GENERAL

PHYSIOLOGY
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BASAL METABOLIC RATE

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

CONTENTS
BASAL METABOLIC RATE ............................................................................................................................................... 3
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES WITH AGE .......................................................................................................................... 3
EXERCISE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3
HOMEOSTASIS .............................................................................................................................................................. 4
CELL MEMBRANE AND CELL WALL................................................................................................................................ 4
TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES .............................................................................................................................. 5
GENERAL FEATURES OF TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE ............................................................................. 5
SIMPLE DIFFUSION .................................................................................................................................................... 6
FACILITATED DIFFUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 6
ACTIVE TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................................................. 6
GAP JUNCTIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
EXOCYTOSIS AND ENDOCYTOSIS .............................................................................................................................. 7
BODY FLUIDS ................................................................................................................................................................. 8
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS......................................................................................................................................... 8
CELL ORGANELLES ....................................................................................................................................................... 10

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BASAL METABOLIC RATE

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

KEY TO THIS DOCUMENT

Text in normal font Must read point.
Asked in any previous medical entrance
examinations
Text in bold font Point from Harrisons
text book of internal medicine 18th
edition
Text in italic font Can be read if
you are thorough with above two.

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BASAL METABOLIC RATE

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

BASAL METABOLIC RATE

Energy expenditure in resting state depends on
Basal metabolic rate most closely depends on
Basal metabolic rate closely associated with
BMR depends on
Decreased BMR seen in
BMR is decreased in
BMR
Organ having maximum blood flow per ml per kg per
minute
Metabolism

NOT a function of metabolism

Lean body mass

Lean body mass
Body surface area
Surface area
Obesity
Hypothyroidism
Decreased by 50% in starvation
Kidney
Breakdown of substrate, Equilibrium of biochemical
with intracellular components, Using building blocks for
synthesis
Extraction of nutrients from food

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES WITH AGE

Parameter remain unchanged with advancement of age
Changes with age

Hematocrit
GFR, Glucose tolerance, Blood pressure, FEV1

EXERCISE
Aerobic capacity increased by
Exercise causes
Exercise cause
Exercise

Main cause of increased blood flow to exercising

muscles
Physiological changes during severe exercise
Metabolism in exercising muscle
During exercise increase in O2 delivery to muscles is
because of
Body temperature during exercise
Source of energy for muscles in prolonged exercise
Exercise is also prescribed as an adjuvant treatment of
depression. It acts by
In moderate exercise, respiratory rate is increased due
to response of
Tachycardia at the onset of exercise is due to
stimulation of
On vigorous exercise, respiratory function depends
upon
Physiological change in brain during moderate exercise

Regular 3 minute exercise

Increase in temperature
Increased systolic pressure
Vagal stimulation decrease rate of contraction,
noradrenaline increase force of contraction, denervated
nerve has more heart rate
Vasodilatation due to local metabolites
Hyperventilation in beginning, Hyperkalemia, Decreased
PaCO2
Glycogen and creatine kinase used aerobically
Increased stroke volume, increased extraction of
oxygen from blood, increased blood flow to muscles
Rises
Gluconeogenesis in Liver
Raising endorphin levels
Proprioception receptor in joints
Joint proprioceptors
Glycogen stores
Blood flow remains unaltered

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HOMEOSTASIS

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
Blood flow to exercising skeletal muscle is
caused by
Muscles blood supply increases during
exercise to
Effect of moderate exercise on cerebral blood flow
Blood flow varies least during exercise in
Muscle spasm in severe exercise is due to
During heavy exercise cardiac output increases 5 fold,
pulmonary arterial pressure very little. Explained by
Failure to increase heart rate with exercise
Increases in isotonic exercise
Does NOT increase in isotonic exercise
Increased in isometric exercise
Changes seen in isometric exercise
NOT increased in isometric exercise
MC form of isometric exercise

K+, increase in PCO2, adenosine

Accumulation of active metabolites
Does NOT change
Brain
Depletion of ATP
Increase in number of open capillaries
Chronotropic incompetence
Respiratory rate, heart rate, stroke
volume
Total peripheral resistance
Heart rate, Cardiac output, Mean arterial pressure
Increase in cardiac output
Systemic vascular resistance
Quadriceps grill

HOMEOSTASIS
Autoregulation
Homeostatic mechanism of body

NOT true about homeostatic mechanism of body

Positive feedback mechanism
NOT mediated through negative feedback mechanism
O2 consumption is minimal when temperature gradient
between skin and external environment
Gate control theory

Maintains blood flow

Values revolve around the mean, Value of controlled
variable is compared to reference value, Value of
controlled variable oscillates near a set point, System is
stabilized by NEGATIVE feedback mechanism
System is stabilized by positive feedback mechanism
LH surge, Entry of ca into sarcoplasmic reticulum,
Thrombolytic activity in coagulation cascade
Thrombus formation
<0.5*C
Melzack and Waller

CELL MEMBRANE AND CELL WALL

Lipid bilayer of cell wall
Cell wall is made up to
Lipid bilayer
Majority of lipid in biological lipid bilayer
Most important component of cell wall has
carbohydrate moiety
Major lipid in mitochondrial membrane
Transition temperature of lipid bilayers of cell
membrane is increased by
Biological membrane

Asymmetrical arrangement of cell wall component

Phospholipids
Lipids are regularly arranged, Asymmetrical, Protein
displaced laterally
Phosphoglycerides
GM2 ganglioside
Cardiolipin
Saturated fatty acids
Symmetric bileaflet structure, constitute lipid and
protein moiety together by covalent interactions, rigid
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TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

Eukaryotic plasma membrane is made of

Eukaryotic plasma membrane do NOT have
Plasma membrane is mainly composed of
Addition of PUFA in plasma membrane cause
Diffuse freely from plasma to Extracellular space
Membrane fluidity is increased by
Transmembrane region of protein is likely to have
Aminoacid most likely to be found in transmembrane
region of protein
Lipids and protein interact in membrane by
Lipid moiety of biological membrane
Function of phospholipid in cell membrane
Does NOT cross cell membrane
Move rapidly in lipid bilayer
Membrane spanning segment of integral
protein frequently adopt
Highest protein content per gram tissue
Protein lipid ratio in membrane
Low Protein Lipid ratio is seen in
Glycophorin is present in
RBC membrane is maintained by (integrity)
Osmotic pressure of 1 mol of idea solute relative to
pure water is

assemblies of protein, lipid and carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, Lecithin, Cholesterol
Triglyceride
Protein
Increase in fluidity of membrane
Proteins
Linoleic acid
Stretch of hydrophobic aminoacid
Leucine
Hydrogen bonds
Amphipathic in nature
Transduction of signals, Enzyme activation at
membrane surface
Glucose 6 phosphate
Phospholipid
Alpha helical configuration
Inner mitochondrial membrane
2:1
Myelin
RBC
Spectrin
22.4

TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES

GENERAL FEATURES OF TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE
Milieu interior is coined by
Osmotic principle was given by
Transport across cell membrane
Ionophores
Exchange of one substance for other
Zonula occludens is also known as
Tight junction provides
Structures between adjacent capillary
endothelial cells that primarily determine
what size water soluble molecules can
enter the tissue are
An example for Electrical communication between cells
Example for desmosomes
Example for tight junctions
Intercellular junction is NOT mediated by

Claude Bernard
Vant Hoff
Na+ with glucose transport
Hydrophobic, abolish protein gradient, Inhibit ADP to
ATP conversion, Abolish pH gradient
Antiport
Tight junction
Intercellular connections that link cells
into a regulated tissue barrier
Molecular sized openings within tight
junctions

Neuromuscular junction
Adjacent skin cells
Lining of intestines
Hemidesmosomes

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TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
If freezing point is -1.86, osmolality is
Osmolality is
Example for antiport

1000
Number of moles per kg of solvent
Na+ Ca+ antiport

SIMPLE DIFFUSION
Transport of neutral substances across cell membrane
Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide
cross the plasma membrane by
Co transport is mediated via
Ion channel
Does not follow saturation kinetics
Ideal characteristic of simple and facilitated diffusion
Does NOT follow saturation kinetics
Neutral molecules are transported by
NOT true about diffusion of substances via cell
membrane

Diffusion
Passive diffusion through lipid bilayer
Passive diffusion
Simple passive diffusion
Simple diffusion
ATP is NOT required
Simple diffusion
Simple diffusion
ATP generation capacity inside and outside of cells

FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Facilitated diffusion

Facilitated diffusion is dependent on

FALSE about facilitated diffusion
GLUT is an example for
GLUT
Glucose transported via
SGLUT is present in

Occur in direction of chemical or electric gradient, Does

NOT require energy, Facilitated by charge of molecule,
Requires carrier protein
Electrochemical gradient
Facilitated diffusion require energy
Facilitated diffusion
Facilitative passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Apical side of intestine

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
A substance only can be accumulated
against electrochemical gradient by
Sodium potassium pump is an example of
Na+ - K+ pump is that
Na+-K+ pump
Extracellular binding site on Na+-K+ pump
Binding site present on beta unit of Na+-K+ pump is
Critical role for Na+ K+ ATPase pump
Ca2+ transport across membrane
Active transport across cell membrane is mediated by
Active transport usually operates from

Active transport
Active transport
Involves ATPase activity
Heterodimer heterogenous, K+ is pumped against the
gradient
Ouabain
Glycosylation
Using energy in ATP to extrude 3 Na+ out
of the cell in exchange of 2 K+ into the cell
Requires hydrolysis of ATP, Active process
Carrier protein
Lesser to higher Concentration

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TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
Na+ K+ ATPase
Ca2+ ATPase in skeletal muscle
H+ K+ transport in gastric cells
Neutral amino acid transport
Iodine is concentrated in thyroid cells by

Primary active transport

Primary active transport
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport
Secondary active transport

GAP JUNCTIONS
Functions in metabolic coupling between
adjacent cells
Gap junctions are found only in
Gap junctions
Features of gap junctions

Transfer of Solute between cells via

Cell junctions allowing exchange of cytoplasmic
molecules between two cells
Gap junctions are involved in transmission of regulatory
protein/ signals from cell to cell
Cell junctions allow exchange of cytoplasmic molecules
between two cells
Electrical synapse is closely associated with
Examples for gap junctions

Gap junction
Electrical synapse
Serve as regulated cytoplasmic bridge for
sharing of small molecules between cells
No synaptic delay, conduction is in both
directions, at gap junctions connexon of
coupled cells are aligned to form connexon
channels
Gap Junction
Gap junctions
WITHOUT entering ECF
Gap junctions
Gap Junction
Myocardial fibres, central nervous system

EXOCYTOSIS AND ENDOCYTOSIS

Process by which fusion of part of a cell membrane
occurs are
Emeiocytosis or reverse pinocytosis require
Caveoli is associated with
Exocytosis
Features of exocytosis

Example of Regulated membrane transfer

Clathrin is used in
Ligand receptor complex dissociates in endosome
because

Exocytosis, Endocytosis
Ca++
Pinocytosis
Extrusion of cell bound vesicles
Involves binding v-SNARE/t-SNARE
arrangement, calcium dependent, may
occur in either constitutive or non
constitutive manner
Non Constitutive exocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Of acidic pH of vesicle

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BODY FLUIDS

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

BODY FLUIDS
Forces regulating disposition of fluid between two
components of extracellular compartment
Ions composition

Major portion of body water lies

Body water
Total body water content in percentage of
body weight is lowest in
Total body water differences between male and female
is NOT seen at the age of
Tritium oxide for
Deuterium oxide is used to measure volume of
Antipyrine for
NOT used for measurement of body volumes
Predominant extracellular ions
Sucrose space is
Osmolarity of ECF is due to
Most accurate measurement of ECF volume by
Inulin for
Main electrolyte in ECF
Extracellular fluid
ECF is measured by
A dye used for measuring cardiac output, replaced by
new dye rapidly diffuses out of capillaries. this would
affect study by
Evan blue for
Plasma volume is measured by
Blood Volume
Blood volume
Normal blood volume
Extracellular blood volume is regulated by
Total Blood volume (in percentage of body weight)
Pitting edema indicates excess of _______ litres of fluid
in tissue space
Osmoceptor located on
Ineffective osmols
Urea is osmotically ineffective because
Osmotic adaptation

Starling forces
Phosphorus and Mg++ are major ions intracellularly.
Na+, Cl- are principal ions in ECF
Kidneys tightly regulate Na+, K+, Cl- composition
Intracellular
60% of body weight
Fat woman
18 25 years
Total body water
Total body water
Total body water
I125 albumin for blood volume
Na+,Cl-,HCO3Extracellular space
Sodium
Inulin
Extracellular fluid
Na+
High Na+
Inulin, mannitol, sucrose
Normal cardiac output, altered blood volume

Plasma volume
Radiolabelled iodine
5L
[100/100 hematocrit] * plasma volume
70 ml/kg
Sodium balance
8%
4.5
Hypothalamus
Urea
Membrane is highly permeable to urea
Due to osmolytes in brain cells, Protects against large
H2O shift

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
Epithelia

Functionally separate contiguous

components
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STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
Extracellular matrix protein
NOT a part of extracellular matrix
Seen in photoreceptor matrix

Basement membrane degeneration mediated by

Desmosomes are associated with
Fibrillar collagen
Amorphous collagen
Collagen in bone
Collagen present in skin
Type I collagen is NOT present in
Type of collagen in hyaline cartilage
Articular cartilage is made up of
Type of collagen in vitreous humor of eye
Type of collagen in basement membrane of kidney
Lens capsule is made of
Thickest basement membrane in the body
Collagen in stroma
Collagen in descement membrane
Triple helix is seen in
Collagen triple helix structure is found in
Collagen triple helix structure NOT found in
Defect in collagen formation
Collagen is NOT found in
Hyaluronic acid
Viscosity of synovial fluid depends on
Danaparoid consists of
Force generating proteins
Fast axonal transport
Rapid axonal flow in neurons is mediated by
Rapid axonal flow in neurons NOT mediated by
Mitotic spindle is formed in
Motility of cell is due to
In dividing cells, spindle is formed by
Microtubules
Cell shape and motility provided by
Microtubule formation is inhibited by
Microtubule organizing centre
Aggrecan is
Protein involved in intercellular connections
Microfilament in cytoskeleton is
Mallory body is a
Alcohol Keratin is composed of
Elasticity of corneal layer of skin is due to presence of
Intermediate filaments
Only intermediate filament undergoing

Collagen, Laminin, Fibronectin, Elastin

Integrin
Metallopreoteinase, Sialoprotein associated with rods
and cones (SPARC), Tissue inhibitors of
metalloproteinases (TIMP)
Metalloproteinases
Elasticity of skin and hair
I, II, III, V, XI
IV, VI
Type I
Type I
Cartilage
II
Type II collagen
II
IV
IV
Lens capsule
VI
VII, VIII
Collagen
Golgi apparatus, Lumen of endoplasmic reticulum,
Intracellular vesicles
Cytoplasm
Scurvy, Osteogenesis imperfecta
Fibroblast
Vitreous humor
Hyaluronic acid
Keratin sulphate, Dermatan sulphate, Heparan sulphate
Dynein and kinesin
Kinesin, dynein, lysosomes
Dynein, Kinesin, Microtubules, Lysosome
Neurofilaments
Metaphase
Actin
Tubulin
Dynamic instability, Polarity, Charged, Form spindle,
Requires GTP
Microtubules
Vincristine, Paclitaxel, Colchicine
Centrosomes
Important component of cartilage
Connexins
Actin
Keratin
Prekeratin Filaments
Keratin
Static
Lamin A

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CELL ORGANELLES

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
assembly and disassembly
Intracellular space has
Intercellular space has
Fast anterograde transport
Fast anterograde transport
Retrograde transport
Cellular movement is NOT carried out by

Intermediate filaments
Cadherin
Microtubules and conventional kinesin
400 mm/d
Microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein
Intermediate filaments

CELL ORGANELLES
Sequence of vesicle transport
Prominent organelle of cell
Protein synthesis occur in
Secretory proteins are synthesized in
Agranular cytoplasmic reticulum is involved in the
synthesis of
Intracellular sorting and packing done for
In mucosal cells triglycerides are mainly in
Golgi apparatus
Sphingomyelins are synthesized in
Mitochondria
Intracellular calcification begin at
Mechanism used to establish
mitochondrial electrochemical gradient
Predominantly mitochondrial enzyme
Catabolism of H2O2 carried out by
Auto digestion in
Markers of plasma membrane
Marker for cell membrane
Marker for golgi apparatus
Marker for mitochondria
Marker for peroxisome
Two microsomal marker enzymes are

ER cis trans- cytoplasmic membrane

Nucleus
Rough ER
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lipid
Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
POLARISED structure, Situated near nucleus, Cis is
receiving end, Trans is secretory end
Golgi apparatus
Site of ATP synthesis, Protein synthesis
Mitochondria
Proton translocating activity in inner
membrane
SGOT (AST)
Peroxisomes
Lysosome
5 nucleotidase, Adenyl cyclase
5 nucleotidase, Na+ K+ ATP ase
Galactosyl transferase
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Uric acid oxidase
glucose-6-phosphatase and NADPH-cytochrome c
reductase

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