World History

Introduction
History science that deals with chronology of events in the past.

Places

People

World History study of human civilization from ancient times to the present.
History makes us wise
By: Francis Bacon
Importance of World History
To know world history is to appreciate the story of Gods goodness to
humanity.
To know how different civilizations are connected to one another.
Experts on World History
Historians

Herodotus Father of History

Arnold Toynbee British Historian

Dr. Gregorio Zaide Dean of Filipino historians

Archaeologist
Tools used in History
Globes and Maps
Google Earth, Satellites
Dating Historical Eras
Calendars best way to measure time

Christian Eras (CALENDAR)

AD (anno Domini)

BC (Before Christ)

Christians date the birth of Jesus as 1 AD

Examples: 2015 AD means 2,015 years after the birth of

Christ

100 BC means 100 years before the birth of Christ

Availability of written records

Prehistory era

Historical era

Prehistory Era (subdivided according to the main tools that people

used)

OLD STONE AGE

NEW STONE AGE

AGE OF MENTALS

Language and writing

Tell us if a civilization is civilized or not.

Language is the ability to read, write, speak and understand in order to

communicate others.

Important to study hard and know a language well

To have wide vocabulary read, speak & listen

Made humans superior to animals

Opened Historical Era people wrote down written records on stones,

paper, leaves

Mesopotamian Cuneiform Writing (earliest evidence)

ORIGIN OF LIFE
The Creation

Religious belief shared among Christians and Jews

God created people and the Universe

BIBLE (infallible) no error

Genesis, first book of the Bible

Means beginnings and author is Moses

God created in six days

On the sixth day, God made first Man and Woman

Gods plan for humans

Reflect the images and likeness of God

Have relationship with God

Be responsible on earth

Multiply into families, tribes and nations

Importance of Creation
Proves that God loves people, and people are important to God
Myths and Legends
Stories in various traditions and superstitions.
Not true but they show natural desire in people to believe that they came
from higher order.

E.g. malakas and maganda

Theory of Evolution
19th Century
Charles Darwin, British naturalist

5 year sea voyage on Galapagos Island

Collected specimen from the wildlife and fossils

Concluded that all forms of life changed or evolved over a long period
of time

The origin of Species (1859)

Stages of Evolution
Age of Fishes

 Age of Reptiles
Age of Primates

First group

Apes, monkeys, chimpanzees

Second group

More skilled group

Higher Primates stood up like the JAVA MAN & PEKING MAN
HUMAN BEINGS Highest primates (homo sapiens)
Smart, walk and look straight
Questions about Evolution
Its validity continues to be questioned today.
Evolution may be the best answer but it falls short of proving the origin of life
3 Questions of Evolution that needs explanation
1. The evolution theory points to africa, south and east asia or even europe as
the origin of people.

Archaeological discoveries show that the first civilized people

came from Asia

2. Materials, artifacts, dinosaur fossils and geological formations suggest

millions of years of natural change that favor evolution. The Bible story of
Creation means shorter time . Time has many definition and what is one to
God maybe a million years to us or so.
3. Evolution Theory claims that without divine instruction, organisms naturally
changed or mutated into higher organism through natural selection this
contradicts science.
Myths on Race
91th century social darwinists argued that people with dark or black skin
were inferior to those white skin. This belief was absorbed by the whites and
thought it was their destiny to enslave or subdue other people.

Lead to prejudice, colonialism

Today people recognize that skin color just makes people different from
one another and were are all given by God natural rights and
intelligence

Types of Race
Means skin color; ethnic; birthplace
Variations are due to the effects of climate, geography and intermarriages in
human societies.
SEVERAL TYPES

Yellow-skinned people largest, half of worlds population. Central and

East Asia, like Mongolians, Chinese, Koreans, Japanese, Thais, Burmese

Brown-skinned people Filipinos, Indonesians and Malaysians

White-skinned people america, europe, and australia (caucasian)

Dark or White Middle east, Israel and Indian subcontinent

Red-skinned North and South America

Dark-skinned natives of Australia, Polynesia and Africa

Cradles of Civilization
Civilization

Means people with highly developed resoures and skills, as seen in

their Religion, Governement, law, economy, arts, science and military

Opposite is primitive or barbarian society

To be a civilized person is the highest compliment society can bestow

on anyone.

Civility means to behave peacefully and respectfully

Civilized People
Belief in higher being or God
Obey authority with law and order
Take care of children, elderly and women
Have evidence of wealth and culture

 Engage in trade and commerce

Live peacefully with their neighbors
Have good reputation and image
Asia
Bible states that God put first civilization in Asia
History and archaeological findings prove this story true.
Cradles of Civilization
Earliest civilizations
Located in the continent of Asia

10 Cradles of Civilization

Mesopotamia

Egypt and North Africa

Mediterranean

Palestine

India

China

Asia Minor

Iran

Central America

South America

How Civilization spread

Direct contact with another people
Indirect contact through 3rd party

Mesopotamia

The Worlds First Civilization

What is a civilization?
Civilizations (SIHvuhluhZAY shuhns) are complex societies.
They have cities, organized governments, art, religion, class
divisions, and a writing system.

Why were river valleys important?

Farming - large amounts of people could be fed
Trade - goods and ideas to move from place to place.
Cities - grow up in these valleys and became the centers of
civilizations.

Mesopotamia
The land between two rivers.

Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia was the worlds first civilization.
The two rivers that allowed Mesopotamia to succeed were the Tigris
and Euphrates.

Site of the Garden of Eden

Strong People

Strategic Location

Fertile Soil

Favorable Climate

The fertile crescent

In the spring, the rivers often flooded, leaving behind rich soil for
farming. The problem was that the flooding was very unpredictable. It
might flood one year, but not the next. Every year, farmers worried about
their crops.

Irrigation
Over time, the farmers learned to build dams and channels to
control the seasonal floods. They also built walls, waterways, and ditches
to bring water to their fields. This way of watering crops is called

irrigation. Irrigation allowed the farmers to grow plenty of food and support
a large population.

Today

Regions:
Iraq, Israel, Iran, Syria, & Turkey

Who were the Mesopotamian?

Indigenous Family

5 Main Societies
1. Summer
2. Akkad
3. Babylonia
4. Assyria
5. Chaldea

Contributions: many first

Plow & Wheel

Written language and records

Written literature (epic of gilgamesh)

Written laws

Number system

Astrology

Tools for farming and construction

Temples

Segregation of people

Cities and empires with kings and government

5 Societies in Ancient Mesopotamia

Sumer

The first major civilization in Mesopotamia was in a region

called Sumer.

City-states
Each Sumerian city and the land around it became a separate citystate.
Each city-state had its own government and was not part of any
larger unit.
Simple city plan consisted of a ziggurat pyramid temple, around it were
mud bricks houses, citywalls and farm lands

Social Classes in Sumer

Upper class - kings, priests, warriors, and government officials.
Middle class - artisans, merchants, farmers, and fishers. These people
made up the largest group.
Lower class - enslaved people who worked on farms or in the temples.

The Ziggurat

Food in Sumer
The Sumerians grew several kinds of crops. The most valuable one was
barley, which was used to make flour and bread. Dates were also very
valuable to the Sumerians. They were eaten once ripe or else they were dried
for future consumption. Dates also made an excellent wine.

Barley and dates

Writing
The most important invention of the Sumerians was writing.
The writing of the Sumerians was called cuneiform.

Cuneiform alphabet

TheEpic of Gilgamesh
The most famous piece of literature from Sumer is the Epic of
Gilgamesh.
An epic is a long poem that tells the story of a hero. The hero
Gilgamesh is a king who travels around the world with a friend and performs

great deeds. When his friend dies, Gilgamesh searches for a way to live
forever.

Sumerian Inventions
wagon wheel
plow
sailboat
number system based on 60
geometry
12 month calendar

AKKAD

The First Empire

Akkad

Akkad was the north western half of ancient Mesopotamia.

The inhabitants of Akkad, had their own Akkadian language which eventually
came to replace Sumerian over the centuries before and after 2000 BCE.

In the 23rd and 24th centuries BCE, Akkad had emerged as the strongest of
Mesopotamia

Around 2330 BCE, the Akkadian Empire rose to the strongest in the region
and probably also in the world at that time.

Akkad

The heartland of Akkad was where the Euphrates and Tigris rivers are at their
closest.

Sargon
In about 2340 B.C., Sargon conquered all of Mesopotamia creating the
worlds first empire.
An empire is a group of many different lands under one ruler. Sargons
empire lasted for more than 200 years before falling to invaders.

Akkad had one of the most sophisticated armies of the Bronze Age

Sargon The Great, who ruled for 56 years, was the Akkadian military leader
and was considered founder of Mesopotamian military tradition that runs
through Mesopotamian history.

He conquered Sumer and built the Akkadian empire which stretched over
most of the Sumerian city states.

Sargon launched a campaign of military conquest to unite all of Mesopotamia

He also conquered all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of Syria,

Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran)

He then became king over all of southern Mesopotamia

Akkadian Military

Weaponry

The composite bow was one of the major inventions of the Akkadians. Its pull
was 2-3 times that of the simple bow and it was able to efficiently penetrate
leather armor and some of the early bronze armors at up to100 yards.

Used throughout the next fifteen hundred years.

Weaponry

The Spear was used for mid range.

It was primarily a thrusting weapon and was used to deliver fatal puncture
wounds.

Weaponry

The Mace was used for fighting in short range.

It was a piece of wood covered in metal studs which enabled extra power for
bone breaking.

Weaponry

Copper helmets were used to protect soldiers from strong bows to the head.

They also had armored cloaks that covered the body with metal disks lined
with leather

Babylonia and Assyria

The Two Empires of Mesopotamia

CHALDEA

The New Babylonian Empire

Hammurabi
Hammurabi is best known for his law code, or collection of laws.
Law 5: If a judge makes an error through his own fault when trying a
case, he must pay a fine, be removed from the judges bench, and never
judge another case.
Law 195: If a son strikes his father, the sons hands shall be cut off.

Egyptian Civilization

The Gift of the Nile

HISTORY

Old Kingdom

Menes

The upper Egypt king conquered Lower Egypt

To symbolize his power he wore a red and white crown and built a new
capital at MEMPHIS

The Pharaoh

Strong ruler = strength and unity of country

King ---- Pharaoh (great house)

Believed to be

ruler

priest

god

ruled on earth (not heaven)

What came with being a Pharaoh!

owned all the land Egypt

gave gifts of land to the rich

built dams and irrigation canals for crop production

storage granaries for food preservation

chose all government officials

word of Pharaoh was law

traded with other countries

Rituals of Pharaoh

people relied completely on Pharaoh

started the planting season by opening the water dikes

driving of the sacred bull

rich soil

first to cut the grain

rich harvest

Egyptians bowed before him, smelling earth

Building Pyramids is way of showing respect to the Pharaoh

called houses of eternity

tombs

west bank of Nile because sun went down

buried with their personal belongings for happiness

Middle Kingdom

Thousand years came Old kingdom was broken into smaller Kingdoms

Thebes new capital

Ruled by weak Kings

New Kingdom

Golden age of Egypt

Queen Hatsepsut

Akhenaton

Successor of Thutmose III

Former name Amenhotep IV

Pleasing to Aton

Egypts Fall

Tutankhamen

Son in law and succeeded Akhenaton

Returned to old religion

Ramses II

Next pharaoh

Strong and great warrior

Last Pharaoh

Regional Crisis in the middle east destroyed the pharaohs power and
Egyptian empire collapsed

Queen Cleopatra

Serpent of the Nile

Stages of Religion in Egypt

MAGICAL

MYTHICAL

GODS

Amon Ra

Most important God

Osiris

The Nile God

MATERIALS USED IN MUMMIFICATION:

1. Linen
2. Sawdust
3. Lichen
4. Beeswax
5. Resin
6.

Frankincense

KA

BA

AKH

GOVERNMENT and RELIGION were inseparable in ancient Egypt. The

PHARAOH was the head of State and the divine representative of the gods
on earth.

Religion and government brought order to society through:

The construction of TEMPLES

The creation of LAWS

TAXATION

The ORGANIZATION OF LABOR

TRADE with neighbors

The DEFENCE of the countrys interests.

The PHAROAH was at the top of the social hierarchy.

Tombs

Sheets of papyrus

Wooden boards covered with a stucco wash

Potsherds

Fragments of limestone.

The Ramp Theory

Factors that brought an end to Egypt

constant struggle for power between the priests and pharaohs

pharaohs desire to conquer neighboring countries

using money to import iron for weapons that other countries already had

Egyptian Contributions

Massive stone pyramids

Magnificent palaces, obelisks and temples

First 365 day calendar which divided into 12 months

Sundial and water clock

First seagoing sailboat

Ancient geometry

Inclined plane and pulley for transportation and construction

Surgery, embalming, cosmetics and pharmacies