', 'R/h
|'])
disp('|===============================================================|')
disp('|===============================================================|')
The result from program, is:

###################Dispatch problems with Lambda Iteration################
_______________________________________________________________________
>> lamdaiteration
##############Dispatch problems with Lambda Iteration############
_________________________________________________________________
Input Lambda Value :9
|Iterasi| Lambda | P1
|
| R/MWh) | (MW)
| P2
| P3 |
| (MW) | (MW) |
| 1 | 9.0000 | 20.8333 | 37.5000 | 16.2507
| 2 | 9.6854 | 35.1120 | 46.0672 | 18.8209
| 3 | 9.9322 | 40.2536 | 40.0000 | 19.7464
|===============================================================|
|===============================================================|
|
Your Fuel Cost = 1109.0539 R/h
|===============================================================|
|===============================================================|
We put example , input lambda is 9

Iterasi
1
2
3
Fuel Cost
Lambda
R/MWh
9.0000
9.6854
9.9322
1109.0539 R/h
P1
P2
P3
20.8333
35.1120
40.2536
37.5000
46.0672
40.0000
16.2507
18.8209
19.7464

Economic Dispatch Thermal Units and Methods of Solution

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Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units and

Date of Report Assignment:

3.13 Economic Dispatch Problem

196.4 + 3P1 + 0.075 P12

Generation limits are 20 MW P1 100 MW.

157.335 + 3.3333 P2 + 0.08333 P22

Generation limits are 20 MW P2 100 MW.

316.66 + 2 P3 + 0.1 P32

196.4 + 3P1 + 0.075 P12

P1 (20 MW, 40 MW, 60 MW, 80 MW, and 100 MW)

Fuel Costs = 1.5 R/MBtu

Fl(Pl) = Hl(Pl) x 1.5 = 80 + 8 (20) + 0.024 (20)2

Plot for cost function Unit 1

Figure 1. The Cost Function for Unit 1

157.335 + 3.3333 P2 + 0.08333 P22

P2 (20 MW, 40 MW, 60 MW, 80 MW, and 100 MW)

Fuel Costs = 1.5 R/MBtu

F2(P2) = H2 (P2) x 1.5 = 120 + 6 (20) + 0.04 (20)2

F2(P2) = H2 (P2)x 1.5 = 157.335 + 3.3333 (60) + 0.08333 (60)2

Plot for cost function Unit 2

Figure 2. The Cost Function for Unit 2

316.66 + 2 P3 + 0.1 P32

P1 (20 MW, 40 MW, 60 MW, 80 MW, and 100 MW)

Fuel Costs = 1.5 R/MBtu

F3(P3) = H3 (P3) x 1.5 = 100 + 4.6666 (20) + 0.13333 (20)2

Plot for cost function Unit 3

Figure 3. The Cost Function for Unit 3

Table 1. Cost Function for Each Unit

POWER LEVEL (MW)

Plot for cost function Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3.

b) Plot the incremental cost function for each unit.

80 + 8P1 + 0.024 P12

196.4 + 3P1 + 0.075 P12

Plot for incremental cost function Unit 1

Figure 4. The Incremental Cost Function for Unit 1

120 + 6P2 + 0.04P22

157.335 + 3.3333 P2 + 0.08333 P22

Plot for incremental cost function Unit 2

Figure 5. The Incremental Cost Function for Unit 2

100 + 4.6666P3 + 0.13333 P32

316.66 + 2 P3 + 0.1 P32

Plot for incremental cost function Unit 3

Figure 6. The Incremental Cost Function for Unit 3

POWER LEVEL (MW)

Plot for incremental cost function Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3.

Table 2. Minimal Function Cost f2

The result is:

The result show:

d) Solve dispatch problems without dynamic programming for PD = 100 MW.

delta_P = PD - (P(1) +P(2) + P(3));

The result from program, is:

| 1 | 9.0000 | 20.8333 | 37.5000 | 16.2507

| 2 | 9.6854 | 35.1120 | 46.0672 | 18.8209

| 3 | 9.9322 | 40.2536 | 40.0000 | 19.7464

Your Fuel Cost = 1109.0539 R/h

We put example , input lambda is 9

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