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Conference Proceeding
Page |1
S Das
M R Choudhury
utkarsh.nigam99@gmail.com
Sumanvu_27@yahoo.co.in
I. INTRODUCTION
A spillway is a structure designed to prevent
overtopping of a dam at a place that is not designed for
overtopping. A reservoir will overflow if its capacity is less
than the difference between the volumes of inflow and
outflow. The spillway has five basic components which
forms a integral part of it. These are (a). an entrance
channel, (b). A control structure, (c). A discharge carrier,
(d).An energy disspator and (e).An outlet channel. The
maliniroychoudhury@gmail.com
NCIET-2015
ISBN 978-81-925650-0-2
Conference Proceeding
type energy dissipatorsand the methods for calculating
uplift force by analytical or experimental means is also
studied along with comparision of various energy
dissipators. Also the characteristics and properties of
various forces action on a stilling jump type energy
dissipatorsare studied.
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Service spillway
b) Auxiliary spillway
c)
Gated spillway
b) Ungated spillway
c)
1) Maintaining
normal
river
water
functions
(compensation water supply)
2) Discharging water for utilization
3) Maintaining initial water level in the flood-control
operation
4) Controlling floods
5) Controlling additional floods
6) Releasing surplus water (securing dam and reservoir
safety)
7) Lowering water levels (depleting water levels in an
emergency)
It may be mentioned that the above functions have
been defined for spillways and regulating outlets as per the
Cabinet Orders Concerning Structural Criteria for River
Administration Facilities and have been applied to all dams
constructed in Japan. Part of the function under (1), (2),
and (3) are Combined with outlets for low water. Facilities
providing function (5) are added to (4) or (6) and are
collectively called outlets for high water. Function (7) is
essentially for reservoir depletion, which is generally
accomplished by low-level outlets.
2.2 Classification of Spillways
Spillways have been classified according to
various criteria as shown below.
1) According to the most prominent feature
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Ogee spillway
Chute spillway
Side channel spillway
Shaft spillway
Siphon spillway
Straight drop or overfall spillway
Fig. 1 Classification of spillways (A-1 to A-5 & C-1 to C5) (shown in VischeretalSanfrancisco, 1988)
III.ENERGY DISSIPATORS
Dissipation of the kinetic energy generated at the
base of a spillway is essential for bringing the flow into the
downstream river to the normal (almost pre-dam) condition
in as short of a distance as possible. This is necessary, not
only to protect the riverbed and banks from erosion, but
also to ensure that the dam itself and adjoining structures
like powerhouse, canal, etc. are not underminedby the high
velocity turbulent flow.Although a variety of devices are
used for energy dissipation at the base of spillways, the
dissipation of energy is through internal friction and
turbulence or impact and diffusion of the high velocity
flow in the mass of water.
NCIET-2015
ISBN 978-81-925650-0-2
Conference Proceeding
3.1 Classification of EnergyDissipators
Energy dissipators for the spillways can be
classified in several ways as mentioned below. Fog 1
shows types of energy dissipaters (D-1 to D-4).
1) Based on Hydraulic Action
Turbulence and internal friction as in hydraulic
jump stilling basins, roller buckets, and impact and pool
diffusion as with ski jump buckets and plunge pools.
expansion,
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NCIET-2015
ISBN 978-81-925650-0-2
Conference Proceeding
the spillway crest, hydraulic jump stilling basins are not
desirable as the floes are likely to be trapped in the return
roller, hinder the movement of the floes coming from the
top, and cause damage to the floor of the basin. Flip
buckets are obviously the most suited types of energy
dissipator in such situation. When the tail water levels were
too high to hinder the formation of a clear flip action, a
submerged hydraulic jump on a step followed by an apron
was found to perform satisfactory. Thus, the type or design
of the energy dissipator has to be adapted as demanded by
the prevailing environment.
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NCIET-2015
ISBN 978-81-925650-0-2
Conference Proceeding
For finalizing the structural design of stilling basin
floor, uplift forces likely to be experienced by the
individual floor monoliths are required to be assessed. The
assessment of hydrodynamic uplift force on the apron of
the stilling basin may be carried out on a hydraulic model
by measurement of hydrodynamic forces acting on stilling
basin using transducers.
5.1 THEORY AND MECHANISM OF HYDRODYNAMIC
UPLIFT
The uplift force beneath the apron of the hydraulic
jump could be caused due to one or combination of the
following:
1)
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NCIET-2015
ISBN 978-81-925650-0-2
Conference Proceeding
Page |6
notations
Where,
A= area of the slab,
= thickness of monolith slab,
= specific weight of concrete,
=specific weight of water,
2.
Measurement of uplift
pressure fluctuations
force
1.
Bribiesta et al
1. Farhaudi et al (1991)
(1979)
2.
Spaljaric et al
Hajdin et al
Lopardo et al
Toso et al
The thickness is given by,
(1988)
6.
+ [ + ]
(1985)
5.
Where,
(1982)
4.
With
2. Bellin et al (1995)
(1982)
3.
Fiorotto
(1992)
( )
Where,
1.
Where,
= relative density,
1.
NCIET-2015
ISBN 978-81-925650-0-2
Conference Proceeding
By selecting an appropriate value of Cp from table
given by him, the maximum deviation from the
mean pressure is worked out as
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. = (+
+ )
Where,
Where,
= mean pressure,
= length of concrete slab,
= breadth of concrete slab,
= specific weight of water.
2.
( )
. = . A
3.
.
( )
NCIET-2015
ISBN 978-81-925650-0-2
Conference Proceeding
reduced to model scale, which is isolated from rest of the
structure in such a way that 2 mm wide gaps around its
four sides and at the bottom facilitated simulation of
seepage of water through unsealed joints and consequently
transmission of forces below the slab resulting in
fluctuating forces. The measurement system consists of a
force transducer with known capacity (say 1-2kN) with an
excitation voltage of 15 volts whose signal output was fed
to a PC based Data Acquisition System. Figure 8 shows
details of the connection of stilling basin floor slab panel to
force transducer. Figure 9 shows details and specifications
of a typical force transducer used for hydraulic model
studies.
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2.
3.
2) Conditions of Experiments
1.
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ISBN 978-81-925650-0-2
Conference Proceeding
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[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
NCIET-2015
ISBN 978-81-925650-0-2