Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(20%)
4. Sebuah perusahaan beton pracetak akan mulai menggunakan fly ash
(FA) untuk dapat menghasilkan produk yang ekonomis. Setelah
melakukan serangkaian pengujian kuat beton fc pada berbagai kadar FA
didapat hasil seperti terlihat dalam tabel. Pengaruh ini dapat
dimodelkan dengan (t dalam hari):
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[(
f c =f cm exp s 1
( ) )]
28
t
1 /2
0
fc
(MPa)
14
24
31
36
40
44
10
15
20
fc
(MPa)
7
16
25
32
38
46
fc
(MPa)
4
12
21
29
36
46
fc
(MPa)
2
9
18
27
35
46
25
fc
(MPa)
1
7
15
24
33
46
(30%)
5. Anda diminta merencanakan beton kinerja tinggi (high performance
concrete) atau HPC menggunakan nomogram dan data di bawah.
Tentukan jumlah air, semen, pasir dan split yang diperlukan untuk
persyaratan HPC adalah sebagai berikut:
Properti
Kuat tekan 28 hari
Kuat tekan awal
Kuat tarik awal
Modulus elastisitas 28 hari
Permeability klorida 28 hari
Kriteria
Min. 65 MPa
19 MPa pada 36 jam
2 MPa pada 36 jam
Min. 38 GPa
1000 coulombs (charge)
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Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide has a distinguishing hexagonal shape.
The dimensions, of course, depends on the concentration in
aqueous solution and the age of the crystal. This nice
crystalline shape has been produced on a piece of glass
fibre in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution.
Depending on the
concentration of the solution,
other shapes of the crystalline
calcium hydroxide can be
formed.
Calcium Carbonate
Strange crystals appeared on a compact
of C-S-H after unexpected long exposure
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to the atmosphere. Their "alien" and "snow flake" shapes seem to be similar to the
calcium carbonate crystals formed as a result of the C-S-H carbonation due to the
carbon dioxide in the air.
Calcite rhombs mixed with the Wollastonite needles. Wollastonite is a form of calcium
silicates (CaSiO3) that is not usually carbonated unless through a specific treatment.
This is a colorized SEM picture of aragonite on the surface of calcium hydroxide. The
sample was collected from the unusually large transparent crytals found on the surface
of a 45 year old cement paste specimen (W/C=0.5). The crystals were shown to be
calcium hydroxide (colored blue). The surface of CH contained etch pits (colored gray)
and aragonite (a polymorph of calcium carbonate - colored red) at various spots. (The
scale bar indicates 2 micro meters)
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The stoichiometric C/S ratio of C-S-H and morphology of its crystals in conventional
cement systems depend on the curing condition.
The growth of C-S-H and calcium hydroxide crystals beside each other. The dominating
phase in forming the shape in the contact surface is C-S-H probably due to its
significantly higher strength.
The formation of needle-like C-S-H stacks grown after 5 hoursof of hydration of triclinic
C3S (W/C=0.4). The green substrate is the C3S etch-pitted as a result of dissolution of
Si, Ca and O atoms.
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