Operational Amplifiers

Objectives:

To construct and test a discrete differential amplifier with current-source biasing

To investigate biasing Op-Amp Circuits
To analyze and conclude the Op-Amp Specifications

Equipments used:

Resistors of values: 100 , 1K , 4.7K , 10K , 33K , 100K , 470K , 1M

Three 2N3904 NPN transistor
Capacitors of values: 1F, 10F
741C Op-Amp
Connecting wires
Oscilloscope and function generator
Multimeter
Voltage source
Multism 8 for circuit drawing

Introduction:
An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a very high gain differential amplifier
with high input impedance and low output impedance. An op-amp contains a
number of differential amplifier stages to achieve a very high voltage gain.
The following figure shows a typical op-amp:

Procedure:
Experiment 10: Operational Amplifier:
Part 1: The Differential Amplifier:

The differential amplifier circuit is an extremely popular connection used in IC

units. This connection can be described by considering the basic differential
amplifier.
For further information the following figure shows the basic differential
amplifier:

Fig. 10-1.1: Basic differential amplifier circuit

Connect the following figure:

Fig 10-1.2: Differential amplifier circuit

Note that the best results can be obtained if R B1 and RB2 are matched and RE1
and RE2 are also matched.
The following table shows the values of the resistors:
Table 10-1.1: Resistor values

Resistor
RB1
RB2
RE1
RE2
RT
RC2

Listed Value
100 K
100 K
100
100
10 K
10 K

Measured Value
99.9 K
98.9 K
97.99
98.67
9.8 K
9.7 K

After that a DC bias calculation is performed, in order to calculate the

parameters shown in the table below:
Table 10-1.2: DC Parameters

DC Parameter
VA
IT
IE1=IE2
VC(Q1)
VC(Q2)

Computed Value
-1 V
1.4 mA
0.7 mA
15 V
8V

Measured Value
-1.14 V
15 V
8.375 V

For measuring the input voltage Vpp the following connection is done:

Fig. 10-1.3: Measuring the input voltage

The following graph will be obtained, adjusting the following parameters S V =

50 mV/div and SH = 500 s/div:

Fig. 10-1.4: Oscilloscope input voltage

The differential amplifier can be thought of as a common-collector amplifier

(Q1), driving a common-base amplifier (Q2).
Now, then measure the values of the AC parameters which are shown in the
following table:
Table 10-1.3: AC Parameters

AC Parameter
Vb(Q1)
VA
re(Q1)=re(Q2)
Av(d)
Vc(Q2)
Rin(tot)
Av(cm)
CMRR

Computed Value
100 mVpp
16 mV
37.14
36.5
3.65 V
35.423 K
0.5
37.26 dB

Measured Value
98 mV
17.915 mV
35
3.5 V
32.761 K
0.5
36.90 dB

Some rules that are applied to calculate some parameters are as follows:
re (Q1)=re(Q2)= 26 mV/IE = 26 mV/ 0.7 mA = 37.14
Av (d) = Rc2 / 2(RE2 + re) = 10K / 2(100 + 37.14) = 36.5
Vc(Q2)= Vout=Av(d) * Vin= 36.5 * 0.1= 3.65 V
Rin(tot)= RB1 (Q1(re(Q1)+RE1+RE2+re(Q2))= 100K(200(37.14
+37.14+200)= 100K 54856=35.423 K
Typically the value of Q1 is 200 for the transistor 2N3904 and is already given

The following circuit shows how to measure the output voltage in order to
calculate Av (d):

Fig 10-1.5: Measuring output voltage

The oscilloscope graph will be as follows:

Fig 10-1.6: Output voltage graph

The following circuit shows the calculation of total input resistance

Fig 10-1.7: Circuit with the test resistor

On the other hand, Rin(tot) is measured first by calculating VC, then add test
resistor, Rtest, of value 33 K in series with the input signal. The test resistor
forms a voltage divider with the input resistance and will cause the output
voltage to drop. The reduced output voltage is V C.
Thus, Rin(tot) = (VC/(VC-VC)) * Rtest = (619.746 mV/(1.244 V 619.746
mV)) * 33K = 32.761 K
Calculating the common-mode gain, AV (cm), using the following formula:
AV (cm) RC/2RT= 10 K/ 2*10 K = 0.5
In order to measure the common-mode gain, remove the test resistor and
raise the input signal level from the signal generator until a 1 V pp output is
observed. Thus a 2V input signal must be applied as shown in the following
circuit:

Fig. 10-1.8: Measuring the output voltage to be 1 V

And the output voltage signal will be as following with adjusting the SV =
5V/div and the time base = 500s/div:

Fig.10-1.9: Maintaining output voltage 1 V

Av (cm) = Vo/Vin = 1 V / 2 V = 0.5

Adding a constant current source:

A constant-current source can improve the ability to reject common mode
signals by reducing the common-mode gain. Replace the tail resistor with the
constant-current source consisting of three resistors and a BJT as shown in
the following figure:

Fig. 10-1.10: Constant-current source circuit configuration

After that we calculated the common-mode gain with constant-current

source.
AV (cm)= Vout / VIN = 1.454 V / 100 mV = 1.454 * 10-5
Thus the common-mode gain is approximately negligible since it is in the
order of the microns
The output voltage graph is very small and can not be measured exactly so it
is taken from the measurement of the oscilloscope.
Also, CMRR is the decibel common-mode rejection ratio and is 20 times
logarithmic ratio of the absolute value of the ratio of A V (d) to AV (cm) expressed
in dB. In equation form, it is:

CMRR = 20

Av (d )
log

Av (cm)

= 20

36.5

0.5
= 20
log

log 73

= 37.26 dB

(Calculated value)

CMRR = 20

log

Av (d )

Av (cm)

= 20

35

0.5
= 20
log

log 70

= 36.90 dB

(Measured value)

Part 2: Basic Op-Amp Circuits:

An operational amplifier is a very high gain amplifier having very high input
impedance and low output impedance. An ideal op-amp circuit would have
infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, and infinite voltage gain.
The 741 op-amp has 8 pins; each pin has a role as follows:
Pin 2: Connecting V-, pin 3: Connecting V+, pin 4: -VCC, pin 6: Vout, pin 7: +VCC.

Inverting Amplifier:
The most widely used constant-amplifier circuit is the inverting amplifier. The
output is obtained by multiplying the input by a fixed or constant gain, set by
the input resistor (R1) and feedback resistor (Rf)this output also being
inverted from the input.
For the circuit later the following table shows the values of the resistors:
Table 10-2.1: Resistance value

Resistor
R1
Rf

Listed Value
1 K
10 K

Measured Value
998.76
9.8 K

Now after measuring the resistances, closed-loop gain for the inverting
amplifier can be calculated as follows: Acl(I)= Vout / Vin = -Rf / R1 = -10 K / 1
K = - 10
Now Vout can be calculated: Vout= Acl(I) * Vin = -10 * 500 mV = -10 * 0.5 V =
-5 V
Connect the following figure:

Fig. 10-2.1: Inverting constant-gain multiplier

Now measure the input voltage to be 500 mV pp using the oscilloscope to

obtain the following circuit and graph:

Fig. 10-2.2: Measuring input voltage

And by adjusting the oscilloscope on the following parameters: S V = 100

mV/div and the time base = 500 s/div we obtain:

Fig. 10-2.3: Input voltage measuring

After that to measure the output voltage, connect the oscilloscope as follows
at the output:

Fig. 10-2.4: Measuring the output voltage

Thus the output voltage will be after setting S V= 1 V/div and time base =
500s/div:

Fig. 10-2.5: Output voltage

The voltage across pin 2 must be measured. This point is called a virtual
ground. A virtual ground is not actually at ground potential, but the voltage is
near ground by the effect of feedback. This concept implies that although the
voltage is near 0 V, there is no current through the amplifier input to ground.

Measuring the virtual ground from pin 2 to ground will be: V (-) = -3.51 mV
The input resistance is measured after placing a 1 K test resistor (R test) in
series with the generator and R1.Observing the output voltage then. The
following circuit is as follows:

Fig. 10-2.6: Measuring output voltage for the input resistance

And the output voltage will be as the oscilloscope maintains S V = 1 V / div and
the time base is: 500 s /div:

Fig. 10-2.7: Output voltage

Note that the output voltage is halved. It was first 5.1 V then it dropped till its
half value of 2.7 V and this indicates that the test resistor and the input
resistance of the amplifier are about the same as R test. Then Rin= 1 K .Thus
the following table will be obtained:
Table 10-2.2: Parameter values for inverting amplifier

Parameter
Vin
Acl(I)
Vout
V(-)
Rin
Noninverting Amplifier:

Computed Value
500 mVpp
- 10
5V

Measured Value
500 mV
5.1 V
-3.51 mV
1 K

The same procedure done before, calculate the closed loop gain of the
noninverting amplifier.
The closed-loop gain is as follows: Acl(NI) = 1 + ( Rf / R1 )= 1 + ( 10 K / 1 K)
= 11
Now Vout can be calculated: Vout= Acl(NI) * Vin = 11 * 0.5 V = 5.5 V
Connect the following figure:

Fig. 10-2.8: Noninverting amplifier circuit

Measure output voltage using the oscilloscope for S V = 1 V/div and the time
base= 500s/div:

Fig. 10-2.9: Output voltage for noninverting amplifier

Now measure the feedback voltage at pin 2 that is V (-) = 54.43 mV. It is not
near ground potential this time. After that place a 1 M test resistor in series
with the input from the generator. The voltage dropped across the test
resistor, the rest is across the input resistance. The following circuit
represents what is mentioned above:

Fig. 10-2.10: Measuring input resistance

Thus the input resistance Rin = 1.3 K. The following table represents all the
parameters:
Table 10-2.3: Parameter values for noninverting amplifier

Parameter
Vin
Acl(NI)
Vout
V(-)
Rin

Computed Value
500 mVpp
11
5.5 V

Measured Value
500 mV
5.7 V
54.43 mV
1.3 K

There is another type of amplifier which is a unity follower circuit that

provides a gain of unity (1) with no polarity or phase reversal where Vout =
VIN. And its circuit is as follows:

Fig.10-2.11: Unity follower configuration

Part 3: Op-Amp Specifications:

While using an op-amp, typical values are those more commonly expected.
The following experiments prove these values:

First measure the values of the resistors:

Table 10-3.1: Resistor values (1)

Resistor
Rf
R1
RC

Listed Value
1 M
10 K
10 K

Measured Value
1.007 M
9.82 K
10.12 K

Then connect the following figure:

Fig. 10-3.1: VOS measuring

After measuring Vout calculate VOS = Acl(NI) * V

in

= 4.18 mV

Connect the following figure:

Fig. 10-3.2: IBIAS and IOS measurement

The input bias current is the average of the input currents at each match. The
input offset current is the difference in the two bias currents when the output
voltage is zero volts. The input bias current and the input offset current are dc
parameters.

Table 10-3.2: Resistor values (2)

Resistor
R1
R2

Listed Value
100 K
100 K

Measured Value
101.21 K
98.99 K

After measuring the voltage across R1 and R2, use Ohms law to calculate the
current in each resistor:
VR1= -8.728 mV and VR2= -5.532 mV , VOS = 4.18 mV
IR1= VR1 / R1 = 8.728 mV / 100 K = 87.28 nA and IR2= VR2 / R2 = 5.532
mV / 100 K = 55.32 nA
IBIAS = (IR1 + IR2)/2 = (87.28 nA + 55.32 nA)/ 2 = 122.6 nA/2 = 71.3 nA
IOS = IR1 IR2 = 87.28 nA 55.32 nA = 31.96 nA
Now for calculating CMRR, connect the following figure:

Fig. 10-3.3: Measuring VIN and VOUT for calculating CMRR

The output voltage will be for SV = 500 mV/div and time base = 500s/div:

Fi
g. 10-3.4: Input Voltage (left) and output voltage (right)
Table 10-3.3: Resistor Value (3)

Resistor

Listed Value

Measured Value

RA
RB
RC
RD

100
100
100 K
100 K

99.65
98.89
100.77
987.87

K
K

AV (d) = RC / RA = 100 K / 100 = 1000, AV (cm) = Vout / VIN = 20mV / 1 V

= 0.02

CMRR = 20

Av (d )

Av (cm)
log

= 20

1000

0.02
log

50000

= 20
) = 93.979 dB
log

Finally for calculating the slew rate, connect the following figure:

Sorry 4 the last of the report it is not organized

The only value missing is slew rate SR= 0.8 V/S
Also the results of part 3:Op-amp specifications are written
and not in a table. If there is anything u did not understand u
can ask
Gooooooood LUUUUCKKKK