Junior Problems

J373. Let a, b, c be real numbers greater than 1. Prove that

a2 + b2 + 2 b2 + c2 + 2 c2 + a2 + 2 (a + 1)2 (b + 1)2 (c + 1)2 .
Proposed by Adrian Andreescu, Dallas, TX, USA
J374. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a + b + c 3. Prove that
abc + 2

9
.
a3 + b3 + c3

Proposed by Mehmet Berke, s, ler, Denizli, Turkey

J375. Solve in real numbers the equation

x+

1
y= +
2

1
x+y+ .
4

Proposed by Adrian Andreescu, Dallas, TX, USA

J376. Let , , be the angles of a triangle. Prove that
1
1
1
+
+
1.
5 4 cos 5 4 cos 5 4 cos
Proposed by Dragoljub Miloevi, Gornji Milanovac, Serbia
J377. Let ABC be a triangle with A 90 . Prove that
sin2

A
ma
A

cos2 .
2
2R
2

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

J378. Let P be a point in the interior of the triangle ABC such that BAP = 105 , and let D, E, F
be the intersection of BP , CP , DE with the side AC, AB, BC, respectively. Assume that the
point B lies between C and F and that BAF = CAP . Find BAC.
Proposed by Marius Stnean, Zalu, Romnia

Mathematical Reflections 3 (2016)

Senior Problems
S373. Let x, y, z be positive real numbers. Prove that
X
cyc

1
xy + yz + zx

.
2
xy + 2z
xyz(x + y + z)

Proposed by Tolibjon Ismoilov, Academic Lyceum S.H.Sirojiddinov, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

S374. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that at least one of the numbers
a+b
,
a+bc

b+c
,
b+ca

c+a
c+ab

is not in the interval (1, 2).

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA
S375. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers such that ab + bc + ca = a + b + c > 0. Prove that
a2 + b2 + c2 + 5abc 8.
Proposed by An Zhen-Ping, Xianyang Normal University, China
S376. Solve in integers the equation x5 2xy + y 5 = 2016.
Proposed by Adrian Andreescu, Dallas, TX, USA
S377. If z is a complex number with |z| 1, prove that
|z 1|4
|2z 1|5

.
4
25 5
Proposed by Florin Stnescu, Ges, ti, Romnia
S378. In a triangle, let ma , mb , mc be the lengths of the medians, wa , wb , wc be the lengths of the
angle bisectors, and r and R be the inradius and circumradius, respectively. Prove that
ma mb mc
+
+

wa
wb
wc

R
+
r

r !2
r
.
R

Proposed by Dragoljub Miloevi, Gornji Milanovac, Serbia

Mathematical Reflections 3 (2016)

Undergraduate Problems
U373. Prove the following inequality holds for all positive integers n 2,

 


1
1
1
1+
1 +
< 3.
1+
1+2
1+2+3
1 + 2 + + n
Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam
U374. Let p and q be complex numbers such that two of the zeros a, b, c of the polynomial x3 +
3px2 + 3qx + 3pq = 0 are equal. Evaluate a2 b + b2 c + c2 a.
Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA
U375. Let
an =

n
X

s
k

k=1

Determine ban c and evaluate lim

2
k2 + 1
,
k4 + k2 + 1

n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

an
.
n

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

U376. Evaluate


lim

1
1 + sin
n+1


1 + sin

1
n+2


1 + sin

1
n+n


.

Proposed by Marius Cavachi, Constant, a, Romnia

U377. Let m and n be positive integers and let
fk (x) = sin(sin( (sin x) )) .
|
{z
}
k times

Evaluate

fm (x)
.
x0 fn (x)
lim

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

U378. Let f : [0, 1] R be a continuous function. Prove that
(1)n1
(n 1)!

1
n1

f (x) ln
0

1Z 1

x dx =
0

f (x1 x2 xn )dx1 dx2 dxn .

0

Proposed by Albert Stadler, Herrliberg, Switzerland

Mathematical Reflections 3 (2016)

Olympiad Problems
O373. Let n 3 be a natural number. On a n n table we perform the following operation: choose a
(n 1) (n 1) square and add or subtract 1 to all its entries. At the beginning all the entries
in the table are 0. Is it possible after a finite number of operations to obtain all the numbers
from 1 to n2 in the table?
Proposed by Alessandro Ventullo, Milan, Italy
O374. Prove that in any triangle,

max (|A B|, |B C|, |C A|) arccos


4r
1 .
R

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

O375. Let a, b, c, d, e, f be real numbers such that ad bc = 1 and e, f 12 . Prove that
p
p

e2 (a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ) + e (ac + bd) + f 2 (a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ) f (ac + bd) (e + f ) 2.

Proposed by Marius Stnean, Zalu, Romnia
O376. Let a1 , a2 , . . . , a100 be a permutation of the numbers 1, 2, . . . , 100. Let S1 = a1 , S2 =
a1 + a2 , . . . , S100 = a1 + a2 + + a100 . Find the maximum possible number of perfect squares
among the numbers S1 , S2 , . . . , S100 .
Proposed by Nairi Sedrakyan, Yerevan, Armenia
O377. Let a1 , a2 , . . . , an , b1 , b2 , . . . , bn be positive real numbers such that ai bi > 1 for all
i {1, 2, . . . , n}. Denote
a=
Prove that

a1 + a2 + . . . + an
n

and

b=

b1 + b2 + . . . + bn
.
n

1
1
1
n
+
+ +

a1 b1 1
a2 b2 1
an bn 1
ab 1
Proposed by Marius Stnean, Zalu, Romnia

O378. Consider a convex hexagon ABCDEF such that AB k DE, BC k EF , and CD k F A. Let M ,
N , K be the intersections of lines BD and AE, AC and DF , CE and BF , respectively. Prove
that the perpendiculars from M , N , K to the lines AB, CD, EF respectively, are concurrent.
Proposed by Nairi Sedrakyan, Yerevan, Armenia

Mathematical Reflections 3 (2016)