Proceddings Final ISBN 31-01-2013 Final

Proceedings of the UGC Sponsored National Conference
on
"Recent Trends in Emerging Infectious Diseases and Environmental Pollution", January, 2013
KA-1
EMERGING AND REEMERGING HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS

PROF. MOHAMMED HAFEEZ
Ex. Emeritus Scientist (ICAR)
Former Vice-Chancellor I/c and Director of Research
*Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI 517 502, India
ABSTRACT
Emerging infectious diseases are of Infectious origin whose incidence has increased within the past two decades or
threaten to increase in the near future or the infections which were previously known but have appeared after a period
of disappearance or decline in incidence.
The emergence may be due to spread of a new agent or new recognition of a previously unrecognized infection. The
Emerging Food Borne Parasitic Zoonoses are mostly by Trematodes, Cestodes and Nematodes which are acquired
mainly from the infected molluscs, plants and animals. More than hundred countries are affected globally.
The main reason is the risk eating habits because of poverty, convenience, taste, tradition and due to ethnic eating
habits. Ex: Eating raw fish salad, uncooked crab soaked in Soya sauce or tadpole salad etc. Another reason is
environmental degradation as a result of water resource development urbanization.
A number of factors underlie this emergence of zoonotic diseases including over population, disruptions due to military
action, mass migrations of populations due to natural or man-made disasters, the migration of populations into large
urban centers etc.
The clearing of new areas for the cultivation of food and other land uses has resulted in human settlement in areas were
animal populations and parasites were previously isolated from humans.
Worldwide tourism and adventure travel has resulted in the exposure of new groups to exotic zoonotic pathogens.
The popularity of exotic pets has resulted in several reports of zoonotic and emerging infections.
Advances in medical progress such as xenotransplantation or the use of various animal cells in the production of
therapeutic agents has the potential to result in the emergence of new zoonotic infections.
Addressing emerging infectious diseases will require international and interdisciplinary partnerships to build an
appropriate infrastructure to detect and respond to these often unanticipated threats to health.Different emerging and
reemerging helminthic infections will be dealt in this talk.
*Key note address delivered during UGC Sponsored National Conference on Recent Trends In Emerging Infectious Diseases
And Environmental Pollution (NCRTEIDEP - 2013) from 31st Jan to 1st Feb 2013, organized by Department of Zoology,
D.B.F.Dayanad College of Arts and Science, Solapur - 4133002, Maharasthra, India.
Address for Correspondence: NAZ VILLA, 18-1-589/B, I Floor, Bhavani Nagar, Tirupati 517 501.
Phone : 0877 - 2225997 (R), Mobile: 098492 55026, Fax: 0877 2262595, E-mail: hafeezvet@yahoo.com
All Rights Reserved, Dayanand Institutions, Solapur, (M.S.), INDIA.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8

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LL-2
PHYTOMOLECULES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANTI-TB DRUGS
Swati P. Joshi
Scientist-F, Division of Organic Chemistry, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008.
ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the largest killers in the world. Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease with about one
third of the worlds population including 40 per cent from India estimated to be infected with it. This problem has
become serious as M. tuberculosis (Mtb) developed resistance against both the first line as also the second line drugs.
Due to this, there is emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively-drug resistant (XDR) strains of Mtb all
over the world including India. To address this, novel drugs that which act through mechanisms different from those
employed by the existing frontline and secondary anti-TB drugs are urgently needed. Plant-based drugs have been used
in the traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases and disorders. They have been an excellent source of
newer structural pharmacophores. India is one of the few countries in the world which has unique wealth of medicinal
plants and vast traditional knowledge of use of herbal medicine for cure of various diseases. Only a few plant species
have been thoroughly investigated for their medicinal properties. The Lamiaceae family plants have been used since
ancient times as folk remedies for various health problems such as common cold, throat infections, acaricidal, psoriasis,
seborrheic eczema, hemorrhage, menstrual disorders, miscarriage, ulcer, spasm and stomach problems. Under explored
plant species can yield novel molecules with diverse biological activities which can lead to new lead drug molecules
which can lead to new drugs for treatment of diseases like TB. Also Open Source Drug Discovery (OSDD) efforts such
as CSIR led initiative for affordable healthcare can lead to new Clinical anti-TB drugs.
Keywords: anti-TB drugs, Phytomolecules, Tuberculosis
LL-3
TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION OF PESTICIDES
K.S.R.K. Murthy
Former President-Plant Protection Association of India,
IPM Advisor, PlotNo.192, Telecom Colony, Kanajiguda ,Alwal Municipality, Tirumalagiri (P.O),
Secunderabad-500 015(Andhra Pradesh)
(E-mail: ksrkmurthy@ gmail.com), ( Phone: 040 -27793243).
ABSTRACT
Insecticides are toxic chemicals, but to be used in a careful manner. Pesticides are being used indiscriminately leading
to toxic hazards to the consumers of treated products. These toxic chemicals when used in not too a careful manner
leading to environmental pollution leading to the surface run off from the treated field to rivers, thereby killing the
aquatic fauna. Further when they are applied in plantation crops the non-target organisims like Birds, forest animals are
being killed, and also posing problem to the nearby dwellers of the Forest areas. Because of sorption properties in to
the soils, when applied for weed control some herbicide are being scored along with soil and flowing to rivers, causing
hazards to the fauna and flora living in the rives. The total effect of the indiscriminate use of pesticides, over usage
resulting in Global warming up and because of which a dozen type of disease outbreak (dirty dozen) took place.
However, in view of food security to the continuously growing population, there is need to produce chemicals which
are ecofriendly (green pesticides) and Government of India under the control of Central Insecticides Board and
Registration committee, framed stringent rules and are being adopted. Voluntary organizations are playing a vital
role in dissemination of knowledge about the safe use of pesticides and precautions to be taken while handling and first
aid measures to be followed in case of accidental poisoning. Generally, toxicology can be defined as the study of
adverse, deleterious, and/or poisonous effects of chemicals on living organisms or the study of symptoms,
mechanisms/mode of action, treatments, and detection of poisoning; and cause of resulting death. Insecticides are
agents of chemical or biological origin that control insects. Control may result from killing the insect or otherwise
preventing it from engaging in behaviors deemed destructive. Insecticides may be natural or manmade and are applied
to target pests in a myriad of formulations and delivery systems (sprays, baits, slow-release diffusion, etc.). The
science of biotechnology has, in recent years, even incorporated bacterial genes coding for insecticidal proteins into
various crop plants that deal death to unsuspecting pests that feed on them. Paul Hermann Mller (1899-1965), a Swiss
chemist, recognized DDT (dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane), which was first synthesized in 1874, as a potent
insecticide. Unfortunately, the indiscriminate spraying of DDT caused many undesirable environmental impacts as
documented by Rachel Carson in her book Silent Spring. Because of much negative publicity, DDT was banned in the
United States in 1972 and in many parts of the world.
Keywords: Environmental Pollution, Toxicology, Toxic chemicals.
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LL-4
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY CERTAIN HELMINTH PARASITES*
Mohammed Hafeez**
Ex. Emeritus Scientist (ICAR)
Former Vice-Chancellor I/c, & Director of Research
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI - 517 502, India.
ABSTRACT
Mans progress from the dark ages to the present space age has been a constant search to improve his living.
Establishment of industries and construction of dams and reservoirs for irrigation to increase food production are some
of his major achievements Such reservoirs can provide suitable environmental conditions for perpetuation of disease /s
causing agents and their intermediate hosts-vectors. Construction of dams helps to improve economic conditions of our
farmers and also to settle age old problems of livestock breeders.
Potentially every dimension of mans environment is a source of parasitic infection,
The ground he walks, Eg:-Ancylostoma larvae cutaneous larva migrans
The water he drinks Eg:- Entamoeba amoebiasis, Giardia-Giardiosis)
The degree of risk to which he is exposed depends on geographic, climatic and socio-economic factors.
Water gets polluted in many ways:Faeces of man, domestic and wild animals (Entamoeba & Giardia sps)
Infection from water:By drinking water (Ascaris- Visceral Larval Migrans, Dracunculus)
When he enters in it (Schistosoma Cercarial dermatitis)
Through IH developing in it (Diphyllobothriosis, Artifechinostomosis, Opisthorchosis, Malaria, Filariosis)
By consuming infected aquatic plants as well as through irrigated crops/vegetables (Fasciolopsis-water chestnuts,
Fasciolosis- vegetation)
Pollution of the environment:The main problems are associated with Faecal pollution of the water supply. The soil and the vegetation, especially in
market gardens. In polluted water reservoirs and streams, various parasites and vectors of parasites may develop and
persist. The parasitological problems associated with sewage have become important in almost every part of the world.
Soil pollution is primarily by eggs and larvae of different parasites (helminths and protozoan cysts) is a scourge of
some rural and urban areas (Ascaris, Toxocara- Visceral Larval Migrans Entamoeba- amoebiosis, ToxoplasmaToxoplasmosis). Soil pollution is hazardous where night soil or inadequately treated sewage sludge is used for
manuring crops, especially plants infected / contaminated consumed raw. (Cysticercosis / Neuro cysticercosis)
A WHO expert committee on microbiological aspects of food hygiene grouped food borne parasites into two
categories: Parasites of which the infective stages occur naturally in food (meat, fish, molluscs, etc) Eg:- Taenia,
Diphyllobothrium, fish borne Trematodes and Toxoplasma. Parasites that are derived from the environment (soil,
water, etc) through animals or food handlers and whose infective stages occur as contaminants in food, etc. Eg:Echinococcus, Fasciolopsis, Ascaris, Dracunculus, Toxoplasma, Giardia, Entamoeba, etc.
Effects of human Settlements:-Animals like rats, mice, bats, birds and lizards which live in and around human
settlements are important in the epidemiology of parasitic infections. A number of animal are also kept as pets. All
these factors bring about a close contact resulting in parasitic infections. The parasitic infections:- Naturally
transmitted between animals and man assumes increasing importance in the modern world. In part, this is due to
economic development, increased contact of man with rural or Sylvatic environments. By tourism and increased leisure
time and the increase in domestic pets in urban and suburban areas are a measure of this. In part, it is due to the
increasing urbanization and the need for companion animals. In part, its is due to factors inimical to economic
development, such as the migration of rural operations or refugees to cities, political unrest and natural disasters.
Finally it is due to modifications of the environment wrought by man. The large quantities of animal wastes from
animal breeding establishment (pigs, poultry, cattle, etc) dairies, abattoirs and carcass-disposal constitute another health
hazard that must be taken into account. Environment factors such as soil, water, food, air and vector are important
parameters to help in the transmission of parasites. A large number of parasites are capable of producing clinical
manifestations in animals and human beings in their larval or adult forms. Environmental pollution by certain helminth
parasites will be dealt in this talk.
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LL-5
MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASES AS GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM
Deshpande S.G.
Scientist, Entomology Section, National Chemical Laboratory, Pashan, Pune-411008
E-mail: sg.deshpande@ncl.res.in
ABSTRACT
There are over thousands of species of arthropods (including mosquitoes and ticks) existing in countries worldwide.
Out of these, only small percentages of them are capable of carrying and transmitting diseases to humans. These
diseases are not caused by arthropods themselves (mosquito and ticks are only vectors) but rather by pathogens, such as
bacteria, protozoa and viruses carried by the blood sucking arthropods. Bacteria, viral and parasitic diseases that are
transmitted by mosquitos ticks and fleas are collectively called as vector borne diseases. In this case the insects and
arthropods are the vectors that carry disease. Mosquitoes and the diseases they spread have been responsible for killing
more people throughout worldwide. Even today mosquitoes transmitting malaria kill two million to three million or
more every year. Tens of millions more are killed and debilitated by a host of other mosquito borne diseases including
Filariasis, Yellow Fever, Dengue and Encephalitis. In the present presentation an attempt has been made to describe the
different diseases caused by mosquito and their control strategy aspect.
Keywords: Dengue, Encephalitis, Filariasis, Health problems, Mosquito borne diseases, Yellow Fever.
LL-6
POLITICS OF GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Reddy P.B.
P.G. Department of Zoology, Government PG Arts and Science College, Ratlam.M.P
(E-mail: reddysir@yahoo.co.in)
ABSTRACT
Primary issues concerning the existence and cause of climate change include the reasons for the increase in global
average air temperature, whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations, whether humankind has
contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is wholly or partially an artifact of poor measurements.
Scientists have resolved many of these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists
and is ongoing, that human activity is the primary cause, and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years.
Additional disputes have concerned estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of
greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), projections of continued warming in response to the existing buildup of
greenhouse gases plus future emissions, and what the consequences of global warming will be. Although the primary
issues are regarded in the scientific literature as settled, these additional disputes are still the subject of mainstream
scientific debate. The politics of global warming have involved corporate lobbying, funding of special interest groups
and public relations campaigns by the oil and coal industries which have affected policy decisions and legislation
worldwide. In turn this has caused political debate over the science of and response to global warming. Climate change
is now a mainstream political issue. However, as yet there is no substantive framework for policy which offers
coherence and consistency as to how national governments should cope with the long-term political challenges of
climate change.
Behind the daily news reports there is a secret world of politics, the world in which the real business is transacted. Its a
world of powerful lobbyists who use methods both subtle and brutal to advance their own interests without a care for
the effects on others. Because the way it works is so contrary to the democratic process, it is in the interests of those
involved never to speak of it in public. This review will examine how best to develop an effective climate change
policy framework through a comparative political analysis of key western democracies. It will provide a forum for the
discussion of the complex politics of environmental issues between national and international policymakers, academics
and commentators.
KEYWORDS: environmental issues, political context, corporate lobbying
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LL-7
BIOEFFICACY OF ORGANIC PESTICIDES AGAINST SUCKING PESTS ON BT COTTON
S.B.Kharbade and A.G.Chandele
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722, Dist. Ahmednagar (M.S.)
ABSTRACT
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum Linn.) is the most important cash crop cultivated in over 60 countries in the world. It is
often called White gold as it considered as King of apparel fibre. Cotton plays vital role in Indias economy, by
providing livelihood for 60 million people through cotton production, processing, textiles and related activities. Both
cotton and textile exports account for nearly one-third of total foreign exchange earnings of India, crossing Rs.75000
crores which is 35 % of total export earnings. GM (Bt) cotton acreage in India continued to grow at a rapid rate and
reached to 8.4 million ha contributing 87% of the total cotton area.
With the introduction of high yielding Bt hybrids with the intensive cultivation, the sucking pests and pink bollworm
problems on Bt cotton is becoming a serious menace. In India cotton ecosystem harbours 162 insect species, of which 9
are of utmost importance inflicting significant losses in yield. Amongst the key-sap suckers, aphid (Aphis gossypii
Glover), jassid (Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla Ishida), thrip (Thrips tabaci Lind.), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)
and mealy bug (Phenacoccus solenopsis T.) feed from the midrib and branching veins. The yield loss in cotton due to
sucking pests alone was 46.5 per cent.
The continuous and indiscriminate use of the broad spectrum conventional insecticides causes needlessly increase in
flair-ups of the sap suckers and the insecticidal resistance thereby. The three Rs Resistance, Resurgence and Residue
are the most serious problems associated with the chemical insecticides. Cotton consumes about 48 per cent of
pesticides used in India. In this context, now there is need of novel mode pesticide molecules that are target oriented,
long lasting and eco-friendly moreover, safer to natural enemies. Sole reliance on chemical control leads to problems of
pest resistance, resurgence of pests, pesticide residues, destruction of natural enemies of pests and environmental
pollution. Under such circumstances, the use of organic pesticides which includes mycoinsecticides, botanical
insecticides, spinosyns and avermectins in pest management is considered an ecological viable proposition which
overcome the above mentioned problems. Entomopathogenic fungi have unique ability to attack insect by penetrating/
invading the insect cuticle making them ideal for control of sucking pests. Pathogenic fungi cause minimal effects on
non-target arthropods, have low mammalian toxicity and therefore ideal for IPM strategies. The organic pesticides such
as spinosad, vertimec, Verticillium lecanii, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae along with dashparni extract
and neem oil (botanicals) were evaluated as an ecofriendly approach to manage the sucking pests viz., aphids, jassids,
thrips , whiteflies and mealy bugs.
The bioefficacy of evaluated organic insecticides indicated the supremacy of spinosad (8.65) and vertimec (10.35)
followed by neem oil (13.76) continued over rest of the treatments viz., M. anisopliae (16.94), V. lecanii (17.66),
dashparni extract (17.98) and B. bassiana (18.89), which were stastiscally in similar range. Spinosad (4.35) and
vertimec (4.58) observed to be most effective against jassids. Next best treatment against jassid was neem oil (5.02)
followed by M. anisopliae (6.21), V. lecanii (6.42) and dashparni extract (6.56). B. bassiana (7.01) was least effective
amongst them. Bioefficacy of spinosad (6.83) and vertimec (11.46) found to be most promising against thrips.
Followed by neem oil (14.47), M. anisopliae (16.30) and V. lecanii (16.75) followed by dashparni extract (17.02) and
B. bassiana (18.16). In case of white fly bioefficacy of vertimec (3.36) and spinosad (3.75) was superior to the rest of
the treatments. Next best treatments were neem oil (4.06), V. lecanii (4.28) and M. anisopliae (4.48) followed by
dashparni extract (4.85) and B. bassiana (5.28). The bioefficacy against mealy bugs indicated that spinosad (12.06)
and vertimec (14.29) was superior most. Next promising treatments were neem oil (15.55), M. anisopliae (16.52), V.
lecanii (17.65) and dashparni extract (17.94). B. bassiana (18.67). The correlation studies between population
dynamics of sucking pests and weather parameters revealed that the population of aphids was correlated positively
significant with relative humidity (morning and evening). Jassid population was correlated positively significant with
minimum temperature and evening relative humidity. The correlation of thrips population with minimum temperature,
morning and evening relative humidity was positively significant. Whitefly population was correlated positively
significant with minimum temperature, morning and evening relative humidity. The population of mealy bugs
correlated positively significant with minimum temperature. The evaluated organic test insecticides did not exhibited
any phytotoxicity on Bt cotton crop moreover found to be safe to the natural enemies in cotton ecosystem.
Keywords: Bt Cotton, Bioefficacy, Organic pesticides.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8

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RP-1
SEROEPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF PLASMODIUM VIVAX IN RURAL POPULATION
OF VAIJAPUR TEHSIL AURANGABAD DISTRICT IN MAHARASHTRA STATE INDIA
Bhimrao N. Jadhav*, Nikam S. V.**, Dama L .B. *** and Sunil .N. Bhamre****
* Department of Zoology, Shri Muktanand College Gangapur Tq Gangapur Dist. Aurangabad, (M.S.), India.
** Department of Zoology, Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar Marathwada Universsity Aurangabad, (M.S.), India.
***Department of Zoology, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur-413002, (M.S.), India.
**** Department of Zoology, K.R.A. College Deola, Dist. Nashik, (M.S.), India.
(E-mail: bhimaarjun@rediffmail.com)
ABSTRACT: Malaria is a new emerging problem of rural India. The study was attempted to find out some
socioeconomic factors associated with malaria transmission in rural population of this region and to supplement
social solutions to ongoing malaria control efforts in this part of study area. There are four species of human
malaria parasites Plasmodium vivax, falciparum, malariaeand ovale. In India 60 to 65 % of the infections are due
to P.vivaxand 35 to 40% due to P. falciparum.The present study intends to evaluate the percentage prevalence of
Plasmodium vivax in rural population of Vaijapur Tehsil in Aurangabad district. During period of 12 months i.e.
from June 2011 to May 2012, 3578 Blood samples were examined for malarial (Plasmodium vivax) infection, from
Vaijapur Tehsil of Aurangabad districts in Marathwada region, (MS) out of these 425 samples were found to be
positive. The percentage of prevalence being about 11.87%.
Key Words: Malaria, mosquitoes, Plasmodium vivax.
INTRODUCTION
Malaria has been a problem in India for centuries. Details of this disease can be found even in the ancient Indian medical
literature like the Atharva Veda and Charaka Samhita. In the 30's there was no aspect of life in the country that was not
affected by malaria. During the latter parts of nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, nearly one-fourth of Indias
population suffered from malaria. J.A. Sinton, the first Director of the Malaria Institute of India estimated in 1935 that at
least 100 million people suffered from malaria in India and about one million deaths occurred annually in endemic areas.
The annual incidence estimated at around 75 million cases in 1953 and about 7-8 lakhs deaths annually, particularly in the
states like Punjab and Bengal.[1]. The economic loss due to the loss of man-days due to malaria was estimated to be at Rs.
10,000 million per year in 1935. At the time of independence in 1947, of a population of 330 million, about 75 million
people were estimated to be infected with malaria every year, and the direct mortality due to the disease was estimated at
0.8 million per annum.[2,3] To combat this menace, the Govt. of India launched the National Malaria Control Programme
in April 1953. The programme proved highly successful and the number of malaria cases significantly declined to just
100,000 in 1964. Encouraged by this, the programme was changed to a more ambitious National Malaria Eradication
Programme in 1958. By 1961 the incidence dropped to a mere 5000 cases a year. But since then the programme suffered
repeated set-backs due to technical, operational and administrative reasons and the cases started rising again. [3] Early
setbacks in malaria eradication coincided with DDT shortages. Later in the 1960s and 1970s malaria resurgence was the
result of technical, financial and operational problems. In the late 1960s malaria cases in urban areas started to multiply,
and upsurge of malaria was widespread.
As a result in 1976, 6.45 million cases were recorded by the National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP), highest
since resurgence. Malaria Ecological Types in India were classified by Kondrashin in 1991 into seven types: Agriculturerelated malaria (irrigated and nonirrigated); Industry-related malaria; Urban malaria; Disturbed areas malaria; Pilgrim
tourist; Transport-related malaria and Forest-related malaria. Malaria paradigms in India were classified by Pattanayaket al
in 1994 into five types: tribal malaria, rural and urban malaria, industrial and border malaria. Putting both classifications
together, nine ecological-types of malaria in India can be recognized: rural and urban malaria; peri-urban malaria; forestrelated malaria; tribal malaria; development project malaria; occupation-related malaria; border malaria and malaria among
migrants. From above classification malaria is one of the major public health problems in the developing countries.
Recent estimates indicate that between 300-500 million clinical cases and between 1.5-2.7 million deaths due to it, occur
worldwide annually, 90% of which occur in tropical Africa. In 1995, malaria cases in the region were estimated at 21.9
million, with almost 32,000 deaths. There are about 400 species of anopheline mosquitoes throughout the world, but only
60 species are vectors of malaria. In India 9 species out of 45 anopheline species have been incriminated as malaria
vectors. The capacity of the vector to transmit malaria results from the interaction between the environment, both natural
and man-made and genetically determined characteristics. Vaijapur, situated on the Narangiriver about 40 miles west of
Aurangabad in 19 56' 41 north latitude and 740 46' 14 east longitude, is a municipal town and headquarters of the tahsil
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of the same name. The people of Vaijapur taluka majorly dependent on farming, literacy percentage is about 80%. This
area is comes under low rain fall so socioeconomically these people are backward.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
During the course of present investigation, spread over one year (From June 2011 to May 2012), During this period of one
year total number of 3578 samples was examined, out of which 1766 samples of male and 1812 samples of female was
examined. An extensive survey was carried out to record the incidence of malarial percentage in rural population around
Vaijapur tehsil in Aurangabad region. For this study blood samples were collected from different Villages aroundVaijapur
tehsil and were examined for malarial infection. Measurements were done with a CBC automatic blood cell counter of
Trivetron Company in pathological laboratory.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During the course of present investigation, spread over one year (From June 2011 to May 2012), During this period of one
year total number of 3578 samples was examined, out of which 1766 samples of male and 1812 samples of female was
examined. An extensive survey was carried out to record the incidence of malarial percentage in rural population around
Vaijapur tehsil in Aurangabad region. During period of 12 months i.e. from June 2011 to May 2012, 3578 Blood samples
were examined for malarial (Plasmodium vivax) infection, from Vaijapur Tehsil of Aurangabad districts in Marathwada
region, (MS) out of these 425 samples were found to be positive. The percentage of prevalence being about 11.87%. A
month wise analysis of the one year prevalence in male population showed that maximum prevalence was during August
2011(35.2), followed by June, July, September, November, March, October, December, January, February, April, and May
(35.2%, 33.0%, 21.2%, 18.7%, 12.37%, 11.0%, 4.25%, 2.22%, 2.0%, 2.97%, 2.30%, 1.66% respectively). The lower
prevalence was during, December, January, February, March, April and May (2.22%, 2.0%, 2.97%, 4.25%, 2.30%, and
1.66% respectively). A month wise analysis of the one year prevalence in female population showed that maximum
prevalence was during June 2012 (37.5%) followed by July, September, August, October, November, February,
December, May, march, April and January, (23.2%,23.4%, 22.4%, 10.0%, 7.77%, 3.44%, 1.66%, 1.48%,1.42%, 1.42%,
and 0.66% respectively). The lower prevalence was during, march, April and May (09.19%, 09.09%, 02.67%
respectively). The pattern suggests that the peak is in the starting of monsoon rains. The prevalence then gradually reduces
after rainy seasons through winter months and reaches a low with the onset of summer. The details of the number of
samples examined and the month wise prevalence is shown in Table 1 and 2 and in Figure1.
Table 1. Showing percentage prevalence of Plasmodium vivaxin male (1766) population during period of June 2011 to
May 2012 around Aurangabad District.
Months
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
Total
100
112
125
250
200
202
135
150
101
141
130
120
Normal
67
91
81
197
178
177
132
147
98
135
126
118
Positive for P.vivax

33
21
44
53
22
25
03
03
03
06
03
02
Percentage prevalence
33.0
18.7
35.2
21.2
11.0
12.37
2.22
2.0
2.97
4.25
2.30
1.66
Table 2. Showing percentage prevalence of Plasmodium vivax in female (1812) population during
2011 to May 2012 around Aurangabad District
Months
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
Total
120
125
125
243
200
193
125
150
116
140
140
135
Normal
75
96
97
186
180
178
123
149
112
138
137
133
Positive for P.vivax

45
29
28
57
20
15
02
01
04
02
02
02
period of June
Percentage prevalence
37.5
23.2
22.4
23.45
10.00
7.77
1.6
0.66
3.44
1.42
1.42
1.48
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Figure 1. Showing percentage prevalence of Plasmodium vivax in male and female population during period of June
2011 to May 2012 around Vaijapur tehsil of Aurangabad District.
REFERENCES
Ashwani Kumar., Neena Valecha., Tanu Jain., Aditya P. Dash. (2007). Burden of Malaria in India: Retrospective and
Prospective View. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77(6): 69-78. Full Text at http://www. ajtmh.org /cgi/reprint/77/6_Suppl/69
Gauravi Mishra (2003). hospital based study of malaria in ratnagiri district, maharashtraJVect Borne Dis 40, September
and December, pp 109111
Report of an Informal Consultative Meeting (2007). New Delhi, India, 2123 November 2007.
Richard Tren. (2002). Malaria and Climate Change. Working Papers Series: Julian Simon Centre For Policy Research.
Full Text at http://www.libertyindia.org/pdfs/malaria_climate change2002.pdf
Sharma V.P. (1996). Re-emergence of malaria in India. Indian J. Med. Res.103 26-45.
Shiv Lal., Sonal G.S., Phukan P.K. (2000). Status of Malaria in India. J. Indian Acad. Clin. Med. 5(1):19-23. Full Text at
http://medind.nic.in/jac/t00/i1/jact00i1p19.pdf
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RP-2
INACTIVATION OF C. JEJUNI IN ARTIFICIALLY CONTAMINATED MINCED CHICKEN MEAT BY
POTENT, LYTIC PHAGE CI7-86
Parkar Saba. D.*, Kamble Aniket.A**, Sujata N.Tagunde*, Sachdev P. Dhara**, and Kapadnis B.P.*
*Department of Microbiology, University of Pune Pune 411007
**IBB, University of Pune Pune 411007
ABSTRACT
Campylobacter jejuni, a Gram-negative, food-borne pathogen is a major cause of bacterial enteritis worldwide. Raw
poultry is the principal risk factor for Campylobacter infection.Due to the unrestricted use of antibiotics in poultry, an
increasing trend in antibiotic resistance is observed in this bacterium. Phage-therapy is a promising alternative for
Campylobacter biocontrol. This study focuses on isolation of Campylobacter and its phages from retail poultry in Pune
and the reduction of target C.jejuni strains. CI7-86 a phage isolated from Pune, is a robust predator reducing the
numbers of Campylobacter by approximately 48% and causing a 2 log reduction in the numbers of Campylobacter.
INTRODUCTION
Campylobacters are the leading cause of human gastrointestinal disease in man (Humphrey et al., 2007). Poultry chickens
are chief reservoirs of pathogenic Campylobacter species like C. jejuni and C. coli (Corry and Atabay, 2001). Therefore,
the consumption of undercooked poultry meat or cross-contamination from raw poultry is the principal risk factor for
Campylobacter infections (Kapperud et al., 1992; Hudson et al., 1999; Allos, 2001). Commercially produced chickens
from free range farms as well as mass-produced broilers and laying hens may be infected with Campylobacter spp.
(Rodenburg et al., 2004; Miraglia et al., 2007). The fundamental characteristic of Campylobacter infection in humans is an
acute inflammatory gastroenteritis. The disease is characterized by copious, runny, and bile stained diarrhea. Other
accompanying symptoms such as abdominal cramps, fever, rigors, dizziness, headache, convulsions, delirium, nausea and
even myalgia may be present. In 1 out of every 1000 persons infected with Campylobacter, serious sequels such as
Guillain-Barr syndrome or Reiter syndrome is observed. The sequelae are characterized by polyneuritis of the peripheral
nerves, leading to either a short-term or lengthy paralysis (Kuroki et al., 1993; Nachamkin et al., 1998).
Infections due to antimicrobial resistant enteric bacteria, are highest in the developing world, where the use of
antimicrobial drugs in humans and animals is relatively unrestricted (Altekruse et al., 1999). The unregulated use of
antimicrobial agents in food animal production has led to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among
Campylobacter spp. After the approval and therefore subsequent use of fluoroquinolones in poultry in Europe and USA,
there was an increase in fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter spp. from animals and human patients (Silva et al.,
2011). Every bacteria may be eradicated with its own specific bacteriophages that are ubiquitous in the environment.
Potent bacteriophages against Campylobacter have been isolated from various sources such as pig manure, abattoir
effluents, sewage (Salama et al., 1989; Khakhria and Lior, 1992) and broiler chickens (Hansen et al., 2007). The potential
therapeutic application of bacteriophages from poultry excreta would not introduce any new biological entity into the food
chain (Atterbury et al., 2003). There have been apprehensions among researchers that the Campylobacters will eventually
become resistant to bacteriophages as they have become resistant to most antibiotics. This is fuelled by the fact that
bacteria rapidly mutate to become resistant to bacteriophages in vitro on laboratory media. Nevertheless, it must be noted
that antibiotics do not evolve as bacteriophages do and they evade host barriers to infection. This leads to an evolutionary
balance that allows both host and prey to proliferate. Other characteristics of bacteriophages that make them potent agents
of biocontrol; efficiency in killing their target bacteria, their specificity, natural residence in the environment. However, the
most important convincing fact to the use of bacteriophages is that they are self-replicating and self-limiting (Sulakvelidze
et al., 2001). Poultry meat is usually stored under refrigeration conditions; the phages may infect hosts on the surface of
poultry meat under these conditions but are unable to complete their replication cycle until environmental conditions are
permissive for metabolic activity of their host (Atterbury et al., 2003). Here we report the isolation of Campylobacter
phages from retail poultry meat and the characterization of these phages in terms of their morphology and cross reactivity.
Isolation of Campylobacter: First samples from different sources viz carcass meat, human feces ,soil and water from
poultry farms were collected. Initially 25 g of samples was placed into 225ml enrichment broth. Sterile Preston broth
(HiMedia, M899) supplemented with selective supplement (HiMedia FD-042) containing polymyxin B (5 IU/ml),
rifampicin (10 g/ml), trimethoprim 10 (g/ml) and cycloheximide (100 g/ml) along with 10% horse blood (Haffkine
Biopharmaceutical Ltd, Pune) was used as enrichment broth. This was followed by incubation at 42 1C for 48 h under
the microaerobic conditions (5% O2, 10% CO2, 85% N2). Then one loopful of enrichment broth was streaked onto
mCCDA agar plates ( Stoyanchev et al., 2007; Habib et al., 2011)The isolation of Campylobacter was also done by plating
0.5 g of caecal contents/ 0.5g of human feces directly on mCCDA plates (Hansson et al., 2010)
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Both sets of mCCDA plates were then incubated at 42 1C for 24 h under microaerobic conditions using McIntosh and
Filde's anaerobic jar (Hi-Media, Anaerobic System Mark VI, LE013).
Microbiology of Presumptive Campylobacter Isolates: Presumptive colonies were not capable of growth under aerobic
conditions, when incubated on fresh mCCDA plates at 37C. Based on colony morphology, these were restreaked on
Muller-Hinton-based blood agar plates (M-173, Hi-Media) supplemented with 10% (v/v) horse blood and incubated
microaerobically at 42C for 24 h. Isolated colonies were then restreaked for purity on mCCDA and incubated
microaerobically at 42C overnight. The plates were examined for round, translucent, raised, convex colonies with entire
edge, and a tendency to spread indicating motile nature. The suspected colonies showed the presence of slender, spiral,
curved and Gram-negative rods with typical corkscrew, darting motility. Hippurate hydrolysis, catalase test, indoxyl
acetate hydrolysis, and H2S test, were performed on colonies isolated from the blood agar plates, .The HiCampylobacter
Latex Test Kit (Hi-Media) a rapid latex agglutination test was used for confirmation of the isolates as thermophilic
Campylobacters.
Molecular Typing of Presumptive Campylobacter Isolates: Authentication of presumptive Campylobacter was done by
PCR analysis. Templates for PCR were obtained from single bacterial colony, which was selected for every isolate and
suspended in sterile saline. Cells were centrifuged to obtain pellet and washed thrice with sterile water to remove media
components. Purified DNA was prepared using commercial DNA isolation kits (Chromous Biotech (P) Ltd.,) according to
manufacturers instructions. Campylobacters show the presence of a 450bp amplicon after PCR analysis of genomic DNA
with the primers designed to specifically amplify coding regions from the flagellin gene ; Pg50
5'ATGGGATTTCGTATTAAC-3' and Pg3 5'-AACTTTGAACCGATTTG-3, (Oyofo et al., 1992). Tubes were subjected
to 25 cycles of 94C for 1 min, 37C for 1 min, and 72C for 1 min, followed by a 5 min extension at 72C. Also the 16S
rRNA gene was amplified using the primers F-27 5-AGAGTTTGATCMGGCTCAG-3 and R-1525
5AAGGAGGTGWTCCARCC-3' (Lane, 1991). Simultaneously the 16S rRNA gene was amplified by the following timetemperature PCR profile. Tubes were subjected to 35 cycles of 94C for 30 s, 55C for 30 s, and 72C for 1 min, followed
by a 7-min extension at 72C. The sequencing reaction for either PCR reaction was performed in 25 l volumes containing
1 l DNA; 20 mM Tris-HCI (pH 8.3); 50 mM KCl; 2.5 mM MgCI2; 200 M each dNTP; 0.4 M of each primer; and 0.625
units of Taq DNA polymerase. Sequencing was performed using degenerate primers 907R (Sigma). Sequence data were
obtained using a 3730 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The sequence analysis software used was
ChromasPro v1.34. All the 16S rRNA sequenced data were subjected to BLAST analysis
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) in order to identify each respective 16S rRNA gene amplicon.
Minimum inhibitory concentration determination of Antibiotics: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was
determined for the isolates of Campylobacter,. The MIC was determined by using the agar dilution method. Briefly,
suspensions of isolates were prepared and were adjusted to a turbidity equivalent to a 0.5 McFarland standard, which is
equivalent to 1.5 x 108 CFU/ml. This was diluted to 1:100 leading to a concentration of 1.5 x 10 6 CFU/ml. The final
inoculum on the agar was approximately 3 x 103 CFU/spot . These suspensions were inoculated onto Mueller-Hinton agar
with the twofold dilution series of antibiotics and supplemented with 5% debrinated horse blood (Luangtongkum et al.,
2007). Plates were incubated as described above.Growth was assessed after incubation. The MIC value was determined to
be the lowest concentration of the antibiotic, which inhibits the growth of the isolate under study. Antimicrobial
susceptibility was determined for concentrations ranging from 0.125 g/ml to 256 g/ml. To ensure reproducibility, MIC
determinations were repeated at least thrice.
Isolation of Bacteriophages: Bacteriophages were isolated from ceca .upper and lower intestines as previously described
(Loc Carrillo et al., 2005). Briefly, a 10% suspension of intestinal contents was prepared in SM buffer (50mM Tris-HCl
[pH 7.5], 0.1 M NaCl, 8 mM MgSO47H2O, and 0.01% gelatin; HiMedia, India) and centrifuged at 13,000 x g for 5 min to
remove bacteria. The remaining bacteria in the resulting supernatant were removed by filtration through a 0.2-m-pore-size
disposable filter (Sartorius, Gottingen, Germany). The filtrate was then applied to lawns of the host C. jejuni on NZCYM
agar. The plates were then incubated for 24 h at 42C under microaerobic conditions. Plaques were extracted from the
overlay using a pipette and suspended in 100l of SM medium. Single plaques were propagated in this way a total of three
times to ensure that the isolates represented a single clone. Bacteriophages were amplified by using the plate lysis method.
Host Range Studies of Bacteriophage Lysate: The ability of Campylobacter phages to infect more than one bacterial
genera was determined as described previously (Ahiwale et al., 2012). The bacterial strains E. coli (MTCC1678),Proteus
vulgaris (MTCC744), P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424), Salmonella paratyphiA (MTCC735), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC
39), S. typhimurium (MTCC 98) and Shigella sonnei (MTCC 2957) were obtained from the Institute of Microbial Type
Culture Collection (IMTECH) Chandigarh, India. To 4 ml of soft agar (0.6% w/v), 0.5 ml of the mid-log phase suspension
of host strains were mixed separately then poured onto a sterile nutrient agar plate. Subsequently a 100-l aliquot of phage
lysate was spot-inoculated at the centre of each plate. The plates were incubated at 37 0Cand examined after 24 h .A clear
zone in the bacterial lawn was recorded as complete lysis.
Single-step growth curve: Single-step growth experiments were performed in order to assess the latent period and burst
size as described previously with a few modifications (Carvalho et al., 2010).Briefly, host cells were grown to early
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exponential phase in 100 ml of NZCYM broth (Hi-Media, India) and incubated at 42C in a microaerobic atmosphere (5%
O2, 5% H2, 10% CO2, 80% N2). They were then infected with the particular phage at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of
0.01. Samples were taken every 5 min for 2 h and the titer determined immediately by the double-layer agar plate method
in NZCYM agar (NZCYM broth with 1% agar). Three independent replicates of each single-step growth experiment were
performed.
Studies on Bacteriophages from artificially contaminated minced chicken: Minced meat was purchased at local
retailers. Each sample (approximately 1,000 g) was aseptically divided into portions of 100 g each, packed into sterile
polypropylene plastic bags, and, immediately frozen at -70C. One bag of 100g minced chicken was then thawed and
tested for the presence of Campylobacter (i.e., natural contamination) as described above. Samples that were negative by
this method were considered for the experimentation. The Remaining bags of that sample were then thawed and
homogeneously mixed with 1 ml each of host strains PK 14 and PK21 to obtain the initial contamination rates .These were
then mixed with bacteriophages with MOI 0.1, 1 and 10 and incubated at 37 oC.
RESULTS
Isolation of Campylobacter isolates: Campylobacters were isolated from all the sources viz carcass meat from retail
poultry, human feces, soil and water from poultry farms. The isolates Pk -14, Pk-16 were of human origin, while the
isolates PK 21 and Pk36 were of poultry origin. Pk-B and Pk-Bb were isolated from water and soil respectively. These
were authenticated biochemically and then by latex agglutination This was followed by confirmation as by PCR (Fig1).On
amplification with primers specific for Campylobacter a 450bp band was observed. Thus, the isolates could be confirmed
to belong to the genus Campylobacter. Further, the BLAST analysis subsequent to the 16SrRNA sequencing confirmed the
isolates as Campylobacter jejuni, a potent pathogen.
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates: The antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates was determined to 12
antibiotics and the resistance pattern is shown in Table 1. These isolates were multi drug resistant showing resistance to
more than five antibiotics. Therefore, the use of bacteriophages was considered against these isolates.
450bp
500bp
400bp
Figure 1. Gel Image depicting 450bp amplicons obtained after PCR assay of genomic DNA of Campylobacter
isolates, using the flagellin gene primer Lane: 1-7, Representative Campylobacter isolates, ;8, Molecular ladder( 1003000bp).
Bacteriophage Isolation: The average plaque diameter (mm) on NZCYM agar was between 1-2 mm. The plaques were
clear and pinpoint.
Host Reactivity: The cross infectivity of CI7-86 was evaluated to check its spectrum of activity against other bacterial
genera. The bacterial strains E. coli (MTCC1678),Proteus vulgaris (MTCC744), P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424), Salmonella
paratyphiA (MTCC735), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC 39), S. typhimurium (MTCC 98) and Shigella sonnei (MTCC
2957) (MTCC 2957) were tested to check the spectrum of activity of CI7-86. However CI7-86 showed only lysis of C.
jejuni. In fact it did not even lyse C. coli from our collection.
Single step Growth Curve: The phage growth parameters, latent period, eclipse period, rise period and burst size, were
determined from the dynamical change of the number of free and total phages. The eclipse and latent periods of CI7-86
were 40 and 45 min, respectively. The burst size of the phage was 64.92 pfu per infected cell after 50 min at 370C (Fig.3).
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Table1. Antibiotic resistance pattern of C. jejuni isolates

Isolate
Antibiotic*
Am
Azb
Chlb
Cip
Cli
Dc
E
G
NA
N
Stb
T
PK14
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
R
R
R
R
R
Pk16
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
R
R
R
R
R
PkB
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
R
R
R
PkBb
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
R
R
R
R
Pk21
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
R
R
R
R
Pk36
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
R
R
R
R
R
* Am, ampicillin; Az, azithromycin; Chl, chloramphenicol; Cip, ciprofloxacin; Cli, clindamycin; D, doxycycline; E,
erythromycin; G ,gentamycin; NA, nalidixic acid; N, norfloxacin; St, streptomycin; T, tetracycline; S, sensitive; R,
resistant
a-The MIC breakpoints, except where indicated, are recommended by Luangtongkum et al., 2007
b- MIC breakpoint criteria recommended by (Varela et al., 2008)
c- MIC breakpoint criteria recommended by (Ge et al., 2002)
Single-step growth curve of CI7-86 on C.jejuni at 37 0C in NZCYM broth. Log10pfu values per infected cell in
chloroform treated (square) and untreated (circle) cells are show. Density of C.jejuni was 3.5x 109 cfu/ml.
Studies on Bacteriophages from artificially contaminated food samples: The original concentration of Campylobacter
PK 14and Pk21 in minced chicken was log10 4.52 cfu/g .The percentage reduction of Pk14 at the end of 24 h at MOI 0.1,1
and 10 of bacteriophages CI7-86 were 24.663%, 46.82% and 47.43% respectively. The percentage reduction of Pk 21 at
the end of of 24 h at at MOI 0.1,1 and 10 of bacteriophage CI7-86 were 24.61%, 43.9%. and 48.73% respectively .The
control kept at the same temperature without bacteriophages showed no significant decrease in the numbers of
Campylobacters (less than 5%).
DISCUSSION
In the past phage, therapy has proven to be successful to reduce the numbers of Campylobacters in the broiler
chicken(Wagenaar et al., 2005; Carvalho et al., 2010). However, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report on the
reduction of phages in artificially contaminated foods. The bacteriophage CI7-86 was able to lyse all the C. jejuni isolates.
In addition, there was a significant decrease in the numbers of Campylobacters in artificially contaminated foods. The data
are consistent with many published studies where optimum control of pathogens was achieved at high MOI values
(Bigwood et al., 2008). The data obtained suggests that a low oxygen condition does not result in reduction of
Campylobacters. We may conclude the presence of a higher numbers of phages resulted in a greater proportion of the host
cells becoming infected, and possibly, lysed. This could be the reason for the reductions in Campylobacter populations.
In the past studies conducted in India showed that 39.3% of the tested poultry positive for Campylobacter in Calcutta
(Chattopadhyay et al., 2001), 64% in Vellore (Rajendran et al., 2012) and 17.14% in the Meghalaya- Assam region (Rizal
et al., 2010). This number is especially alarming when taken into account that less than 500 organisms are able to cause
disease in man. Recent studies have reported the appearance of fluoroquinolones resistant Campylobacter spp. among
poultry flocks (Niwa et al., 2001), necessitating newer methods of control of Campylobacter spp. in poultry. Reports from
India show 30.6% of strains were multidrug resistant (Jain et al., 2005). We believe the use of bacteriophages in the food
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processing industry can possibly be the new non-conventional approach to reducing the numbers of Campylobacters
without pumping the food chain with antibiotics.
REFERENCES
Ahiwale S., Prakash D., Gajbhiye M., Jagdale S., Patil N. and Kapadnis B. (2012). BVPaP-3, a T7-like lytic phage
of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: its isolation and characterisation. Curr. Microbiol. 64: 30511.
Allos B.M. (2001). Campylobacter jejuni infections: update on emerging issues and trends. Clinical Infectious Diseases
32, 12011206.
Altekruse S.F., Stern N.J., Fields P.I. and Swerdlow D.L. (1999). Campylobacter jejuni--an emerging foodborne
pathogen. Emerging Infectious Dis. 5: 2835.
Atterbury R.J., Connerton P.L., Dodd C.E.R., Rees C.E.D. and Connerton I.F. (2003). Isolation and characterization
of Campylobacter bacteriophages from retail poultry. Applied Environ. Microbiol.69: 45118.
Bigwood T., Hudson J. a, Billington C., Carey-Smith G. V, Heinemann J. (2008). Phage inactivation of foodborne
pathogens on cooked and raw meat. Food Microbiol. 25: 4006.
Carvalho C.M., Gannon B.W., Halfhide D.E., Santos S.B., Hayes C.M., Roe J.M. and Azeredo J. (2010). The in vivo
efficacy of two administration routes of a phage cocktail to reduce numbers of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter
jejuni in chickens. BMC Microbiol. 10: 232.
Corry J.E.L. and Atabay H.I. (2001). Poultry as a source of Campylobacter and related organisms. Journal of Applied
Microbiology 90, 96S114S.
Ge B., Bodeis S., Walker R.D., White D.G., Zhao S., McDermottP. and Meng J. (2002). Comparison of the Etest and
agar dilution for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter. J. Antimicrobial Chemother. 50: 487494.
Habib I., Uyttendaele M. and De Zutter L. (2011). Evaluation of ISO 10272:2006 standard versus alternative enrichment
and plating combinations for enumeration and detection of Campylobacter in chicken meat. Food Microbiol. 28: 111723.
Hansen V.M., Rosenquist H., Baggesen D.L., Brown S., Christensen B.B. (2007). Characterization of Campylobacter
phages including analysis of host range by selected Campylobacter Penner serotypes. BMC microbiology 7, 90.
Hansson, I., Pudas, N., Harbom, B., Engvall, E.O., 2010. Within-flock variations of Campylobacter loads in caeca and on
carcasses from broilers. Int. J. Food Microbiol.141: 515.
Hudson J.A., Nicol C., Wright J., Whyte R. and Hasell S.K., (1999). Seasonal variation of Campylobacter types from
human cases, veterinary cases, raw chicken, milk and water. J. Applied Microbiol. 87: 115124.
Humphrey T., OBrien S. and Madsen M. (2007). Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: a food production
perspective. Int. J.Food Microbiol. 117: 23757.
International Organisation for Standardization (ISO), 2006a. ISO 10272-1 Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding
StuffsHorizontal Method for Detection and Enumeration of Campylobacter sppPart 2: Enumeration Method. ISO,
Geneva, Switzerland., n.d. .
Jain D., Sinha S., Prasad K.N. and Pandey C.M. (2005). Campylobacter species and drug resistance in a north Indian
rural community. Transactions Royal Soc.Tropical Medicine Hygiene. 99: 20714.
Kapperud G., Skjerve E., Bean N.H., Ostroff S.M. and Lassen J. (1992). Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter
infections: results of a case-control study in southeastern Norway. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 31173121.
Khakhria, R. and Lior, H., 1992. Extended phage-typing scheme for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli.
Epidemiol. Infection. 108: 403.
Kuroki S., Saida T., Nukina M., Haruta T., Yoshioka M., Kobayashi Y. and Nakanishi H. (1993). Campylobacter
jejuni strains from patients with Guillain-Barr syndrome belong mostly to Penner serogroup 19 and contain beta-Nacetylglucosamine residues. Ann. Neurol.33: 2437.
Lane D.J. (1991). 16S/23S rRNA sequencing, in: Stackebrandt, E., Goodfellow, M. (Eds.), Nucleic Acid Techniques in
Bacterial Systematics. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY,, pp. 115175.
Loc Carrillo C., Atterbury R.J., El-Shibiny A., Connerton P.L., Dillon E., Scott A. and Connerton, I.F. (2005).
Bacteriophage therapy to reduce Campylobacter jejuni colonization of broiler chickens. Applied Environ. Microbiol. 71:
655463.
Luangtongkum T., Morishita T.Y., El-Tayeb A.B., Ison A.J. and Zhang Q. (2007). Comparison of antimicrobial
susceptibility testing of Campylobacter spp. by the agar dilution and the agar disk diffusion methods. J. Clin. Microbiol.45:
5904.
Miraglia D., Ranucci D., Branciari R., Cioffi a, Mammoli R., Cenci Goga B.T. and Avellini P. (2007). Prevalence of
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken hybrids with different growth rates, reared according to
conventional and free-range production methods. Vet. Res.Comm. 31: 3814.
Nachamkin, I., Allos, B.A.N.M. and Ho, T., 1998. Campylobacter Species and Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Clin.
Microbiol. Rev. 11: 555567.
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Niwa H., Chuma T., Okamoto K. and Itoh K. (2001). Rapid detection of mutations associated with resistance to
erythromycin in Campylobacter jejuni/coli by PCR and line probe assay. Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents. 18: 35964.
Oyofo B.A., Thornton S.A., Burr D.H., Trust T.J., Pavlovskis O.R. and Guerryl P. (1992). Specific Detection of
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by Using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Microbiol. 30:6132619.
Rodenburg T.B., Van Der Hulst-Van Arkel M.C. and Kwakkel R.P. (2004). Campylobacter and Salmonella infections
on organic broiler farms. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 52, 101108.
Salama S., Bolton F.J. and Hutchinson D.N. (1989). Improved method for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni and
Campylobacter coli bacteriophages. Lett. Applied Microbiol. 8: 57.
Silva J., Leite D., Fernandes, M., Mena C., Gibbs P.A. and Teixeira P. (2011). Campylobacter spp. as a Foodborne
Pathogen: A Review. Frontiers in microbiology 2, 200.
Stoyanchev T., Vashin I., Ring, C. and Atanassova V. (2007). Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in poultry and poultry
products for sale on the Bulgarian retail market. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 92: 2858.
Sulakvelidze A., Alavidzea, Z. and Glenn Morris, J.J. (2001). Bacteriophage Therapy. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother.
45: 649659.
Varela N.P., Friendship R., Dewey C. and Valdivieso A. (2008). Comparison of agar dilution and E-test for
antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter coli isolates recovered from 80 Ontario swine farms. Canadian J.
Vet. Res. 72: 16874.
Wagenaar J. a, Van Bergen M. a P., Mueller M. a, Wassenaar T.M. and Carlton R.M. (2005). Phage therapy reduces
Campylobacter jejuni colonization in broilers. Vet. Microbiol. 109: 27583.
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RP-3
SEASONAL VARIATION OF STILESIA (RAILLET,1893) IN CAPRA HIRCUS AT SANGAMNER REGION,
AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT (MS) INDIA
Pawade V. R., Bhagwan H. K.,* V. M. Pulate**
A. S.C. College, Rahata, Dist. Ahmednagar (M.S.)
*P. G. Dept. of Zoology. S.M.D.Mohekar Mahavidyalaya, Kallam, Dist. Osmanabad-413507
**P. V. P. College, Pravaranagar, Dist. Ahmednagar (M.S.).
(*E-mail : hemantbhagwan@rediffmail.com)
ABSTRACT: The present statistical communication deals with the study of seasonal variation of
cestodes Stilesia, along with incidence and intensity of the parasites according to the seasons in
the year oct2007 to sept2008 at Sangmner region, district Ahmednagar. The seasonal variation of
gastro-intestinal cestodes infection show the high incidence (prevalence), which occur in summer
(20%) following by winter (9.43%) and Rainy (6.90%) because of easy dispersal of parasite
resulting is increased in contact with the host and the parasites.
KEY WORDS: Cestode, Stilesia, Incidence, Capra hircus, Intensity, Season.
INTRODUCTION
About 82% of population of Sangamner region in rural and depends directly on agriculture and animal husbandry. Parasitic
infection affects the gastro-intestinal track of Capra hircus. Often without clinical manifestation is major cause of
production loss. The incidence of cestode infection varies with age, sex, season and agro-climatic conditions.
The effect of climatic factors on helminthes are studied by the workers like Lawrence (1970), Crofton (1971). Many
authors worked considerably on the population dynamics of the cestode parasites from different hosts. Dogiel et.al. (1958,
1964), Hopkins (1959), Pennyuick (1971a), Anderaon (1976), Susheela (1987) have clearly shown the seasonal effect on
the geographical distribution of the cestode parasites.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
For the study of parasites, the intestine Capra hircus was collected from different region of Sangamner, from Oct 2007 to
Sept 2008. The parasites were collected, flattened, stained and identified, also record of infected and non infected host and
number of parasites for further study. Data was collected month wise and the incidence and intensity of parasites calculated
seasonally.
Where a stands for number of host examined, B stands for number of host infected and C stands for number of parasites
collected.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
After closer observation the collected parasites were found belonging to genus Stilesia (Raillet, 1893). From the recorded
data, Table I (a) shows that, in the winter season the incidence of infection for October 2007 to January 2008 was 9.43%,
(b) in the summer season the incidence of infection for February 2008 to May 2008 was 6.90%, (c) in the rainy season the
incidence of infection for June 2008 to September 2008 was 20.00%. Table II shows that, in the intensity of infection
seasonally as winter 3.00, summer 4.75 and 3.70
Table I : Prevalence and seasonal incidence of Stilesia in Capra hircus during different season.
I a) Winter (Oct 2007 to Jan 2008)
Month/Year No. of host examined No. of host infected No. of parasites collected % of incidence Intensity
Oct2007
12
03
06
25.00
3.00
Nov2007
09
01
07
11.11
7.00
Dec2007
15
00
00
00.00
0.00
Jan2008
17
01
02
05.88
2.00
Total
53
05
15
09.43
3.00
Average
---10.50
3.00
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I b) Summer (Feb2008 to May 2008)

Month/Year
No. of host examined
No. of host infected
No. of parasites collected
% of incidence
Intensity
Feb2008
Mar2008
April 2008
May2008
Total
Average
14
16
15
13
58
--
00
02
01
01
04
--
00
08
08
03
19
--
00.00
12.50
06.67
07.60
06.90
6.71
0.00
4.00
8.00
3.00
3.75
3.75
No. of parasites collected

09
12
05
11
37
--
% of incidence
18.18
30.33
13.33
21.43
20.00
20.82
Intensity
4.5
4.0
2.5
3.66
3.70
3.67
I c) Rainy (June 2008 to Sept.2008)

Month/Year No. of host examined No. of host infected
June2008
11
02
July2008
10
03
Aug.2008
15
02
Sept.2008
14
23
Total
50
10
Average
---
Table II : Shows seasonal variation of infection, incidence and intensity of infection during Oct. 2007 to Sept.
2008.
Sr.
No. of host
No. of host
No. of parasites
% of incidence of
Intensity of
Season
No.
examined
infected
collected
infection
infection
1
Winter
53
05
15
9.43
3.00
2
Summer
58
04
19
6.90
4.75
3
Rainy
50
10
37
20.00
3.70
Figure I Prevalence and seasonal incidence of Stilesia in Capra hircus during different season.
From the above data it is cleared that season plays a vital role in cestode infestation. The variation may be due to feeding
habits of the host, diversity of the climatic conditions and availability of intermediate host.
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REFERENCES
Anderson R. M. (1976). Seasonal variation in the population dynamics of Cryptophyllaeus laticeps. Parasitology, 72 :
281-305.
Crofton H. D. (1971). A quantitative approach to parasitism. Parasitol. 62 : 179-193.
Dogiel V. A. (1958). Parasitology of fishes, Leningrad University Press, Oliver and Boyd, Edinberg and London.
Dogiel V. A. (1964). In general parasitology English translation, Oliver and Boyd, Edinberg and London.
Hopkins C. A. (1959). Seasonal variation in the incidence and development of the cestode Proteocephalus filicolis (Rud.
1810) in Gasteosteus aculeatus L. 1766. Parasitol. 49 : 529-542.
Lawrence J. L. (1970). Effect of season, host age and sex on endohelminths of Castostomus commersoni. J. Parasitol. 56
: 567-571.
Pennyuick (1971a). Seasonal variation in the parasitic population of three spined stickleback. Gasteosteus aculeatus L.
Parasit. 63 : 373-388.
Susheela G. (1987). Study on population dynamics of the helminth parasites of rat of Hyderabad and its surroundings.
Ph.d. Theses. Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.
Wolsfhugal K. (1903). Stilesia hepatica n.sp. in Band Wurmaus den Gallenganen Von. Schefen and Ziegan Osta Frikas
Beriln. Tiertz. 51. Wochenscher.
Yamaguti S. (1959). Systema Helminthum, Vol. II, The Cestodes of Vertibraters, Interscience Pub. INC, New York,
London. 1-860.
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RP-4
DIVERSITY OF STORED GRAIN INSECT PESTS FROM SOLAPUR CITY, MAHARASHTRA
J. A. Kardalkar, S. V. Shinde, L. A. Gop, R. P. Anantul and S. R. Aland*
Department of Zoology, DBF Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur, (M.S), India.
* Department of Zoology, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur (M.S), India.
(E-mail: santoshaaland@rediffmail.com)
ABSTRACT: Insects damaging stored grains are one of the common problems. The many different kinds of
insects that invade stored dried food / grains are often called as Pantry Pests. They contaminate more food than
they eat which is unfit for consumption. In the present paper, concentrated efforts were made to study diversity of
insect pests associated with stored grains from Solapur City, Maharashtra. During study period 17 species of insect
species were recorded. Of these, order Coleoptera was dominant with fourteen species followed by order
Lepidoptera with three species. Order Coleoptera include families viz. Bruchidae, Curculionidae, Anobiidae,
Tenebrionidae, Nitidulidae, Bostrichidae, Cucujidae and Trogossitidae and order Lepidoptera includes families viz.
Pyralidae and Gelechiidae.
Keywords: Coleoptera, diversity, Lepidoptera, stored grain insects.
INTRODUCTION
According to Mason and Obermeyers (2006) direct feeding damage by insects reduces grain weight, nutritional values and
germination of stored grain. Infestations also cause contamination, odour, mold and heat damage problems that reduces the
quality of the grain and may make it unfit for processing in to food for humans and animals. A series of studies have been
carried out from various regions of India on stored grain insect pests. Gupta and Sehgal (1987) studied on colour
preference of beetle Callosobruchus maculatus towards orientation and ovipositional behaviours. The study indicated that,
red light attracted maximum number of insects and white light on the other hand elicited significantly a minimum
orientation response. The oviposition response of this beetle also appeared in a parallel pattern. Gupta et al., (1988)
evaluated some non edible oils as grain Protestants in wheat and their impact on germination. Neem and palas oil were
found most effective. Manohar and Yadava (1990) made laboratory observations on resistance and susceptibility of some
cowpea cultivars to Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.). Giga (1993) assessed bean conditioning and its effect on oviposition
of Callosobruchus rhodesianus and Callosobruchus maculatus. Flinn (1998) conducted laboratory experiments to assess
the effectiveness of the parasitoid wasp, Choetopsila elegans for controlling Rhyzopertha dominica, lesser grain borer.
Parween (2000) tested efficacy of Baycidal (triflumuron) on population of Tribolium castaneum. Rao et al., (2003) made
detailed studies on biology, mating behaviour, sex ration and natural mortality of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma
serricorne. Grieshop et al., (2006) made fruitful efforts on biological control of Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella by
using hymenopteran egg parasitoids.
Trichogramma deion and larval parasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor. Nguyen (2008) investigated effect of 15 days starvation
on locomotary response of Rhyzopertha dominica. Burges (2008) studied in depth on the temperature conditions required
to maintain effective long term control of Trogoderma granarium. Very scant literature is available on diversity of insect
pests associated with stored grains. Therefore, in the present study, efforts were made to study diversity of stored grain
insects from solapur, Maharashtra.
The random sampling and collection of infested stored products and grains was made in 2011 (July to December) from 50
sampling sites viz. warehouses, retail stores, consumer stores and houses of Solapur, Maharashtra. The samples were
brought to the laboratory in plastic bags of 2 kg capacity containing their respective food commodities. They were
transferred to plastic containers of 2 kg capacity. The mouth of the same was tied with the help of muslin cloth for proper
ventilation. 28 300C temperature and 70 80% relative humidity was maintained. Observations were made daily so as to
get maximum diversity. Only adult insects were considered for present study. The adult forms were separated and
photography of the same was made. Simultaneously identification was made with available literature.
The present study revealed 17 species of insect pests were recorded (Table 1). Out of them, order Coleoptera comprises 14
species and order Lepidoptera consists of 03 species. In the present study it was observed that, Coleoptera recorded
maximum species with 08 families. Of which, family Bruchidae was dominant (4 species) followed by families
Curculionidae (3 species), Anobiidae (2 species), Tenebrionidae (1 species), Nitidulidae (1 species), Bostrichidae (1
species), Cucujidae (1 species) and Trogossitidae (1 species). Likewise order Lepidoptera recorded two families viz. family
Pyralidae and Gelechiidae. Family Bruchidae represents maximum number of pests. Among all commodities Triticum
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aestivum having four stored grain pests viz. Carpophilus lugubris, Cryptolestes sp., Tribolium confusum and Sitophilus
oryzae. Winks (1969) recorded nineteen species of Coleoptera of the families Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Melyridae,
Nitidulidae, Rhyzophagidae, Cryptophagidae, Biphyllidae, Lathridiidae and Tenebrionidae from stored cereals in Australia.
James et al., (1995) studied fauna and seasonal abundance of Carpophilus sp. by using traps baited with synthetic
aggregation pheromones of Carpophilus hemipterus, C. mutilatus and C. davidsoni and fermenting brad dough. His study
revealed seven species of Carpophilus and one unidentified species.
Table: 1. Insect pests collected from various commodities from Solapur, Maharashtra.
Sr. No.
Order / Family
Commodities
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Nitidulidae
1.
Carpophilus lugubris
Triticum aestivum
Family: Cucujidae
1.
Cryptolestes sp.
Triticum aestivum
Family: Tenebrionidae
1.
Tribolium confusum
Triticum aestivum
Family: Bostrichidae
1.
Rhyzopertha dominica
Sorghum bicolor
Family: Anobiidae
1.
2.
Lasioderma serricorne
Stegobium paniceum
1.
Sitophilus oryzae
2.
3.
Sitophilus zeamais
Sitophilus granarius
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bruchus sp.
Bruchidius mackenziei
Callosobruchus chinensis
Callosobruchus maculatus
1.
Tenebroides mauritanicus
Corriandrum sativum
Anethum graveolen
Family: Curculionidae
Cajanus cajan, Cicer areitium, Triticum
aestivum
Zea mays
Lablab perpureus
Family: Bruchidae
Vigna mungo
Vigna radiata
Vigna unguiculata
Vigna aconitifolia
Family: Trogosiitidae
Oryza sativa
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Gelechiidae
1.
Sitotroga cerealella
Pennisetum americanum
Family: Pyralidae
1.
2.
Plodia interpunctella
Corcyra cephalonica
Lens esculanta
Oryza sativa
Basak and Pal (2007) reported six species of Carpophilus from eighteen different commodities. Of these, Carpophilus
freemani, Carpophilus obsoletus, C. pilosellus, C. delkeskampi and C. marginellus are new records from stored products in
India.
REFERENCES
Basak P. K. and Pal T. K. (2007). Study of beetles (Coleoptera) associated with stored products in Kolkatta, India. 1.
Genus Carpophilus Stephens (Nitidulidae). Entomon. 32 (1): 17 24.
Burges H. D. (2008). Development of the Khapara beetle, Trogoderma granarium in the lower part of its temperature
range. J. Stored Grain Products Res. 44: 32 35.
Flinn P. W. (1998). Temperature effects on efficacy of Choetopsida elegans (Heymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to suppress
Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in stored wheat. J. Economic Entomol. 91 (1): 320 323.
Giga D. P. (1993). Bean conditioning by Callosobruchus rhodesianus and Callosobruchus maculatus: Their effects on
oviposition. Entomon. 18 (3- 4): 113 118.
Grieshop M. J., Flinn P. W. and Nechols J. R. (2006). Biological control of Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
on finished stored products using egg and larval parasitoids. Biol. Microbial Control. 99 (4): 1080 1084.
Gupta K. K. and Sehgal S. S. (1987). Colour preference of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) as elicited by its orientation
and oviposiotional behaviour. Indian J. Entomol. 49 (4): 544 546.
Gupta H. C., Verma J. P., Bareth S. S. and Mathur B. N. (1998). Evaluation of some non edible oils as grain
protectant in wheat and their subsequent effect on germination. Indian Journal of Entomology. 50 (2): 147 150.
Manohar S. S. and Yadava S. R. S. (1990). Laboratory observations on relative resistance and susceptibility of some
cowpea cultivars to pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Bruchidae: Coleoptera). Indian J. Entomol. 52 (2): 180
186.
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Mason L. L. and Obermeyer J. (2006). Stored Grain Insect Pest Management. E 66 W, Pruduce University
Extension. 66: 1 4.
Nguyen D. T. (2008). Effects of starvation period on the locomotory response of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). J. Stored
Products Res. 44 (1): 100 102.
Parween S. (2000). Baycidal: Effect on Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) population. Entomon.
25 (1): 25 28.
Rao N. V., Rao B. N. and Babu T. R. (2003). Biology of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fab. (Coleoptera:
Anobiidae). Entomon. 28 (1): 39 44.
Winks R. G. (1969). Records of Coeoptera associated with stored products in Australia. J. Australian Entomol. Soc. 8:
110112.
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RP-5
STUDY OF EIMERIA ARLOINGI IN GOAT FROM BEED DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA STATE INDIA.
More B.V.*, Nikam S.V.**, Deshmukh N.Z.***
*Department of Zoology, Ramkrishna Paramhansa Mahavidyalaya, Osmanabad. (M.S.) India.
**Department of Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, (M.S.) India.
***Department of Zoology, HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik, (M.S.) India.
ABSTRACT: This study was under taken to determine the prevalence and diversity of Eimeria species in goat
(Capra hircus) in Beed District. The study covers survey, faecal sample examination, prevalence and identification of
Eimerian species based on their morphology, host specificity, site specificity in the intestine and sporulation time of
species. During the present study twelve species of Eimeria are found in goats. Nine species are redescribed and three
are new species.
Keywords: Coccidiosis, Eimeria Species, Prevalence, goat (Capra hircus)
INTRODUCTION
Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease affecting a variety of animals, especially mammals and birds. The causative organism is a
microscopic, spore-forming, single cell protozoon called coccidia. In goats and sheep, coccidiosis is caused by the genus
Eimeria. Within genus Eimeria there are more than ten species of coccidia are known to infect goats and sheep. Eimerian
species are host-specific, meaning the species of coccidia that affects goats and sheep do not affect poultry. Only few
species are pathogenic to their hosts and disease outbreak.
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
During the present study twelve species of Eimeria are found in goats. Nine species are redescribed and three are new
species. The commonest was E. arloingi, it was found in 80 of 528 positive samples, showing a prevalence of 15.15% of
the positive samples or 3.03% of the total sample examined. The pure infections were found in 368 out of the 528 positive
samples and 2636 of the total samples in goats representing 69.69% of the positive samples or 13.96% of the total samples.
All the twelve species have been recorded in pure infections through varying frequencies. Eimeria arloingi is most
frequent, being found in 65 out of the 368 pure samples representing 17.66% in the pure samples and 12.31in total of the
samples.
Description of oocyst of Eimeria arloingi: The oocysts are elongate ovoidal in shape, micropyle and micropylar cap are
present. Oocyst is covered with thin yellowish brown coloured double layered wall, measures about 1.7m thick. An outer
layer measures about 1.0m thick while inner being 0.7m thick. The wall is lined internally by thin membrane. The 4m
to 6m wide micropyle bears a micropylar cap, which is 2m to 6m high and 5m to 10m wide. The cap is flattened or
dome shaped and placed asymmetrically over the micropyle and easily dislodged. The polar granule and oocystic residuum
are absent. The unsporulated oocyst shows spherical granular sporoblast filling middle portion of the oocyst, measures 18
to 22m in diameter. The four elongate, ovoid with one end pointed and other rounded sporocysts are observed. Sporocysts
measures about 12.0 to 20.2 m in length and 8.0 to 14.0m in width. Posterior end of the sporocysts is rounded; broad,
anterior end is narrower. The stieda body is present. The sporocystic residuum is in the form of a few scattered granules of
various sizes distributed irregularly between the two sporozoites. The sporozoites are typically elongate with one end broad
and rounded while other pointed. The sporozoites carry a large refractile body at the broader end and smaller one at the
narrower end.
The dimensions of the sporulated oocysts of Eimeria arloingi from goats are as follows (All measurements are in
microns)
Particulars
Length of the oocyst
Width of the oocyst
Length width ratio of the oocyst
Length of the sporocyst
Width of the sporocyst
Length width ratio of the sporocyst
Oocyst from goat

28.0 55.4 (40.32)
19.0 42.1 (32.14)
1.3 1.4 (1.25)
12.0 20.2 (16.0)
8.0 14.2 (11.37)
1.4 1.5 (1.40)
Sporulation time: The sporulation time of the oocysts was 108 hours.
Prevalence: The species was found in 3.03% of the 2636 goats examined from Beed district.
COMMENTS
This species was first described by Marotel (1905) from goat by name Coccidium arloingi, subsequently it has been
recorded and redescribed from goats in different parts of the world. In India like Shah and Joshi (1963), Singh (1964), Jha
and Subramanian (1966), Jha (1966), Kshirsagar (1976), Nikam (1983), Jadhav (2002), and Kumar lalan (2005). In other
countries, an authorative and update description of this species was given by Levine and Ivens (1970), Norton
(1986),Kanyanri (1988), Ocollaghan (1989), Chhabra and pande (1991), Alyousif et.al.(1992), Penzhorn et.al.(1994),
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Figure 1. Unsporulated oocyst of Eimeria arloingi

Figure 2. Sporulated oocyst of Eimeria arloingi
Bargsteed and Derchksen (1996), Koudela and Bokovo(1998), Balika (1999), Harper and Penzhorn (1999), Balika Ramisz
(1999), Faizal and Rajapakse (2001), Serdar et.al.(2003), Yasar Goz et.al.(2006), Bandra et.al.(2007), Abdurrahman Gul
(2007) and Sharma et.al.(2009). A comparison of the present oocysts with the description of the earlier workers shows that
the present oocysts show a wider and much larger range in dimensions. Stieda body was absent in the species reported by
Kshirsagar (1976) but Nikam (1983) and Jadhav (2002) observed stieda body. Present author also observed sporocysts with
the stieda body. Sporulation time in the present study was 108 hours which is largest period among all, as Singh (1964)
recorded sporulation time 1 to 2 days and Chevalier (1966) recorded sporulation time 2 to 4 days while Kshirsagar (1976)
recorded 48 hours later by Nikam (1983) recorded it as 28 to 86 hours and Jadhav (2002) 28to 80 hours. In all other
features the description given here agrees with those of earlier workers so present species is a Eimeria arloingi and
redescribed here
REFERENCES
Abdurrahman G. (2007). The prevalence of Eimeria species in goats in Igdir. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 31(6): 411-414.
Alyousif M. S., Kasim A.A. and L-shawa Y.R. (1992). Coccidia of domestic goats in Saudi Arabia. Int. I. Parasitol. 22
(6): 807- 11.
Chhabra R. C. and Pande V. S. (1991). Coccidia of goats in Zimbabwe. Vet. Parasitol. 39(3 - 4): 199 205.
Faizal A. C. and Rajapakse R. P. (2001). Prevalence of coccidia and gastrointestinal nematodes infections in cross bred
goats in the dry areas of Srilanka. Small. Rumin. Res. 40(3): 233-238.
Harper C.K. and Pinzorn B.L. (1999). Occurrence and diversity of coccidia in indigenous, Saanen and crossbred goats in
South Africa. Vet. Parasitol. 82(1):1-9
Jadhav V. D. (2002). Studies of coccidial fauna from marathwada region. Ph.D. Thesis Marathwada University, Library
Aurangabad.
Jha D. and Subramanian, G. (1966). Incidence of Eimeria species in goats of Uttar Pradesh. Ind. Vet. J. 43: 588-591.
Koudela B. and Bokova A. (1928). Coccidiosis in goats in the Czech republic. Vet. Parasitol Apr. 30: 76(4): 261-7.
Kshirsagar H. S. (1976). Studies on morphology and Biology of coccidia of some mammals. Ph.D. Thesis, Marathwada
University Library, Aurangabad.
Kumar L., Sinha S. R, Sinha, S., Sharma S., Sanjeev K., Mandal G.K. and Verma S. B. (2005). Studies on Eimeria sp.
in goats in and around Patna. J. Vet. Parasitol. 19 (2).
Levine N. D. and Ivens Virginia (1970). The coccidian parasites (Protozoa, sporozoa) of Ruminants. Illinois Biological
Monographs. No. 44, Univ. Illinos Press, Urbana, London.
Marotel G. (1905). La coccidiese de la chevre et son parasite. Bull. Soc. Sciences Vet. de Lyon, 8: 52-56.
Norton C. C. (1986). Coccidia of the domestic goat Capra hircus, with notes on Eimeria Ovinoidalis and E. bakuensis
(Syn. E. ovina) from the sheep and goats.
OCallaghan M. G. (1989). Coccidia of domestic and feral goats in South Australia. Vet. Parasitol. Mar. 30(4): 267-72.
Penzhorn B. L. Rognlic M. C., Hall L. L. and Knapp S. E. (1994). Enteric coccidia of cashmere goats in Southwestern
Montana, USA. Vet. Parasitol. Oct; 55(1-2):137-42.
Serdar D., Abdurrahman, G., Erol A. and Kamile B. (2003). The prevalence of Eimeria of species in goats in van. Turk.
J. Vet. Sci. 27: 439-442.
Shah H. L. and Joshi S. C. (1963). Coccidia (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) of goats in Madhya Pradesh with descriptions of the
sporulated oocysts of eight species. J. Vet. An. Husb. Res., 7: 9-20.
Sharma D. K., Nimisha, A., Ajoy M., Pooja N. and Saket (2009). Coccidia and gastrointestinal nematode infections in
semi-intensively managed Jakhrana goats of semi-Arid region of India. Tropical and subtropical Agro-ecosystems, 11:
135-139.
Singh P. P. (1964). On Eimerian oocysts in Indian goat (An exogenous study). Agra Univ. J. Res. Sci. 13: 233-238.
Yasar Goz., Abdulalim A., Nazmi, Y. and Serder D. (2006). Frequency of coccidia species in goats in Van province of
Turkey. Kafkas Uni. Vet. Fak. Derg. 12(2): 163-165.
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RP-6
REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY OF FRESHWATER PULMONATE SNAIL
INDOPLANORBIS EXUSTUS
Mantale A. B.*, and Patil M. U.**
*Department of Zoology, Shri Muktanand College, Gangapur, Aurangabad (M.S.) India
*Department of Zoology, B. A. M.U. Aurangabad, M.S. India
(E-Mail:archana.virkar2812@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The reproductive system of pulmonates is a complicated one and has a taxonomic importance. Indoplanorbis exustus is
a hermaphrodite having both male and female genital organs in one and same individual. Testes and ovaries are united
to form a single gland called the ovotestes. Knowledge of the histology of the genital organ is important in the study of
pulmonate snails. Few such studies of the planorbids have been made. Most investigators have limited their work to the
structure of the ovotestis (hermaphroditic gland), while some have included the copulatory organs.
Key word: Reproductive system, Indoplanorbis exustus, Morphological study
INTRODUCTION
The reproductive system of the basommatophora is quite an elaborates structure, consisting of a bisexual gonad and
male and female ducts with accessory glands. Freshwater pulmonate snails, in general, are simultaneous
hermaphrodites. Mature male and female gametes are present together in the gonad, and separate male and female
reproductive systems are concurrently functional in the adult snail. Both male and female reproductive systems are
highly glandular, and in order for each system to completely function, all glandular parts of the system must accumulate
secretion. Bretschneider (1948) utilized structural features of the genitalia of Lymnaea to describe the process of
insemination. Duncan (1960) made a comparison with schematic drawings of reproductive system of the four families
of Basommatophora. Berry (1963) studied the genital system of the Malayan limestone hill snail, Gyliotrachus
depressispira. Reproduction in the golden apple snail was studied by Lacanilae (1990) to provide breeding information
for laboratory and field culture. General reviews of reproduction in freshwater pulmonates are provided by Duncan
(1975) and Geraerts and Joosse (1984). Reproductive cycles based on the morphological analysis of the reproductive
system have been described by the number of scientists. Maturation of reproductive system in relation to seasonal
observations has been studied by Smith (1966) in the slug Arion ater. Thorough anatomical description of pulmonates
was given by Duncan (1958, 1960), Bayne (1973) and Paraense (1976). Runham and Laryea (1968) studied the
maturation of reproductive elements in Agriolimax reticulatus. Brink (1973) reviewed the histology and ultrastructure
of the reproductive tract of Biomphalaria glabrata. Parivar (1978) has given histological survey of gonadal
development in the land slug, Arion ater. Runham and Hogg (1979) studied the gonad of Deroceras reticulatum at
histological as well as ultramicroscopic level. The evolution of distinct reproductive strategies has been of major
interest in evolutionary biology (e.g. MacArthur and Wilson 1967, Glaubrecht 1996, Gould 2002).
The snails Indoplanorbis exustus were collected from local pond near Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. The snails were
maintained in tap water in laboratory for acclimatization. The snails were maintained in large plastic troughs with
continuous water refreshment and aeration. Snails were provided with fresh vegetative food like algae, mulberry leaves
etc., twice a day. Indoplanorbis exustus having shell length 12mm were dissected and observations were made on freshly
dissected reproductive system in order to study morphology of reproductive system.
RESULTS
Indoplanorbis exustus is a hermaphrodite having both male and female genital organs in one and same individual. Testes
and ovaries are united to form a single gland called hermaphrodite gland or the ovotestes. The male and female genital
organs are separated from each other and they are so arranged that the self-fertilization is impossible so that only the union
of two individuals is necessary for reproduction. They copulate reciprocally, with exchange of sperms which results in
cross fertilization.
The reproductive system of I. exustus consists of 3 major parts, 1) the ovotestes and its ducts, 2) the male reproductive
system including seminal vesicles, prostate gland, vas deferens and copulatory organs; and 3) the female reproductive
system consisting of oviduct, uterus, oothecal gland, vagina and accessory organs. The general pattern and the variability
of the basommatophoran genital system resemble that of the stylommatophoran, which are also hermaphroditic. Male and
female gametes are produced in the single ovotestis, which is located in the apical part of the visceral hump. When
released, both male and female gametes pass anteriorly through the tiny hermaphrodite duct called spermoviduct or
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gonoduct. Later male and female gametes are transported via separate paths. The junction of the hermaphrodite duct and
the male and female ducts is often called carrefour. The female duct is large and glandular its main roles are to secrete
material for the formation of eggs and egg masses and to receive the sperm from a copulation partner and transport it to the
fertilization site. In all Basommatophora an albumen gland and bursa copulatrix are present. The principal function of the
male duct is to transport sperm and to transfer it to the partner during copulation. A prostate gland is usually present and
sometimes also a sperm duct, located posterior to the prostate gland. The ciliated vas deferens, which opens into the penis,
is anterior to the prostate gland. The male copulatory organ normally consists of a penis traversed by the vas deferens and
enclosed in a penis sheath; through the terminal opening of which the penis can be everted.
DISCUSSION
In pulmonates majority of group of snails are true hermaphrodites so that the male and female reproductive organs lie in
the same individual. Pulmonates are seasonal breeders. The reproductive system of I. exustus is diaulic pattern where in the
foreign sperms and eggs are carried by the same passage while in endogenous sperms by separate tube and thus self
fertilization is not possible. The same pattern was observed in the I. exustus. The seasonal breeding habits of I. exustus may
be the direct result of the seasonal rainfall since the fluctuations in the reproductive tract were correlated with breeding
season for the snail, I. exustus. The reproductive activity is depending upon the rainfall. Similar results were obtained by
Berry (1963) in Malayan hill snail, Gyliotrachela. These snails were found to be breeding in the rainy season. And
copulation took place immediately after emergence from aestivation at the beginning of the rainy season.
Figure. Diagrammatic representation of the functional anatomy of the basommatophoran reproductive system.
Organization based on Lymnaea stagnalis.
Abbreviations: A- acinus of the ovotestis; AG- albumin gland; BC- bursa copulatrix; C- carrefour; FP- fertilization
pocket; HD- hermaphrodite duct; MG- muciparous gland; P- penis; PC- pars contorta; PG- prostate gland; SP- sperm
duct; SZ- spermatogenic zone; V- vagina; VA- vitellogenic area; VD- vas deferens; VS- vesiculae deminales.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors express their sincere thanks to Molluscan Neuroendocrinology and Physiology Laboratory and Head,
Department of Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathawada University, Aurangabad for providing all necessary
facilities during this research work.
REFERENCES
Bayne G.J. (1973). Physiology of the pulmonate reproductive tract: location of spermatozoa in isolated, self-fertilizing
succinid snails (with a discussion of pulmonate tract terminology). Veliger. 16: 169-175.
Berry A.J. (1963). The genital system of the Malayan limestone hill snail Gyliotrachela depressispira, with notes on
breeding. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 141: 361-379 .
Bretschneider L.H. (1948). Insemination in Lymnaea stagnalis L. Proe Kon Nederl Akad V Wetenschappen. 51: 358-362.
Brink M. (1973). The effects of desiccation and starvation upon the weight, histology and ultrastructure of the reproductive
tract of Biomphalaria glabrata. Intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Z. Zellforsch. 136: 229-262.
Duncan C.J. (1958b). The anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system of the freshwater snail Physa fontinalis (L.).
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 131: 55-84.
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Duncan C.J. (1960). The genital system of the freshwater Basommatophora. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 135: 339-356.
Duncan C.J. (1975). Reproduction. In Pulmonates, vol. 1 (ed.Fretter V and Peake J) New York, Academic press pp 309-365
Geraerts W.P.M. and Joosse J. (1984). Freshwater snails (Basommatophora). In: Tompa AS (Ed), The Mollusca
Reproduction. Academic Press, New York, Bol 7:pp: 141-207.
Glaubrecht M. (1996). Evolutionary sokologie and Systematik Am Beispiel Von SuB- and Brackwasserschnecken
(Mollusca: Gastropoda: Cerithoidea): Ontogenese. Strategien, Palaontologische Befunde and Historische Zoogewgraphic
Backhuys Publishers Leiden.
Gould S.J. (2002). The structure of Evolutionary Theory. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
Lacanilae F. (1990). Reproduction of the golden apple snail (Ampullaridae): egg mass, hatching, and incubation. Philippine
J. Sci. 119(2): 95-105 pp 199-216.
Mac Arther R.H. and Wilson E.O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biologeography. Princceton University Press Princeton
Paraense W.L. (1976). The sites of cross-fertilization in Planorbid snails. Revla. Bras. Biol. 36: 535-539.
Parivar K. (1978). A Histological survey of gonadal development in Arion ater L. (Mollusca, Pulmonata). J. Molluscan
Studies. 46: 139-147.
Runham N.W. and Laryea A.A. (1968). Studies on the maturation of the reproductive system of Agriolimax reticulatus
(Pulmonata: Limacidae). Malacologia 7: 93-108.
Runham N.W. and Hogg N. (1979). The gonad and development in Deroceras reticulatum (Pulmonata: Limacidae). Ibid.
18: 391-399.
Smith B.J. (1966). Maturation of the reproductive tract of Arion ater (Pulmonata: Arionidae). Malacologia. 4: 325-349.
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RP-7
BIODIVERSITY OF HERPATOFAUNA FROM LOHARA TAHSIL, DIST. OSMANABAD (M.S.) INDIA.
Korekar S. L*, Babare M.G.* and Rathod G.T.**
*Zoology Research Laboratory, Naldurg, (M.S.), India.
**Department of Zoology, Jawahar ASC College, Anadur, (M.S.), India.
ABSTRACT
The present study deals with the Herpatofaunal diversity of newly formed Lohara tahsil of Osmanabad district in
Maharashtra state. During the period of a year (Jan to Dec. 2009). This study showed that the Herpatofauna includes 9
snake species belonging to 8 families, belonging to one each of Typhilopidae, Vmpeltide, Boidae, Homalopsiidae,
Colubridae, Elaphidae, Viperidae and two species of family Dipsadidue.
Keyword: Biodiversity, Herpatofauna, Lohara Tahsil.
INTRODUCTION
Snakes are abundantly found in the every region of the world, may be terrestrial or aquatic. From the time immemorial
snakes are the source of curiosity and fear. Various varieties of the snakes are found in Maharashtra also. Snakes are the
predator animals feeding on the Rats that are why they control the population of Rats and called as the friend of Farmer.
They also control the number of worms, Insects, Frogs, Birds and mice too. Increasing population of humans needs to
increase the quantity of food crops, but the pest population is the main problem. Many chemical and biological methods of
pest control are widely used but the snakes are the naturally available pest controller. Only a few Snakes are poisonous and
remaining are non-poisonous but the peoples think that all the snakes are poisonous and will kill them. So it is becomes
important to know that which species of snakes are available in our region. Lohara tahsil is the newly formed Tahsil of
Osmanabad district in Maharashtra state. This work would be useful to have a brief stock of the geographical
climatological and historical situation of this region pertaining to snake diversity
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Visits were arranged to different parts of Lohara tahsil in search of Snakes for a period of one year from January to
December 2009. The Snakes were cached and photographs were taken on the spot and brought to the research laboratory of
A. S.C. College, Naldurg, and Tal. Tuljapur. Mr. Kishor Shinde, advisor of this a Nisargmitra Kolhapur had helped in
collection and identification of Snakes. Identification were done using standard literature like Daniel (1983), Kharve N.
(1986) etc.
The list of snake species is as shown below (Table-1); Snakes are listed in their evolutionary order according to M.A.
Smiths fauna of British India. Vol. III Serpents and R. Whitakers common Indian Snakes a field Guide. In the present
study the Herpatofauna includes 2 infra orders, 8 families and 9 species.
Order-Squkamata.
Table-1 Showed the Classification of the observed Snakes.
Infra order
Solecophidia
Family
Typhilopidae
Vmpeltide
Boidae
Homalopsidae
Dipsadidue
Genus
Typhilalina
Vmpelfis
Eryx
Boiga
Lycodon
Caenophidia
Colubridae
Elaphidae
Viperidae
Ptyas
Naja
Trimeresmus
Species
Typhilalina (common worm snake)
Dellioti (Schieldtais)
Johni (common Earth boa)
Trigonate (common cat snake)
Aulicus (common wolf snake)
Striatus (stripped wolf snake)
Mucosus (Rat snake)
Naja Naja (common Indian cobra)
Gramineus (bambor pit viper )
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to Principal S. D. Peshwe, A.S.C. College, Naldurg, and Dist. Osmanabad for providing necessary
library and laboratory facilities for the present work. Authors are also very much thankful to sarpmitra Mr. Kishor Shinde
for their help in identification of Snakes.
REFERENCES
Daniel J.C. (1983). The book of Indian reptiles, Bombay Natural Hist. Soc. Bombay.
Kharve N. (1986). Indian snakes. Indian Inst. Of Herpetology, Pune.
Kolhapur Dist. Gazeteer (1996). Publication of Govt. of Maharashtra state (Revised Edition).
Prakash M .M. et.al. (1977). Modern trends of research in Zoology, RBSA publishers, Jaipur (India), pp-246.
Whitekar R. (1978). Common Indian snakes, a idle guide Macmillan India, Ltd.
Smith M.A. (1943). The fauna of British india reptile and amphibian Vol-III, Taylor and Feances, Red Lion coun, Flect
st. London reprinted in 1974 at today and tomorrows printers and publishers, New Delhi.
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RP-8
BIODEGRADATION OF TEXTILE DYES BY BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM DYE CONTAMINATED SITE.
Narsinge A.P. and Hamde V.S.
Department of Microbiology, Yogeshwari College, Ambajogai Dist. Beed (M.S.) - 431517,
(E-mail: narsingeanil@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
In the present investigation, an attempt was made to isolate, identify the dye degrading bacteria. A textile dye
degrading bacterium was isolated from dye contaminated soil. The dye degrading bacterium was identified as Bacillus
licheniformis sp. F4 by 16S rRNA sequencing. The ability of this isolated bacterium for the efficient degradation of
textile dye reactive orange 96 was analyzed. The effects of various physicochemical parameters such as pH,
temperature, initial dye concentration, inoculum, shaking/static condition, carbon and nitrogen sources were evaluated
for efficient decolorization and degradation of textile dye reactive orange 96. Our isolated bacterial culture exhibited
maximum of 72.14 % degradation of 100 mg/l of reactive orange 96 after 24 hours of incubation period. The optimum
pH was found to be pH 7 and temperature 30 0C under shaking condition. A 25 % (v/v) inoculum and addition of 1 %
(w/v) glucose concentration when supplemented in the medium improved dye degradation ability. Maximum extent of
dye degradation was observed when the medium was incorporated with inorganic nitrogen sources such as ammonium
salts. The biodegradation of reactive orange 96 was monitored by UV-Visible spectroscopy. The biodegradation of
textile dye reactive orange 96 was confirmed by the GC-MS analysis. The metabolites formed after degradation of
reactive orange 96 were identified as N-(4- Amino butyl) aziridine, 9-oxabicyclo (3.3.1.) nonane-1,4-diol,32,3dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-isoquinoline-1-yl-hydroxyaminacetonitrile,1-Hexahydropyrrolizine-3-ylidene)3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one,10- undecenehydroxamic acid and benzoic acid,3-isothiocyanato.
Keywords: Biodegradation, textile dyes and bacteria
INTRODUCTION
Azo dyes comprise a diverse group of synthetic chemicals that are widely used by the textile, leather, food, cosmetics and
paper industries (Khalid et al. 2008). Azo dyes are considered as xenobiotics compounds that are very recalcitrant to
biodegradation process (Elisangela et al. 2009). Some investigators reported that azo dyes and their metabolites are toxic,
carcinogenic and mutagenic in nature which leads to the formation of tumors, cancers and allergies (Sartale et al. 2010).
Therefore treatment of the textile wastewater is essential before discharging the wastewater into a receiving water body
(Patil et al. 2008). Several methods are used in treatment of textile effluents to achieve decolorization. These include
physicochemical methods such as filtration, coagulation, chemical flocculation (Ola et al. 2010). Moreover, the
physicochemical methods have some disadvantages of being highly expensive, formation of sludge and the emission of
toxic substances (Patil et al. 2008). Bioremediation offers a cheaper and environmental friendly alternative for removal of
color in textile effluents. The ubiquitous nature of bacteria makes them invaluable tools in effluent treatment (Ola et al.
2010)
Chemicals: All the chemicals were of highest purity and of analytical grade. The textile dye reactive orange 96 was
obtained from Radhamohan textile industry, Ichalkaranji, India.
Culture Media
The Mineral salt medium (MSM) used in the study contained (g/L) : K 2HPO4, 1.6; KH2PO4, 0.2; (NH4)SO4, 1.0;
MgSO4.7H2O, 0.2; FeSO4.7H2O, 0.01; NaCl, 0.1; CaCl2.2H2O, 0.02; glucose, 3 and yeast extract, 1.0.The pH the medium
was adjusted to 7.5.The medium was sterilized at 121 0C 15 minutes.
Isolation and Screening of dye dye degrading bacteria
The soil samples were collected from dye contaminated soil, Ichalkaranji, were used for isolation and screening of dye
decolorizing bacteria by enrichment culture technique using MSM amended with azo dye Reactive orange 96 (50 mg/l).
Dye containing media (100 ml) in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask were inoculated with 10 ml soil suspension (10 % w/v) and
incubated in orbital shaker at 370C. Samples, which showed decolorization in liquid media, were repeatedly tested further
by adding fresh dye containing medium till stable decolorization were obtained, showing consistent growth and
decolorization in every successive transfer. An aliquot of 0.1 ml from the samples that showed consistent growth and
decolorization in dye containing medium were transferred on MSM agar plates containing 50 mg/l Reactive orange 96.
Identification of bacteria using 16S rRNA sequencing
Identification of the selected bacterial culture was performed by using 16S rRNA sequencing.
Decolorization assay by UV-Spectrophotometer
Absorbance of the supernatant withdrawn at different time intervals were measured at the maximum absorbance
wavelength ( max) at 600 nm for Reactive orange 96, on Elico double beam spectrophotometer (SL-171). The percentage
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of decolorization was calculated from the difference between initial and final absorbance values. All the experiments were
performed in triplicate. Decolorization was expressed in terms of percentage of decolorization. This was calculated by
using the following formula.
% decolorization = Initial absorbance final absorbance
Initial absorbance 100
Effect of physicochemical parameters on dye decolorization: Decolorization was studied by using various carbon and
nitrogen sources at different dye concentrations (100- 1000 mg/l), inoculum size (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 %( v/v)), at
varying pH (1-14) and temperature (30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 0C).
Analysis of the metabolites by GC/MS: Under optimal conditions, degradation of textile dyes was carried out in two sets.
In each 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks of mineral salts medium (100ml) each containing 50mg/l of textile dyes reactive orange
96. Each flask of mineral salts medium containing textile dyes was inoculated with 10 ml of bacterial isolate F4 of optical
density of 0.5 at 600 nm. These flasks were incubated at 30 0C in orbital shaker for 24 hours. After complete decolorization
of textile dyes the culture broth was centrifuged at 7,000 rpm for 20 min to remove the cell mass. Culture supernatant
containing the metabolites formed after degradation of textile dyes were extracted, using equal volume of ethyl acetate,
dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated in a rotary vacuum evaporator. GC/MS analysis was carried out in
Doctors analytical laboratory, Pune. Rotary vacuum concentrated sample was dissolved in methanol and GC/MS analysis
of metabolites formed after degradation of textile dyes was carried out using a QP 5000 mass spectrophotometer
(Shimadzu). The ionization voltage was 70 eV. Gas chromatography was conducted in temperature programming mode
with a Resteck column (0.25 mm 30 mm; XTI 5). The initial column temperature was 40 0C for 4 min, which was
increased linearly at 100C min-1_ 2700C and held at 4 min. The temperature of injection port was 275 0C and GC/MS
interface was maintained at 3000C. The helium was used as carrier gas; flow rate was 1 ml min -1 and 30 min run time. The
compounds were identified on the basis of mass spectra and using the NIST library stored in the computer software
(version 1.10 beta Shimadzu) of the GC/MS.
Isolation and Screening of dye degrading bacteria: Isolations of bacterial cultures from soil was carried out by the
enrichment culture technique using MSM amended with Reactive orange 96 (50 mg/l).We isolated 15 bacterial isolate,
among these one bacterial isolate showed consistent and maximum decolorization on successive transfer. This bacterial
isolate was selected for further study.
Identification of bacteria using 16S rRNA sequencing: Identification of bacterial isolate was done on the basis of 16S
rRNA gene sequence. By the use of internal primers, 1.4 kb sequence of amplified 16S rRNA gene fragment was
determined. The 16S rRNA sequence data showed that this strain had the highest homology (99 %) with Bacillus
licheniformis (DQ520804.1). Therefore, this strain was named as Bacillus licheniformis sp F4. (Table 1).
Table 1. 16 S rRNA sequencing of isolated bacterial culture
Accession
DQ520804.1
GU944937.1
HM107425.1
FN556452.1
GU945233.1
Sequences producing significant alignments:

Max
Total
score
score
Bacillaceae bacterium NR88 16S ribosomal
1251
1251
RNA gene, partial sequence
Bacillus licheniformis strain PRL5 16S
1249
1249
ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence
Bacillus licheniformis strain B-B 16S
1245
1245
Bacillus licheniformis partial 16S rRNA
1245
1245
gene, strain V1W37c
Bacillus licheniformis strain B25 16S
1245
1245
Description
Query coverage E value
Max
ident
100%
0.0
99%
99%
0.0
99%
99%
0.0
99%
99%
0.0
99%
99%
0.0
99%
The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain F4 was determined. The figure 1. shows the phylogenetic relationship between
the isolated bacterial strain and other related bacteria found in the Genebank database. The isolated bacterial strain F4 was
phylogenetically positioned in the genus Bacillus licheniformis
Effect of different concentrations of textile dyes on dye degradation
The isolated bacterial strain Bacillus licheniformis sp.F4 was subjected to increasing concentrations of dyes from 50 to 500
mg/l in mineral salts medium at 300C within 24 hrs. The bacterial isolate maximally degraded reactive orange 96 (72.14%).
As the dye concentration increased there was decrease in percentage degradation of all tested textile dyes by bacterial
isolate F4 (Table 2). Bacillus subtilis was able to decolorize crystal violet dye up to 40 mg/l and the maximum
decolorization rate was obtained when 15 mg/l crystal violet was applied (Ayed et al., 2009).
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16
9
0
12
34
76
0
5
9
10
19
38
7
0
1
4
13
F4
Bacillus licheniformis strain BL1
Bacillus licheniformis strain SAT2-11
Bacillus licheniformis strain SAero
Bacillus sp. RS656(2010)
Bacillus sp. MG-2010-D3
Bacillus sp. M71 S47
Bacillus sp. M71 S49
Bacillus licheniformis strain NEB 4
Bacillus licheniformis strain SE-KSU101
Bacillus licheniformis strain FBT-4
Bacillus licheniformis strain THt2-1
Bacillus licheniformis strain PG9
Bacillus sp. BCHMAC27
Bacillus sp. 2BSG-10TSA-1
Bacillus sp. NEB 86
Bacillus licheniformis strain JXc8-13
Bacillus licheniformis strain PRL5
Bacillus licheniformis strain PG5
Bacillus sp. DU29(2010)
Bacillus licheniformis strain SUM-KSU304
Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of isolated bacterial strain Bacillus licheniformis sp F4 based on 16S rRNA gene sequence
Table 2. Effect of dye concentration on degradation of Reactive orange 96 by Bacillus licheniformis sp. F4.
Concentration of RO 96 (mg/L)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
% Degradation
55.81
72.14
69.28
60.00
57.85
50.71
50.71
0.05
0.00
Effect of different carbon sources on dye degradation

Our studies revealed that the dye could not be used as the sole source of carbon by the bacterium. It was observed that the
bacterial isolate Bacillus licheniformis sp.F4 required additional carbon sources to co-metabolize the dye. Hence, we tested
the different carbon sources for efficient degradation of textile dye reactive orange 96 by our isolated bacterial culture. In
our studies it was found that 1% (w/v) concentration of glucose gave maximum degradation of reactive orange 96
(77.27%) by Bacillus licheniformis sp.F4. Other carbon sources tested such as fructose, starch, sucrose, maltose, lactose
and dextrose were also found to be good co-substrates for degradation of reactive orange 96 by Bacillus licheniformis sp
F4. Sodium acetate was found to be poor substrate for degradation of reactive orange 96 by Bacillus licheniformis sp.F4
(Table 3). Moosvi et al. (2007) who reported that maximum decolorization (93 %) of Reactive violet 5R by bacterial
consortium JW-2 was achieved at a glucose concentration of 1g/l.
Table 3. Effect of different carbon sources on degradation of Reactive orange 96 by Bacillus licheniformis sp F4.
Carbon Sources
Glucose
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
Fructose
Starch
Dextrose
Sodium acetate
% Degradation
77.27
72.69
72.72
76.00
76.00
71.59
73.00
42.04
Effect of different nitrogen sources on dye degradation

In our studies, of the various organic and inorganic nitrogen sources used, inorganic nitrogen source such as 0.5 % of
ammonium chloride was found to be the best nitrogen source, and showed maximum degradation (78.88 %) of reactive
orange 96 by our isolated Bacillus licheniformis sp. F4 when compared with organic nitrogen sources. Among the various
organic nitrogen sources 0.5% (w/v) of peptone gave maximum degradation (71.00 %) of Reactive orange 96 by Bacillus
licheniformis sp F4 (Table 4). Nachiyar and Rajkumar (2003) reported that ammonium salts were the best nitrogen sources
for decolorization of navitan fast blue by Pseudomonas aeuruginosa.
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Table 4. Effect of nitrogen sources on degradation of Reactive orange 96 (50 mg/L) by Bacillus licheniformis sp. F4.
Nitrogen Sources
% Degradation
Urea
67.05
Beef extract
61.00
Yeast extract
64.44
Peptone
71.00
Ammonium acetate
66.66
Sodium nitrate
43.33
Ammonium Chloride
78.88
Ammonium nitrate
52.22
Ammonium sulphate
58.88
Effect of pH on dye degradation
The effect of pH was determined by allowing the bacterial isolate to grow in mineral salts medium with 100 mg/l of
reactive orange 96, for period of 24 hours at different pH ranging from 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 14 at 30 0C in shaking
condition. It was found that there was very less degradation of textile dye reactive orange 96 at pH up to 5 by Bacillus
licheniformis sp F4. As pH is increased there was increase in percentage degradation of reactive orange 96 by Bacillus
licheniformis sp F4. pH 7.0 was found to be the optimum for maximum degradation of reactive orange 96 (78.42%).Our
isolated bacterium Bacillus licheniformis sp. F4 have shown efficient degradation of reactive orange 96 in a wide range of
pH from 1-10 (Table 5). It was reported that Bacillus subtilis HM exhibited color removal capability of fast red over a
wide range of pH (5-9), with optimum pH at 7 (Mona and Hoda, 2008).
Table 5. Effect of pH on degradation of Reactive orange 96 (50 mg/L) by Bacillus licheniformis sp. F4.
pH
1
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
% Degradation
45.26
58.42
63.15
75.26
78.42
73.15
73.00
71.05
53.68
50.52
Effect of temperature on dye degradation

We tested the effect of different temperatures on the degradation of textile dye reactive orange 96 by our isolated Bacillus
licheniformis sp. F4. It was found that 300C was the optimum temperature for Bacillus licheniformis sp. F4 for the
maximum degradation of reactive orange 96 (83.33 %). Our isolated bacteria have exhibited efficient degradation of
reactive orange 96 at a wide range of temperature from 30-500C (Table 6).
Table 6. Effect of temperature on degradation of Reactive orange 96 (50 mg/L) by Bacillus licheniformis sp. F4.
Temperature
30
35
37
40
45
50
% Degradation
83.33
80.95
82.53
69.84
65.07
47.61
Biodegradation analysis by GC-MS: GC-MS analysis was carried out to investigate the metabolites formed after the
biodegradation of reactive orange 96. GC-MS analysis of the metabolites of reactive orange 96 extracted after its
biodegradation by isolated Bacillus licheniformis sp. F4. showed 8 peaks at retention time of 7397, 7.725, 7.925, 9.826,
12.396, 14.877, 19.047, 21.285 and 23.59. Mass spectra of that peaks shown molecular weights 80, 223, 181, 334, 298,
324, 359, 371, 210 and 798 respectively. On the basis of molecular weights these metabolites were confirmed as N-(4Amino butyl) aziridine, 9-oxabicyclo (3.3.1) nonane- 1,4-diol, 32,3-dimethyl-3, 4-dihydro-isoquinoline-1-y-l)All Rights Reserved, Dayanand Institutions, Solapur, (M.S.), INDIA.
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hydroxyimino-acetonitrile, 1-(Hexahydropyrrolizine-3-ylidene) 3, 3-dimethyl-butan-2-one, 10-undecenehydroxamic acid

and benzoic acid, 3-isothiocyanato.
Figure 2. GC-MS Chromatogram of metabolites formed after degradation of reactive orange 96
Figure 3. GC-MS Mass spectral profiles of N-(4-Amino butyl) aziridine

CONCLUSION
The present study revealed the isolation and identification of bacterial strain as Bacillus licheniformis sp.F4 based on 16S
rRNA sequencing. The results showed that the dye degradation is depend on carbon and nitrogen source, pH, temperature,
initial dye concentration and inoculum concentration. Maximum dye degradation was observed at pH 7 and at 30 0c. A 25
% inoculum was found to be optimum for degradation of textile dye reactive orange 96 at 100 mg/l initial dye
concentration. A maximum degradation of reactive orange (72.14 %) was observed after 24 hrs. The results showed that
the addition of 1 % glucose as carbon source and ammonium chloride as nitrogen source resulted in maximum degradation
of reactive orange 96. GC-MS analysis confirmed the biodegradation of reactive orange 96 by our isolated bacteria
Bacillus licheniformis sp.F4. The results showed that the isolated bacterial strain have the potential application for
bioremediation of textile wastewater.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Warude Vasudev, Drs. Analytical laboratory, Pune, for performing GC-MS
analysis, Girish Kulkarni, NCCS Pune for performing 16S rRNA sequencing.
REFERENCES
Ayed L., Chaieb K., Cheref A. and Bakhrouf A. (2009). Biodegradation of triphenylmethane dye malachite green by
Sphingomonas paucimobilis. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25: 705-711.
Elisangela F., Andrea, Z., Fabio, D.G., and Artur C. P. (2009). Biodegradation of textile azo dyes by a facultative
Staphylococcus arlettae strain VN-11 using a sequential microaerophilic process. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 63:280-288.
Khalid A.,Crowley D. E. and Arshad M. (2008). Accelerated decolorization of structurally different azo dyes by newly
isolated bacterial strains. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 78:361-369.
Mona E. M. and Hoda H.Y. (2008). Decolorization of fast red by Bacillus subtilis HM. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 4 (3): 262-269.
Moosvi S., Kher X., Madamwar D. (2007). Isolation, characterization and decolorization of textile dyes by a mixed
bacterial consortium JW-2. Dyes and Pigments. 74: 723-729.
Nachiyar C.V. and Rajkumar G. S. (2003). Degradation of a tannery and textile dye, navitan fast blue S5R by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19: 609-614.
Ola I. O., Akintokun A. K., Akpan I., Omomowo I. O. and Areo V. O. (2010). Aerobic decolorization of two reactive
azo dyes under varying carbon and nitrogen source by Bacillus cereus. African J. Biotechnol. 9 (5): 672-677.
Patil P. S., Shedbalkar U. U., Kalyani D. C. and Jadhav J. P. (2008). Biodegradation of reactive blue 59 by isolated
bacterial consortium PM B 11. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 35:1181- 1190.
Sartale R.G., Sartale G. D., Chang J. S. and Govindwar S. P. (2010). Decolorization and biodegradation of reactive
dyes and dye wastewater by a developed bacterial consortium. Biodegradation. 21:999-1015
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RP-9
A SURVEY OF GASTRO - INTESTINAL PROTOZOAN PARASITES OF WILD ANIMALS IN CAPTIVITY IN
THE SIDDHARTH GARDEN ZOO, AURANGABAD
Chondekar R.P., Surwade N.A., Nikam S.V.
Department of Zoology, Dr. B.A.M. University, Aurangabad, (M.S.), India.
ABSTRACT
A survey was carried out to determine the gastro-intestinal parasites of wild animals in captivity in the Siddharth
garden Zoo, Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Faecal matters of Spotted Deer, Chinkara, Black buck, Nilgai and Samber
where examined; only two Samber are infected with Coccidia.
INTRODUCTION
There are over 65,000 species of protozoa of which a fifth are parasitic. They infect vertebrates and invertebrates and some
are even parasitic in plant. Parasitic protozoa are in generals small, have short generation time, high rates of reproduction
and a tendency to induce immunity to reinjection in those host that survive, structurally a protozoan in equivalent to a
single eukaryotic cell. Zoo animals living under captivity are susceptible to almost all types of diseases, much so that
parasitic diseases, particularly protozoan infection. Information on protozoan parasites of wild animals is meagre due to
paucity of systematic investigation. The available data appear rather scanty and are based almost entirely on finding from
fecal matter. However, there is no dearth of reports of the existence of a number of protozoan infections in zoo and wild
animals in the Indian sub continent.
Mostly ten percent of animals from the zoo were examined for parasitic infections. Faecal matters of animals were brought
to the laboratory for examination. The faecal samples from each animal were collected in individual plastic containers and
stored in refrigerator until examination. The samples were examined and processed within four to five days after collection.
The faecal contents were diluted with distilled water and sieved to remove the large faecal debris. After repeated washing,
it was observed under microscope, if infection occurred, further next procedure had been carried out, otherwise another
sample was taken. In next step, centrifugation was carried out at 2000 rpm for 5 min. After centrifugation, supernetant was
removed. NaCl. soln, prepared by adding NaCl in water was added into it and again centrifugation was carried out at 2000
rpm for 5 min. Now supernatent was taken and was observed under microsope and was preserved in potassium dichromate.
Photographs were taken and identified by the experts from the department.
Table 1. Prevalence of protozoan parasites in the wild life animals at the Siddharth mini zoo, Aurangabad.
Sr.
No.
Host
Scientific name
No. of animals
at the zoo
No. of animals
examined
Identification
10
10
10
7
No. of
animals
infected
-
1
2
3
4
Spotted Deer
Chinkara
Black buck
Nilgai / Blue bull
many
many
many
many
Sambar
Axis axis
Gazella gazella
Antlope cervicapra
Baselaphus
tragocamelus
Cervus uricolor
many
Coccidia

The results of host-wise examination of the faecal samples are in carporated in Table 1. Out of five species which had
been examined i.e. Spotted deer, Nilgai, Chinkara, Black buck, and Sambar, only Sambar was found to be positive for
protozoan parasitic infections, which was coccidia and all four species was negative for protozoan infections. And in
Sambar, out of 7 animals only two animals were found to be positive for infection. i.e. (25%) infection was occured in
Sambar. This low percentage of infection is due to regular medical checkup of zoo animals for all types of parasitic
infections.Fecal samples from 10 sambar were negative for coccidial oocysts (Davidson et al - 1987). Of 88 fecal samples
from key deer or big pin key, 59 (67%) contained oocysts of Eimera spp. (Schulte et al. 1976). The species in volved were
not determined. Four species of Eimeria have been found in white tail deer in southern Florida (Forrester 1988a, 1988 b).
The pathalogical significance of these coccidia to key deer has not been determined.
The parasites of estern cottontails (Rabbit) have been well studied in several parts of North America but not in Florida.
Andrews (1969) listed 20 species of protozoans Andrews et al (1980) examined 260 Eastern cotton tails from eight
southeastern states (excluding Florida) and reported 2 protozoans. Two protozoans parasites have been reported from
opossums in Florida : both are of zoonatic concern. Mckeever et al (1958c) found 93 of 552 (17%) oppossume.Faecal
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samples from 11 black bears in Florida were examined for coccidial oocyst (Forrester 1985). All were negative. Two species of
Eimeria (E. albetensis and E. borealis) have been reported from black bears in Canada (Hair and Mahrt 1970). A faecal samples
taken from road killed gray fox in Alachua country in 1974 contained coccidial oocysts. These measured 15 by 28 microns
but could not be identified further because they would not sporulate. There are no reports of coccidia from gray foxes in
North America (Levine and Ivens 1981). In 1974 fecal samples from 192 gray squirrels in the Jacksonville area were
examined for coccidial oocysts (Forrester et al. 1977). Oocysts were found in 97% of the samples. These represents three
species. Eimeria lancasterensis, E. confusa, and E. ontarioensis. Squirrels were sampled each month thought the year, but
there was no variation in oocyst prevalence by season. Eimeria lancasterensis was recovered from a road-killed fox
squirrel from Alachua country in 1977 (Forrester 1984). A new species of coccidia (E. parasciurorum) was described from
faecal material collected from a flying squirrel in Gainesville (Bond and Bovee 1957).
Twelve species of parasitic protozoans have been reported from white-tailed deer (kings in the southest (Davidson et al.
1983). Infections in deer usually are of low intensity and are of very little significance (Kingston - 1981). When this
parasite occurs along with other complicating factors such as high population densities of deer, malnutrition, and other
diseases, however, it may contribute to die offs (Robinson et al. 1967). Such a syndrome has not been recognized in
Florida, but since the parasite is faisly prevented in northern Florida, such as event is quite possible.
Babesia odocoilei was found in only one deer from citrus country and apparently is not common in Florida. This piroplasm
has been reported from Texas (Emerson and Wright 1968; Emerson 1970) and Virginia (Perry et. al. 1985), but was not
seen in a survey of 240 white - tailed deer from 10 southeastern states (including 55 deer from Florida, some of which were
from citrus country) (Davidson et al. 1983). The pathologic significance of this parasite to Florida deer is not known.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are thankful to the Zoo Incharge Dr. Naikwade for the cooperation.
REFERENCE
Davidson W.R., Blue J.L., Flynn L.B., Shea S.M., Marchinton R.L., and Lewis J.A. (1987). Parasites, diseases and
health status of sympatric population of samber deer and white-tailed deer in Florida. J. Wild. Dis. 23:267-272.
Flynn L.B. (1986). Samber deer on st. Vincent NWR: Population statistics health, and habitat use. M.S. thesis, University
of Georgia, Athens. 90pp.
Newman C. (1948). Florida's big game. Fla.Wildl. 1(4-5): 8.
Presidente P.J.A. (1984). Ectoparasites, endoparasites and some diseases reported from sambar deer throughout its native
range and in Australia and New Zealand. Proc. Refresh. Cource for Vet., University of sydney, Sydney, Australia. 72:543557.
Shea S.M. (1986). The ecology of sambar deer: social behavior, movement ecology, and food habits. M.S. thesis,
University of Georgia, Athens. 117pp.
Slee K.J., and P.J.A. Presidente (1981a). Biological and pathological features of samber in victoria. part-I Haematology,
biochemestry and serology. Aust. Deer. 6:7-14.
Slee K.J. and P.J.A. Presidents 1981 a Biological and pathalogical features of sambar in Victoria. Part - II Parasitological
and pathological finding. Aust. Deer. 6:5-11
Walkar M.L., and Becklund W.W. (1970). Checklist of the internal and external parasites of deer, Odo coileus hemionus
and O. Virgininus.
Chakraborty A. and S. Islam (1996). A survey of gastrointestinal parasitic infection in some free living herbivorous in
the kaziranga National park zoos print 11(3): 3-5
Pande, B.P., B.B. Bhatia, P.P.S. Chauhan and R.K. Garg (1970). Species composition of Coccidia of some of the
mammals and birds at the zoological garden, Lucknow. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 40: 154-163.
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RP-10
PREVALENCE AND DIVERSITY IN THE POPULATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF
GOAT IN LOHARA TALUKA OF OSMANABAD DISTRICT (M. S.), INDIA.
Rathod G.T. *, Gatlewar D. N.** Baad S.S.*, Korekar S.L.*** and Bhalkare S.L.****
*Department of Zoology, Jawahar A. S. C. College Anadur, Taluka Tuljapur Dist. Osmanabad 413603, (M.S), India.
**Department of Chemistry, Jawahar A. S. C. College Anadur, Ta Tuljapur Dist. Osmanabad 413603, (M.S), India.
***Research Laboratory, ASC, Collage, Naldurg, (M.S), India.
***Y.C.College Tuljapur, (M.S), India.
ABSTRACT
A survey was carried out to determine the prevalence and seasonal abundance of the egg and about stage of Nematode
parasite of goat in Lohara Taluka of Osmanabad District. A study period is carried out for a month ranging from Jan
2009 to Dec 2009.The faecal sample collected from about 150 goat host examined. The present study carried out in
the season showed that hosts harbour more parasite in goat intestine were examined Oesophagostomum sp (01%),
TheHaemonchus Sp. (25.2%) and Bunostomuan Sp. (10.1%) occurrence. The Haemonchus sp. are dominant
species all season of the year Respectively study investigated the risk factor of gastrointestinal Nematode parasites
infection in goat kept in Lohara Taluka of Osmanabad Dist.
Keyword: Prevalence Nematode parasite, Goat host, Lohara Taluka.
INTRODUCTION
Goat (Capra hircus) a member of the Bovide family and subfamily Caprinae is one of the oldest domesticated species.
Four thousands of years they have been used for their milk, meat, hair and skin over much of the world. The Osmanabad
breed of goat is very famous, economically important and yield more production but many parasites affected on this hosts
and causes heavy loss and damaged to the host by blocking the intestinal passage and utilizing the common people eating
uncooked or partially cooked flesh of goat (Caprahircus) due to poor sanitation infection leads to anaemia and
complication in the animal including man. Silvestre et al. (2000) investigated helminthes infection, species diversity,
species numbers, intensity of infection and the helminthes resistance in 16 dairy goat farm of south-western France. A total
of 17 species of helminthes, among which 14 nematodes were record in the 26 necropsies culled goat during the study.
Besier and Love (2003) conducted a study on Intestinal parasite in sheep and goat in Australia. This study, Haemonchus
Trichostrongylus sp. And Ostertagia sp. Were predominant helminthes parasites. Seasonal prevalence and infection
intensity of nematode parasite in goat the systematic studies of Haemonchus sp. (obbold-1998) Bunostomium sp. (Lane1917), Some genera of nematodes parasites were collected from intestinal region and faecal sample examined of the host.
Infections of the parasite were monthly collection with different season of the year in this Lohara Taluka Osmanabad Dist.
The present study goats of different age group were only examined at the local abattoir of Lohara Taluka to collection the
alimentary canal and faecal sample of goat. The nematode infection of alimentary canal will be examined in the laboratory
and nematode parasites will be collected and washed thoroughly in physiological saline, killed and then fix in 10%
Glycerin alcohol. Male and female will be separated and studied in detail for knowing their taxonomic status. Total number
of specific nematode will be noted.
The present study was carried out to determine the seasonal prevalence of intestinal nematodes parasites of goats. The
prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in considerably influenced by the climatic conditions and for as possible the
evidence for the distribution and prevalence of the diseases is presented by geographical area, roughly corresponding to
climate condition Nwosu et. As. (2007) carried out a survey to determine the prevalences and seasonal abundance of the
egg and adult stages of nematode parasites of goat in the Nigeria. The prevalence and count of strongly nematode eggs
showed definite seasonal sequence that corresponding with the rainfall pattern in the study area during the period, faizal
et.al. (2002) H. contortus and T. colubriformis were the predominant gastro intestinal namatodes identified from tracers.
The worm burden varied according to the rainfall pattern. Menkir (2007) of eastern Ethipia reported high prevalence rate of
Haemomchus sp. Followed by Tricnostrongylus in goat and sheep. The worm burden was recorded highest during two
rains seasonal. Sharma Devina, Katoch R, Agnigotri R. K. (2007) Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes of Gaddi Sheep
(n 204) were analysed by faecal examinination(qualitative and quantitative) as well as monthly coproculture correlated
with meteorological data of different seasons of the year viz summer rainy and winter season. The monthly corproculture
studies of pooled samples for period of one year revealed it. H. Contortus to be the dominant species in all season of the
year. The Comparison of the present study carried out in the season showed that hosts harbour more parasites in goat
intestine. Table. I and Graph-1 The site of collection of samples was Lohara Taluka from present study during mansoon 50
host were examined out of with 32(72.41%) -were positive. In summer out of 42 hosts examined 31(73.80%) poditive.and
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in winter 58host examined out of which 42(64%) positive. While the study shown overall 70.07% infections. In present
study of two general were observed during three seasons in goat intestine .Table .II and Graph-2 the overall prevalence
was Haemonchus sp. (25.2% %) Bunostomum Sp. (10.1%% ) and Oesophagostomum sp.(01%) was most prevalent
nematodes. H. Contortus sp. The dominant species in all season of the year respectively study investigated the risk factor
of gastrointestinal nematode parasites infection in goat kept in Lohara Taluka of Osmanabad Dist.
Table I. Seasonal Prevalence of nematode parasite in infected and non-infected host in Lohara Taluka(Jan 2009-Dec
2009).
Sr.No
Season
1
2
3
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
No. of host
Examined
58
42
50
No. of Host
Infected
42
31
32
Overall Infected host
% of host Infected
72.41
73.80
64
70.07 %
Graph No-1 (Seasonal Prevalence of nematode parasite in infected and non-infected host in Lohara
Taluka(Jan2009-Dec2009).
Table II. Seasonal Prevalence of nematodes parasite in Goat (capra hircus) in Lohara Taluka. Jan to December
(2009).
Sr.No
Genera
1
2
3
Haemonchus Sp.
Bunostomum Sp.
Oesophagostomum sp.
Winter
16.2
4.8
0.7
season
Summer
19.5
10.5
0.5
Prevalences
Monsoon
40
15.1
1.8
25.2%
10.1%
01%
Graph No-2. (Seasonal Prevalence of nematodes parasite in Goat (capra hircus) in Lohara Taluka. Jan to December
(2009).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are thankful to the principal Smt. Dr. A. K. Mudkanna for providing necessary Library and laboratory facilities.
REFERENCES
Basier and Love (2003). A study on intestinal parasites in sheep and goat in Australia. http://ww.jarvm.com w.
Raja C.M, Paksha, W.R. A. K. J. S. and Rajapakse Faizal, A.RPVJ.(2002). Benefit of the control of Gastrointestinal
Nematode infection in Goat in the Dry Zone of Srilanka. J. Vet. Medicine series. B. 49 (3) 115-119.
Gupta .RP. Yadav C.C. and Chuduri S.C. (1987). Epidmiology of gastrointestional neamatode of sheep goat Haryana.
India. Vet. Parasites. 24(1-2) 117-127.
Husain S.S. Amin M.R. and Islam A.B.M.M. (1998). Goat production and breeding straergy in Bagladesh. In
proceedingof first National work shop on Animal breeding help in Bangladesh Agricultureal Unviersity Mymensigh on
Nov. 26-17-36.
Menkir M. S. (2007). Epidemiology and athelmintic resistance and its management doctoral theses, Swedish university of
agricultural sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Parija S. C. (1990). Helminthec infection: Trenatode, (Cestode and Nematoda, Teview of parasitic 200 noses 1:41-393,
International Book distributing company Lucknow, India).
Sahtu T., Dawson I.J., Gipson T.A., Hart S.P. and Manket R.C. (2009). ASAS Centennial paper Impact of animal
science research on united on united states.goat production and predictions for the Future. J. Anim. Sci. 87:400-418.
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RP-11
NYCTOTHERUS SPIROSTREPTAE, CILIATE PARASITE FOUND IN INTESTINE OF MILLIPEDE
(TRIGONIULUS CORALLINUS, GERVAIS) FROM AURANGABAD DISTRICT.
Bhandari J.C. and Nikam S.V.
Department of Zoology Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad. (M.S.)
(Email: dreddjyoti@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The present study deals with description of ciliate parasite (Nyctotherus spirostreptae) of the genus Nyctotherus found
in millipede (Trigoniulus corallinus, Gervais) from Aurangabad district. The present species redescribed here which is
previously described as new species by Lalpotu (1980b) in Marathwada region.
INTRODUCTION
The genus name, Nyctotherus was introduced by Leidy in (1849) when he described Nyctotherus velox found in intestine of
millipede, Spirobolus (Julus) marginatus. On the basis of reports of references, most nyctotherans are parasitic or
endosymbiotic in the intestine of various invertebrates such as roaches, termites earthworms millipedes and snails, while a
few of them live in fishes, reptiles and amphibians. The genus Nyctotherus is member of class Spirotricha order
Clevelandellida (De Puytorac and Grain, 1976). According to the reports of Earl (1970, 1972) there are 2 families
Plagiotomidae, Clevelandellidae and 15 genera of Nyctotherus known. Leidy (1850) described Nyctotherus ovalis from
cockroach Blatta orientalis, Stein (1867) revised genus including in it four species: N. cordiformis Stein, N. velox Leidy
N. ovalis Leidy and N. gyoeryanus Stein. Since Steins revision a number of additional species have been added to the
genus. Bhatia and Gulati (1927) described one new species and lest twenty known species. The species Nectotherus
spirostreptae previously described by Lalpotu (1980), same species redescribed here; the present species is oval shape and
some variation in the body dimensions
The host Millipedes (Trigoniulus corallinus) were collected from Aurangabad district .During the study number of host
were examined. In most of the cases infection were found in the anterior middle part of the intestine The gut smears were
first examined under a light microscope and then permanent preparation were made. Fixation was done by schudinns,
fixative and the smears were stained with haematoxyline
Description of the species
Nyctotherus spirostreptae
A fully mature ciliates are ovidal in shape both the ends are rounded (Figure 1). The total length of this is 69.9 - 76.89m
and 41.49 - 54.59m is width. The peristomal groove starts from just near the anterior end of the body and runs along the
ventral surface for some distance. It leads in to cytopharynx. The cytopharynx is short; the terminal portion is straight or
slightly curved at the tip in middle of the body. It is about 32m long (Table 1).
Table, showing comparative characters of the species of the genus Nyctotherus.
Sr.
No.
1
Comparative characters
N. spirostretpae Lalpotu (1980)
N. spirostreptae present author
Body shape and dimensions
Ovoidal, ant. end slightly narrow and post. end

is broad. L - 75.6 - 126.0m
W - 47.3 -81.9m
Ovodial
L- 69.9 - 76.89m
W- 41.49 - 53.59m
Pristomeal groove
Anterior end, run ventrally, lead to cytopharynx
Anterior end, run ventrally, lead to

cytopharynx
Cytopharynx
Straight slightly curve at tip middle of the body
Straight slightly curve at tip middle of

the body
4
5
Macronucleus
Micronucleus
Somewhat oval
--------------
Somewhat oval
--------------
6
7
8
9
Contractile vacuoles
Cytophyge
Host
Locality
Single
Slit like
Spirostreptus
Parbhani district (M.S.)
Single
Slit like
Trigoniulus corallinus
Aurangabad district (M.S.)
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Figure 1. Nyctotherus spirostreptae

NU Nucleus CYP- Cytopharynx
The macronucleus is somewhat ovidal shaped, situated at the anterior surface of the body. It measures 11.65-16.31m in
length 16.31-20.62 m is width. The micronucleus is not seen. The endoplasm is granular and the ectoplasm is thin and
dark. A fairly big contractile vacuole 10m in diameter is located near the cytophyge. The slit like cytophyge is situated at
the posterior tip of the body.
DISCUSSION
It is seen from the available literature that at least 20 species of Nyctotherus are described by different workers from
millipedes of various genera all over the world. In India five species are so far described from millipedes belonging to the
genera Thropygus and Gongylorrhus. These are N. diplopoda. N. thyopygus, N. gangylorrhus Karandikar and Rodgi
(1956). N. nigrolobiatos, N. georgi Amoji and Rodgi (1970). N. spirotreptae described by Lalpotu (1980) in the
Spirostreptus millipedes. The same species N. siprostreptae is described here from Trigoniulus corallines millipede. In the
present species macronucleus is oval shaped. Pristomal groove situated at the anterior end, run along ventral surface and it
leads to cytopharynx. Cytopharynx reaching beyond the middle of the body, cytophyge opening at the posterior end of the
body and contractile vacuole located at the near the cytophyge. All these characters are similar to N. spirostreptae. Lalpotu
(1980). Only different between the shape of the body and body dimensions. The comparative characters and body
dimensions are shown in table.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are thankful to the Head of Department of Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University,
Aurangabad (M.S) India for their kind cooperation, encouragement and facilities extended to us.
REFERENCES
Amoji S. D. and Rodgi S. S. (1970). A ciliates parasites Nyctotherus georgei n. sp. from the millipede Gongylorrhus sp.
The Indian Zoologist. 1: 81-86.
Bhatia, B. L., Gulati, A.N. (1927). On some parasitic ciliates from Indian frogs, toads, earthworms and cockroaches. Arc.
Protistenk. 57:85-220.
Earl P. R. (1970): Some protozoan endosymbionts in Ochio frogs. Acta Protozool., 7 : 491-509.
Earl P. R. (1972): Synopisis of the Plagiotmoidea, new superfamily (Protozoa). Ibid. 9 (15) : 247-261.
Karandikar K. R. and Rodgi S. S (1956). Ciliates and flagellates from the millipedes of Bombay- Karnataka. J. Univ.
Bombay. 24 (5): 1- 11.
Lalpotu P. A. (1980a). Studies on ciliates of the genus Nyctotherus Leidy, 1849. I. Parasites of Beetal. Archiv fur
Protistenkunde 123(2):162-165.
Lalpotu P. A. (1980b). Studies on ciliates of the genus Nyctotherus Leidy, 1849. I. Parasites of Millipedes. Archiv fur
Protistenkunde Vol. 123 No. 1 pp. 261-266.
Lalpotu, P. A. (1980). Studies on ciliates of the genus Nyctotherus Leidy, 1849. I. Parasites of Orthoptera. Archiv fur
Protistenkunde Vol. 123 No. 1 pp. 31-43.
Leidy J. (1849). Nyctotherus, a new genus of Polygastrica, allied to Plescoma. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 4: 233.
Puytorac and Grain (1976). Ultrastructure du cortex buccal et evolution chez les cilies. Protistologica. 12:49-67.
Rodgi S. S. and Amoji S. D. (1970). A new species of Nyctotheurs from the gut of the millipede Thyropygus
nigrolabiatus from Kerala state. Indian Zoologist. 1: 69-73.
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RP-12
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF BUNOSTOMUM TRIGONOCEPHLUM (RUD. 1808) (NEMATODE) IN CAPRA
HIRCUS FROM AURANGABAD REIGON (M.S.) INDIA
Nirmale M.S. *
*Department Of Zoology, Shri. Chhatrapati Shivaji College, Omerga, (M.S.), India.
ABSTRACT
The present communication deals with population dynamics of Bonostomum trigonocephalum (Nematode) parasite in
Capra hircus from different places of Aurangabad region during the year June 2011 to May 2012. A total (40.42%)
Nematode parasites were recorded from this region.The Bonostomum trigonocephalum species reported in this
investigation. The study summarizes the data percentage of incidence, intensity, density and index of infection of
Bonostomum trigonocephalum in Capra hircus during June 2011 to May 2012 with effects related to environmental
factors.
Keywords: population dynamics, Capra hircus, Nematode.
INTRODUCTION
Goats are consumed by majority of people as one of the major food diet due to its food value but they get infected with
nematode parasites which cause considerable damage. Many workers have been investigated the nematode parasites from
goat in India as well as other part of country. In India the workers such as K.C. Pandey, Md. Hafeez, Shinde and Jadhav
working on population dynamics, incidence, intensity and density of Nematode parasites from goat. Population dynamics
of nematode parasites in Capra hircus was undertaken to investigate the innate factors such as seasons, temperature and
humidity. The present investigation included application of statistical methods to understand the distribution of
Bonostomum trigonocephalum (Nematode) population level for three seasons i.e. Monsoon, Winter and Summer during the
year of June 2011 to May 2012.
The intensities of Capra hircus were collected from various places at Aurangabad region. Intestine were examined for
observation of Nematode parasites. The collected worms were made with the aid of camera lucida and identified species as
Bonostomum trigonocephalum
Population dynamics Bonostomum trigonocephalum were determined by following formulae:
1. Incidence of Infection
= infected hosts x 100
Total host examined
2.
Intensity of Infection = No. of parasites collected in sample

No. of infected host
3.
Density of Infection = No. of parasites collected in sample

Total host examined
4.
Index of Infection = No. of host infected x No. of parasites collected

(Total host examined)2

TABLE 1: Population dynamics of Bonostomum trigonocephalum (Nematode) parasites of Capra
Monsoon season
Name
Month
No. of
No. of
Total no.
Incidence
Intensity Density
of the
hosts
hosts
of
host
examined
infected
parasites
collected
Capra
June
60
10
18
16.66
1.8
0.3
hircus
Capra
July
60
10
15
16.66
1.5
0.25
hircus
Capra
August
60
10
14
16.66
1.4
0.23
hircus
Capra
September 60
13
19
21.67
1.46
0.32
hircus
hircus from Aurangabad region during

Index of
infection
Habitat
Locality
0.05
Intestine
Aurangabad
0.04
Intestine
Khultabad
0.04
Intestine
Sillod
0.07
Intestine
Gangapur
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TABLE 2: Population dynamics of Bonostomum trigonocephalum (Nematode) parasites of Capra hircus from
Aurangabad region during Winter season
Name
of the
host
Month
No. of
hosts
examined
No. of
hosts
infected
Incidence
Intensity
Density
Index of
infection
Habitat
Locality
14
Total no.
of
parasites
collected
25
Capra
hircus
Capra
hircus
Capra
hircus
Capra
hircus
October
60
23.33
1.79
0.3
0.05
Intestine
Aurangabad
November
60
23
42
38.33
1.83
1.25
0.04
Intestine
Khultabad
December
60
22
39
36.67
1.77
0.23
0.04
Intestine
Sillod
January
60
23
55
38.33
2.39
0.32
0.07
Intestine
Gangapur
TABLE 3: Population dynamics of Bonostomum trigonocephalum (Nematode) parasites of Capra hircus from
Aurangabad region during Summer season
Name
of the
host
Month
No. of
hosts
examined
No. of
hosts
infected
Total no. of
parasites
collected
Incidence
Intensity
Density
Index of
infection
Habitat
Locality
Capra
hircus
Capra
hircus
Capra
hircus
February
60
35
57
58.33
1.63
0.95
0.55
Intestine
Aurangabad
March
60
36
59
60.00
1.64
0.98
0.59
Intestine
Khultabad
April
60
41
73
68.33
1.78
1.22
0.83
Intestine
Sillod
Capra
hircus
May
60
54
68
90.00
1.26
1.33
1.02
Intestine
Gangapur
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The study indicates that the total 720 hosts were examined, of which 484 harbored with Bonostomum trigonocephalum
(Nematode) infection. It was seen that the percentage of Nematode infection shows an increase from February to May with
its peak in May. The seasonal variation of Nematode infection showed the maximum infection i.e. 257 parasites occurred
in summer season (69.17%), where as lower infection 66 parasites in monsoon season (17.32%). The
data
after
subjecting to statistical analysis shows some features, which is discussed below. The percentage of infection of Nematode
exhibit and increase from February to May with a peak in May. This phenomenon may be attributed to the fact that the
temperature slowly starts rising above 200C up to the May the temperature becomes reach up to 40 0C due to this rising the
temperature the life cycle of parasite growing rapidly. The ecological factors such as distribution and environment of host
the diet and mode of feeding the adaptability of parasites provides the host specificity for a particular host species at
particular site as well as high prevalence occur in particular season.
CONCLUSION
The study concluded that the occurrence of Bonostomum trigonocephalum (Nematode) infection was a host specific as well
as the high prevalence of infection occurred in summer season followed by winter and monsoon season.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are sincerely acknowledged to head of department, Dr, Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University,
Aurangabad and Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji College, Omerga for providing necessary facilities during this work.
REFERENCES
Anderson R. M. (1976). Seasonal variation in the population dynamics of Caryophyllacus lacticeps. Parasitology. (72)
281-395.
Anderson R. M., Gordon D. M. (1982). Processes influencing the distribution of parasite numbers within host population
with special emphasis on parasite-induced host mortalities. Parasitology. (85) 373-398.
Baylis H. A. (1936). The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Nematoda. Vol. I (Ascaroidea and today and
Strongyloidea). Originally published by Taylor and Francis, London, Published by tomorrows printer and publishers, New
Delhi, 408 pp.
Bhure D. B., Jadhav B. V., Pathan D. M and Padwal N. D. (2007). Population index of some treamatode parasites in
freshwater fishes from Aurangabad District. Proc. 16th All Indian ZSI Congress at Aurangabad. Fisheries and Fish
Toxicology Chap - 20, 217-229.
Padwal N., Nimalkar R. K., Jadhav B. V. (2006). Prevalance of helminthic infection in sheep and goats from
Aurangabad dist. (M. S.) India. National Journal of Life Science, 3 (3):2006, 395-396.
Raishite, A. and Paulionis, V. (1979): The prevalence of helminth infection in young mute swans (Cygnusolor) on lake
zhuvintas. Acta. parasit. Lit. 17: 85-95.
Rajeshwar Rao V., Ramkrishna Et. Al. (1982). The seasonal variations of Helminth Parasites of Rana tigrina in
Hyderabad district. Geobios (10) 34-36.
Sissay M.M. et. al. (2007). Prevalence and seasonal incidence of Nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and
goats in eastern Ethopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 39: 521-531
Yamaguti S. (1961). Systema helminthum. The nematodes of vertebrates vol.III, part-I. Interscience Publ. Ink.N. Y.
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RP-13
FUNGAL AIRSPORA OVER THE SUGAR CANE FIELDS AT NASHIK USING TILAK AIR SAMPLE
Ahire P.P. and Kadam V.B.
P.G. Department of Botany and Research Centre, K.T.H.M. College, Nashik.
ABSTRACT
Sugarcane is one of the most important cash crop of the Nashik district. The district is also known for cultivating other
important crops like onions, grapes, pomegranates, and different vegetables. This region includes Western Ghats of
Sahyadris and other hill areas including Saptashrungi hills. The district of Nashik is situated in North Maharashtra
nearly 200 km. of Mumbai on National Highway Number 3.
Keywords: Fungal airspora, Atmospheric parameters.
INTRODUCTION
Aeromycological investigations were carried out for the first time at Nashik. The sugarcane field along the bank of
Godavari River was selected to know the incidence of various fungal spores during the period of investigation.
Since the Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) is one of the important Cash crop of Nahik district. The sugarcane is
mainly used for manufacturing of sugar and ethanol. The annual rainfall (175+20 cms) and temperature (27+03 0C) of the
district are favorable for the growth of sugarcane crop. The sugarcane crop is mainly affected by more than twenty fungal
diseases. Hence attempt has been made to study this in detail to understand aerial microbial population and incidence of the
disease. Airborne fungal spores show host-parasitic relationship with specific atmospheric conditions like rainfall, relative
humidity and temperature. Airspora studies in the field with sugarcane and other plantation have been made by Sreeramulu
and Ramkrishna (1971) in certain areas of Andhra Pradesh and their findings helped in evaluating disease epidemics in
certain cases. Sreeramulu and Vitthal (1972) measured the incidence of chlamydospores of Ustilago scitaminea Syd. in the
air within and above sugarcane fields. Studies on this issues have been carried out in different countries. In India, such
work has been carried out by workers like Tilak S.T. and Kulkarni R.L. (1970). Result obtained during studies over
sugarcane fields are similar to results reported by earlier workers, hence compilation of data will be very useful for
devising disease forecasting system for the sugarcane crop.
The air sampling was carried out over the sugarcane fields at Nasik for the first time. Tilak air sampler (Tilak and Kulkarni,
1970) was placed at the centre of sugarcane fields at the height of four feets. Tilak air sampler is electrically operated
device, sampling continuously for twenty four hours. The rotating drum of the sampler is synchronized with inbuilt clock.
Where one complete rotation of drum requires eight days. After weekly sampling the rotary drum was taken out and the
pre-coated cellophane tape was divided into sixteen pieces, where each piece of cellophane tape represents the air sampling
for twelve hours. Each piece was then mounted on clean glass slide using glycerine jelly and covered with 22x40 mm
cover glass. The permanent slides consisted of fungal spores, hyphal fragments, insect scales, epidermal hairs, and
miscellaneous particles. The fungal spores so trapped were identified based on morphological characters, visual
identification by comparison with reference slides and also from the published available literature.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This paper deal with airspora over sugarcane fields at Nashik. Fifteen types of ascospores were collected from the class
Ascomycetes. Their average percentage of occurrence ranged between (0.004-0.93percent). Their contribution to total
airspora was 04.50%. The presence of many ascospore types in the airspora reveals the abundance of Ascomycetes in and
around the sugarcane fields. Most of the ascospores showed their seasonal maxima in the rainy season. The relationship
between the occurrence of ascospores in the airspora and the presence of rainfall was found in the fungi like
Didymoshaeria, Leptoshaeria and Pringsheimia. Spores occurred normally during night hours and their presence was
mainly confined to the wet period. Similar observations were recorded by Rees (1964), Tilak and kulkarni (1971). The
class Deuteromycetes contributed maximum during the period of investigation than any other fungal group.
Deuteromycetes alone contributed fifty types of spores to the total airspora. Their contribution to total airspora was
69.39%. The highest contribution was made by Cladosporium, which has been always a dominant fungus everywhere in
the world. From the class Basidiomycetes five spore types were trapped, the smut spores showed highest contribution. The
smut spores got second position, among the total airspora. Paddy (1957) observed smut spores through the year. In the
present investigation smut spores were too recorded in both years of investigation. Attempts were also made to study
diurnal periodicity patterns. Gregory (1967) has clearly stated that interpretation of diurnal periodicity studies are not
always clear, some reflects a diurnal rhythm in libration mechanism and meteorological factors. The spores release and
their incidence in the air is also controlled by meteorological conditions so that the diurnal periodicity patterns may differ
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from place to place. The smut spores were discharged mainly during the day time. These spores showed their daily maxima
between 10.00 hrs. to 16.00 hrs. and reaching peak at about 14.00 hrs. This indicates that, the temperature has an enhanced
effect on the release and dispersal of smut spores. The occurrence and abundance of smut spores in the air appears to be
correlated not only with the rains but also with age of sugarcane crop (Ahire and Kadam, 2008). During rains the
concentration of smut spores decreased while a marked increase in concentration appeared after the rains. Lower
Basidiomycetes are more likely to discharge spores when the substratum is wet. Spore shedding in Higher Basidiomycetes
is less affected by air, humidity and wind. Besides meteorological parameters the age and maturity of sugarcane crop also
played a significant role in the disease incidence.
Many of the spores recorded during present studies are found to be responsible for different sugarcane diseases. These
observations will help not only to understand various components of the air and their occurrence over sugarcane fields, but
also be useful in devising disease forecasting system for the sugarcane crop. During entire period of investigation daily
record of meteorological data like temperature, rainfall and humidity was recorded.
REFERENCES
Ahire P.P., and Kadam V.B. (2008). Aeromycological (Deuteromycetes) studies at Nashik district of Maharashtra.
Bionano Frontier. 1(2):127-128.
Ahire P.P. and Kadam V.B. (2009). Occurrence, seasonal variation and diurnal periodicity studies in the incidence of
smut spores. Plant Archives. 9(1):503-504.
Ahire, P.P., and S.T. Tilak (1990). Airspora at Nashik, Ph.D. Thesis.
Gregory, P.H. (1973). The microbiology of atmosphere. 2nd edition Leonard Hill, London.
Pady, S.M. and C.L. Krammer (1960). Kanasas aeromycology VII smut. Phytopathol. 50:332-334.
Rees R.G. (1964). The airspora of Brisbane, Aust. J. Botany. 12:185-204.
Tilak, S.T. and R.L. Kulkarni (1970). A new air sampler. Experentia. 25:443-444.
Tilak S.T. (1984). Aeromycology and its practical application proc. I Nat.con.Env.Bio., 33-34.
Sreerumulu T. and V. Ramkrishna (1971). Spore concentration in air within and above sugarcane and other plantation
proc. 58th. Ind. Sci. Congr. Bot.Sec. Abst. No. 52.
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RP-14
STUDIES ON THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF RUIBHAR MEDIUM PROJECT,
DISTRICT OSMANABAD
Mudbe P.K.*, Kadam M.N.**, Babare M.G.*
*Zoology Research Centre, A.S.C. College, Naldurg.Dist. Osmanabad.
**Department of Zoolgy, R.P. College, Osmanabad.
ABSTRACT
Water is the one of the prime importance in life of man. In Maharashtra certain works done on the physicochemical
parameters of water. Ruibhar Medium Project located near the Ruibhar village in Osmanabad District of Maharashtra.
Ruibhar Medium Project is a main source of water for Ruibhar and nearby places; the water of this Medium Project is
the main source of Osmanabad for drinking and domestic purposes. No previous record about the physicochemical
parameters of Ruibhar Medium Project was found. During the period Feb 2010 to Jan 2011 the water of Ruibhar
Medium Project collected with the interval of one month. and the physicochemical like Water temperature, Turbidity,
Dissolved Oxygen, Free CO2, pH, TDS, Alkalinity and Hardness were studied. The details are shown in the text.
Key Words- Physicochemical paramers, Ruibhar medium project.
INTRODUCTION
Water is most important in life of living organisms. The first life was originated in water. The occurrence of organisms
influenced by water and the characteristics of water are changing due to pollution, surface runoff, human influences etc, so
today it is becoming important to periodically analyzing the water, thats why many workers analyzed the water for its
characteristics Indian works includes Ganpathi (1940), Kulshrestha et.al.(1992), Thomas and Aziz (2000), Sakhare V. B.
and P. K. Joshi (2003). Ruibhar Medium Project is a main source of water for Osmanabad city for drinking and domestic
purposes. But no one carried out the work of physicochemical analysis on Ruibhar medium project so researcher selected
this as study area for analysis.
During the period Feb 2010 to Jan 2011 the water sample from Ruibhar Medium Project collected with the interval of one
month from selected four sampling stations located in the Ruibhar Medium Project in 2 lit. Capacity plastic cans.
Parameters like water temperature, pH, Turbidity are recorded on the spot as these parameters are liable to change during
transportation, the samples for the analysis of other parameters like Dissolved Oxygen, Free CO 2, Alkalinity, Hardness etc.
sample water brought to laboratory within two hours of collection and analyzed. The pH recorded by using pH pen meter
and for the analysis of remaining parameters standard methods were used (APHA- 1985, Kodarkar-2006).
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
The table-1 shows the results of physico-chemical parameters of Ruibhar Medium Project for the period of one year i.e.
from Feb 2010 to Jan 2011. During the study period The water temperature ranged from 19 0C to 30.50C. Minimum water
temperature recorded during month of Jan and maximum temperature recorded during month of May. The water
temperature exhibited positive correlation with Turbidity whereas exhibited negative correlation with pH, D.O., Total
hardness nad Total alkalinity. Turbidity ranged from 7 to 24 NTU, The minimum turbidity recorded during month of Jan
whereas the maximum recorded during month of July. The turbidity exhibited positive correlation with water temperature
whereas exhibited negative correlation with pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Hardness and Total Alkalinity. D.O. ranged from
4.0 to 6.1 mg/lit. The minimum dissolved Oxygen value recorded during the month of May and maximum value recorded
during the month of January. The dissolved oxygen values exhibited positive correlation with pH, Total Hardness and
Total alkalinity, whereas exhibited negative correlation with Water temperature, Turbidity and free Carbon dioxide. Free
carbon dioxide ranged from 0.8 to 1.2mg/lit. The minimum free carbon dioxide recorded during month of Jan and
maximum during month of May. The free Carbon dioxide shown positive correlation with water temperature and
Turbidity, where as exhibited negative correlation with pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Hardness and Total alkalinity. pH
ranged from 6.7 to 7.3. The minimum pH recorded during month of April and maximum recorded during month of
December. pH of water exhibited positive correlation with Dissolved oxygen, Total Hardness and Total alkalinity where as
exhibited negative correlation with Turbidity, free CO2. Total dissolved solids ranged from 42 to 128mg/lit. The total
alkalinity ranged from 75 to 142 mg/lit. The minimum total alkalinity value recorded during month of September, where as
maximum during the month Dec. Total alkalinity exhibited positive correlation with pH, Dissolved Oxygen and Total
Hardness, whereas exhibited negative correlation with Water Temperature, Turbidity and Free CO 2. Total Hardness ranged
from 35 to 62 mg/lit. The minimum total Hardness recorded during the month of May and maximum during the month of
December. The total hardness exhibited positive correlation with pH, Dissolved Oxygen and Total alkalinity where as
exhibited negative correlation with Water temperature, Turbidity and Free CO 2.
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The table-1: Physico-chemical parameters of Ruibhar Medium Project for the period of one year i.e. from Feb 2010
to Jan 2011.
Sr.No.
Parameters
Range
1
Water Temperature (0C)
19-30.5
2
Turbidity
7-24
3
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/lit)
4.0-6.1
4
Free Carbon di-Oxide (mg/lit)
0.8-1.2
5
pH
6.7-7.3
6
TDS(mg/lit)
42-128
7
Total Alkalinity (mg/lit)
75-142
8
Total Hardness (ppm)
35-62
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are thankful to Management of Shri. Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha, Kolhapur, Principal Dr. Y. A.
Bhosale, Ramakrishna Paramhansa Mahaviddyalaya, Osmanabad for providing laboratory and library facilities for this
scientific work.
REFERENCES
APHA (1980). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, New York-15 th ed. Pp 1134.
Kodarkar M.S., D.D. Diwan, N.Murugam, K.M. Kulkarni and Anuradha Ramesh (1998). Methodology for water
analysis (Physico-Chemical, biological and micro biological) Indian Asso. Of Aqua. Biologists, Hyderabad. Pp 102.
Sakhare V.B. and Babare M.G. (1999). Physico-chemical limnology of Hangarga reservoir (Maharashtra)-J. Aqua.Biol.
vol.22.
Sakhare V.B. and P.K. Joshi (2002). Ecology of Palas-nilegaon reservoir in Osmanabad district, Maharashtra. J.Aqua.
Biol.17(2):17-22.
Shastri Yogesh and D.C. Pendse. (2001). Hydrobiological study of Dahikhuta reservoir. Environ.Biol.22(1): 67-70.
ICMR (1975): Manual of standards of quality of drinking supplies 2 nd ed. Special report series no. 44, ICMR, New Delhi.
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RP-15
TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF OVICIDAL EFFECT OF CERTAIN COMMONLY USED
INSECTICIDES VS. BIORATIONAL INSECTICIDES OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA( HUBN.)
INFESTING CHICKPEA ( CICER ARIETINUM ) GROWN UNDER AGROCLIMATIC
CONDITIONS OF ALLAHABAD (UTTAR PRADESH).
Yogi Kavuri and Ashwani Kumar
Department of Plant Protection, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences,
Allahabad -211007 (U.P).
(Email : kavuriyogi@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Studies were conducted on the ovicidal effect of certain commonly used insecticides vs. bio rational insecticides on
the eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn.) infesting Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) grown under agroclimatic conditions
of Allahabad. Bioassay studies on the ovicidal effect were conducted from the laboratory reared larvae and bread from
the moths of Helicoverpa armigera Hubn. The treatments consisted of Emamectin benzoate, Spinosad , Chlorpyrifos
,Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana ,Bacillus thuringiensis ,HNPV ,Neem Oil , NSKE , Neem Oil +
Chlorpyrifos ,NSKE + Chlorpyrifos and Untreated Control. Bioassay experiment was conducted by using Potter`s
Tower. The results indicated that all the three treatments Viz., Emamectin benzoate 5 SG, Spinosad 45 SC ,
Chlorpyrifos 20% SC recorded 100 per cent mortality of eggs ,followed in the descending order is > NSKE +
Chlorpyrifos (95%) > Neem Oil + Chlorpyrifos(90%) > Bacillus thuringiensis(85%), > Metarhizium anisopliae
(84%) > Beauveria bassiana (84%) > HNPV (83%)> Neem Oil(80%) > NSKE(80%) > and Untreated
Control(0.0%).
Key Words: Chickpea, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn.)
INTRODUCTION
Studies were conducted on the ovicidal effect of certain commonly used insecticides vs. bio rational insecticides on the
eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn.) Infesting Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) grown under agroclimatic conditions of
Allahabad. These studies were undertaken in the Department of Plant Protection, SHIAT S, Allahabad (UP) during
October-November 2012, with the main object of utilizing the most effective insecticides to include it as a
component in the Integrated Pest Management of Chickpea. Bioassay studies were conducted from the laboratory reared
larvae and bread from the moths of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn.). The treatments consisted of Emamectin benzoate,
Spinosad , Chlorpyrifos ,Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana ,Bacillus thuringiensis ,HNPV ,Neem Oil ,
NSKE , Neem Oil + Chlorpyrifos ,NSKE Chlorpyrifos and Untreated Control. Insecticides having ovicidal effect will
be more useful for suppressing the pest population, when the 1 st or 2nd generation of the same is located in the pest
monitoring/surveillance work. Sharma et al .,(1996) found the ovicidal effect of certain insecticides on Helicoverpa
armigera (Hubn.) Further Murugaraj et al.,(2006) also reported ovicidal effect of Emamectin benzoate 05 SG @0.19 and
0.22 per cent concentrations on Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn. ) eggs. Hence, it was felt necessary to study the ovicidal
effect of Helicoverpa egg with some commonly used insecticides and biorational , as they are frequently used on different
crops including Chickpea crop.
1.Rearing of Helicoverpa armigera Hubn and collection of eggs: The larvae were multiplied in the laboratory on
artificial semisynthetic diet as described by Ranga Rao et al., ( ) The adult moths soon after emerging out from pupae (
which were confined to rearing cages) were allowed to deposit the eggs on wax paper. The eggs were separated carefully
with camel hair brush and transferred to embryo dishes carefully. Freshly laid eggs were utilized for testing the ovicidal
effect.
2. Collection and Testing: Bioassay experiment was conducted by using Potter`s Tower. Testing was done by topical
application on the eggs with Potter`s Tower on fresh eggs obtained from the lab culture of Helicoverpa armigera Hubn.
For each treatment 30 numbers of eggs were utilized. These eggs were sprayed with a known concentration of the above
twelve treatments using Potter`s Tower. After spraying the treated petri dishes containing the eggs, were allowed to dry
under low volume of air. For each treatment 3 replications were maintained. Observations on egg mortality/ hatching were
recorded upto four days after treatment. Brown black eggs were considered as dead. However after four days of treatment,
unhatched eggs were also considered as dead ones. The results of the trail are presented here under in Table under
results
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3.Treatment details: The treatments consisted of testing Emamectin benzoate, Spinosad , Chlorpyrifos ,Metarhizium
anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana ,Bacillus thuringiensis ,HNPV ,Neem Oil , NSKE , Neem Oil + Chlorpyrifos ,NSKE
Chlorpyrifos and Untreated Control. Each time only one ml of the test product was utilized for spraying on eggs through
Potter`s Tower
The results obtained in the present investigations are presented hereunder in table.
Table showing the treatments and % mortality of Helicoverpa eggs in different treatments
Treatment
Treatment details
Concentration %
% mortality of
no
T1
Emamectin benzoate 5 SG
0.2
100.00
T2
Spinosad 45 SC
0.17
100.00
T3
Chlorpyrifos 20% SC
0.02
100.00
T4
Metarhizium anisopliae 1061.0
84.00
108spore load/ml
T5
Beauveria
1.0
84.00
bassiana1*108cfu/gm
T6
Bacillus thuringiensis 7.5 WP
1.0
85.00
T7
HNPV- 1*109 pob /ml-250 LE
1.0
83.00
T8
Neem Oil 1.5%
0.15
80.00
T9
NSKE 5%
0.5
80.00
T10
Neem
Oil
1.5%
+
0.02
90.00
Chlorpyrifos 20% EC
T11
NSKE 5%+ Chlorpyrifos 20% EC
0.02
95.00
T12
Control
0.00
A perusal of the results from the table indicate that highest mortality was recorded in Emamectin benzoate 5 SG, Spinosad
45 SC , Chlorpyrifos 20% SC .The order efficacy of different arranged in the descending order is :Emamectin benzoate
(100and)= Spinosad (100%) > Chlorpyrifos (100 %) followed by > NSKE + Chlorpyrifos (95%) > Neem Oil +
Chlorpyrifos(90%) > Bacillus thuringiensis(85%), > Metarhizium anisopliae (84%) > Beauveria bassiana (84%) >
HNPV (83%)> Neem Oil(80%) > NSKE(80%) > and Untreated Control(0.0%). Similar results were obtained by Sharma
et al ., (1996) on Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn.) Further Murugaraj et al.,(2006) on Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn.) eggs
and thus the present results are in full conformity with the above workers.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that the above products could be utilized as a component in Integrated Pest Management depending upon
the pest load and financial condition of the Farmer.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to thank Dr.K.S.R.K.Murthy, former President, Plant Protection Association of India (IPM Advisor), for the
helpful suggestions and to Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Allahabad -211007 for
providing facilities to carrying the present studies.
REFERENCES
Murugaraj P., RM. Nachiappan and V.Selvanarayanan (2006). Efficacy of Emamectin benzoate (Proclaim 05 SG)
against tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera ( Hubn.). Pestology. 30(1): 11 -16.
Sharma P.D., Maha Singh Jaglan and Sat Pal Singh. (1996). Ovicidal action of Insecticides as a component of
Helicoverpa armigera ( Hubn.) management. Pestology. 20(8):5-7.
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RP-16
RECYCLING OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE AND POLLUTION CONTROL BY
BIOMETHANATION PROCESS
Deshmukh H.V.
Department of Microbiology, Yashawantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara. 415001, Maharashtra. (India)
(E-maildeshmukhhv@gmail.com, M.942334225)
ABSTRACT
The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers leads to various types of pollutions. There is urgent need to produce
biofertilizer for sustainable development. The study was made to see the pollution potential of sludge and digester
effluent. The chemical analysis of weed, distillery waste, digester effluent and sludge were done by using standard
methods, The waste generated during biogas production shows high amount of N, P, K and micronutrients. It has good
manurial value and It can effectively supplement chemical and other fertilizers. The percent COD and BOD reductions
in case of admixture of Ipomoea biomass and distillery waste after biomethanation at 100-L scale up studies were
averaged to 71.0 and 78.0% indicating significant reductions in the pollution potential .This process of biomethanation
helps in recycling of wastes with zero pollution.
Keywords: Biomethanation, Pollution,
INTRODUCTION
Biogas is a mixture of methane (65 75%) and CO2 (30 35%) together with other gases like NH3, H2S, H2 and N2 etc in
trace quantities produced from organic matter under anaerobic conditions. The gas is highly combustible and can be used
for generation of heat, electricity and mechanical energy. In villages the plant and animal biomass in the form of cattle
dung, dry leaves, agricultural residues and plant weed is available in plenty, which can easily be converted into biogas.
And waste generated after biogas production as fertilizer. Agricultural wastes like rice straw (Acharya, 1958), Tomato
plants and Potato stems have been tested. This biogas technology fulfils need of only larger farmers. In order to replace
dung search for other resources, commonly present in the rural area, has to be made to supplement the biogas production.
In the present paper the study was carried to study whether weed and distillery waste can be used for biogas production
and wastes generated do not pollute the environment.
MATERIALS
Weed material - Ipomoea ca rn ea biomass, Distillery waste, Slurry of ongoing cattle dung based biogas plant, Biogas
digesters, Gas collection system, storage and analysis
METHODS
Collection, preparation and storage of weed material, The leaves and twigs of weed, free of soil, were collected from
selected sites / localities, In sterile plastic bags using sterile hand gloves and a knife.. The pieces were powdered in a mixer,
dried at room temperature (300C 350C) for 96 hrs, The dried biomass was soaked, in water or dilute alkali to form a
slurry at the time of further use.
2) Pretreatment of Weed Biomass - Alkali hydrolysis
3) Collection and storage of waste samples the distillery waste was collected as fresh, Composite sample in disinfected
plastic carboys of 5 50-L capacity and stored, At refrigeration till further use.
4) Chemical analysis of weed biomass, agro wastes and digester effluents Chemical, Reagents, apparatus and methods
used for chemical analyses of weed materials, agro based, and industrial wastes (distillery, sugar, dairy and farmhouse
wastes), digester effluents. And sledges were as per APHA (1985), Trivedy and Goel (1984) and AOAC (1990). 5)
Biomethanation study in 100-L digester
6) Manurial value: The sludge and effluent from 100-L capacity scale-up level digester were subjected to their N, P, K,
micro and macro elements determination as per method described earlier and the manurial value and process economics
were studied in comparison with super phosphate and urea and with reference to Chandra, (1987).
7) Pollution abatement study: The reduction in pollution potential of distillery waste and weed biomass (Ipomoea)
admixture after biomethanation, was studied with reference to organic content, in terms of % reductions in COD and BOD
1) Distillery wastes: The characteristics of batch process distillery waste showed that it was acidic with pH range of 4.2
4.5, which was unsuitable for biomethanation as for biomethanation neutral to slightly alkaline pH is required. The COD
and BOD contents were 1, 12,000 and 41,290 mg/kg, respectively. The C:N ratio was 19.16 indicating its suitability for
biomethanation (Hills, 1979; Hobson et al., 1981), while BOD:N:P (120:4.5:2.77) ratio showed slight deficiency of
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nitrogen as compared to BOD and phosphorus (Hills, 1979; Hobson et al., 1981). Total volatile solids (TVS) content of
64,000 mg/kg further showed its suitability for biomethanation. The potassium content of distillery waste was fairly high
i.e., 11,200 mg/kg as compared to other elements like calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper, which were
low at the level of 720, 229, 195, 0.5, 0.4 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively.
2) Characteristics of Ipomoea: Organic matter 66,540 mg/kg, Carbon 49,800 mg/kg, Nitrogen 2980 mg/kg, C : N ratio
16.7, BOD 45,950 mg/kg, Phosphorus 560 mg/kg, Potassium 2800 mg/kg, Calcium 880 mg/kg Magnesium 990 mg/kg, Iro
190 ppm, Manganese 75 ppm, Zinc 49 ppm ,Copper 5 ppm, BOD : N : P ratio120:7.7:1.4
3) Biomethanation and pollution potential study at 100-L level
Sr.No Description
value
1
Digester capacity
100-L
2
Retention time
25 days
3
Digester Temperature
37-38 C
4
Daily influent loading
4 kg
Total COD
6,70,132 mg
Total BOD
3,46,133 mg
Total TVS
2,83,120 mg
5
4 kg admixture contains
Distillery waste
2667 mL
Ipomoea biomass
1000 gm
6
Average volume of biogas
40
produced/kg/day
By Ipomoea weed
36.63%
By Distillery waste
63.37%
7
Influent character
PH
7.5
COD
1,67,533
mg/kg
BOD
86,533 mg/kg
8
Effluent character
PH
7.2
COD
48,585 mg/kg
BOD
19,037 mg/kg
9
% COD reduction
71
% BOD reduction
78
10
% Methane content
62.32
4) Chemical analysis of effluent and sludge-The chemical analysis of effluent and sludge from 100-L biogas digester
(Scale-up studies) run on Ipomoea weed material admixed with distillery waste shows following features
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
Parameters
PH
Water %
Total solids%
Total volatile solids%
Ash%
Nitrogen%
Phosphorus(as P2O5)%
Potassium( asK2O)%
Microelement Analysis
Iron,ppm
Manganese,ppm
Zinc, ppm
Copper, ppm
Effluent
7.2
87.78
12.22
96.65
3.35
0.363
0.41
16.87
Sludge
7.2
83.02
16.99
89.14
10.86
0.56
O.O1
0.687
1.67
0.01
0.55
0.10
74.63
395.32
2.49
1.493
The chemical analysis of fluid effluent and sludge showed % nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels of 0.363, 0.41,
16.87 and 0.56, 0.01, 0.687, respectively. The four kg daily slurry, produced about 1,560 g sludge and 2,440 g of effluent.
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The anaerobic digester effluent from biomethanation of admixture of Ipomoea biomass and distillery waste showed a good
manurial potential. NPK values obtained for sludge and effluent were 0.56%, 0.01%, 0.687%, and 0.363%, 0.41%, 16.87%
respectively The chemical analysis of digester effluent for NPK and micronutrients showed that the sludge and remaining
effluent possessed good manurial value to be used as a supplement to fertilizers in agriculture
The percent COD and BOD reductions in case of admixture of Ipomoea biomass and distillery waste after biomethanation
at 100-L scale up studies were averaged to 71.0 and 78.0% indicating significant reductions in the pollution potential of
substrates used.COD and BOD reductions in admixture of Ipomoea biomass and distillery waste after biomethanation were
71% and 78%, which indicated that the biomethanation process can significantly remove the organic and pollution load of
weed biomass and the distillery waste.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Weed biomass alone was not found to be good substrate for biomethanation ; When admixed with distillery, waste, its
biomethanation potential was increased; This project of biomethanation could be economical and acceptable one. In the
present studies waste generated after biomethanation was a very good Quality fertilizer, However some other additional
weed biomasses and organic Wastes available should also be tried and studied for their disposal through biomethanation;
Recycling of waste with zero pollution and production of renewable energy helps in sustainable development of our
country
CONCLUSION
Untreated weed biomass was comparatively a poor substrate. Weed biomass alone was not found to be good substrate.
Ipomoea biomass and distillery waste showed a good manurial potential. Significant reductions in the pollution potential.
Process is economically feasible. Recycling of waste with zero pollution. Sustainable development
REFERENCES
Acharya C.N. (1958). Preparation of fuel gas and manure by Anaerobic fermentation of organic material. ICAR Series
Bulletin, No.5, ICAR, New Delhi, pp. 1-58.
AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 15th edition, published by
A.O.A.C. INC, Suite 400, 2200, Wilson Bodevard Arlington, Virginia, 22201, USA.
APHA (1985). Standard methods for examination of water and waste Water, Americal Public Health Association, 15th
edition.
Trivedy R. K. and Goel P. K. (1984). Chemical and Biological Methods for Water Pollution Studies. Environmental
Publications, Karad.
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RP-17
STUDY OF FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION IN GROUND WATER OF PARBHANI
MAHARASHATRA, INDIA
Deshmukh D.R.* M. S. Kadam ** and Dama L.B.***
*Department of Zoology, Pratishthan Mahavidyalaya, Paithan, Dist.Aurangabad, (M.S.), India.
**Yashwant College, Nanded, (M.S.), India.
**Department of Zoology, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur, (M.S.), India.
(E-mail: deshmukhdnyan@gmail.com*; mskadam@gmail.com**; southraj@gmail.com***)
ABSTRACT
In the present, occurrences of dental and skeletal fluorosis among the human population are the motivation to
investigate the fluoride from groundwater. In the present study groundwater quality of Parbhani city and rural area was
studied.It has special significance and needs great attention of all concerned since it is the major alternate source of
domestic, industrial and drinking water supply. Fluoride concentration from 40 ground water (20 Bore well and 20
Hand pump) samples of the parbhani city and as well as 40 ground water (20 Bore well and 20 Hand pump) samples
of rural area was studied. However, drinking water supply remains the primary use. Fluoride were determined by
Alizarin visual method. The highest fluoride concentration was 2.9 mg/ L and the lowest was 0.4 mg/ L. The mean
fluoride concentration ranged from0.4 to 2.9 mg/ L in parbhani city where as he highest fluoride concentration was 2.3
mg/ L and the lowest was 0.1 mg/ L in rural area. The mean fluoride concentration ranged from0.1 to 2.3 mg/ L in
rural area. The results indicate that the ground water are relatively high in fluoride content and are therefore harmful
for domestic and industrial uses.
Key Words: Groundwater, Parbhani , Fluoride concenteration .
INTRODUCTION
Water is the key element in socio-economic development of nation.Good drinking water quality is essential for every
people. .Water is essential natural resource for sustained life and environment which we have always thought to be
available in abundance and free gift of nature. However, chemical composition of surface or subsurface, geothermal or non
- thermal, is one of the prime factors on which the suitability of the water for domestic, industrial or agriculture purpose
depends.The quality of surface water and its vulnerability to pollution is a highly topical issue. Pollution can potentially
occur as a result of precipitation, lithological alteration and soil erosion, but other causes may include anthropogenic
sources connected to urban development, industry and agriculture (Simeonov et al.2003 and Singh et al. 2005).
The Fluoride ion is the ionic form of the element fluorine, which is found in abundance in nature, primarily in water and
soil. Due to its extreme reactivity, fluorine is never found in nature in elemental form, only in the form of compounds
known as fluoride fluoride. Pollution in the environment occurs through two channels, namely natural and anthropogenic
sources .Fluoride is a persistent and non-degradable poison that accumulates in soil, plants, wild life and in humans.The
basic potential health risks from fluoride are considered to be fluorosis or bone disease. World Health Organization (WHO)
recommendation is that drinking water should not contain more than 1.5 mg L-1 of fluoride, through condition may require
a more stringent threshold. Since drinking high fluoride groundwater is the major reason for made in recent years to study
the hydrochemistry and the genesis of high fluoride groundwater as well as alternative technologies of defluoridation (AlSalamah et al 2009; Essadki et al 2009).
In India, the states likeAndhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chattishgarh, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Punjab,Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal are affected by fluoride level in water. This involves about
9000 villages affecting 30 million people (Nawalakhe and Paramasivam 1993).The application of phosphate-containing
fertilizers or aluminum smelting, may introduce considerable amounts of fluoride into the environment (Saxena and
Ahmed 2005), this is associated with rocks with low calcium content, or high pH conditions where sodium bicarbonate
dominates the groundwater composition. Apart from the groundwater chemistry, hydrological properties (e.g., residence
time) as well as climatic conditions (e.g., evapotranspiration, precipitation etc) and soil conditions (e.g., pH, soil type) have
an influence on fluoride concentration. Hence, the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of fluoride concentrations in
groundwater are particularly high. High fluoride levels in drinking water has become one of the most critical health hazards
of this century, as it induces intense impact on human health including skeletal and dental fluorosis (Ayoob and Gupta
2006). In India, although water resources are high but there is an acute shortage of safe drinking water due to acceptable
water quality. The incidence of high fluoride content in ground water (>1.5 mg L-1) is not uncommon in both shallow and
deeper water bearing zones (Kim et al 2006; Das et al 2000)
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In the present study fourty Ground water samples were collected from Bore Well and Hand Pump in parbhani city and rural
area (20 Bore Wells and 20 Hand pump) . Water sample were taken directly from Bore well, Hand pump and filled in
polyethylene bottles, and fitted with tight lids. The water samples were kept in a dark and cool place. From the water
samples Fluoride concentration was determined spectrophotometrically by using SPANDS method.
In the present investigation of fluoride contamination has been carried out to determine the status of drinking water from
parbhani. Due to Fluoride concenteration in ground water it affect on human physiology. The total 40 samples where
collected in Parbhani city out of which 20 are bore wells and 20 are hand pump. The results revealed that the highest
fluoride concentration was 2.9 mg/ L and the lowest was 0.4 mg/ L. The mean fluoride concentration ranged from0.4 to 2.9
mg/ L in parbhani city where as he highest fluoride concentration was 2.3 mg/ L and the lowest was 0.1 mg/ L in rural
area. The mean fluoride concentration ranged from0.1 to 2.3 mg/ L in rural area. Manjappa etal (2003) observed that
fluoride level in ground water of Hiriyar Taluka, Karnataka and investigated that fluoride content was ranging 0.19-2.6 1
mg/ L
Isalash et al 2003 studied fluoride content in ground water, in Salem district and observed that maximum and minimum of
the fluoride ion concentration were 1.78 and 0.58 1 mg/ L respectively . He observed the fluoride values varied from 0.0 to
1.0 mg L-1 which were within the prescribed limit. Prajapatp and Mathur 2005 studied the groundwater quality at rural
areas of Sheopurkalan, Madhya Pradesh .Ramachandramoorthy et al., (2004 selected different
groundwatersamplesfromTiruchirappalli TamilNadu and noted the fluoride levels in an average 0.3 1 mg/ L which is
within desirable limit and also studied water quality status of Murda village in Ramtek . The investigated water quality
from different region of Mahendergarh, Haryana. During study they recorded fluoride concentration ranged between 0.238
to 1.995 1 mg/ L.In some villages high fluoride content water cause serious health hazards to people., Singh et al (2005)
studied seasonal variation in groundwater quality of Agra city . The ground water Pollution due to industrial effluents of
Kothur industrial area, Maheboobnager. Gautam et al (2011) observed that fluoride concentration between 0.6to 0.9 mg/L
and 0.07to 0.9 mg/L from Kagina river of Gulburga district in post and pre-monsoon seasons respectively. He also
observed that fluoride ranged from 0.3to 0.6 mg/L and 0.1to 0.9 mg/Lfrom Krishna river of Bagalkot district, Karnataka in
post and pre-monsoon seasons respectively. The natural concentration of fluoride depends on geological, chemical and
physical character of aquifer, porosity of soil and rock, temperature of action of other chemical and depth of wells
observed by Kirubavathy 2010.
CONCLUSIONS
The fluoride plays an important role in drinking water is observed. It is therefore, essential that parbhani region partly
affected by fluoride levels in the water supply with safe drinking water is less than 1. 1 mg/ L fluoride, either by changing
the water source to safe or by changing suitable treatment technique for removal of excess fluoride from water. The
grains, vegetables and milk are also sources of fluoride to man, their fluoride concentration are considered for safe
drinking water. The investigated Fluoride concentration in the drinking water samples from this groundwater in the
parbhani region of Marathwada region was slightly more as compared to the guidelines for drinking waters given by the
WHO ( 1993). Therefore it is need for treatment of water to avoid waterborne diseases and its harmful effects to all
mankind.
REFERENCES
Al-Salamah I. S., Nassar I. N. (2009). Trends in drinking water quality for some wells in Qassim, Saudi Arabia, 19972009. J. Applied. Sci. 9:3555-3561.
Anand R., Kanchan Garg B. A. (2000). Fluoride levels in ground water of Hiriyur Taluka,Chitradurga District,
Karnataka, India. Ecol. Env. Cons. 6(3):298-304.
APHA, 1998 Standard methods for the examination of water and westwater, 20th edition Washington D.C.
Ayoob S., Gupta A. K. (2006). Fluoride in drinking water: A review on the status and stress effects. Critical Rev. Environ.
Sci. Tech. 36:433487
Cengeloglu Y., Esengul K., Ersoz M., 2002 Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by using bauxite wastes. Sep. Pur.
Tech. 28:81-86.
Das S., Mehta B. C., Samanta S. K., Das P. K., Srivastava S. K. (2000). Fluoride hazards in ground water of Orissa,
India. Indian J. Environ. Health. 1:4046.
Essadki A. H., Gouricha B., Vial C., Delmasc H., Bennnajaha M. (2009). Defluordation of drinking water by
electrocoagulation/electroflotation in a stirred tank reactor with a comparative performance to an external-loop airlift
reactor. Journal of Hazardous Materials 168:1325-1333.
Hudak P. F. (1999). Fluoride levels in Texas groundwater. J. Environ. Sci. Health. 8:16591676.
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Isalah S., Raja E., Kavitha B., Sivaraj C., Suganthi M. (2003). Study of fluoride content in ground water, survey of
dental fluorosis in Salem District. Ecol. Env. Cons. 9(3):297-300.
Kim K. and Jeong G. Y. (2005). Factors influencing natural occurrence of fluoride rich groundwaters: a case study in the
southeastern part of the KoreanPeninsula, Chemosphere 58:1339-1408.
Kirubavathy A. K. (2010). Groundwater quality of Orathupalayam village, Erode District,Tamil Nadu. J. Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Monit. 20(4):389-392.
Manjappa S., Basavarajappa B. E., Desai G. P., Hotanahalli S. S., Arvinda H. B. (2003). Nitrate and Fluoride levels in
ground waters of Davanagere Taluka in Karnataka. Indian J. Environ. Health. 45(1):155-160.
Nawlakhe W. G., Paramasivam R. (1993). Defluoridation of potable water by Nalgonda technique. Curr Sci 65(10):743748.
Prajapati R. and Mathur R. (2005). Statistical studies on the ground water at the Rural Areas of Sheopurkalan, Madhya
Pradesh. J Ecotoxicol Environ Monit 15(1):47-54.
Ramachandramoorthy T., Paulraj A., Sivaraj C. and Kavithao, Bhuvaneswari P. (2004). Fluoride ion concentration
in the ground water of Tiruchirappali District, Tamil Nadu.J Ecotoxicol Environ Monit 14(2):147-150.
Saxena V. K. and Ahmed S. (2005). Interring the chemical parameter for the dissolution of fluoride in groundwater.
Environ Geology 25:75-81.
Singh R. P., Chauhan B. S., Swaroop Devendra, Yadar Y. S. (2005). Seasonal Variation in groundwater quality of Agra
City. Indian J. Environ. Health. 42(2):59-69.
Srinivas C. H., Ravi Shankar Piska, Ravinder Reddy R. (2002). Ground water Pollution due to industrial effluents in
Kothur Industrial Area, Maheboobnagar, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ecol. Env. Cons. 8(4):377-380.
Valenzuela-Vasquez L., Ramirez-Henandez J., Reyes-Lopez J., Sol-Uribe A., Lazaro-Mancilla O. (2006). The origin
of fluoride in groundwater supply to Hermosillo city,Sonora, Mexico. Environ. Geol. 51:1727.
Venkatachalam T., Ramachandramoorthy T., Nugarajan Prabuvathi, Isaiah S., Sivaraj C.,Kavitha B. (2004).
Fluoride Estimation in drinking water of rural areas of Salem district. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 14(3):227-230.
Wavde P. N. and Bhosle A. B. (2010). Groundwater quality assessment at Malegaon region of Nanded in Maharashatra
(India). J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 52(1):57-6.
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RA-18
IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS AND SOLVENT EXTRACTS
OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA
DeshmukhN.D.*, Kadam D.G.** and Bhadrashette M.S.***
*K.N.Bhise Arts, Commerce and Science College, Kurduwadi, Maharashtra, India.
**D.B.F.Dayanand College Arts and Science College, Solapur, Maharashtra, India.
***Rajarshi Shahu Mahavidyalaya, Latur, Maharashtra, India.
(E-mail: *Correspondence: nddbio_tech@yahoo.co.in, manusb07@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus, providing protection to human
body against infection and degenerative diseases.The modern research is directed towards Natural antioxidants from
the herbal plants due to their safe therapeutic usage. In present studies, antioxidant activity of aqueous and solvent
extracts of commercially available powder of Withania somnifera was investigated for its free radical scavenging
activity by various in vitro methods. The powder extracts were investigated for the antioxidant activity using 2,2,diphenyl, 1- picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing capacity, competition with DMSO,
Hydroxyl group reducing activity, estimation of total phenol and estimation of Ascorbic acid. The results showed the
plant extract exhibited significant DPPH scavenging activity, reducing capacity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging
activity. The polar flavonoid extracted showed maximum DPPH scavenging activity. The measurement of total
phenolics indicated that 20 mg of powdered plant material contained 0.115 g of phenols equivalent of catechol.The
results suggest that the Withania somnifera plant possess antioxidant activity and can be used as potential natural herbal
therapeutic agent for human beings.
Keywords: Antioxidant, free radicals, Withania sonnifera.
INTRODUCTION
Many herbal plants contain antioxidant compounds which protect cells against degenerative effects of reactive oxygen
species as singlet oxygen, superoxide, peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals (Dasgupta, 2004; David et. al., 2004). The
concept of oxidative stress is that, when a balance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses is lost Oxidative
stress results which through a series of events deregulates the cellular function and leads to various diseases such as
aging, arthritis, asthma, carcinogenesis, diabetes, rheumatism and various neurodegenerative disease (Gupta and Sharma,
2006). In India indigenous remedies have been used in treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, cancer since sixth
century BC. Withania somnifera dunal (Solanaceae) is used as rejuvenator in Ayuredic system of medicine. Modern
investigations have demonstrated antistress effect of Withania somnifera. Antistress drugs are useful in management of
stress related disorder such as arthritis, hypertension, diabetes and general debility. The objective of the present study were
to determine the antioxidant activity of commercially available Withania somnifera powder by measuring total phenolic
content, DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power activity, hydroxyl group reducing activity and estimation of Ascorbic
Acid.
Plant material and extracts:
The Withania somnifera in powder form was purchased from Yogesh Pharmacy; Nanded.The Powder was extracted with
different solvents for obtaining various kinds of fractions / extracts by hot continuous extraction method using soxhlet
apparatus as given below.
Solvents use for extraction
Active principle of extracts
wt. of extracts /
100g of Sample
Ethanol+diethyl ether+
N-Butanol
- Saponin
12.19 g
Water
- tannin
12.75g
Ethanol
- phenol
15.83 g
Methanol
- polar flavanoid
27.13 g
Ethyl acetate
- Terpeniod
2.8 g
Chloroform
- Non polar flavanoid
1.46 g
The extracts were concentrated by evaporating the solvents on boiling water bath. Preliminary qualitative analysis was
done to determine presence of flavanoid, tannin, protein, phenol, Soponin etc.
1) Determination of DPPH radicals scavenging activity:
The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was measured in terms of hydrogen donating or radical scavenging
ability using the stable free radical DPPH (Blois, 1958; Lai et. al., 2001). 1 ml of DPPH in ethanol and 1mg per ml extract
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solution in ethanol was prepared and 1.5ml of this was added to 1.5 ml of DPPH. The absorbance was measured at 517 nm
against the corresponding blank solution which is prepared by taking 3ml ethanol and control O.D. was prepared by taking
3ml of DPPH. Percentage inhibition of DPPH free radical was calculated based on control reading by following equation.
DPPH scavenged (%)
=
(Acon - A test)
-------------x 100
Acon
Acon - absorbance of the control reaction A test - absorbance in the presence of the sample of the extracts.
2) Reducing power assay:
0.5 ml of different fraction (l mg/ml) was added to 3ml Potassium Ferrocyanide (1mM) solution. The mixture was shaken
thoroughly and incubated for 10 minutes at Room temperature. Finally the mixture was tested spectrophotometrically at
420 nm by using an appropriate blank of 3.5 ml of potassium ferrocyanide solution after every 10 minutes interval for 30
minutes.
3) Determination of OH- Scavenging Activity:
The OH- scavenging activity of different fraction was determined by the competition with DMSO. The Assay was
performed by adding 1ml of Fraction mixed with 1ml of EDTA (0.1mM) and Fe 3+ CCl3COOH (167mm). The chemicals
were prepared in 50ml phosphate buffer of PH 7.4. A blank was set by addition of all above except test sample and
absorbance readings were taken at 420nm.
OH Scavenged (%) =
(Acon-A test)
-------------x 100
Acon
Acon - absorbance of the control reaction A test - absorbance of the extract sample
4) Total phenolics content:
The total phenolic content of the extracts were determined by folin- ciacalteau reagent method. The residue was dissolved
in 5ml distilled water and then different aliquots (0.2-3ml) were pipetted out into test tubes, making the volume of each
tube to 3ml with Distilled water. 0.5 ml of folin - ciacalteau reagent was added and after 3 minutes 2 ml of 20% sodium
carbonate was added. After mixing thoroughly, tubes were placed in boiling water bath for exactly 1 minute, cooled and
the absorbance was measured at 650 mm against a blank. Standard curve was prepared using different concentrations of
catechol (1 mg/ml of Distilled water). The total phenolic content was expressed in mg of catechol equivalents / mg of
extract.
5) Estimation of ascorbic acid (Vitamin- C):Ascorbic acid was first dehydrogenated by bromination by constant addition of bromine water drop wise to 10ml stock
solution of ascorbic acid until the solution became orange to yellow. 10-100g standard dehydroascorbic acid was pipetted
out in a series of tubes. Similarly, pipette out 0.1-2ml of aliquots of brominated water (aliquots prepared by grinding 5g of
sample material by mechanically in 20-50 ml of 4% oxalic acid solution, centrifuged, filtered and collected the sample.
Bromine water was added drop wise till color changed to orange to yellow). Volume of each test tube was made to 3ml by
adding D/W. 1ml of DNPH reagent was added followed by 1-2 drops of thiourea. A blank was prepared as above but with
water in place of ascorbic acid solution. The tubes were incubated at 370C for 3 hrs and then 7 ml of 80% H SO was
2
added for dissolving osazone crystals. Measure absorbance was measured at 540nm, standard graph of ascorbic acid was
plotted and ascorbic acid present in sample was calculated.
6) Estimation of protein by folinlowry method.
In this method one ml of standard solution containing 10-100g of protein sample and diluted unknown protein sample
solution was taken in test tubes and to this 4ml of sodium carbonate solution (2% W/V) in 0.1 N sodium hydroxide
solution was added plus CuSO4 solution ( 1% W/V) and sodium potassium tartarate (2% W/V) and mixed well . After 10
min of incubation at R.T. 0.4 ml of folins reagent was added and and vortexed. Blank was prepared with 1ml Distilled
water along with standard protein and sample solution. After 30 min of incubation at R.T. absorbance was measured at 720
nm in UV- visible double beam spectrophotometer. Calibration curve was prepared by plotting the protein concentration
that is Bovine serum albumin (10-100g) on x axis and absorbance on the axis.
7) Polyphenol oxidase enzyme extraction and inhibition:The enzyme was extracted by using salting out method (4 0C). The reaction mixture contained L-DOPA (4mM) citrate
buffer (0.1M, PH. 4.8 ), enzyme extract and test fraction / extracts was added (1mg/ 1ml D/W) and incubated for 5min for
detection of inhibition of PPO and absorbance was measured at 470 nm.
a) PPO enzyme extraction
200gm of chilled and peeled potatoes were taken and homogenized in grinder using small amount of 0.1M citrate buffer
(PH 4.8) and filtered through muslin cloth and equal volume of Ammonium sulphate was added and Incubated at 0C for
30 minutes for enzyme precipitation. The filtrate was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min at 0-40C. The pellet was
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dissolved in 20ml of 0.1 M citrate buffer, centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes, supernatant collected and kept on ice
bath.
b) PPO enzyme inhibition assay
2ml of L-DOPA plus 1ml of extracted enzyme plus 1 ml of residual fraction (1mg/ml) were taken in test tubes. All the
tubes were incubated for 5 min at room temperature. Blank was prepared by adding 1 ml of sample plus 3ml of buffer.
Control consisted of 2 ml of L-DOPA plus 1 ml of enzyme plus 1 ml buffer. Absorbance was measured at 470nm.
RESULTS
1) Determination of DPPH radicals scavenging activity: The reduction capability of DPPH radical is determined by the
decrease in its absorbance at 5l7nm, induced by antioxidants. The decrease in absorbance of DPPH radical caused by
antioxidants, because of the reaction between antioxidant molecules and radicals, progresses, which results in the
scavenging of the radical by hydrogen donation. It is visually noticeable as a change in color from purple to yellow (Chang
et. al., 2002). A 1mg/ml of polar flavonoid, saponin , non polar flavonoid by chloroform , terpenoid, tannin exhibited
83.07% , 65.80%, 67.87%, 70.29% , 70.63% inhibition respectively. The results indicate that the extract reduces the
radicals to the corresponding hydrazine when it reacts with the hydrogen donors in the antioxidant principle. The polar
flavonoids show highest free radical scavanging activity.
2) Reducing power activity: Table 2 shows the reductive capability of the extracts to potassium ferrocyonide (standard) at
different time period. The reducing capability of a compound / extract can be monitored by / measured by formation of
blue color at 700 nm.The non polar flavonoids extracted by chloroform showing highest reducing power at the time 10, 20
and 30 min respectively while Tannin and Terpenoids showed maximum reducing activity only at 10 min.
3) Determination of OH - scavenging activity
To attack, the substrate DMSO, OH - radicals were generated in the reaction by ferric - EDTA together with CCL3- COOH
and ascorbic acid. The table 3 shows the highest OH radicals generated by artificial system was maximally scavenged by
terpenoid, i.e.84.23% which was followed by Saponin.
4) Total phenolics content:Phenolic constituent are very important in plants because of their OH - radical scavenging ability it has therauptic value in
Ayurveda. It was estmated that Wihania somnifera churn contains 1.15% of phenols. It had been suggested that up to 1.0g
polyphenolic compounds (from diet rich fruits or vegetables) daily have remarkable inhibitory effect on mutagenesis and
carcinogenesis in human (Tanaka et. al, 1998).
5) Estimation of ascorbic acid (Vitamin- C):The value was estimated by plotting the O.D. on standard Graph of ascorbic acid and estimates showed that the extract
contained 0.5% of Ascorbic acid.
6) Estimation of protein by folin- Lowry method: The protein content present in the sample was estimated by FolinLowry method. It was estmated that Withania somnifera churn contained the protein content 0.25% while in Potato 0.058%
of protein was estimated, by plotting the O.D on Standard graph of protein. (Figure 3)
7) Polyphenol oxidase enzyme extraction and inhibition:
The extracts isolated from Wihania somnifera showed an inhibitory activity against a PPO. The highest inhibitory activity
was shown by saponin having 74.66 % inhibition.
Table1: DPPH radicals scavenging activity of Withania somnifera extract
Fractions(1mg/ml)
polar flavanoid
saponin
Non-polar flavanoid by
chloroform
Terpenoid
Tannin
% of DPPH Scavenging activity

83.07
65.80
67.87
70.29
70.63
Table 2: Reducing power activity of Withania somnifera extract

Fractions (1mg/ml)
polar flavanoid
saponin
Non-polar flavanoid by
Chloroform
Terpenoid
Tannin
O.D. at 10 min. O.D. at 20 min.

O.D. at 30 min
0.040
0.038
0.046
0.020
0.024
0.034
0.044
0.048
0.070
0.051
0.019
0.033
0.049
0.021
0.036
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Table 3: OH - scavenging activity of Withania somnifera extract

Fractions(1mg/ml)
polar flavanoid
saponin
Non-polar
flavanoid by
chloroform
Terpenoid
Tannin
% of OH - scavenging activity
62.10
70.52
31.57
84.21
46.31
Table 4: PPO inhibition assay of Withania somnifera extract

Fractions(1mg/ml)
polar flavanoid
saponin
Non-polar
flavanoid by
chloroform
Terpenoid
Tannin
% of PPO inhibition
68
74.66
26
62
28
DISCUSSION
Reactive Oxygen species (ROS)/ Oxidants formed in our body due to exogenous and endogenous factors, responsible for
many diseases. Now the research is going on to revealing the potential of phytochemical antioxidants as health benefactors.
This is due to their ability to neutralize the free radicals or ROS or oxidants responsible for the onset of cell damage. Most
of the natural antioxidants from plant source are safer to health and have better antioxidant activity. There are many reports
that support the use of antioxidant supplementation in reducing the level of oxidative stress and in slowing or preventing
the development of complications associated with diseases (Rose et. al., 1982). Plants are the potential source of
antioxidants for example Tannin, saponin, Terpenoid, Polar flavanoid, phenol, ascorbic acid, Non- polar flavanoid and
many more having the capability to scavenge the free radicals. There are many reports that support the use of antioxidants
supplementation in the reducing level of the oxidative stress and in slowing or preventing the development of complication
associated with disease (Aruoma et. al., 1997). Many synthetic antioxidants have shown toxic and/or mutagenic effects,
which have shifted the attention towards the naturally occurring antioxidants. Numerous plants constitutes have proven to
show free radical scavenging / antioxidant activity (Malick and Singh, 1980). In the present study the antioxidant
capacities of the plant extracts were analyzed using free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), Reducing power, Competition
of test fraction with DMSO, etc. The fractions isolated from Withania somnifera powder having ability to scavenge the free
radical and useful to cure diabetes on some extent.
REFERENCES
Dasgupta N. (2004). De. Antioxidant activity of piper betle L. leaf extracts in vitro. Food Chem. 88:219-224.
David J.M. Barreisors A.L.B.S. and Povid J.P. (2004). Antioxidant phenyl propanoid enters of triterpenes from Dioclea
lasiophylla, Pham. Bio. 42:36-38.
Gupta V.K. and Sharma S.K. (2006). Plants as natural antioxidant. Nat. Prod. Rad. 5 (4). 326: 334.
Lai L.S, Chous. S.T. and Chao W.W. (2001). Studies on the antioxidant activities of hsian - tsao (mesona procumbens
Hemsl ) Leaf gun. J. Aglic. Food Chem. 49: 963-968.
Tanaka M., Kuei, C.W., Nagashima Y. and Tuguchi T. (1998). Application of antioxidative maillared reaction products
from histidine and glucose to saradine product. Nippon suison Gakk. 54: 1409-1414 (1998)
Rose W.M., Creighton M.O., Stewart D.G.P.J., Sanwal M. AND Trevithick G.R. (1982). In vivo effects of vitamin E
on Cataractogenesis in diabetic rats. Cam J. Ophtalmol. 17:61-66.
Aruoma Ol, et. al. (1997). Antioxidant methodology in vivo and in vitro concepts. CS Press Champaign. 41-172.
Malick C. P. and Singh M.B. (1980). In plant enzymology and Histo, enzymology kalyami publisher. P-286.
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RP- 19
RECYCLING OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE AND POLLUTION CONTROL BY
BIOMETHANATION PROCESS
Deshmukh H.V.
Department of Microbiology, Yashawantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara. 415001, Maharashtra, India.
(E-mail deshmukhhv@gmail.com, Mobile 942334225)
ABSTRACT
The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers leads to various types of pollutions. There is urgent need to produce
biofertilizer for sustainable development. The study was made to see the pollution potential of sludge and digester
effluent. The chemical analysis of weed, distillery waste, digester effluent and sludge were done by using standard
methods, The waste generated during biogas production shows high amount of N, P, K and micronutrients. It has good
manurial value and It can effectively supplement chemical and other fertilizers. The percent COD and BOD reductions
in case of admixture of Ipomoea biomass and distillery waste after biomethanation at 100-L scale up studies were
averaged to 71.0 and 78.0% indicating significant reductions in the pollution potential .This process of biomethanation
helps in recycling of wastes with zero pollution.
Keywords: Agricultural Waste, Biomethanation, Pollution
INTRODUCTION
Biogas is a mixture of methane (65 75%) and CO2 (30 35%) together with other gases like NH3, H2S, H2 and N2 etc in
trace quantities produced from organic matter under anaerobic conditions. The gas is highly combustible and can be used
for generation of heat, electricity and mechanical energy. In villages the plant and animal biomass in the form of cattle
dung, dry leaves, agricultural residues and plant weed is available in plenty, which can easily be converted into biogas.
And waste generated after biogas production as fertilizer. Agricultural wastes like rice straw (Acharya, 1958), Tomato
plants and Potato stems have been tested. This biogas technology fulfils need of only larger farmers. In order to replace
dung search for other resources, commonly present in the rural area, has to be made to supplement the biogas production.
In the present paper the study was carried to study whether weed and distillery waste can be used for biogas production
and wastes generated do not pollute the environment.
Weed material - Ipomoea ca rn ea biomass
Distillery waste
Slurry of ongoing cattle dung based biogas plant
Biogas digesters
Gas collection system, storage and analysis
METHODS
1) Collection, preparation and storage of weed material: The leaves and twigs of weed, free of soil, were collected from
selected sites / localities in sterile plastic bags using sterile hand gloves and a knife. The pieces were powdered in a mixer,
dried at room temperature (300C 350C) for 96 hrs, The dried biomass was soaked in water or dilute alkali to form a slurry
at the time of further use.
2) Pretreatment of Weed Biomass - Alkali hydrolysis
3) Collection and storage of waste samples the distillery waste was collected as fresh Composite sample in disinfected
plastic carboys of 5 50-L capacity and stored At refrigeration till further use.
4) Chemical analysis of weed biomass, agro wastes and digester effluents - Chemical Reagents, apparatus and methods
used for chemical analyses of weed materials, agro based and industrial wastes (distillery, sugar, dairy and farmhouse
wastes), digester effluents And sledges were as per APHA (1985), Trivedy and Goel (1984) and AOAC (1990).
5) Biomethanation study in 100-L digester
6) Manurial value: The sludge and effluent from 100-L capacity scale-up level digester were subjected to their N, P, K,
micro and macro elements determination as per method described earlier and the manurial value and process economics
were studied in comparison with super phosphate and urea and with reference to Chandra, (1987).
7) Pollution abatement study: The reduction in pollution potential of distillery waste and weed biomass (Ipomoea)
admixture after biomethanation, was studied with reference to organic content, in terms of % reductions in COD and BOD
The results shown in Table 1 and 2.
1) Characteristics of Distillery wastes: The characteristics of batch process distillery waste showed that it was acidic with
pH range of 4.24.5, which was unsuitable for biomethanation as for biomethanation neutral to slightly alkaline pH is
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required. The COD and BOD contents were 1, 12,000 and 41,290 mg/kg, respectively. The C:N ratio was 19.16 indicating
its suitability for biomethanation (Hills, 1979; Hobson et al., 1981), while BOD:N:P (120:4.5:2.77) ratio showed slight
deficiency of nitrogen as compared to BOD and phosphorus (Hills, 1979; Hobson et al., 1981). Total volatile solids (TVS)
content of 64,000 mg/kg further showed its suitability for biomethanation. The potassium content of distillery waste was
fairly high i.e., 11,200 mg/kg as compared to other elements like calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper,
which were low at the level of 720, 229, 195, 0.5, 0.4 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively.
2) Characteristics of Ipomoea
Organic matter 66,540 mg/kg, Carbon 49,800 mg/kg, Nitrogen 2980 mg/kg, C : N ratio 16.7, BOD 45,950 mg/kg,
Phosphorus 560 mg/kg, Potassium 2800 mg/kg, Calcium 880 mg/kg Magnesium 990 mg/kg, Iro 190 ppm, Manganese 75
ppm, Zinc 49 ppm ,Copper 5 ppm, BOD : N : P ratio120:7.7:1.4
Table 1: Biomethanation and pollution potential study at 100-L level
Sr.No Description
value
1
Digester capacity
100-L
2
Retention time
25 days
3
Digester Temperature
37-38 C
4
Daily influent loading
4 kg
Total COD
6,70,132 mg
Total BOD
3,46,133 mg
Total TVS
2,83,120 mg
5
4 kg admixture contains
Distillery waste
2667 mL
Ipomoea biomass
1000 gm
6
Average volume of biogas produced/kg/day
40
By Ipomoea weed
36.63%
By Distillery waste
63.37%
7
Influent character
PH
7.5
COD
1,67,533 mg/kg
BOD
86,533 mg/kg
8
Effluent character
PH
7.2
COD
48,585 mg/kg
BOD
19,037 mg/kg
9
% COD reduction
71
% BOD reduction
78
10
% Methane content
62.32
Table 2. The chemical analysis of effluent and sludge from 100-L biogas digester (Scale-up studies) run on Ipomoea
weed material admixed with distillery waste shows following features
Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
Parameters
PH
Water %
Total solids%
Total volatile solids%
Ash%
Nitrogen%
Phosphorus(as P2O5)%
Potassium( asK2O)%
Microelement Analysis
Iron,ppm
Manganese,ppm
Zinc,ppm
Copper,ppm
Effluent
7.2
87.78
12.22
96.65
3.35
0.363
0.41
16.87
Sludge
7.2
83.02
16.99
89.14
10.86
0.56
O.O1
0.687
1.67
0.01
0.55
0.10
74.63
395.32
2.49
1.493
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The chemical analysis of fluid effluent and sludge showed % nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels of 0.363, 0.41,
16.87 and 0.56, 0.01, 0.687, respectively. The four kg daily slurry produced about 1,560 g sludge and 2,440 g of effluent.
The anaerobic digester effluent from biomethanation of admixture of Ipomoea biomass and distillery waste showed a good
manurial potential. NPK values obtained for sludge and effluent were 0.56%, 0.01%, 0.687%, and 0.363%, 0.41%, 16.87%
respectively The chemical analysis of digester effluent for NPK and micronutrients showed that the sludge and remaining
effluent possessed good manurial value to be used as a supplement to fertilizers in agriculture.The percent COD and BOD
reductions in case of admixture of Ipomoea biomass and distillery waste after biomethanation at 100-L scale up studies
were averaged to 71.0 and 78.0% indicating significant reductions in the pollution potential of substrates used.COD and
BOD reductions in admixture of Ipomoea biomass and distillery waste after biomethanation were 71% and 78%, which
indicated that the biomethanation process can significantly remove the organic and pollution load of weed biomass and the
distillery waste.
Weed biomass alone was not found to be good substrate for biomethanation. When admixed with distillery, waste, its
biomethanation potential was increased. This project of biomethanation could be economical and acceptable one.
In the present studies waste generated after biomethanation was a very good Quality fertilizer, However some other
additional weed biomasses and organic Wastes available should also be tried and studied for their disposal through
biomethanation. Recycling of waste with zero pollution and production of renewable energy Helps in sustainable
development of our country
REFERENCES
Acharya C.N. (1958). Preparation of fuel gas and manure by Anaerobic fermentation of organic material. ICAR Series
Bulletin, No.5, ICAR, New Delhi, pp. 1-58.
AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 15th edition, published by
A.O.A.C. INC, Suite 400, 2200, Wilson Bodevard Arlington, Virginia, 22201, USA.
APHA (1985). Standard methods for examination of water and waste Water, Americal Public Health Association, 15th
edition.
Trivedy R. K. and Goel P. K. (1984). Chemical and Biological Methods for Water Pollution Studies. Environmental
Publications, Karad.
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RP-20
ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE FROM
SAMBHAJI TANK SOLAPUR, DUE TO THE IMPACT OF GANESH IDOL IMMERSION
K.R. Rao*, Gurav M.R.*, Kshirsagar S.S. ** and Vijaykumar K.**
*Department of Zoology Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 413006, (M.S.), India.
**Department of Zoology Gulbarga University Gulbarga, Karnataka-585106.
(E-mail- mrgurav@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The people of Solapur city are very enthusiastic for celebrating Indian festival. Ganesh festival is one of the important
Hindu festival and celebrated lot of gaity right from the installation up to the immersion on tenth day. When these idols
are immersed in to the water bodies on culmination day, results increasing water pollution level because various
chemicals, colors and other compounds including plaster of Paris used for idol preparation. These for human
interference have becoming a major threat to the fresh water bodies situated in and around urban cities. The present
research paper is related with the effect of Ganesh idol immersion on physico-chemical parameters and zooplankton
abundance from Sambhaji Tank located in the heart of Solapur city. For assessment of water pollution the samples
were collected from the fixed spot where major Ganesh idol immersed in the water body. The samples were collected
during evening hours. The water samples were collected on the installation day, after first day, after two days, after five
days, and finally after tenth day of immersion. The variations in the physico-chemical properties in Sambhaji Tank
were observed. The major impact observed on the Total hardness of the water which was changed drastically followed
by nitrates. The various zooplankton species showed variations in their abundance from pre installation day and after
immersion day. The religious activities must be celebrated with taking care of environmental pollution and eco-friendly
method may be adapted as an alternative in protecting the price less water bodies.
Keywords: Ganesh idol immersion, Physico-chemical parameters, Zooplankton abundance.
INTRODUCTION
Water pollution is of vital importance to all socio- economic sectors and the overall development can be achieved by a self
and solution free water. The water pollution is a major threat for aquatic bodies this is due to various human activities
which is widespread.Industralization and urbanization attracts most of the rural people towards the urban areas for better
settlement and better amenities, Water is being used indiscriminately by the human beings for the domestic purpose
without any proper scientific treatment. The waste water generated from various domestic sources released without any
treatment into the sewage. These discharges enter into the aquatic bodies resulting pollution of freshwater bodies like
rivers, tanks, lakes, pools etc.
Ganesh chaturthi is an Indian festival celebrated all over the country with a lot of enthusiasm, large number of Ganesh
idols installed in the every nook and corner of Indian cities. During the ten day festival people perform pooja and offer
flowers, coconuts and other articles. According to the Indian mythology and practice of Maharashratian people, the Ganesh
idol immersed into the water bodies on second day, fifth day and tenth day of the installation. Basically the Ganesh idols
prepared with the help of plaster of Paris, various paints and colors. At the time of immersion people immerse idols as well
as the Nirmalya(Residues of flowers, coconuts, various food stuffs etc.) into the water bodies which has direct impact on
water quality of the respective water bodies. Most of the workers have analyzed the impact of Ganesh idol immersion on
physico-chemical parameters. Reddy Vikram and Kumar Vijaya (2001) studied the effect of Ganesh idol immersion on the
some quality parameters of HussainSagr. Kulsherestha et. al (1988) studied the impact of certain water quality of upper
lake from Bhopal. Malik et.al (2010) studied the physico-chemical parameters after idol immersion from the south Gujrat
rivers. Bajpai (2008) studied the idol immersion effect on the water quality of twin lake of Bhopal with special reference to
the heavy metals. In this investigation we have conducted few analysis on the water quality parameters and correlated with
zooplankton abundance during the ten day Ganesh idol immersion from the Sambhaji Tank, Solapur.Our basic objective
was to know the intensity of pollution load during the festive days and its impact on zooplanktons.
To study the effect of Ganesh idol immersion in the Sambhaji Tank, Solapur we have collected the samples from fixed
spot. (Lat 17038. 966N; Long 0.750 54. 162E) and on the first day (zero hours), before immersion referred as control,
after 24 hours that is after one day of immersion, after 48 hours ( that is after two days of immersion), after five days of
immersion and lastly after tenth day of immersion. The experiments were conducted during September 2012.For
assessment of physico-chemical parameters water samples were collected during evening hours and soon after the
collection the physico-chemical parameters like Water Temperature, pH, Turbidity , Dissolved oxygen, Free CO2 ,Total
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hardness, Total alkalinity, Chlorides, Phosphates, Nitrates, were analyzed using standard methods described by the
APHA(2006). For the assessment of zooplankton abundance samples were collected at the respected intervals by
maintaining standard protocols. The zooplanktons were fixed in 4 % formalin solution and later they were brought to the
laboratory and assessed for the abundance of zooplankton by using standard literature and keys.
RESULTS
The data generated from our work represented in Figure 1 Sambhaji lake, and 2 for physico-chemical parameters and
abundance of zooplanktons.
Fig: Selected site for study.

Figure 1. Sambhaji Lake.
Figure 2. Graphs showing variations in physico chemical parameters of Sambhaji tank.

Table- 1. Zooplankton abundance from Sambhaji tank Solapur, after ten days immersion of Ganesh Idol.
Zooplankton Species
Before immersion
of Ganesh Idol (Control)
I)Rotifers
i)Asplanchna priodonta
ii) Keratella Vulga
iii) Filina longiseta
iv)Asplanchna mymdeo
v)Hexarnthra mira
vi)Scaridium longicaudum
vii)Conochilius unicornis
viii)Branchionus calyciflorus
ix)Branchionus ruben
II)Copepoda
i)Tropocyclop spp.
ii)Macrocyclop spp.
iii)Cyclop scutifer
iv)Nauplius larva
III)Cladocera
i)Chydorus
+
+
+
+
+
After ten days immersion of

Ganesh Idol
+
+
+
+++
++
+++
+
+++
++
-+
++
+
+
+
+
++
++
++
+
Note:- Abundant:+++, Medium:++ ,Rare:+.

Temperature: Temperature is considered as a very important parameter. Various activities (including chemical and
biological) of the aquatic body is depend upon the variations of this parameter. In the present study during the experiment
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the water temperature is between 28 0C- 300C. The reduction in temperature was very less during the tenth day
experimentation.
pH: The pH of the water is an indicative parameter of assessment of acidity and alkalinity. In the present investigation pH
ranges between with minimum 8.0 to the maximum 8.5. There was a reduction of pH level was observed from initial 8.5 to
8.0 after tenth day of Ganesh idol immersion.
Dissolved oxygen:
From the Sambhaji tank there was a decreasing trend in dissolved oxygen after Ganesh idol immersion during first day and
fifth day of immersion. This decrement in the content might be due to the pollution of idol immersion. However in the later
stages, the content was stabilized and coming on part with control reading. It was considered that dissolved oxygen is an
important parameter for aquatic line.
Free CO2: In our experimentation, it was observed that free co 2 content increase after first day, second day and fifth day of
Ganesh idol immersion when compared with control.
Total Hardness: The Total hardness was in the range between 525ppm-575ppm. This content was progressively increased
from first day to tenth day of experiment.
Total Alkalinity: The Total alkalinity of water is mainly due to the acids and bases concentration present in the natural
water. In the present study the total alkalinity reveals that this parameter marginally decreased on second and fifth day
where as the content was stabilized.
Chlorides: The chlorides contents generally occur in natural water. However larger quantity of parameter is not
recommended for aquatic life. In the present study the chlorides content was not much changed after Ganesh idol
immersion.
Phosphates: In the present study phosphates are considered as major nutrient of aquatic life in water bodies. In the present
study this content was in between 3ppm-5 ppm during the experimentation but content was found to be more on first day of
immersion.
Nitrates: Nitrates also showed increasing during trends after first day and fifth day of idol immersion. Where as the
turbidity was more after two days of immersion and later this parameter stabilized.
Study is mainly highlighted as per as the zooplankton abundance study is considered, there appears the dominance of
rotifers in Sambhaji tank, Solapur. During the study duration, Asplanchna pridonta, Hexanthra mira,Filinia longiseta, were
found to be in larger. Where as Keratella vulga, ,Branchionus ruben, Scordium longicaudum, Tropocyclop spp
Macrocyclop spp,Cyclop scutifer were found to be medium Where as Asplanchia mymdeo, Branchionus calyciflorus,
Conochilius unicornis, Nauplius larva.
DISCUSSION
Contamination of water body is serious problem faced by various cities including Solapur. It is well known fact that the
domestic sewage and industrial effluents discharged into natural water bodies changes the water quality which results
phenomenon called eutrophication i.e. enrichment of nutrients resulting in algal blooms on the surface of water and also
vast growth of water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassifus) and typha show et.al.(1991).In addition to this various festivals
contributes pollution bad into aquatic bodies resulting water pollution of priceless tanks, lakes. Rivers, etc. In the present
investigation from our study it is revealed that there was a decreasing trend in Dissolved Oxygen of the first and fifth day
of immersion. The decrease of the content might be due to various chemicals, colors and other toxic components. Malik
et.al.(2012) while studying the impact of Ganesh idol immersion from South Gujrat rivers (Surat Navasari, Vansar, Atul
parai and Wapi) observed decrease in Dissolved Oxygen content drastically after next day idol immersion which they also
indicated the river pollution might responsible for decrement of this parameter. However the enhancement of parameter on
second day from the pre installation from invented that atmospheric oxygen content might have influenced with respect to
self purification of water .From the present study the Total hardness increased progressively up to tenth day of idol
immersion this clearly states that the various chemical used for painting the idol might have contributed an enhancement of
this parameter Shripati et.al. (2012) while studying the consequences of Ganesh idol immersion on physico-chemical
characters of lake situated in Bangalore ( Yelahanke lake, Dasarahalli lake, Machohalli lake, Herohalli lake, Ullala lake
and Koranagutta lake) observed that Total hardness was found to be increased of the Ganesh idol immersion and attributed
in enhancement on this parameter. The phosphates were considered to be the most significant component responsible for
enhancement of primary productivity resulting in eutrophication of lake. The input sewage and added component from
other sources responsible for enrichment of water body. In the present study investigation this parameter was increased to
almost on one fourth % after 24 hr. to idol immersion. Similar results were observed by Anju Vyas (2006) from upper and
lower lake after Gansh idol immersion and Durga idol immersion during Navratri festivals. They have sated that this
activity has major source of contamination and sedimentation of water bodies. From our results it can be stated that the
impact of Ganesh idol immersion have direct impact on the water quality of Sambhaji tank, Solapur. The immersion had
detrimental effect on the physico-chemical as well as zooplankton abundance. It is also noted from our study after first day
of the installation majority of idol immersion influenced changes in various parameters more compare with other days of
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immersion. The changes in Total hardness and Total alkalinity, phosphates and nitrates had a positive correlation. From our
study it was clearly observed that the rotifer species (Asplanchna priodenta Keratella vulga, Filinia longiseta, Scaridium
longicaudum) were found to be significantly increased. Zooplankton groups which indicate that the water body is highly
polluted after Ganesh idol immersion.
CONCLUSION
From the present study it is concluded that Ganesh idol immersion causes water pollution of Sanbhaji tank, Solapur.
Public awareness must be needed in protecting the water bodies located in the cities. Ecofriendly Ganesh idol should be
installed and proper recycling of biodegradable Nirrmalya is the best alternative for reduction of water pollution.
REFERENCES
Ahipathi M.V., and Puttaih, E.T., (2006). Ecological Characteristics of V rishabhavathi River IN Bangalore (India).
Environ. Geology. 49: 1227-122.
APHA (2006). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste waters.16 th Edn. Washington, D.C. U.S.A.
Bajpai A., Vyas A., Verma N., and et al (2008). Effect of idol immersion on water quality of twin lakes of Bhopal with
special reference to heavy metals. Pollution Res. 27(3):517-522.
Kulshrestha S.K., George M.P., and Khan A.A (1988). Preliminary studies on the impact of certain religious activities
on water quality of upper lake, Bhopal. Nat. Symp. Past Present Future Bhopal lakes. 253-257.
Malik G.M., Raval V.H., Zadafia S.K., and Patel A.V. (2010). Idol immersion and physico-chemical properties od
South Gujarat rivers. Curr. World Environ. 5(1):173-176/
Reddy Vikram., and Kumar Vijay A (2001). Effect of Ganesh idol immersion on some water quality parameter of
Hussain Sagar. Current Sci. 81:1412.
Vyas Anju., Mishra D. D., Bajapai A., Dixit S. and Verma N. (2006). Environmental Impact of Idol Immersion Activity
Lakes of Bhopal, India. Asian J. Exp. Sci. 20(2): 289-296.
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RP-21
EFFECT OF BGA (NOSTOC) ON LEGUMINOUS PLANT (DOLICHOS BIFLORUS)
Jagtap M.N*., Irkal M.R. and Hirole R.G.
P.G. Department and Research center of Botany, D.B.F. Dayanand college of Arts and Science Solapur
(E-mail: jagtapsm@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Blue green algae constitute an important group of nitrogen fixing microorganism; which can occupy three times large
volume than bacteria within the soil. The BGA are unicellular, colonial and filamentous form present in water logged
soils. Most of the nitrogen fixing BGA belongs to order Nostocales and Stigonematales of cynophyceae. Haplosiphon,
Anabenopsis and Westiellopsis. There are more than 100 species of these nitrogen fixing BGA genera .Cyanobacteria
are often the first plants to colonize bare areas of rock and soil. Adaptations, such as ultraviolet absorbing sheath
pigments, increase their fitness in the relatively exposed land environment (Mur, 1999). Many species are capable of
living in the soil and other terrestrial habitats, where they are important in the functional processes of ecosystems and
the cycling of nutrient elements (Whitton, 1992). Solapur district is famous for Jowar cultivation and now sugarcane,
pomegranate, and Grapes are also cultivated in large scale and farmers use more fertilizers for same and soil become
sterile. To attempt this view the present study was useful for further research for increase fertility, water holding
capacity, field capacity of soil. Dolichos biflorus a twining herb of Old World tropics is being cultivated in India for
food and fodder. It is an erect or climbing bean or pea plant of the family Leguminosae. Its common name is Kulattha.
We use the BG .11 media for isolation of Cyanobacteria from soil and water but more isolates are from water. we also
studied effect of this Pure culture of Nostoc on above plant and observe physiological characters like chlorophyll
content ,polyphenol content ,and also studied morphological characters like root length , shoot length , etc.
Keywords: BG- 11, Cyanobacteria, Dolichos biflorus, Nostoc.
INTRODUCTION
The biomass of microalgae as sun-dried or spray-dried powder or in compressed form is the predominant product in
microalgal biotechnology. This biomass is harvested from natural waters or from cultures in artificial ponds or
photobioreactors with subsequent separation from the growth media and drying. The final product of is usually a green or
orange-colored powder, which is sold mostly in the human health food market. One can recognize a growing market for
microalgal biomass in animal nutrition both in aquaculture and for animal husbandry. The use of micro algal and
cyanobacterial single-cell protein as a supplement or replacement for conventional protein sources (e.g. soybean meal or
fish meal) in livestock feed has been widely proposed and tested. Trials with poultry, pigs, and ruminants conclude that
concentrations of Spirulina up to 10% are satisfactory replacements for conventional protein sources, while higher
concentrations reduce growth. Together with the eukaryotic microalgae, the cyanobacteria make up a large and visible part
of the worlds biomass. Interestingly, the cyanobacteria have a long history of usage in agriculture.
The significant role of these nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in improving the fertility of wetlands such as rice (paddy)
fields, at the sole expense of photosynthetic energy produced on their own, is well-documented. The application of
fertilizers and pesticides has substantially increased rice production in Asia, but there is an increasing concern over their
adverse effects on long-term soil fertility, soil productivity, and environmental quality (Kannaiyan et al., 1997). Biological
nitrogen fertilizers may help ameliorate these problems (Roger, 1996). Anabaena azollae is a heterocystous, nitrogen-fixing
cyanobacterium, which lives in symbiotic association with the upper leaf cavity of the water fern Azolla and fixes
atmospheric nitrogen. Growth and development of Azolla and Anabaena azollae are synchronous while the heterocyst of
the symbiont A. azollae is the site of nitrogen fixation (Somani, 2005). Samal and Kannaiyan (1992) have shown good
growth and heterocyst frequency in four isolates of A. azollae in the immobilized state in alginate. Biofertilizers are of
great interest in many countries, especially in tropical Asia and India where rice is one of the major crops. The agronomic
potential of cyanobacterial N2 fixation in rice fields was first recognized in India during 1939. The rice field ecosystem
provides an environment favorable to the growth of blue green algae with respect to their requirements for light, water,
high temperature and nutrient availability. This biofertilizer constitutes a perpetual source of nutrients and they do not
contaminate groundwater and deplete the resources. In addition to contributing 25-30 kg N / ha of biologically fixed
nitrogen, they also add organic matter to the soil, excrete growth-promoting substances, solubilize insoluble phosphates
and amend the physical and chemical properties of the soil (Venkataraman, 1972). Other potential benefits of
cyanobacteria growing in rice (paddy) fields are the production and release of inhibitors of plant pathogens, and the
amelioration of the negative effect of high salt concentrations on soils, allowing saline and soda soils to be brought into
agricultural assuage (Kaushik, 1985). The use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture has been enormously amplified due to
increased demand of food and there is little doubt regarding the use of chemical fertilizers coupled with crops to achieve
significant increment in yield. However, their indiscriminate use has also resulted in serious consequences for both soil and
water environments. Cyanobacteria currently seem to be offering a potentially environmental friendly alternative to the use
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of chemical fertilizers . Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes and colonizing microorganisms that are found
throughout the world and they are exceptionally well adapted to a wide array of environmental conditions. They can
enhance the plant growth directly and/or indirectly
Enrichment of Local strain of Nostoc:Inoculums of freshly collected terrestrial sample was processed aseptically for
isolation and purification propose The local strain of Nostoc (Mixture of Oscillatoria, Navacula) collected from College
ground and Cultures were purified as per the methods described by Kaushik (1987). Either purified isolates a number of
transfers in broth media or by solid agar plate method or by using antibiotics in the media (chloramphenicol, 25 mg/l
combined with penicillin 50 mg/l and antifungal antibiotics, fluconazole, 100 mg/l separately). The cultures were further
maintained in the broth medium in which it had exhibited maximum growth during enrichment experiments. (Figure 2)
Biomass production: The Plastic pond of 5 x 5x 2 is prepared and the mixture of 5kg of garden soil , three Kg . of
Superphosphate and pure culture(10 ml with BG11medium) of Nostoc is added (Figure 1.1) waiting for one month .
After one month the pond showing blooming of BGA (Figure 1.2) and allow to evaporate the water up to formation of
cakes and flakes (Figure 1.3) and then cakes and flakes were collected in sterile plastic bags (Figure 1.4) and the
physicochemical characters of soil like pH ,EC, Water holding capacity , field capacity was studied .
Effect on Dolichos biflorus: Pot experiments in laboratory were conducted to evaluate the phytostimulatory effect of
cyanobacterial strains on Dolichos biflorus. Seeds were surface-sterilized with 0.1% HgCl2 for 5 to 7 min with
continuous shaking. The seeds were then rinsed five times with sterile water to remove any trace of HgCl2. Seeds were
incubated in two strains of cyanobacterial suspension{Nostoc and Anabaena (filaments of 15 days old cultures were
homogenized to distribute them equally in the suspension)} . Water treated seeds were used as control. The pots (12cm
12 cm) used in experiment were sterilized by dipping them in 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 20 min. Control and
inoculated seeds (100 seeds per pot) were sown in sterilized pot containing autoclaved soil (approximately 300 g). The
pots were kept at 25 2C, 60% relative humidity, for 15 days. Pots were observed and watered regularly during this
period. After 45 days, plants were harvested and their growth parameters like germination % , root length , shoot length,
and physiological parameters like chlorophyll content, polyphenols were analysed.
The biomass production of local strain of Nostoc (BGA) was cultured by pit method and the Physicochemical characters
of garden soil and BGA containing soil were compared as shown in Table no.6.1.The pH of garden soil is 6.5 and BGA
containing soil is 6.so it is slightly acidic in nature, EC is 0.71 and 0.92 respectively,WHC (Water holding capacity ) is 65
in BGA containing soil as compare to garden soil , FC(Field capacity ) is more in( 36) BGA containing soil as compare to
garden soil ,SAR and total organic contain is also increased. The effect of two strains (Nostoc and Anaebena) on Dolichos
biflorus is shown in table 6.2 the germination of seed in control require 3-4 days while in Nostoc 4 -5 and 3 -4 days in
Anabaena, the root length and shoot length is also more (2.5 and 7.9) in Anabaena respectively, the total chlorophyll is
also more(74.6 and 89.53) in Nostoc and in Anabaena as compare to control,the polyphenol is more in Anabaena (1.6)in
Anabaena.
1
2
3
4
Figure 1. Biomass production Local strain of BGA
1.Soil+Superphosphate + Local strain 2. Blooming pond (after 30 days) 3. Pond showing cakes (after 60 days)
4. Bags showing BGA fertilizer
Table .1 Physicochemical characters of garden soil and BGA containing soil
Parameters
pH
E.C.
W.H.C.
F.C.
SAR
Total organic carbon,
mg/l
Garden soil
6.5
0.71
56
28
3.4
32
BGA containing soil

6
0.92
65
36
4.2
36
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Figure-2 Isolation of local strain in BG-11 Medium

Table 2. Effect of two isolates on Dolochos biflorus
Plant
Parameters
Germination time days
Root length. Cm
Shoot length.
Cm
Total chlorophyll
Polyphenol mg/100g
Dolochos biflorus
Control
3-4
2.1
7.8
80.90
1.00
Nostoc
4 -5
1.6
7.2
74.62
1.25
Anabaena
3 -4
2.5
7.9
89.53
1.6
Figure 3. Growth of Dolichos biflorus in pot with Anabaena

The present investigation was undertaken to isolate local strain of BGA and their effect on leguminous plant ( Dolichos
biflorus) can be suitably used in to increase the fertility of soil . BGA cultures were isolated from the soil and water
samples collected from diverse habitats enrichment technique has yielded many isolates but selected only two and
studied the effect on Doliochos biflorus the Anabaena strain shows better result as compare to Nostoc taken into
considering the morphological and physiological characters.This method is easy and cost sever to farmer.
REFERENCES
Kaushik B.D. (1985). Blue green algae in rice cultivation: An evaluation. Pro Soil Symp, Hisar, pp. 261-271.
Kaushik B.D. (1987). Laboratory Methods for Blue-Green Algae. Associated Pub. Co., New Delhi, India.
Kannaiyan S., Aruna S.J., Prem Kumari M.S. and Hall D.O. (1997). Immobilized cyanobacteria as a biofertilizer for
rice crops. J. Appl. Phycol. 9: 167-174.
Roger P.A. (1996). Biology and management of the floodwater ecosystem in rice fields. Intl Rice Res Inst, Manila,
Philippines.
Samal K.C. and Kannaiyan S. (1992). Ammonium excretion by Anabaena azollae immobilized in alginate and its effect
on the growth of rice seedlings. Intl. Rice. Res News Lett. 17: 21-22.
Somani L.L (2005). Handbook of Biofertilizers: Blue Green Algae. Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur, 289-486.
Venkataraman G.S. (1972).Algal Biofertilizer and Rice Cultivation. Today and Tomorrow Printers,Pub. New Delhi.
Venkataraman G.S. (1975). The role of blue-green algae in tropical rice cultivation. In: Nitrogen Fixation by Free-living
Micro-organisms. (Ed.) Stewart W.D.P., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 207-218.
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RP- 22
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AMONG THE COLLEGE STUDENTS
Dilip D. Gaikwad
Department of Geography, D. B. F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur.
(E-mail: dilip.gaikwad57@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Environmental Awareness, through mass education, is one of the most cost-effective ways of spreading the message of
environmental protection leading to action. Today the youth, the largest proportion in the country and the future
generation, is being considered as the appropriate target group for this purpose. College students with their academic
backgrounds and sensitivity towards social, economic and developmental issues are the much suitable target group for
spreading the message of environmental awareness. The present study is conducted to provide information and
difference about the level of environmental awareness of the students of both Junior and Senior College sections of
Arts and Science faculties of D. B. F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur. The required data is collected
through a self made questionnaire of 300 students, by using a systematic random sampling method. These questions
include majority of attributes related to environmental awareness, such as, resources, ecosystem, biodiversity,
conservation, environmental pollution, environmental degradation, disaster management, environmental protection
acts, sustainable development, public awareness, role of individual, etc. Five different hypotheses were formulated and
tasted. The result revealed that : i) Senior College students are more aware than that of Junior College students, ii)
Science faculty students are more aware than that of Arts faculty students, iii) The levels of environmental awareness
do not differ significantly among the boys students and girls students of both Junior college and Senior college
sections.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Disaster management, Ecology, Environmental awareness, Environmental degradation.
INTRODUCTION
The environment, as a whole, includes not only the physical or material factors, but also economical, social, cultural,
physiological, biological and all linked in the same constantly changing ecological fabric. Environment is a heritage and
common property of everybody and therefore the responsibility of all. Environmental concern has become centre of all
human activities the world over today. The present state of environment has become extremely fragile and vulnerable.
More serious thing is the lack of awareness and sensitivity of people with regard to environment, its health and delicate
ecological balance that constantly get dislocated disoriented on account of human action. Environmental awareness is not
only essential but extremely critical and vital to save and protect the environment from further deterioration. Though there
has been gradual increase in the awareness about the cause and impacts of environmental decline on human life in the
developed countries, such awareness and resultant actions are grossly lacking in the developing countries, mainly fighting
population growth, poverty and illiteracy. However, recent studies have shown that these factors are more interlinked and
responsible to future damage of environment.
The trends of environmental changes suggest that unless serious, committed and consistent actions are taken by everyone
today to protect and improve the environment around us, the future generation will have to face difficult scenarios of
resource crunch, pollution, population explosion and resultant socio-economic and political stress. It is therefore,
recommended by the environmental and educational experts and thinkers that the younger generation, especially college
students, need to be made aware of the entire gamut of the man and environment interrelationship. So by the time they will
take more eco-friendly decisions and made long term sustainable use of the then available resources for every one ensuring
a more just and sustainable and peaceful human society. Knowledge regarding environmental awareness of students is
likely to influence the behavior of society in terms of their values and attitudes too. It is assumed that a genre of
environmently aware students may play their meaningful preventive and productive role towards environment in the true
spirit of a stitch in time saves nine ! It is in this sense that the researcher intends to investigate and compare the levels of
environmental awareness among the students of Dayanand College.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To investigate the levels of environmental awareness among the college students.
To compare the levels of environmental awareness among the college students with regards to gender.
To compare the levels of environmental awareness among the Junior College students and Senior College students.
To compare the levels of environmental awareness among the Science Faculty students and Arts Faculty students.
HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY
There is no significant difference in Environmental Awareness between the boys and girls students.
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There is no significant difference in Environmental Awareness between the Junior College students and Senior
College students.
There is no significant difference in Environmental Awareness between the Science Faculty students and Arts Faculty
students.
There is no significant difference in Environmental Awareness between the boys and girls students in the Junior
College Section.
There is no significant difference in Environmental Awareness between the boys and girls students.
SOURCES OF DATA AND METHODOLOGY

The required data is collected through a self made questionnaire, which includes the knowledge of different attributes
related to environmental awareness, such as, resources, ecosystem, biodiversity, environmental pollution, disaster
management, environmental protection acts, public awareness, sustainable development, role of individual, etc (Agarwal,
1997; Birbal Saha, 2012; Garrett, 2005, Pareek and Ashok, 1995; Roy, 2006).Samples of 170 boys students and 130 girls
students from Junior and Senior College Sections of Arts and Science Faculties of D. B. F. Dayanand College of Arts and
Science, Solapur are selected by a systematic random sampling technique.
TOOL:Using some statistical techniques, researcher developed an Environmental awareness Scale ( t-value ) for
measuring Environmental Awareness.
1.
2.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table : t values of Environmental Awareness
Sr.
Category of
No. of
Mean value
Standard
Df
t
Significant
No.
the Students Studen
(M)
Deviation
values
Level
ts
(SD)
170
183.73
21.43
All
Boys
298
1.42
Not Significant
1
130
179.85
20.78
All
Girls
200
180.09
22.09
Junior
298
2.17
2
College
Significant at
0.05 level
100
188.16
19.33
Senior
College
150
194.67
22.56
Science
298
2.97
3
Faculty
Significant at
both levels
150
179.42
18.91
Arts Faculty
120
181.55
17.45
Jr. College
198
1.13
Not Significant
4
Boys
80
182.17
20.82
Jr. College
Girls
70
188.83
17.21
Sr. College
98
1.74
Not Significant
5
Boys
30
187.77
21.04
Sr. College
Girls
Table of Environmental Awareness among the students of Dayanand college, Solapur indicates that the Mean values of
183.73 and 179.85, Standard Deviations of 21.43 and 20.78 and the calculated t value between boys and girls students is
1.42, whereas the table value of Df = 298 at 0.05 level t value = 2.06, at 0.01 level t value = 2.74.
Here it is found that the calculated t value is less than the table value at 0.01 level and at 0.05 level. Thus it is evident
that there is no significant difference between the boys and girls
students with regard to Environmental Awareness.
Hence, the Hypothesis No. 1 is Retained.
The above table indicates that the Mean values of 180.09 and 188.16, the Standard Deviation values of 22.09 and 19.37
and the calculated t value between Junior College students and senior College students with regards to Environmental
awareness is 2.17, whereas the table value of Df =298 at 0.05 level t value = 2.06, at 0.01 level t value =2.74.
Here it is found that the calculated t value is less than the table value at 0.01 level
and greater than at 0.05 level. Thus
it is evident that there is significant difference between the Junior College students and Senior College
students with
regard to Environmental Awareness at 0.05 level. Hence, the Hypothesis No. 2 is Retained at 0.01 level but Rejected at
0.05 level.
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3.
4.
5.
Table also indicates that the Mean values of 194.66 and 179.42, the Standard Deviation values of 22.56 and 18.91 and the
calculated t value between Science Faculty students and Arts Faculty students with regards to Environmental awareness
is 2.97, whereas the table value of Df =298 at 0.05 level t value = 2.06, at 0.01 level t value =2.74.
The above figures indicate that there is significant difference in Environmental Awareness between Science Faculty
Students and Arts Faculty Students. Hence, the Hypothesis No. 3 is totally Rejected.
Environmental Awareness between the boys and girls students of Junior College is also depicted in the above table.The
Mean and Standard Deviation values are 181.55 and 182.17 and 17.45 and 20.82 respectively, with regards to
Environmental Awareness is 1.13,whereas the table value of Df= 198 at 0.05 level is 2.04 and at 0.01 level is 2.70.
The above figures clearly indicate that there is no significant difference in Environmental Awareness between the Boys
and Girls Students of Junior College Section. Hence, the Hypothesis No. 4 is Retained.
For the Df = 98 the t values at 0.05 level is 2.03 and at 0.01 level is 2.68. As far as the Boys and Girls Students of Senior
College Section are concerned the Mean Values are 188.83 and 187.77, whereas their Standard Deviation values are 17.21
and 21.04 with t value of 1.74, which is less at both levels.
The above figures clearly indicate that there is no significant difference in Environmental Awareness between the Boys
and Girls Students of Senior College Section. Hence, the Hypothesis No. 5 is also Retained.
CONCLUSION
Findings of the present study reveals that the College Students are mostly aware of Environmental knowledge. Senior
College Students are more aware than that of Junior College Students, as well as Science Faculty Students are more aware
than that of Arts Faculty Students. Knowledge regarding Environmental Awareness among the students influence the
behavior of society in terms of their values and attitudes. Since the man is the cause of environmental degradation seen
today, he is also the solution for improving the conditions. The Environmental Awareness with common man must be
based on scientific understanding and ethics of conservation. There is no short cut for improving environment, even with
new technologies or strict legislation, unless well informed public takes conscious decisions to restore the degraded
environment by changing personal attitudes and adopting Eco-Friendly life style with peoples participation. Students
should acquaintance with Environmental values and activities like formation and promotion of Eco-clubs, plantation
programs, Rain water harvesting, resource management, use of non-polluting energy resources, clean and green
environment, organizing environmental campaigns, rallies, debates, seminars, conferences, quiz competitions, essay
competitions, painting and drawing competitions, poster competitions, public awareness through mass-media, etc., etc.
REFERENCES
Agarwal (1997). Environmental Issues and Themes. APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
Birbal Saha (2012). A Comparative Study of Environmental Awareness Among Teacher Trainees of West Bengal,
Indian Streams Research Journal, vol.2.
Garrett (2005). Statistics in Psychology and Education, Paragon International Publishers, New Delhi.
Pareek and Ashok (1995). Environmental Awareness Among Secondary School Students. The Educational Review.
Roy (2006). Environmental Education, Recent Research Trends. University News. 44(12).
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A-1
A NEW HYPOTRICH CILIATE EUPLOTES DESHMUKHII N.SP. (CILIOPHORA: SPORADOTRICHIDA)
FROM FRESH WATER.
Deshmukh N Z.*, Nikam S. V.** and More B. V.**
*Department of Zoology, HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nasik, India.
**Protozoology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad,
India.
(Email: nzdeshmukh@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Water samples were collected from the different stagnant fresh water bodies of Aurangabad vicinity, Maharashtra, India.
The study had been undertaken for the period of two years from Aug 2007-July 2009. A new hypotrich ciliate Euplotes
deshmukhii n.sp. first time reported from this region. Present species compared with all the previously described species
of genus Euplotes. The size of cell, J shape of macronucleus, length of the AZM up to posterior end of the body, and
shape of peristomal plate distinguish this species from all previously described species. Hence the present species
considered new to science and described here as Euplotes deshmukhii n.sp.
Key words: Ciliate, Fresh water, Hypotrich, Protozoa.
A-2
PREVALENCE OF ZOONOTIC HELMINTH PARASITES OF THE MASTACEMBALIDAE IN FRESHWATER
FISHES FROM VIDHARHA REGION OF MAHARSHTRA STATE, INDIA.
Jaywant Dhole*, Anant Gaikwad*, Govind Balde** and Ram Chavan*
*Department of Zoology, Dr. B.A. Marathwwada University Aurangabad (M.S.), India
**Department of Zoology, G.T. Patil College, Nandurbar, (M.S.), India
(Email: jaywantdhole@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of helminth parasites of freshwater fishes from Vidharbha region of
Maharashtra state. The analysis of Mastacembalidae fishes of 487collected during seasons in June 2008- July 2010
revealed 8 species composing the helminth community. The material was then examined under a stereoscopic microscope.
Among Fishes examined 374 (94.5%) were found infected. The component species were Alazia (56.7%), Isoparorchis sp.
(71.2%), Senga spp. (29.7%), Phyllodistomum sp. Circumoncobothrium (19.1%), Procamallanus spp. (35.8%). Two of the
enumerated species, i.e. Senga and Circumoncobothrium, have zoonotic importance for fishes leading to diseases.
Therefore, monitoring of parasitic fauna in aquatic is necessary to recognize the fishs potential to spread zoonosis in
various regions of Vidharbha.
Keywords: Helminth parasite, Mastacembelidae, Prevalence, Vidharbha Region.
A-3
Phoreiobothrium mumbaiensis (Cestoidea : Onchobothridae) a new species from Trygon Zugei (Muller and Henle,
1841) from Mumbai coast (MS) India
Jagtap V. S., Bhagwan H. K. and A. D. Mohekar
P. G. Dept. of Zoology. S.M.D.Mohekar Mahavidyalaya, Kallam, Dist. Osmanabad-413507
(*E-mail: hemantbhagwan@rediffmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The present communication deals with an account of a new species of a cestode of the genus Phoreiobothrium (Linton,
1889). It differs from all other species of Phoreiobothrium. The new species Phoreiobothrium mumbaiensis is
characterized by having a scolex medium, with bothridium, hooks bifurcated, mature segment longer than broad, testes
rounded, 38 in number, cirrus pouch oval, vas deferens thin, posteriorly directed, ovary large, bilobed, ootype small,
genital pore medium, marginal, vitellaria granular.
KEY WORDS: Phoreiobothrium, Trygon zugei, Mumbai coast.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-4
ANALYSIS OF SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM (SNP): A KEY FOR PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
Sumitra L Bhalerao*, Rohini R Mane and Anilkumar S. Katti
Department of PG Studies and Research in Bioinformatics, Walchand Centre for Biotechnology, Solapur.
ABSTRACT
A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide -A, T, C or G - in
the genome differs between members of a biological species or paired chromosomes in an individual. The genomic
distribution of SNPs is not homogenous, SNPs usually occur in non-coding regions more frequently than in coding
regions. The factors like recombination and mutation rate can determine SNP density. SNP density can be predicted by the
presence of microsatellites. These genetic variations between the individuals in the non-coding parts of genome are
exploited in DNA fingerprinting, which is used in forensic science. Also, these genetic variations underlie differences in
our susceptibility to, or protection from all kinds of diseases. The severity of illness and the way our body responds to
treatments are also manifestations of genetic variations. Variations in the DNA sequences of humans can affect humans
diseases development and respond to pathogens, chemicals, drugs, vaccines, and other agents. SNPs are also thought to be
key enablers in realizing the concept of personalized medicine. The study of SNPs is also important in crop
and livestock breeding programs. SNPs in human genome lead various diseases like, Alzheimer's, Parkinsons,
osteoporosis, Cancer etc.
Keywords: DNA fingerprinting, mutation, personalized medicine, Recombination, SNP.
A-5
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MOSQUITO BY USING NOVEL INSECTICIDAL BACTERIAL SP
Mayuri Kulkarni, Ashwani Tare, Supriya. Kore and M. B. Khetmalas
Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics and Pharmacology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
Institute, Tathawade, Pune 411033
(E-mail: supriya.kore@dpu.edu.in )
ABSTRACT
Mosquitoes transmit some of the world's most serious diseases such as dengue, malaria and filariasis. Various control
measures have been taken to control the mosquito population. We have isolated some bacillus species from different
sources of mosquito habitat and mid gut of mosquito. Samples of running water, stagnant water and soil near the mosquito
habitat as well as mid gut of mosquito analyzed for the biocontrol agent isolation. All the samples were subjected to heat at
90C for 10 min for selective isolation of the Bacillus Sp. Two bacterial colonies selected from every culture plate and
studied for the morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization. These biological controls will prove to be
promising alternative to chemical agents.
Keywords: Biocontrol, Bacillus, insecticides, Mosquitoes.
A-6
DIVERSITY OF PLATYHELMINTHES IN FRESHWATER FISHES FROM MAHARASHTRA STATE, INDIA.
Jaywant Dhole and Ramrao Chavan
Department of Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad, (M.S.) India.
(E-mail:Jaywantdhole@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
The present study deals with diversity of Platyhelminthes were studied for taxonomic characteristics in relation with
geographic distribution and host species in freshwater fishes from Maharashtra state. During the present study (Oct. 2008
Sept. 2010) total 10 platyhelminthes (Cestodes and trematodes) were recorded. All these species differs from each other in
general topography of taxonomy. The parasites belonging to the class Cestoda are highly diversified with 07 different
species recorded followed by 3 species from the class Trematoda . The result shows that among seven species the
prevalence of Senga sp. Circumoncobothrium sp. Lytocestus sp. and Clinostomum sp, Isoparorchis sp. was high whereas it
was low in case of Gangesia sp, and Azygia sp. The present studies are helpful for the status of diversity of helminth
parasites from Maharashtra state.
Keywords: Diversity, Platyhelminthes, Freshwater fishes, Maharashtra.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-7
EFFECT OF CORIANDER SATIVUM, PIPER BETEL (BETEL LEAF) AND AZADIRACHTA INDICA
(NEEM) ON HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERES AGAINST CESTODE PARASITES OF
CAPRA HIRCUS
Dama L.B*, Chandarki M.S*, Dama S.B.**, Masuldar A.A*, Patil V.B.***
*Department of Zoology, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science Solapur.
**Department of Zoology, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, (M.S.), India.
***Department of Zoology, Shivaji College Barshi, District-Solapur, (M.S.), India.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the research was to obtain the effect of medicinal plants on the control of experimental multiple cestodes
infection as an antihelminthic of Gastro intestinal tract in Capra hircus, and their effect on body weight gain and
hematological parameter changes due to this parasitic infection.Helminths are the important cause of reducing the body
weight and producing the diseases. The experiment was conducted for a period of 28days to study the effect of Coriander
sativum. (@ 100mg/kg bwt.), Piper betel (betel leaf@100mg/kg bwt.), and Azadirachta indica (neem@100mg/kg bwt.),
against the gastrointestinal cestodes in goat. The effect of coriander, betel leaf and neem on some hematological parameters
(TEC, Hb, PCV, and TLC) and clinical parameters (body weight) were also observed. 24 goats which were naturally
parasitized were divided randomly into group of four and each group consisting of six (6) goats. Goats of Group A were
treated orally with the leaves of coriander. Group B were treated orally with the leaves of betel leaf. Group C were treated
orally with the leaves of neem and Group D was kept as infected control. Fecal samples, body weight , hematological
parameters were examined before treatment and on 3 rd ,10th ,17th , and 28th day. After treatment with coriander and neem
leaves the total erythrocyte count (TEC) , hemoglobin (Hb), content and packed cell volume (PCV) were gradually
increased significantly (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) and conversely the total leukocyte count (TLC) were decreased significantly
(P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). On the other hand TEC, Hb, PCV, were increased gradually increased on 3 rd day and 10th day in
betel leaf treatment but decreased on 17th and 28th day. Conversely the TLC were decreased on day 3 rd and day 10th in betel
leaf treatment but increased significantly on 17 th and 28th day. The body weight was also increased in Coriander, Neem,
and Betel leaf treated goats on the other hand body weight was significantly decreased in untreated control group. The
present study reveals that leaves of Coriander and Neem were moderately effective and Betel leaf was less effective against
the gastrointestinal cestodes in goats.
KEY WORDS: Cestodes, Coriander, Betel leaf, Neem leaf, Capra hircus (goat).
A-8
CEPHALINE GREGARINE FROM GRASS HOPPER DR. BAMU CAMPUS, AURANGABAD
Nikam S. V., Kanse V. S., Bhandari J. C., Bhambre B.N., and Tayde P.S.
Department of Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad (M. S.), India.
ABSTRACT
In the survey of the endoparasitic cephaline gregarines in the Aurangabad district of Marathwada, (M.S) gut of Grass
Hopper were found to be infested with a Lophocephalus spp. Of the genus Lophocephalus Labbe (1899). The
Lophocephalus spp. are oval in shape. Epimerite in this form is crown like. The protomerite of cephalont is broad
depressed. Deutomerite is subspherical. The nucleus is in spherical. Oocyst are hat shaped and asymmetrical.
Keywords: Grass Hopper, gut of Grass Hopper, Lophocephalus spp, Protozoa gregarine.
A-9
TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF PLANT CESTRUM NOCTURNUM L. (SOLANACEAE: SOLANALES)
ON FRESHWATER SNAIL LYMNEA ACUMINATA AND FISH POECILIA RETICULATA.
Jawale C .S.*, Dama L.B.* and Dama S.B.**
(*E-mail: csjawale@hotmail.com)
*Department of Zoology, HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-422005, Maharashtra, India.
**Department of Zoology, D.B.F. Dayananad College of Arts and Science, Solapur, (M.S.), India.
***Department of Zoology, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, (M.S.), India.
ABSTRACT
Cestrum nocturnum is a terrestrial plant of Solanaceae family containing many biologically active Phytochemicals. In
present study leaves were extracted with methanol to obtain dried methanolic extract of plant. Aquatic bioassays were
conducted to determine piscicidal and molluscicidal activity. It shows a promising activity on snail Lymnea accuminata
and fish Poecilia reticulata. LC50 was determined on P. reticulata as 3.23ppm for 24hrs and 2.82 ppm for 48 hrs. While for
snail L. acuminata. It was found to be 6.96 ppm for 24 hrs and 3.92 ppm for 48 hrs. Behavioral responses were also noted
during such exposure to elaborate the toxic nature of plant extract. Possibly saponin content present in extract is
responsible for the death of these aquatic organisms. Further purification of this extracts may lead to the emergence of
ecologically safe piscicide and molluscicide to kill trash fishes and snails in aquaculture.
Keywords: Cestrum nocturnum, Biocide, Lymnea acuminata, Poecilia reticulata, Plant extract.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-10
DEVELOPMENT OF ENZYME BIOSENSOR FOR DOPAMINE ESTIMATION IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
Kavita Shah* and Priyanka Singh
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U. P., India.
ABSTRACT
Enzyme peroxidases have immense potential for large scale utilization in diagnostics and bioprocess industries which in
general require, less amounts of expensive yet stable enzyme. Dopamine is the immediate metabolic precursor of
noradrenaline and adrenaline. It is a central neurotransmitter and plays a major role in the brain system. In general,
dopamine concentration in physiological fluids is very low ~0.01-1 M for healthy people. Neurological disorders are
generally associated with altered dopamine levels. In degenerative neurological disorders such as Parkinsonss disease,
Dopamine level goes down whereas Schizophrenia is associated with either increase or decrease in levels of dopamine in
different areas of brain. Dopamine is available under the trade names Intropan, Inovan, Revivan, Dopastat, etc. or as an
intravenous medication. L-DOPA (the precursor of dopamine) is often given to treat because it crosses the bloodbrain
barrier relatively easily and increases the amount of dopamine in the brain of patients with Parkinson's disease and doparesponsive dystonia. No known biosensors for dopamine are commercially available. Laboratorical methods are still used
to determine the dopamine levels. Extensive research is being carried out employing various kinds of matrices and
modifiers in order to develop a sensitive and easy to use dopamine biosensor. We developed a peroxidase enzyme based
dopamine biosensor with sensitivity in the detection range of 5 M to 100 mM and a detection limit of 0.1 M. No
interference from ascorbic acid or uric acid was noted and well separated peaks for each were obtained with cyclic
voltametry studies.
Keywords: Biological fluids, dopamine, Enzyme peroxidases,
A-11
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ON FEW SOLANACEAE PLANTS
Byale G.K. and Murumkar S.K.
C.B. Khedgis B. Science College, Akkalkot, (M.S.), India.
ABSTRACT
The familiarity with plant species producing medicine, essential oil and insecticides dates back to the beginning of
civilization. Medicinal plants continue to be an important therapeutic acid for alleviating ailments of human kind.
Medicinal plants originate from every part of the Globe. India is rich in medicinal plant diversity hence India can be
virtually called as the Herbarium of the world and also appropriately called Botanical Garden of the word .the
beneficial medicinal effects of plant material typically results from the combination s secondary products present in the
plants like alkaloids, steroids, tannin and terpenoid, which are synthesized and deposited in specific parts of the plant body.
In this present study our aim is to screen and test the antimicrobial activity of Solanum tubarosum, Linn., S.
xanthocarpum, schard and wendll., Datura stramonium, Linn., Physalis minima, Linn., Solanum melongena, Linn.,
Solanum nigrum, Linn., the all six Solanaceae plant extracts were tested. The cup plate method was used to assess the
activity against the four bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli proteus vulgoris and
two fungus Aspergillus niger and A. flavus. It was found that Butanolic extract of S.nigrum exhibited maximum inhibitory
effect against the E.coli and S.melongena exhibited maximum inhibitory effect against the A. flavus.
Keywords: Aspergillus flavus, bacterial spp., inhibition, Solanaceae, plant extract.
A-12
STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS/PEPTIDES IN DISINFECTION OF WATER
Glen DSouza, Rupali Parmanand, Supriya Kore and Khetmalas M. B.
Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics and Pharmacology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
Institute, Tathawade, Pune 411033.
(E-mail: supriya.kore@dpu.edu.in)
ABSTRACT
A wide variety of organisms produce antimicrobial peptides as part of their first line of defense. These peptides as a
defensins have broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In the present work we have extracted and purified plant
peptides/proteins from six different plant seeds. Protein contains in crude and purified seed extracts were from estimated by
Folin-Lowery method. Plant seed crude and purified extracts used for the antimicrobial activity. Among the plant extract
Moringa olifera, Zea mays and Vigna unguiculata were sensitive to bacterial strains but not the fungal cultures. Zea mays
crude extract showed activity but not the purified. These three plant extracts were used for water disinfection for well and
sewage water samples from Pune. The result of coagulation showed that plant extracts improve the quality of the water.
All three seed peptide extracts might represent environment-friendly substitutes to commonly used coagulation and
disinfecting agents.
Keywords: Antibacterial, Disinfectionof water, Peptides.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-13
ANTIFUNGAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SCALES OF ALLIUM CEPA L.
Parashare V.M.*, Mapari S.B.* and Nade V.S.**
*Department of Biochemistry, K.T.H.M. College, Nashik,- 422002, (M.S.), India.
**Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nasik, (M.S.), India.
(E-mail: parashare@gmail.com)
ABSTRCT
The objective of the present study was to isolate and identify active chemical constituents from scales of Allium Cepa; to
evaluate its antifungal and antioxidant activities. The red onion bulbs were collected and authenticated. The scales were
then separated from the bulbs and subjected to drying in the shed and pulverized. Moisture and ash contents were
determined. The powdered plant material was defatted using petroleum ether (60-80C) by Soxhlet extractor and then
extracted by methanol for 72 h to obtain the extract. Extracts were filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
Antifungal activity of methanol extract was determining using Candida Albicans, Aspergillus Niger and Aspargillus
Fumigeant fungal strains. Phytochemical screening for the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and
carrotenoids were carried out. Using thin layer chromatographic technique the phytochemicals were isolated,
chromatogram was developed and Rf values were determined. The spots were isolated, dissolved in solvent and subjected
to UV Spectroscopy.The obtained results are 258 nm,( Quicertin), 265nm ( Tannins). Using FT-IR spectroscopy functional
groups were assigned to the prominent peaks in order to characterize the compounds. HPTLC analysis was carried out for
quantitative studies results in 29.853% quicertin. Gallic acids was also conformed. By standard graph the total antioxidant
activity was found to be 350 ugm ascorbic acid equivalent per ml of extract. Estimation of total tannin, are 600 ugm
Tannic acid equivalent per ml of extract and of phenolic contents 225 ugm quicertin equivalent per ml of extract The
methanol extract showed significant antifungal activity against Candida Albicans, Aspergillus Niger and Aspergillus
Fumigatus strain.
Keywords: Allium cepa, antifungal activity, phytochemical study.
A-14
USE OF NEGATIVE AIR IONIZATION FOR REDUCING BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Sawant V. S.
Department of Physics, Y.C. Institute of Science, Satara-415001, Maharashtra, India.
(E-mail:vssycis@gmail.com, Mobile:9822860215)
ABSTRACT
The use of chemicals in food plant sanitation for removing and killing microorganisms could be reduced by the use of nonchemical methods. Negative air ionization is a new technology that has shown potential to effectively reduce airborne and
surface microorganisms. An electrostatic space charge system (ESCS) generates a strong negative charge that is transferred
to bacteria on stainless steel coupons. Current studies have shown reduction of mixed populations from environmental
samples, bacterial pathogens, and bacterial spores. The levels of biofilm bacteria on stainless steel surfaces were decreased
with 94 % efficiency. In this study, the power of the charge was varied by adjustment of the voltage and/or moving the
ground plane closer or further from the electrode points. Treatment of selected bacteria of food safety importance achieved
95 % reduction efficiency in 3 hours. Treatment of selected spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus achieved 94 % reduction
efficiency in three hours. These data indicate that the ESCS could have an impact in a facility by directly killing bacteria
and spores on surfaces.
Keywords: Negative Air Ionization, Electrostatic Space Charge System, microorganisms, Efficiency Reduction.
A-15
CYANOPHYCEAN ALGAE INHABITING SODIC SOIL EXHIBIT DIVERSE MORPHOLOGY
Suryawanshi D. S. and Bavage A. M.
Department of Botany ASC College andur Taluka-Tuljapur Dist. Osmanabad (M. S.), India.
Department of Botany SMP College Murum Taluka-Omerga Dist. Osmanabad (M. S.), India.
ABSTRACT
A soil pot experiment was conducted in soil containing two exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) Level normal 4.3 and
high 54.5 ESP levels. The soils used in experiment were collected from different normal conditions to assess the algal
biodiversity and changes in morphology of algae. The genera reported at high ESP were Oscillotoria and colony of
Anabena while in normal soil these were absent. The heterocyst chain was also observed in soil of high ESP while in
normal soil it was reported. Heterocyst was much different than those reported. The chemical properties of soil e.g. pH.
Exchangeable sodium and ESP were decrease while carbon and total nitrogen content were increased after year algal
growth
Keywords: Anabena, Oscillotoria, sodium percentage.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-16
EFFECT OF IDOL IMMERSION ON FRESH WATER LAKES IN SOLAPUR CITY.
Shaikh A.A, Sathe K.B. and Rase T.S
Department of Zoology, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur.
ABSTRACT
Now a days the water bodies are getting polluted and are severely affected by the idol immersion which are taking place
during the festival of the Ganesh Chaturthi. The Idols (statues) are made of plaster of Paris, In addition to the POP other
toxicants, dyes, different types of metal, oil points are been added to the lakes. Due to this the aquatic life has been greatly
affected and also environmental pollution has led to a great extent .To overcome these problems water samples are
analyzed of above mentioned lakes .The parameters selected are pH, Co2, O2, and hardness of water .Samples were
collected from the respected lakes ,according to idol immersion festival such that Pre-immersion, immersion and post
immersion .Before 15 days after 2 days after 15 days .And selected the same site for the collection of water sample at the
same timing morning at 9 am. According to observation, there found variations in the reading. There was no significant
effect after the 2 days of immersion, but after 15 days it shows many variations such as great increase in CO2, hardness.
pH become slightly basic and there was decline in dissolved oxygen .General trends observed are Pre-immersion( 15
days)<Immersion(2nd day)<Post-immersion( 15 days).
Keywords: Freshwater lakes, pH, Plaster of Paris.
A-17
CURATIVE ROLE OF CAFFEINE (1,3,7-TRIMETHYLEXANTHINE) ON CADMIUM BIOACCUMULATION
IN FRESHWATER BIVALVE, LAMELLIDENS CORRIANUS (LEA)
Mulajkar M.O., Zambare S. P.* and Nawale S.P.
Department of Zoology, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur, Maharashtra, India.
*Department of Zoology, Dr. B.A.M. University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.
(E-mail: nawalesachin7@gmail.com; meghamulajkar@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The present communication deals with the effectiveness of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylexanthine) in cadmium
induced toxicity in an experimental model, the freshwater bivalves, Lamellidens corrianus. The effect on bivalves was
studied under nine groups. Group A bivalves were maintained as control, group B bivalves were exposed to chronic dose
of cadmium chloride (0.48 ppm) for 20 days, group C bivalves were exposed to respective chronic concentration of
cadmium chloride along with of caffeine (1mg/l). Cadmium bioaccumulation was estimated in whole soft body from each
group after 10 and 20 days. Bivalves from group B were divided for recovery into two groups D and E after 20 days
exposure to cadmium. D group bivalves were allowed to cure in normal water, E group bivalves were exposed to caffeine
(5mg/l). From each recovery groups, after 3,6 and 9 days some bivalves were removed and cadmium content in whole soft
body of bivalves were estimated, cadmium bioaccumulation was significantly higher on exposure to cadmium, while the
decrease in presence of caffeine. During recovery cadmium content recovered and the rate of recovery was faster in
caffeine exposed bivalves as compare to those recovered in normal water. The probable role of the caffeine (1, 3, 7,trimethylxanthine) is discussed in the paper.
Keywords: bioaccumulation, caffeine, cadmium, Lamellidens corrianus.
A-18
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MYCOFLORA FROM COMPOST AND VERMICOMPOST.
Murumkar S. K. and Byale G. K.
C.B. Khedgis B. Science College, Akkalkot, District- Solapur (M.S.), India.
ABSTRACT
During the present study the qualitative and quantitative composition of the mycoflora of both compost and vermicompost
fungi were isolated using two different media( PDA, Martins rose Bengal) inoculated at two temperature { 25 OC and 35
O
C } substantial qualitative and quantitative differences in the species composition of the two compost were observed. The
total 70 fungi were isolated 45 from compost and 36 from vermin- compost. Majority species are common to both
structural characterization of this kind is necessary to determine the most appropriate application of compost and its
quality.
Keywords: Compost, fungi, Mycoflora
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-19
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ON FEW SOLANACEAE PLANTS
Byale G.K. and Murumkar S.K.
C.B. Khedgis B. Science College, Akkalkot, (M.S), India.
ABSTRACT
The familiarity with plant species producing medicine, essential oil and insecticides dates back to the beginning of
civilization. Medicinal plants continue to be an important therapeutic acid for alleviating ailments of human kind.
Medicinal plants originate from every part of the Globe. India is rich in medicinal plant diversity hence India can be
virtually called as the Herbarium of the world and also appropriately called Botanical Garden of the word .the
beneficial medicinal effects of plant material typically results from the combination s secondary products present in the
plants like alkaloids, steroids, tannin and terpenoid, which are synthesized and deposited in specific parts of the plant body.
In this present study our aim is to screen and test the antimicrobial activity of Solanum tubarosum, Linn., S.
xanthocarpum, schard and wendll., Datura stramonium, Linn., Physalis minima, Linn., Solanum melongena, Linn.,
Solanum nigrum, Linn., the all six Solanaceae plant extracts were tested. The cup plate method was used to assess the
activity against the four bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli proteus vulgoris and
two fungus Aspergillus niger and A. flavus. It was found that Butanolic extract of S.nigrum exhibited maximum inhibitory
effect against the E.coli and S.melongena exhibited maximum inhibitory effect against the A. flavus.
Keywords: Aspergillus flavus, bacterial spp., inhibition, Solanaceae, plant extract.
A-20
AIR QUALITY STATUS IN INDIA AND ACTION PLAN FOR CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM
SOLAPUR CITY
Raut S.D., Mente R.S. and Shinde A.R.
Department of Computer Science and Applications, School of Computational Sciences,
Solapur University, Solapur, Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT
Enormous increase in number of vehicles has resulted in increased emission of air pollutants and as a result, levels of air
pollutants such as suspended particulate matter are found to exceed the prescribed standards in various cities. Urbanization
in India is more rapid in and around National Capital as well as the State Capitals and, over the years, these cities have
become major centers for commerce, industry and education. The Honorable Supreme Court has also identified sixteen
cities in addition to Delhi for which action plans are being formulated and implemented to control air pollution. This paper
present report to address the pollution problem in Solapur city. The main sources of air pollution are vehicles, natural dust
and industries. Number of vehicles has increased over the last few years. These vehicles are one of the major sources of air
pollution. Out of these vehicles, 2-stroke two wheelers dominate in number. Due to power shortage, there are generators
that are being used which also contribute to ambient air pollution. Other sources include natural dust, re-suspension of dust
from unpaved roads etc. The reason for high particulate matter levels may be small scale industries, biomass incineration,
boilers, re-suspension of traffic dust, commercial and domestic use of fuels. This paper discusses trends of air pollutants
and the effects of various actions taken so far to control air pollution.
Keywords: Air quality status, Air pollution, particulate matter.
A-21
BIOELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM WASTEWATER USING MICROBIAL FUEL CELL (MFC)
Chonde Sonal G., Mishra A. S. and Raut P. D.
Department of Environmental Science, Shivaji University, Kolhapur
ABSTRACT
Renewable source of energy is a need of developing countries to fulfill their present and future energy requirement.
Electrical energy demand up to some extent can be fulfilled by Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). Microbial Fuel Cell technology
represents a new form of renewable energy by generating electricity from waste. In present study the feasibility and
potential of bioelectricity production from industrial wastewater (Black liquor) and sewage wastewater is observed. The
industrial wastewater and sewage wastewater showed bioelectricity production up to 826 mV and 594 mV with COD
removal of 60% and 24% respectively. Bioelectricity production from growth enhancer like glucose and mediator i.e.
methyl orange was also observed.
Keywords: Bioelectricity production, Microbial fuel cell, Wastewater treatment.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-22
ALTERATIONS IN PROTEIN CONTENTS OF FRESHWATER BIVALVE, LAMELLIDENS MARGINALIS
AFTER EXPOSURE TO THIAMETHOXAM AND TRIAZOPHOS.
Rane Minakshi, Mahajan A. Y. and Zambare S. P. *
Department of Zoology, D. N. College, Faizpur, Tal.-Yawal, Dist. Jalgaon-425503, (M.S.), India.
*Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India
(Email: - minakshirane1@gmail.com, mahajan.ay@gmail.com and sureshchandraz@yahoo.co.in)
ABSTRACT
Freshwater bivalves, Lamellidens marginalis were exposed to acute and chronic doses of thiamethoxam and triazophos.
The aim of investigation was to evaluate the effect of pesticides on the protein contents in different tissues of L. marginalis.
The effects were studied and observed into two groups as control and experimental. The experimental groups were exposed
to different concentrations of thiamethoxam and triazophos as 24 hrs. to 96 hrs. for acute and 7 days to 21 days for chronic
dose. Tissues like foot, mantle, gills, gonads, digestive gland and whole body were removed and dried at 80 oC and the dry
powders were used for protein estimation. The results are reported in mg/100 mg dry weight of tissue. In present
investigation, the protein contents were found to be significantly decreased. Among the exposed group, triazophos was
found to be more toxic with maximum decrease in protein contents as compared to control and thiamethoxam. From the
results, it is also observed that there was decrease in protein contents with increase in period of exposure.
Keywords: acute, chronic, Lamellidens marginalis, thiamethoxam, triazophos and protein.
A-23
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM GREEN TOBACCO LEAVES (NICOTINA TOBACCUM)
Gargade V.A. and Nilesh Rajendra Yemul
Walchand Center for Biotechnology, Solapur (M.S.), India.
ABSTRACT
Tobacco (Nicotina tobaccum) can generate a large amount of inexpensive biomass more efficiently than almost any other
agricultural crop when grown for energy production instead for smoking. The current research is focused on using green
tobacco as a feedstock for ethanol production. Since green tobacco leaves has high amount of reducing sugar as compared
to the sugarcane which is currently used for the production of ethanol. As compared to the methodology of production of
ethanol from sugarcane it is easiest way to produce ethanol from green tobacco leaves as there is no need of any supporting
media for production. Thus, it is possible to yield high amount of bioethanol having good quality in affordable conditions.
Keywords: Bioethanol, Biomass, Green Tobacco Leaves, Reducing sugar.
A-24
DESCRIPTION AND REVIEW OF SIX SPECIES OF TREMATODE GENUS PHILOPHTHALMUS LOOSS,
1899 FROM UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA
Shuvajit Chakrabarti, Anindita Ghosh and Venkataraman, K.
Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New-Alipore, Kolkata-53
ABSTRACT
Aquatic, terrestrial and arboreal birds are found to harbour in their conjuctiva various species of trematodes, belonging to
the genus Philophthalmus Looss, 1899. More than thirty species have been described so far from various zoo-geographical
region of the world. As many as fifteen species have been described or recorded so far from dove, pigeon, duck, fowl,
vulture, eagle and kingfisher from India. Authors obtained three specimens to the above mentioned genus from the
conjunctiva of one common crow, Corvus spendens, from Muradabad, UttarPradesh constituting a new record from the
state and new host record showing some interesting variation of characters of taxonomic importance. A review of the
species under the genus Philophthalmus described from Uttar Pradesh, India forms the subject matter of the
communication.
Keywords: Trematode, Philophthalmus Looss, Revision, Uttar Pradesh,
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-25
CHANGES IN THE GLYCOGEN CONTENT OF FRESHWATER BIVALVE LAMELLIDENS MARGINALIS
FROM JAYAKWADI DAM DURING DIFFERENT SEASONS.
Mangesh Jadhav* and Vedpathak A.N.**
*Department of Zoology, Jeevan Vikas Mahavidyalay, Shivoor, Tq Vaijapur Dist- Aurangabad-431116
**Department of Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431004
(E-mail: mangesh22186@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
In the present study, variation in the glycogen contents of Lamellidens marginalis from Jayakwadi dam, at Paithan near
Aurangabad was observed during different seasons. As environmental condition changes, it shows an effect on glycogen
contents in the tissues like mantle, hepatopancreas, gonad and foot. The glycogen contents are great fluctuation in all the
tissues during different seasons. During monsoon season, the maximum values found in the glycogen content from foot.
During summer season, the glycogen contents maximum values found in gonad. This shows the glycogen contents during
different seasons and in different tissues. The bivalve mollusk shows maximum variation from gonad, as it undergoes
different stages like, development, maturation, and spawning during different seasons.
Keywords: Lamellidens marginalis, glycogen, Jayakwadi dam
A-26
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS TO DESIGN SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE
VACCINE FROM NAJA NAJA TOXIN D (NXL4)
Sherkhane A.S., Changbhale S.S., Chitlange N.R. and Gomase V.S.*
*Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Jhunjhunu Rajasthan, 333001, India
(*Corresponding author. E-mail: gomase.viren@gmail.com, +91-9987770696)
ABSTRACT
A neurotoxin toxin D, was found in the venom toxin of Naja naja. The venom contains four long (toxins A, B, C and D)
and two short neurotoxins (toxins I and II). Among Toxin D consists of 71 amino acid residues in a single peptide chain
cross-linked by five intermolecular disulfide bridges. Toxin D neurotoxin produces peripheral paralysis by blocking
neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic site. It also binds to muscular and neuronal (only alpha-7 alpha-8 alpha-9)
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Naja naja Toxin D (NXL4) sequence having 71 amino acids, which shows 63 nonamers.
Small peptide regions found as High affinity TAP Transporter peptide regions as, 23 - KTWCDGFCR (score- 6.662), 19VCYTKTWCD (Score-6.532) .We also found the SVM based MHCII peptide regions which represented predicted binders
from Naja naja Toxin D .
Keywords: Naja naja, Toxin D, Antigenic peptides, MHC-Binders, PSSM, SVM, Nonamers.
A-27
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ECOFRIENDLY ENDOPHYTES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANT
PATHOGENS
Shaik Thahir Basha*, N.P. Eswara Reddy** and M. Nagalakshmi Devamma***
*Microbiology Division, Department of Virology, S.V. University, Tirupati-517502. A.P., India.
**College of Food Science and Technology, ANGRAU, Pulivendula-516390. A.P., India
***Department of Botany, S.V. University, Tirupati-517502. A.P., India.
(*E-mail: thahirbashas@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important fruit crops in India and Andhra Pradesh ranks the first in
production and productivity (45.89 lakh tonnes) is severely affected with the devastating anthracnose disease caused by
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides reducing the fruit quality responsible for 30 to 60% of harvest losses. Among the putative
leaf endophytes isolated in across Andhra Pradesh, the endophytes viz., EB9 (100%) and EB35 (100%) were superior in
suppressing C.gloeosporioides were cloned and identified as Brevundimonas bullata (EB09) and Bacillus thuringiensis
(EB35) respectively based on 16S rRNA analysis. The potential leaf endophyte Bacillus thuringiensis (EB35) along with
its compatible fungicide thiophanate methyl proved to be the best combination in combating the anthracnose disease both
in vitro and in field trials and delayed in ripening of the mango fruits upto 14 days. Molecular characterization of these
endophytes using RAPD and 16S rDNA-RFLP reflected the polymorphism among the potential endophytes by generating
a total of 135 reproducible and scorable polymorphic bands ranging approximately as low as 50 bp to as high as 4000 bp
and the unique fragment of 800 bp amplified with RAPD A series primers can be developed as SCAR marker. Field trials
were conducted for two consecutive years with the talc based formulations of these endophytes and the shelf life was
evaluated upto 150 days. In this context research on development of ecofriendly commercial products specific to particular
geographical region against plant pathogens are herewith proposed.
Keywords: Endophytes, Plant pathogens, Mangifera indica.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-28
PHYTOPLANKTON STYDY OF KALOOR DAM, UDGIR, DIST.LATUR (M.S.)
Nagpurne V.S.* and Patwari J.M.**
*Department of Botany, Maharashtra Udaygiri Mahavidyalaya Udgir, Maharashtra.
** Department of Environmental Science, Maharashtra Udaygiri Mahavidyala Udgir, Maharashtra.
ABSTRACT
The present paper deals with the Plankton diversity of kaloor dam near Udgir dist Latur (M.S.). The water spred area 5 to 6
Sq. Km. The phyroplankton represented by Chlorophyceae, Bascillariophyceae and Cynophyceae. The plankton constitutes
the basic food sources of any aquatic ecosystem, which supports fish and other aquatic animals. Planktons also play
important role in carbon dioxide balance in the fresh water. In present investigation study has been done in relation to the
environmental parameters like pH, Temperature, Dissolved oxygen and chlorides in different seasons. Remarkable
fluctuations of plankton abundance were found in the lake Kaloor dam.
Key words: Kaloor dam, phytoplankton, seasonal variations , water quality.
A-29
EFFECT OF EMS AND GAMMA RAYS ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF COWPEA
Patil M. T., Wagh S. M., Mali K. B. and Apparao B. J 1.
Department of Biotechnology, New Arts Commerce and Science College, Ahmednagar (M.S.), India.
Jijamata College of Arts and Science, Bhende, Ahmednagar (M.S.), India.
(E-mail: manojtpatil@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) is one of the major sources of plant protein in the world. The nutritional value of
cowpea has long been recognized. This study was conducted to examine the influence of mutation induction on nutritional
quality of cowpea. Healthy, mature and pure dry sample of cowpea mutant seeds were ground to fine powder along with
control and used for proximate biochemical analysis in present experiments. Data were collected on total carbohydrate
content, reducing sugar content, phenol content, tannin content, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content for different
mutant genotypes as well as control. Results from the proximate analysis showed significant variation among mutant and
control genotypes for all parameters. Some of the mutants are much better than the parent or control. They are therefore
recommended for inclusion in cowpea breeding programme for improved seed and nutritional quality.
Keywords: Cowpea, mutation, chemical composition, nutritional value.
A-30
STUDY OF COLONY CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA FROM THE VERMICOMPOST OF TENDU
LEAF LITTER
Rao K.R*., Kadam D.S.**, Dama L.B.***, Shende O.S.***, Deshpande S.N.** and Mushan L.C***
* Department of Zoology, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur (M.S.), India.
**Department of Zoology, D.B.F.Dayanad College of Arts and Science, Solapur, (M.S.), India.
***Department of Zoology, D.B.F.Dayanad College of Arts and Science, Solapur, (M.S.), India.
ABSTRACT
Vermibiotechnology is used for recycling any of the organic solid waste. The vermicomposting earthworms convert
biomass into useful bio-fertilizer. This process involves a lot of microbial action which hastens the production of
vermicompost from tendu, Diospyros melanoxylon waste. Therefore, vermicomposting helps in the proper disposal by
improving the physical quality of the waste .In the present investigation an attempt has been made to study the changes in
the microbial population of the vermicompost produced from the tendu leaf litter using exotic earthworm species, Eudrilus
eugeniae.
Keywords: Tendu leaf litter, Vermicompost, Vermitechnology.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-31
SOIL MICROBIAL RESPONSE TO PAPER INDUSTRY EFFLUENTS
K. Venkateswar Reddy*, @T. Vijayalakshmi*, M,Lakshmi Narasu**, L.Saida**
*Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Hyderabad 500085, A.P., India
**Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
(@E-mail: tatipatri@jntuh.ac.in, Phone: +91 9440896661)
ABSTRACT
Release of industrial effluents causes indicative changes in nutrient cycling and organic matter processing. In view of
importance of soil enzymes in biochemical functioning of natural resource - soil system for recycling of nutrients, impact
of industrial effluents on enzyme activities in soil such as, cellulase, protease, amylase and urease were examined in this
study. In this direction, soil samples were collected from Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills, Rajmandry, Andhra Pradesh, India.
The experimental results indicated that, most of the physicochemical properties such as silt, clay, electrical conductivity,
water holding capacity, organic matter and total nitrogen contents, microbial population and selected enzyme activities
were significantly higher in the test sample than in the control. Additionally, activities were increased with increasing the
incubation period up to 21 d over 0 d, however, activities were adversely affected at 28 d. Furthermore, relatively higher
activities were observed in soil incubated in the presence of substrate than in the absence of substrate.
A-32
ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF INFECTIOUS NOSOCOMIAL MICROORGANISMS
K. Venkateswar Reddy*, @Archana Giri**, Saleema Mohammadi Fahmida**, E. Deepthi**, M. Hemalatha**
*Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
**Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
(@E-mail: email: archanagirin@yahoo.co.in; cell:-9849028367)
ABSTRACT
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death across the world. Evolution of antimicrobial drug resistant bacteria is a
major health concern and extremely difficult to overcome. Nosocomial infections encompass all the clinical infections that
do not originate from patients, original admitting diagnosis. Critically ill patients have greater risk of developing
nosocomial infections with resistant strains. Its incidence in developing nations is 5-10%. However, in India one in four
patients admitted in hospital acquire nosocomial infections. There incidence is 4-5 times greater in general ward. By
morphological and biochemical reactions, strains of E.coli, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter were isolated,
identified and tested for their antibiotic sensitivities. All the isolates were found to be resistant to ampicillin and penicillin
and were sensitive to streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. This study is an attempt to detect the presence of
antibiotic resistant pathogens in government hospital.
A-33
STUDY OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PEPTIDES ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND
IMMUNOCHEMICAL LEVELS FROM LONG NEUROTOXIN (NXL1) NAJA OXIANA
Sherkhane A.S., Changbhale S.S., Chitlange N.R. and Gomase V.S.*
*Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Jhunjhunu Rajasthan, 333001, India
(*E-mail: gomase.viren@gmail.com, +91-9987770696)
ABSTRACT
Neurotoxin (NXL1) is a long neurotoxin from the venom of Naja naja oxiana having 73 amino acids. Toxin from
Neurotoxin (NXL1) acts by binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic membrane of skeletal
muscles and preventing the binding of acetylcholine, thereby blocking the excitation of muscles. Neurotoxins are important
materials for making structure-function correlations with biologically active peptides on the physicochemical and
immunochemical levels and also are good models for observing the evolutional changes in protein molecules. This
program predicts those segments from Long neurotoxin (NXL1) Naja oxiana that are likely to be antigenic by eliciting an
antibody response. Antigenic epitope is determined using the Hopp and Woods, Welling and Protrusion Index (Thornton),
Parker antigenicity methods. Predictions are based on a table that reflects the occurrence of amino acid residues in
experimentally known segmental epitopes.
Keywords: Amino acids, Naja, Neurotoxin, Peptides
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-34
DETOXIFICATION OF CAFFEINE BY HALOTOLERENT PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA-N53
Nakade D.B.
Government of Maharashtra Rajaram College, Kolhapur-416004
(E-mail: nakadedhanraj@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a stimulant drug. Caffeine is found in varying quantities
in the seeds, leaves, and fruit of some plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects
feeding on the plants. It is most commonly consumed by humans in infusions extracted from the seed of the coffee plant
and the leaves of the tea bush, as well as from various foods and drinks containing products derived from the kola nut.
Other sources include yerba mat, guarana berries, guayusa, and the yaupon holly. In humans, caffeine acts as a central
nervous system stimulant, temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. It is the world's most widely
consumed psychoactive drug, but, unlike many other psychoactive substances, it is both legal and unregulated in nearly all
parts of the world. Beverages containing caffeine, such as coffee, tea, soft drinks, and energy drinks, enjoyed with a great
popularity. Caffeine is toxic at sufficiently high doses, Caffeine overdose can result in a state of central nervous system
over-stimulation called caffeine intoxication or colloquially the "caffeine jitters". The symptoms of caffeine intoxication
are comparable to the symptoms of overdoses of other stimulants: they may include restlessness, fidgeting, anxiety,
excitement, insomnia, flushing of the face, increased urination, gastrointestinal disturbance, muscle twitching, a rambling
flow of thought and speech, irritability, irregular or rapid heartbeat, and psychomotor agitation. In cases of much larger
overdoses, mania, depression, lapses in judgment, disorientation, disinhibition, delusions, hallucinations, or psychosis may
occur, and rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue) can be provoked. By considering this in the present study
a bacterium halotolerent Pseudomonas putida N-53 is isolated from saline soils of Kolhapur District of Maharashtra. The
isolate Pseudomonas putida N-53 was identified by 16srRNA analysis. Detoxification study indicated that the isolate
degrades caffeine completely in to non toxic products at 37 OC, 120 rpm agitation, within 48 hours of inoculation. Study
indicated that the isolate Pseudomonas putida N-53 can be used in the detoxification of caffeine from the soft drinks and
other caffeine containing drinks.
Key words: Caffeine, Pseudomonas putida N-53, Detoxification, Saline soils,
A-35
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA: AN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEMICAL
FUNGICIDES
Pragati S. Abhyankar
Department Of Microbiology, Haribhai V Desai College of Commerce, Arts and Science, Pune 411002
ABSTRACT
Post-harvest spoilage of vegetables is a serious problem encountered by cultivators and consumers. The widely accepted
practice for the control of post-harvest diseases is the application of fungicides. But the hazardous impact of agrochemicals
used as protective fungicides on vegetables is alarming. Hence eco-friendly and cost-effective biological methods of plant
disease control are gaining momentum. The present study aims at the antifungal compounds produced by Lactic Acid
Bacteria (LAB) which may have preservative effects on agricultural produce. Since LAB occurs naturally in many food
systems they can be regarded as safe to consume (GRAS). The primary effect exerted by LAB is due to the production of
Lactic acid and reduction of pH.The antimicrobial compounds produced by LAB include low molecular mass (LMM)
compounds like H2O2, High molecular mass (HMM) compounds like bacteriocins and other uncharacterized compounds.
From 50 cultures of LAB antifungal activity was observed for most of them when tested by agar overlay method using
MRS medium and C-Dox medium against the test fungi Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp.The spectrum of activity seen
was much more than observed against the same fungi by using dilutions of pure Lactic acid, Acetic acid Succinic acid,
Formic acid and Ethanol. This suggest that additional antifungal compounds are being produced other than the products of
mixed acid fermentation pathway. When the LAB was grown as broth cultures significant antifungal activity could not be
detected in the broth. This is suggestive of presence of cell associated antifungal compound.The further work aims at
characterization of these compounds and their application on fresh agricultural produce.
Keywords: Antifungal activity, Chemical Fungicides, Lactic acid.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-36
IMPACT OF LETHAL AND SUB LETHAL CONCENTRATION OF COPPER SULPHATE ON PROTEIN
CONTENT OF FRESH WATER FISH, MACRONES CAVASIUS
Shete P. S.
Department of Zoology, M. U. Mahavidyalaya Udgir, Dist. Latur.
ABSTRACT
In the present study the fresh water fish, Macrones cavasius were exposed to Lethal (1.450 ppm) and sub lethal (0.145
ppm) concentration of CuSO4 to know the biochemical changes in tissues like gill, kidney, liver and body muscle. During
study the gradual significant decreased in protein content in Gills, Kidney and Liver was observed while increase in protein
content was observed in body muscles.
Keyword: Copper sulphate, protein content, gill, liver, kidney, Macrones cavasius.
A-37
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GOAL AND KLEEN-80 HERBICIDES ON THE CAUDAL REGENERATION OF
EISENIA FETIDA
Kulkarni S. G. and Wakale A. S.
Department of Zoology, Adarsh Mahavidyalaya, Omerga 413606 District Osmanabad, (M.S), India.
(E-mail: drsureshkulkarni@yahoo.co.in; ajit.wakale316@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Pesticides are widely used in India for different purposes. Soil, air, water etc. are polluted from various pesticides and their
toxic substances badly affected on the non-targeted species and play an important role to change the biodiversity. We also
emphasized on different factors like that population, survival, mortality, morphology, physiology, behavior, etc. The
earthworm Eisenia fetida is capable of the regeneration of missing body parts. Hence the present study investigated the
impact of Goal and Kleen-80 two different herbicides on the caudal regeneration of the Eisenia fetida. The observed
regenerating efficiency obtained after exposing worms to the different concentrations of Goal and Kleen-80 were
ascertained to be 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 ppm for 30 days respectively and their regenerating efficiency in
percentage these are 57.14, 50.00, 42.85, 40.00 and 33.33 for Goal and 62.5, 57.14, 50.00, 33.33 and 28.57 for Kleen-80.
One set of controlled worms it shows 62.5% regenerating efficiency. It is suggested that these pesticides inhibited and
decreased the rate of caudal regeneration according to the concentration of pesticide.
Keywords: Herbicides, Caudal regeneration, Earthworms.
A-38
DECOLORIZATION OF TEXTILE DYE WITH LACCASE FROM ISOLATED WHITE ROT FUNGI
Ritika M Saratkar #, Rakesh U Thakare*, Roychaudhury Kunal#, Arun B Ingle#
#
Department of Microbiology, S.K. Porwal College, Kamptee, Nagpur, India
*P.G. Department of Microbiology, RTM. Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
ABSTRACT
Decolorization study was carried out by treating the textile dye with the white rot fungus isolate-I and white rot fungus
isolate-II. These organisms displayed great extent of decolorization for Reactive Red M8B dye. The laccase activities,
ligninolytic enzyme from these fungi, were measured using both solid and aqueous state assays and confirmations of
laccase were also performed. White rot fungus isolate-II showed 84.00% of decolorization on sixth day while white rot
fungus isolate-I showed 60.00% in aqueous state decolorization study. Students t test analysis showed significant
difference at P < 0.05 between decolorization given by white rot fungus isolate-I and white rot fungus isolate-II.
Biodecolorization and Biodegradation were monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy and GCMS analysis. The final product, 1Methylnaphthalene was characterized by GCmass spectroscopy.
Keywords: Decolorization, GCMS analysis, white rot fungi, Laccase, UV-Vis spectroscopy.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-39
CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN A TEN YEAR OLD ADULT OIL PALM PLANTATION UNDER IRRIGATED
CONDITIONS
@
M. Kiran Kumar*, K. Suresh*, T. Vijayalakshmi**, D. Lakshmi Kantha*, R. Prasanna Lakshmi*
*Directorate of Oil Palm Research, Plant Physiology, Pedavegi 534450, west Godavari district, A.P, India.
**Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Hyderabad 500083, A.P., India.
(@E-mail: kiranmanapareddy@gmail.com; M. +91 9493091061).
ABSTRACT
Ten year old mature oil palm hybrids planted at Directorate of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, Andhra Pradesh were taken
up for the present study. Biomass (leaf, trunk and roots) was calculated based on standard destructive methods and carbon
sequestered by different parts was estimated using CHNS analyzer (Elementar, Germany). The estimated biomass and
carbon sequestered are converted into hectare basis. Among different plant parts, trunk biomass contributed to 50.9 T.ha -1,
while leaves and roots accumulated 19.3 and 2.20 T.ha -1 respectively. The carbon sequestered by the adult oil palm was
29.7 T.ha-1. Among different plant parts, trunk sequestered 21.9 T C.ha-1, while leaves and roots sequestered 7.16 and 1.07
T C.ha-1 respectively. Standing crops like oil palm serve as net accumulators of carbon, thereby offsetting carbon
emissions, arising from the consumption of fossil fuels and also help in financial gains through carbon trading under the
Kyoto Protocol. The present investigation would be useful for developing a comprehensive and accurate database
regarding the carbon storage in a ten year old oil palm plantation under irrigated conditions.
Keywords: Carbone, Palm, Sequestration.
A-40
IMPACT OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION ON HEALTH IN SHERI NALA BASIN, SANGLI DIST;
MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.
Yadav A.S.* and Sawant P.T.**
Dr. J. J. Magdum College of Engineering, Jaysingpur-416101(M.S.)
Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur-413006 (M.S.)
ABSTRACT
The area covered by the present investigation is a basin (lat.16 0 50 05 N to 160 54 45 N and long.740 33 20 E to 740
38 30 E) included in SOI toposheet no. 47 L/9. In total, 50 bore-well and 25 dug-well samples were collected and
analyzed to understand the impact of groundwater pollution on the health of the people in the area. These samples were
collected from five sub-basins of Sheri Nala. They are viz; Madhavnagar, Kupwad, Budhgaon, Sangli City and Padmale.
For the present investigation, TH, TDS, Cl values and their impact on health of the people in the area has been studied.
The observed values were compared with the standards. It has been observed that the values are higher in both premonsoon and post- monsoon periods. The higher values are mainly due to the industrial pollution in Madhavnagar and
Kupwad sub-basins. Whereas, the values are higher in Budhgaon, Sangli City and Padmale sub-basins is due to improper
maintenance of sewerage and septic tanks. To understand the effect of toxicity on the health of the public, 70 representative
household samples were collected. It has been observed that 9% households are suffering from cholera, 13% from
jaundice, 64% from gastroenteritis and 14% from typhoid diseases.
Keywords: Bore well, Dug well, Geochemical analysis, Sheri nala, Water borne diseases.
A-41
EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ALKALINE TOLERANT
-AMYLASE FROM BACILLUS SP.
Gadge P. P. and Padul M. V.
Department of Biochemistry, Dr. B. Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, M.S., India
(E-mail: manoharpadul@yahoo.co.in)
ABSTRACT
Alkaline-stable -amylase was purified from Bacillus strain isolated from Ant nest by ammonium sulfate fractionation,
anion exchange and Gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE revealed that the enzyme is monomeric, with a molecular
weight of 50 - 55 kDa. It is optimally active at pH 8.0 and 45 C. The purified enzyme was highly selective for soluble
potato starch. The enzyme was stable at a pH range of 4.010.0 and temperature range of 3055 C. It was inactivated
irreversibly by heating above 70 C. The enzyme activity was not inhibited by a surfactant or a bleaching reagent used in
detergents. EDTA and urea inhibited the enzyme where as CACl2 and MnCl2 enhanced the enzyme activity. The K m and V
max of the enzyme was determined using both soluble starch and starch azure as a substrate. This enzyme could be
important in the malting industry, based on the kinetics and properties reported in this study.
Keywords: Alkaline-stable -amylase, Bacillus strain.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
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A-42
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN INTESTINE OF FRESHWATER EDIBLE FISH, RITA RITA ON
EXPOSURE TO SODIUM FLUORIDE
Kshirsagar S.S.* and Rao K.R.
*K. N. Bhise college of Arts, Commerce and Science, Kurduwadi, District Solapur, Maharashtra
Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur, Maharashtra
(*E mail-kshirsagarcell@rediffmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The effect of sodium fluoride on histopathological changes from the intestine of freshwater fish, Rita rita was studied. The
toxicity of fluoride to the freshwater fish, Rita rita was carried out in which first group of 30 fishes served as control group
without any fluoride treatment, second group of 30 fishes exposed to 75 mg/l sodium fluoride. Fishes from both the groups
were sacrificed to study histopathological changes from the intestine after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of exposure. In the
experimental group the severity of the damage due to sodium fluoride was found to be increase with increase in time of
exposure.
Keywords: histopathology, intestine, Rita rita, Sodium fluoride.
A-43
DECOLOURISATION OF TEXTILE DYES BY USING NATURAL ADSORBENTS & THEIR DEGRADATION
BY EUDRILLUS EUGENIAE
Bagewadi P. M. More N. M. Valasange A.B
V.G. Shivdare College, Solapur, (M.S), India.
ABSTRACT
Reactive dyes are important chemical pollutants from textile industries. These are extensively used in several substrates
like paper, textile, and plastic industries. Most of these are toxic and carcinogenic. The treatment of waste water from
textile and dye stuff industries is one of the most challenging. In present study, harmful textile dyes wastes are filtered by
cheap domestic ecofriendly techniques. So here water hyacinth (Ecchornia), Neem (Azadirecta Indica), Teak wood
(Tectona Grandis) and Nilgiri (Nilgiritragus Hylocrius) were used to filter textile dyes. Water sample was analyzed before
and after filtration process, a significance decrease in pH, TDS, Conductivity, hardness, COD were observed. Present
research also outlines subsequent degradation of used absorbent by earthworm (Eudrillus Eugeniae) and increased DO in
water as well as total N, P, K values in soil.
Keywords: Chemical pollutants, Eudrillus Eugeniae, Textile dyes.
A-44
STUDY OF STRESS PARAMETERS IN FICUS TREE SPECIES
Bawachkar S.N., Shubhangi Khune and Vijayalaxmi Hirolikar
P.G. Department of Botany, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science Solapur, Maharashtra.
ABSTRACT
In the present investigation the stress parameters in tree species of Ficus have been studied.These tree species are Ficus
religiosa, F. glomerata and F. benghalensis.These species are not only native, medicinally important and ecofriendly but
also have religious importance.Moreover they are grown along the roadsides for pollution control. The physiological
parameters such as protein content, Nitrate reductase activity, Ascorbic acid content and Stomatal density have been
studied in mature leaves of this species.values of all these parameters are maximum in Ficus religiosa. Which reflects on
its xeric nature as well as deciduous tendency during summer condition.
A-45
DIVERSITY OF ZOOPLANKTON OF MANJRA RIVER DIST.LATUR
Shete P.S. and Jadhav S.S.*
M.U.M. Udgir District, Latur, (M.S.), India.
Amolak Science College Kada, (M.S.), India.
ABSRTACT
In the zooplankton community of a stable river system, the dominant members are the Rotifers, Copepoda, Ostracoda and
certain insect larvae. Among in these general Euplanktonic Rotifers dominate zooplankton community of the most river
system which plays a significant role in aquatic food chain& important food item to fishesh. Besides Rotifers are now
being used as an important aquatic founal component for Biomonitoring.Rotifers the microscopic founal component living
mostely in fresh water are characterized by the presence of an anterior wheel like rotating structure called Corona. The
present study was undertaken to investigate the diversity of Rotifers of river Manjara during the period of July 2011 to June
2012.So far 26 species of rotifers belonging to 12 genera, 9 families &2 orders have been recorded during the study period
from this river.
Keywords: Diversity, Freshwater, Rotifers, Zooplankton, Manjara River.
ISBN: 978-81-925586-0-8
84

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EMERGING AND REEMERGING HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS

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Positive for P.vivax

Positive for P.vivax

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Table1. Antibiotic resistance pattern of C. jejuni isolates

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I b) Summer (Feb2008 to May 2008)

No. of host examined

No. of host infected

No. of parasites collected

No. of parasites collected

I c) Rainy (June 2008 to Sept.2008)

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Oocyst from goat

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Figure 1. Unsporulated oocyst of Eimeria arloingi

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Sequences producing significant alignments:

Query coverage E value

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Effect of different carbon sources on dye degradation

Effect of different nitrogen sources on dye degradation

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Effect of temperature on dye degradation

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hydroxyimino-acetonitrile, 1-(Hexahydropyrrolizine-3-ylidene) 3, 3-dimethyl-butan-2-one, 10-undecenehydroxamic acid

Figure 3. GC-MS Mass spectral profiles of N-(4-Amino butyl) aziridine

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION