(NSC 92-2522-S-133-003)

74
83
92
92
92
92

(92 )

14
9

14

30

93/6/4 93/6/11 12

- 10 -

329

81

3
5
6 9

8
3

600 0

2
5

13

1000

2 x + 5 y 13z = 1000

3x 9 y + 3z = 0
5x + 6 y + 8z = 600

x, y, z

81 81

84

- 11 -

277

1.

2.

a>b>0

3.

(+a)-(+b)=+(a-b) ; (-a)-(-b)=-(a-b);

4.

(+a)-(-b)=+(a+b) ; (-a)-(+b)=-(a+b);

0-(+a)=-a;

5.

0-(-a)=+a;

6.

(+a)+(-b)=+(a-b) ; (-a)+(+b)=-(a-b);

(+a)+(+b)=+(a+b)

7.

(-a)+(-b)=-(a+b);

0+(+a)=+a;

0+(-a)=-a;

8.

9.

10.

- 12 -

3.

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. a-b b-a

7.

1.

92

2.

- 13 -

277

63450 -83450

83450 -

63450

a - b a b

a b

a b

30

63450 83450

- 14 -


128-72 25-8-2 40

13

47 53

19

-3000

27

35

-(-3000)=3000

1
2

( 13.4) ( 2 )

-5 5
-5 5

84

- -3

-3
- , -5000

30

2000

2000 3000

3000

- 15 -

277

5 5 -5

A B C

B A C AB

BC AC

Nicole d' Oresme

(1323-1382) Algorismus

proportionum 1356 1361

+ et

83

and Cajori(1928)

1417

Johannes Widmann 1489

Smith(1925) Henricus Grammateus

1526

28 30

et (and)

- 16 -

5+- 4 +8 +-10 +-7

30

53

87

( minus

- 17 -

277

768 768
(A)

768 1
1 768 12 31
768
768 1

(B)

768
768

(C)

(D)

(A) (B) O 2

-2 (C)

(D)

|a-b|

- 18 -

24 12 0

7 +7

74 -7

(-7) + 3 = -4

92

Duncan &

14

Saunders 1980 Bennett & Musser 1981

Thompson 1988

( 30) + ( +12) = 18

(-3)+ -5 = -8

83

- 19 -

277

(-3) + (+9)

3 9

3 3 6

Kohn (1978) Human & Murry (1987)

+6

(+3)+(-9)

= (+3)+[(-3)+(-6)]

= [(+3)+(-3)]+(-6) = -6.

(-2) - (-8) 2

6 6

6 +6

(-2)-(-8)

= (-2)+[(-6)+(+6)]-(-8)

= {[(-2)+(-6)]+(+6)}-(-8)

= [(-8)+(+6)]-(-8)

= +6.

- 20 -

1.

2.

3.

92

( )

4.

5. 2 3 4

6. 1-5

1 15

25

1.

A +15

A -25

2.

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277
2 +1

A (+15)+(-25)

-1

3.

25

13

A 10

1.25

A -25

A 25-15
4.

13

A -5

A +13

5. 2 3 4
=-(

2.

)=

A (+15)+(-25) = -(25 15) = -10

A (-25)+(+13)

6. 5

3.

A 25 - 13

4.

A -12
5. 2 3 4
=-(

)=

A (-25)+(+13) = -(25 13) = -12

6. 5

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