Wireless Communications Technologies

Course No: 16:332:546

Homework 1
1. Let > 0, and for each integer n , {Xi,n } are independent and identically distributed


random variables with P [Xi,n = 1] = /n, and P [Xi,n = 0] = 1 /n. Let Yn = ni=1 Xi,n .
(a) Find the characteristic function of Yn .
(b) Show that limn Yn is a Poisson random variable. Find its mean and variance.
2. Given {Xt , t 0} is a Wiener process with mean X (t) = t and correlation function
X (t, s) = 2 min(t, s) + 2 ts. Let {Yt , t 0} be such that Yt = Xt+D Xt , where D is a
xed positive number. Find the correlation function Y (t, s) of Yt . Is Yt strictly stationary
?
3. An analog signal is sampled at a sampling rate of 8 KHz. It is then quantized using a total
of 64 representation levels, followed by binary encoding. The digitized information is then
transmitted over a baseband M-ary PAM system, i.e., M is the number of amplitude levels
that the pulse amplitude modulator produces. Find the minimum bandwidth required for
transmission for the following cases:
(a) M = 2
(b) M = 4
4. Consider a PCM system employing on-o keying. A bit 1 is represented by a pulse of
height A for a duration of 1 second and a bit 0 is represented by sending no pulse for a
duration of 1 second. The signals are transmitted over a AWGN channel with zero mean
and power spectral density 1/2. A receiver is designed as shown in Figure 1 to decide if a
0 or 1 was transmitted.

Signal

> l
<

dt

decide 0 or 1

Noise
Figure 1: Receiver for the PCM System with On-o Keying

(a) Assuming equiprobable bit-transmission, nd the optimum threshold that minimizes

the probability of error.
1

(b) Using the threshold in part (a), evaluate the average probability of error for this
receiver in terms of the the complementary error function erfc(x) which is given as
2
erfc(x) =


x

exp(z 2 )dz

5. A binary PAM wave is to be transmitted over a baseband channel with an absolute maximum bandwidth of 60 KHz. The bit rate of the system is 100 Kbps. If we are to design
a raised cosine spectrum that satises these requirements, nd the rollo factor of the
raised cosine pulse ?
6. Consider an AWGN process w(t) with zero mean and spectral density N0 /2. The process
w(t) is projected onto a set of orthonormal basis functions {j (t)}, j = 1, , N, 0
t T . Show that the projections along each basis function are i.i.d. Gaussian random
variables.
The projection of w(t) onto the basis j (t) is dened as
 T
0

w(t)j (t)dt

7. Using the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure, nd an expansion for the set of

signals shown below:
S (t)
1

S (t)
3

S (t)
2

-4

8. Using the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure, nd an expansion for the set of

signals {si (t)}i=4
i=1 , where the signal si (t) is of the form
 

si (t) =

0,

2E
T

cos(2 Tt + i 4 ), 0 t T
otherwise