Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A FOR AERONAUTICS
TECHNICAL NOTE
.
NO.
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1051
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
OF THE LOADS
CARRIEDS
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Washington
May 1946
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N A C A LIBRARY
~
LABORATORY
k l e y
field,
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L
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7
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l i n e in l i n e w l t k t+e q o l i e d load. Test rF-sults a r e @Ten i n t h e form of curves s5ovilng bolt-load histo:=.iesthrough t h e e l a s t i c E d y t 6 l d r a n g e s t o j o i n t f.ailxTCT-m , i r f c a l l y 3ased princisles &-.e --po2osed. t o_ _ _&Tine' CIge. L r a c t i c a l upper l i m i t of e l a s t i c a c t i - o n of a j o i n t sub-.
Seck t o s t a t i c loading and t o o b k a b c*vos-.re>res&ntLng,
b o l t a c t i o n above t h i s l i m i t for t&-es--bolt . j o i n t s . . 'Lqi-tX
e m p i r i c a l d z t a , suck curves combfned with ,ar;al;r%-lc&l .
equations provide a meens for tLe pred%c.kiori6f -bo,lt -- _ .i
loads a t any joint l o a d .
Emlt-defiectf5n :Curveis arid
t h e i r r e l a t i o n t o tile general- p c b l -e n a-r s -qlso
.pre.sente&.TL
.
.
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-A
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4)
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B o l t dia-neter, inches
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OF
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--
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compression, k s i
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,
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NACA
i e q t h , inches
hr
b e n d i n j moment, inch-kips
=lumber o f b o l t s i n t r a n s v e r s e row
e x t e r n a l apDlied load, k i p s
-....
:
._ .
._
TN KD. 1051
- .. .i.
cc
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F?
zhllllt
l0a_rlj k1-ps
p l a t e w i d t h , inches
.
._-
- p i t c h , inches
t h i c k n e s s , Inches
'N
d e f l e c t i o n of bolt, inches
deformation
-:ens i l e s t-ra in
d i r e c t s t r e s s , ksi
shearLng stress, k s i
. .
Sabscz-ipte :
fixed-end
av
eivsrage
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YACA TN
NO.
1051
bolt
Sb
Sending of bolt
br
bearing
bs
shear 3f b o l t
zr
critical
any transverse r o w of b o l t s
any p l a t e , o r m a i a plate
butt strap
.~
S p e c i a l c m b i n a t l o n s o f symbols :
PL
m e a s u r e d i n t e r n a l l o a d i n lower main p l a t e ( s e e
f i g . 1) at a s e c t i o n w h e r e PL s h u l d equal
kips
.
-- -
P,
measured i n t e r n a l l o a d i n b z t t stra?s at c e n t e r of
joint, where P, should e q u a l P, kips
Pu
P,
-- -
i-1
P,
i-,
-
-.
..
.--
5
- ( 2 ) The stress is unifcrxly distributsd over the
cross e e c t l o n s of main p l a t e s and buttrstraps
( 3 ) The e f f e c t of f ' r t z t i o n is n e g l i g i b l e
m i b 1 0 ~ 6I s
zi
. .
B.
__
.
rL
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_-
. -
I ....
--
2-
-..-
may bcj s t a t e d as
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c
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- --
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NACA TN NO.
1051
I
m a t e r i a l s a n d dimensions of the b o l t a n d p l a t e s . F r o m
t h e s e c o n s i d e r e t i o n s , C m a y be s t a t e d asro-ilow: T o r
joints made of 24s-T p l a t e s w i t h a b u t t - s t r a p t h i c k n e s s
of one-half t h e main-plate t h i c k n e s s
f a8 t e n e d w i t h e l l o y - s t e e l b o l t s :
(.. = 2)
and
The t h i r d a s s u m p t b n ( t h b t the e f f e c t o f f r i c t i o n is
n e g l i g i b l e ) g i v e s r i s e t o a h i g h l y c a n t r o v e r s i & l point i n
tile l i t e r a t u r e on ri-vetad j o i n t s .
I t aupears, a t l e s s t
in the design range common i n c i v i l - e n g i n e e r i n g practice,t h a t a large p a r t o f the j o i n t load i s c a r r i e d by f r i c t i o n
in h o t - r i v e t e d j o i n t s and i n b o l t e d S a i n t s i f the balts
are drawn t i h t . T e s t s r e p o r t e d b y Hill and B o l t ( r e f e r ence 2, p p . 64-46?, i n d i c a t e d , hawever, t h a t f r i c t i o n I s
o f l i t t l e importance a s a factor i n t h e behaviar o f
r l v o t e d joints. @ s t e i n ( r e f e r e n c e 7 ) a l s a conducted
t e s t s t h a t indicated minor f r i c t i o n a l e f f e c t s in coldr i v e t e d joints.
J?
.:.
. i
- L
e"
- rrr 3
.- -
I n e l a s t i c behavior o f J o i n t s . - A s l o a d on a joint l a
i n c r e a s e d , a load is reached at w h i c h y i e l d i n g o f the
p l a t e s o r of t h e b o l t s occurs. Whether g i e l d takee place
firs-: in t h e p l a t e s o r b o l t s o r o c c u r s simultaneously i n
b o t h depends upon t h e i r r e l a t i v e dimensions and e l a s t i c
p r o p e r t i e s . I t i s t h e r e f o r e p o s s i b l e f o r one component;
t o a c t e l a s t i c a l l y and the o t h e r i n e l a s t i c a l l y , but the
y i e l d i n g o f any component c o n s t i t u t e s the beginning o f
i n e l c a s t i c a c t i o n of the j o i n t as a whole. Interpretation
of t h i s d e w p o i n t , however, should b e p r a c t i c a l and
should not i n c l u d e y i e l d i n g o f s m a l l reglona where there
are rrtress c o n c e n t r a t i o n s when such yielding has no
a p p r e c i a b l e e f f e c t on the over-all elastlc behavior o f
the Joint. A p a r t o f the behavior o f a j o i n t may be predictcid from an elastic theory, and e m p i r i c a l method8 may
be employed i n t h e determination of t h e upper l l r n i t o f
e l a s t i c a c t i o n and of j o i n t behavior above t h l s e l a s t l c
l i m i t , . T h i s upper l i m i t of elastic a c t i o n is termed t h e
" c r i t ; i c a l b o l t load" R
,
i n this paper.
In t h e a n a l y s i s of t h r e e - b o l t j o i n t s i n whlch t h e
main p l a t e and butt straps are of t h e s a m e width and
4s
m a t e r f a l with t, =
and a r e j o i n e d by b o l t s that a r e
2
all of' t h e 8ame Bize and m a t e r i a l , t h e following procedure
mag be used t o p r e d i c t t h e Joint-load a g a i n s t the b o l t l o a d ( P - R ) r e l a t i o n s h i m i throughout the e l a s t i c and y i e l d
ranges to joint failure. The Drocedure, -however, ha8 not
been extended t o i n c l u d e o t h e r joint arrsngements because
o n l y two- and t h r e e - b o l t j o i n t s were t e a t e d . Far the
e l a s t i c range, the P-R r e l a t i o n s h i p s may be established
b y m e a n s of equat'ion ( 1 ) . These r e l a t 3 o n e h i p s m a y be
p l o t t e d and the experimentally determined value of Rcr
p l o t t a d on t h e P-R curve for t h e most h e a v i l y loa&ed b o l t ,
which i s either end b o l t f o r the case under c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
The end b o l t s can be shown t o s u p p o r t equal l o a d s , and
eithe:r one c a r r i e s a g r e a t e r l o a d in t h e e l a s t i c range
than t h e middle b o l t .
(See appendix C . )
A rstralght l i n e
may bp *awn connecting the p o i n t 8 f o r Rkr* and the
average b o l t l o a d a t f a i l u r e , which I s equal tu t h e j o i n t fai1u:ne load d i v i d e d by 3 ; t h u s the P-R curve for e i t h e r
end bolt i s completed. T h e end-bol-load
R1 may be cornp u t e d f o r any j o i n t l o a d from equations of t h e a t r a i g h t
l i n e s o b t a i n e d a8 o u t l i n e d . Load R2 on t h e middle b o l t
2Al.
may be found at any given j o i n t l o a d as R 2 = P
The vcilues of RZ, however, are o f l e s s importance man
t h e g r e a t e r l o a d s R1 on the e n d bolts and in many cases
i t i s unnecessary to computs-values o r R2.
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NACA TN BO.
1051
Specimens. - M a t e r i a l s Cornon to a i r c r a f t c o n s t r u c t i o n
were used f o r the t e s t specimens, which were s e l o c t e h t o
provide a p l a t e - t h i c k n e s s range s u f f i c i e n t t o check the
a p p l i c a b i i i t g o f the t h e o r y . s i x s p e 6 r i c a l b u t t - j o i n t
specimens - t h r e e of. t t e t w o - b o l t j o i n t s and t h r e e o f
t h r e e - b o l t j o i n t s - .vere f a b r i c a t e d and e s t e d .
Each
specimen w a s made s y m e t r i c a l about i t 3 t r a n s v e r s e c e n t e r
l i n e . Such a c o n d i t i o n provides d u p l i c a t e t e s t specimena,
as t h e t h e o r e t i c a l behavior o f t h e p a y t of t h e j o i n t on
one s i d e of' t h i s c e n t e r line is identical with t h a t o f the
p a r t on the o t h e r s l d e of the l i n e . The specimens were
c l a s s i f i e d i n t_wo grorzps, A and B.
It wag decided t a
test two-bolt j o i n t s (group A ) in order t o procure inf'ormatlon i n - r e g a r d t o the r e l i a b i l i t y o f the method f o r _ .
determining bolt l o a d s from s t r a i n measurements and t o
s e c u r e additLana1 information whlch m i g h t ser_ve_-in the
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of data o b t a i n e d f r o m t e s t s o f t'mee'bo'l_$joints, The t h r e e - b o l t j o i n t s ( g r o u p B ) were c h o s e n t o furnish an experimental chsck of t h e theory and t o dxpe--2
d i t 6 testing and the a n a l y s i s o f data.
-_ - -
..
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I n a l l c a s e s , the material o f i t b e p l a t e s w a s 2 4 s - T
aluminum alloy and t h e bolts were - i n c h a i r c r a f t bolts,
4
equivalent t o those s p e c i f i e d i n reference 8 o f heatt r e a t e d . alloy s t e e l w i t h minimum ultimate t e n s i l e and
s h e a r i n g s t r e n g t l e of 125 k s i and 75 k s i , respectively.
Specimens-A-I.. and B-1 were o f balanced deslgn -based
on t h e usual assumption t h a t load is d i v i d e d equally
among the bolts. The d e s i g n s t r e s s e s were 62 anq-90 ksi
f o r t e n s i o n and b e a r i n g o f the p l a t e s , r G s j % 6 t i v e l g , and
reference 8
75 k s i for shearing of t h e b o l t s . A 1 t h G - h
p e r m i t s a g r e a t e r allowable tensile s t r e s s , it w a s con- s i d e r e d advisable t o use 62 k s i t o a t t a i n the aEtual
shear a t r e r q t h gf the b o l t s .
,Secimcn* A - 2 and 372 versdesigned to fail i n s h e a r ; and s p e c b e n s -A-3 and B-3, in
t e n s i o n . I n every case, the butt-strap t h i c k n e s s w a g
one-half t h a t o f t h e main p l a t e . A width of 1 i n c h s s
2nd a p i t c h of 2 inches were used f o r a l l specimens i n
o r d e r t o acccjmmodate the s t r a i n g a g e s . A wring f i t w a s
used t o f i t t h e bolts i n a l l specimens.
I n p r e f e r e n c e to
washers, c o l l a r s made o f &-inch steel tubing were placed-2
__
-t
10
under t h e n u t s t o eliminate b e a r i n g o f t h e p l a t e s o n b o l t
t h r e a d s . When t h e ' specimens wore assembled, t h e n u t s were
f i r s t H g h t e n e d t o bring the p l a t e s t o g e t h e r and then, in
order t o e l i m i n a t e f ' r i c t i o n f a r c e s i n s o f a r as p r a c t i c a b l e ,
were loosened to cause firm c o n t a c t - b e t w e e n the bolt tieads
o r c o l l a r s and p l a t e s , The specimens a r e shown in figure 1
and Cheir d1mension.s a m given in t a b l e 1.
1
C t r a i n w a s -measured by --Inch Sn-4 e l e c t r i c a l gages.
2
W i t h t h e s e gages, the error i n strain measurement d i d n o t
exceed 2 p e r c e n t . An a t t e m p t WLLS made to measure b o l t
d e f l e c t i o n s by means o f m i c m m c t e r microscopes but wag
abandoned because th3 inskrurnents wore not s u f f i c i e n t l y
p r e c i s e t o measure the small d e f l e c t i o n s that o c c u r r c d i n
t h e e l a s t i c range. As I Q s d was a p p l i e d , cnlargoment o f
tk0 gap bstween m a i n plates was measurGd with 1-inch
Tuckerman optical s t r a i n gages. The arrangement of e l e c t r i c a l s t r a i n gages is shown i n f i g u r e 1 cind the general
t e s t arrangement for a t y p i c a l specimen I s shown in
f i g u r e 2.
Te s t lng Pro ce d u m
.-
11
c.
yge
PF(ESEI7TATIOE AI.?
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_._ .
tions was consfderad to be e q u a l t o t h a l o a d on t h e i n t a r vening bolt. B u t t - s t r q loads wera comsuted f-rorn strain
3.sta; And f o r specimens -A-I,
A-2, 3-1, and 5-2 tae i b a a s
w9re c o r r e c t e d for t h e e 2 f e c t of lateral bending acment
i n t h e b u t t s t r a ? s , whisr_ a c t e d i n a plane n o r m a l to tne
nlane of t h e s t r a 3 s . The l a t e r a l mozent w a s induced by
e c c e n t r i c i t y of t h e resultant of t h e part CJ? a b o l t load
12
NACA TN 170.
1051
1-3
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- ..: : .
.. . .-' :. ,. - ,
.I..
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NACA TN N O . 1051
14
The t e s t r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t y i e l d i n g of t h e
p l a t e s i n b e a r i n g under t h e most h e a v i l y loaded b o l t s ,
y i e l d i n g o f t h e s e b o l t s i n shear and bending, o r a conbin a t i o n of b o t h caused a proc-ess o f b o l t - l o a d e q u a l i z a t i o n
t o t a k e p l a c e between Rcr and j o i n t f a l l u r e which
r e s u l t e d i n an approximately e q u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of l o a d
among t h e b o l t s a t j o i n t f a i l u r e . J o i n t behavior o f t h i s
n a t u r e accounts f o r t h e f i n d i n g s of e a r l y i n v e s t i g a t o r s
who made u l t i m a t e - s t r e n g t h . t e s t s o f r i v e t e d j o i n t s and
r e p o r t e d t h a t l o a d was a b o u t e q u a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d among
the r i v e t s .
The e q u a l i z a t i o n o f b o l t loads is b e s t i l l u s t r a t e d
i n f i g u r e 15, which shows t h e behavior of t h e t h r e e - b o l t
j o i n t , specimen B-3. Comparison of measured b o l t loads
with values o b t a i n e d f r o m the e m p i r i c a l curves o f f i g u r e 15 shows t h a t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l b o l t l o a d s a r e w i t h i n
percent of tne e m p i r i c a l values w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of
t h e P-R2 curve, f o r which t h e m a x i m u m d i f f e r e n c e i s
about 8 p e r c e n t . Although the f a i l u r e o f specimen B-3
was caused by f a i l u r e o f t h e b u t t s t r a p s i n t e n s i o n , i t
may be seen t h a t t h e b o l t l o a d s were approximately e q u a l
ruca-
TS
YO.
15
1051
f e i l u r e of t h e a?ecizIen. An e q i P 1 2 i s t r i b U t i O n of
1 0 ~ at o t h e b o l t s a t joint; f a i l u r e i s e l s e i n d i c a t e d b;T
r e s u l t s 0:' t h e t e s t s i n xhich s p e c i x e n f c i l u - e was due
t g siAear.'r,E 3f' tk-e b o l t s .
39acirr.ens A - 1 , A - 2 , End 3-2
Pt
- .
I;
of the j o i m t .
z;
1
i
I n f i g u r e s le?and
(s?3!c.,ixens 3-1 and 9-2, respect i v e l y ) , t h e 9 . 3 i n t s above Rcr
s h c : ~ t t e e f f e c t of l s t e T a l
bendirq of t h e b u t t s t r m s t o such 811 extvent t h s t no
crsdencs is, g i v e n theni 8 s a t r u e r e - > r e s e n t e t i o n c? cke
bolt-load relstionships.
Although t h e s e q o i n t s were comclited i n t h e s m e m n n e r as the otkims, t h e m e n s o f
c o - r e c t i o n d i d n o t f u l l y account f o r t h e bending a t h i g n
loads; t h e p o i n t s were p l o t c e d , as were tne ?s-curves,
t o show the n a t u r e of e r r o r s a r i s i n g from t h i s source.
The f a c t t h a t f a i l u r e of specimen 5-2 was due t; s h e w
f e i l u r e of bolts 1, 2, and 5 , ilowever, i s f o r c e f u l e v i dence t h a t t h e s e bolts were about e q u a l l y loaded e t t h e t i m e of failure, because t h e averege b o l t l o a d a t f a i l u r e
I
.._
NACA TN NO.
1051
.. .
17
..
For
_.
R&r- a n d - f a i l - . -
.
..
.-
. ..
. .
The b o l t - l o a d - e q u a l i z a t i o n proceas p r o b a b l y s t a r t s .
before Rc,
i s reached; b u t R c r , as used herein, proi v l d e s a b f i n a b l e l i m i t f o r t h e t r a n s i t i o n frm formulas
based o n the assum2tion .of e l a s t i c 'behavior t o empiI-icEl
ex?ressions
Such empirical expressiorx are -af F r a c t l c a l
i n t e r e s t a3 a basis f o r d e s i g n a t l i m i t l o a d , because
such design g e n e r a l l y ccmes wlthin t h e ra-nge b e t m e n Rcr
-__
.-
_.
F,
FACA TE NO,
19
1051
A-3,
--
e,,
_.
.,-
..
-*--
20
_.
;i
b e h e v i m of t h e t w o m a t e r i a l s .
.-
approximate
linearity was shown t o about 60 p e r c e n t of
t h e u l t i m a t e b o l t load; and f o r t h e speclmens of balanced
d e s i g n , A - 1 and B-1 for w h i c h
= 0.80 and 0.67,
respectively
approximate linearity e x i s t e d t o aboue
50 p e r c e n t of t h e average b o l t l o a d a t f a i l u r e .
Probably
t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n behavior of b o l t s i n t h e v a r i o u s s p e c i The effects of
mens may be a t t r i b u t e d t o bearing a c t i o n .
bearing vary with the bearing p r o p e r t l e s und the r e l a t i v o
dimensians of the b o l t s and p l a t e e , and b o l t d e f l e c t i o n
= 1.33 ant! 1.54) was largelyi n the thin specimena
(e
.
b
2
.
NACA TN NO.
thick plates
(&
\ ??
1051
.~
(t"p- = 0.50
t o 0.80
21
than w i t h t h i n p l a t e s
It appears, f u r t h e r m o r e , f o r the
1
= 0.50 t o .0.80
t h i c k specimens
t h a t equation ( 3 )
f u r n i s h e s as s a t i 2 f z c t o r y an approximation of d e f l e c t i o n
tis measured v a l u e s , because o f the variation in the
bolts and u n c e r t a i n t y t h a t e v i d e n t l y s t t e n d s t h e experim e n t a l detarmlnation of b l t d e f l e c t i o n . Also, d e s p i t a
t h e n o n l i n e a r i t y of
R-6 curves f o r the t h i n s p e c h a n s ,
t h e assumption of e- l i n e a r r e l a t i o n between b o l t l o a d
and deflection w a s s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r use i n condunction
with e q u a t l o n (1) to esthSlish P-R
curves for speci-
CONCLUSIONS
_ _
-
_...
..
22
IJACA TN ND
I _
1.051
.
I
joint-failurc
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...
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....:
OCCUPS.
_.
4.
* c
.-,
23
APPENDIX A
General ~ o l t - L o a dB e l a t f o n s h i p
D e f i n i t i o n s and aseunptions.- The type of b o l t e d
c o n n e c t i m a e a l t w i t h h e r e i n i s t e r x e d a tfsyn;metrical
b u t t j o i n t . I f In order t o clarify t h e nieaning of this
p h r a s e , the joFnt arrangement i s d e f i n e d by t h e following ____
.
conditions :
(1) The b u t t s t r a p s must be of t h e saGe thic'mess
and m a t e r i a l .
( A b u t t s t r a p and the miin ? l a t e mag be of
d i f f e r e n t m a t e r l a l s and may have any thic'kness r a t i o . )
(1) The r a t i o of
- _ _ _-
.-
-- .-
s t r e s s t o s t r a i n 1s c o n s t a n t .
-_
(3)
-_
The effect of f r i c t i o n is n e g l i g i b l e .
--
___i
- .
24
1 ---LL
From a s s m u t i o n ( 5 ) ,
n
on alL.bolts
2R
c o n s i d e r a t i o n ; that is,
and
i + 1= P
-t1
.--
I,--
..
NACA T N No.
25
1051
- ._
Let
P
bt,E - K,
..
..
S
u b s t i t u t i n g e x p e s s i o n s ( A 2 ) and ( A 3 )
gives
i n t o e q u a t i o n (Al).--_
~
....
..
rrim
26
.. .
. ...
TN NO. 1051
Nurxwical work is f a c i l i t a t e d by l e t t i n s
Rewrtte e q u a t i o n
(a)
Yi-
xquation ( A ? ) is t k e q e n n r a l rslsti~nshi->
hetsllean
t;-,e loads on any- two succe-s-sivs bolts. I n t h e rorr-i shown,
t h i 5 equation is r e a d l l 3 - adaztable to numerical c a l c u l s t j or? w i t h o u t o b t a i n i n g general. forrLulas for loads carried
u y ; i i d i v i t i u a l L o i t v of tiie joint.
if c i e e m c a x - e f e r a b i e ,
e q u a t i o n ( A S ) nev be used ta det-err.line general expressioris f o r i n d i v i d u a l bolt loads. The n m e r i c a l procedure
is i l l u s t r a k e d in apmndlx By and general forxulas for
loads on the b o l t s o f the t h r e e - b o l t test s?ecimens are
snown in appendix C.
1-_-
* -
ci =
and
Ci+l
_..
.. .-
= c
..
(Ab)
?
..
i
i
Equat'on
A n a l y s i s o f symnetricel butt j o i n t - f e s t e n e d b ? T b o l t s
i n seireral l i n e 8 parallel t o a331isd l o a d . - A solution 01'
m i n e r a l case i l l u s t r a t e d i n figure 19 Eay be obtained
i f , in a d d i t l o n t o t h e assumptions rnade in t h e f i 2 s t saction of this aDnendix, It is asaurred t h a t t h e b o l t s i n
27
Determination o f B o l t Constant C
F a c t o r s a f f e c , t i n q C . - I n t h e development of t h e
g e n e r a l b o l t - l o a d r e l a t i o n s h i p , it was assumed t h a t a
l i n e a r r e l a t i o n e x i s t s between b o l t d e f l e c t . i o n and b o l t
The r e l a t i o n i s s t a t e d as
l o a d i n the e l a s t i c range.
6 = -CR
2
F r o m eqURti0n ( A s ) i t may be s e e n t h a t C i s a f f e c t e d
by t h e factors t h a t i n f l u e n c e d e f l e c t i o n . These f a c k o r s
a r e s h e a r i w , bending, and b e a r i n g o f the b o l t ; and, aa
C is u s e d h e r e i n , t h e l o c a l i z e d effect o f bearing of' t h e
C.
p l a t e s is i n c l u d e d i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of
28
-.
.C
s..-
the span.
The
._~.
-
For bending,
For b e a r i n g ,
.
i
.
.
8
KACA TN NO.
1051
29
E f f e c t of b e a r i n g o f p l a t e . - The aasum?tion o f a
uniform d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s t r e s s i n t h e p l a t e s g i v e s satisf a c t o r y r e s u l t s when an average e l o n g a t i o n is t h e q u a n t i t y
t o be determined. Such an assumption, however, does n o t
t a k e i n t o account t h e l a c a l i z e d e f f e c t of bearing_-ufL'he
b o l t on the p l a t e s .
T h i s effect is o f g r e a t e r importance
..
w5en the bolt is o f a harder m a t e r i a l w i t h apprecTsblg
g r e a t e r bearing s t r e n g t h t h a n t h e p l a t e t h a n when the
p l a t e i s h a r d e r , This s t a t e m e n t may be c l a r i f i e d by a
c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the behavior o f a b o l t and a plate under
b e a r i n g load. T h e m a t e r i a l of the p l a t e can f l o w outward
a t t h e edges o f the h Q l e and theTeby'permit f u r t h e r
b e a r i n g deformation. This a c t i o n produces a bulging of
t h e p l a t e under t h e bolt, a n example 02 w h i c h may b e s e e n
by i n s p e c t i o n of specimen A - 1 i n figyre 3 .
The bulging
induces a secondary e f f e c t by i n c r e a s i n g the b e a r i n g a r e a
which in t u r n t e n d s t o p r o v i d e g r e a t e r r e s i s t a n c e t o
b e a r i n 3 deformation.
The material of t h e b o l t is m o r e
confined than t h a t o f t h e ?late; consequently, t3e bolt
must deform more by EL process o f compaction t h a n by flow
of the contact surfeces.
It folIows t h a t the two cond i t l o n s r e p r e s e n t d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f t h e b e a r i n g problem and h a t beariof t h e p l a t e is more critical when
t h e m a t e r i a l o f t h e b o l t is a s hard as - F E Z F d e r >ha%
t h a t o f the p l a t e , which is g e n e r a l l y t h e p r e v a i l i w con-ditlon i n airplane structures. Spstein (reference ?)
a r r i v e d a t s i m i l a r conclusions in regard t o the b e w i n g
a c t i o n s of t h e b o l t and p l a t e a s a r e s u l t o f h i s i n v e s t l g a t i o n of b e a r i n g s t r e n g t h . Therefore, i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f p l a t e deformations, provision must b e m a d e t o
i n c l u d e b e a r i n g deformation o f t h e plates. Although
bearing dezormation f a a f u n c t i o n of t h e dimensions and
e l a s t i c p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e plates as well as the l o a d ,
t h i s deformation can be e s t i m a t e d m r e r e a d i l y i n t e r m s
of b o l t behavior.
For t h i s r e a s o n , the r e s u l t i w correct i o n is a p p l i e d t o t h e b o l t c o n s t a n t C r a t h e r t h a n t o
t h e p l a t e c o n s t a n t s Kp and Ks.
The u n i t b e a r i r g deformation o f a p l a t e is d e f i n e d
as a percentage o f the h o l e diameter, and t h e diameter
o f t h e h o l e I s assumed equal t o t h a t of t h e b o l t , Bearing
s t r e s s i s computed i n t h e u s u a l manner as R / t D .
In the
manner used i n c o n n e c t i o n with shearing, bending, and
becaring of the b o l t , i t is found t h a t - _
_-
.._
.
and 'pap
8118 the b e a r i n g moduli. of the
plat-,
which are assumed equal t o ths compressive moduli
of t h e p l a t e m a t e r i a l s i n the calculation Or C.
Egbr
where
and (A:L3)
may now
(A12)
c =
c =
_.
..
. .
. -.
. . .
....
. ..
...
and if
---
...
L.<-...
.-
31
-*bbEPbr
- k4
e q u a t i o n ( A l 5 ) m a y be w r i t t e n
n
tP
t, - :
2
and
k2 = k3 =
k4 =
c=tpEbb
Case 11.
re(zy
(f1)
t \2
~ . l - 2
+
F o r s t e e l p l a t e s and bolts,
7
11
b
(Alj)
and
CEse T I I .
and
:...
.Zar!e N. For almdnum i.:&in p l a t e , s t s o l butt straps,
and s t e e l b o l t s ,
and
NACA TX NO
and
-. 1051
RCase
l w i n uV.
cl
33
b Fo ol tr s ,~ l u ; n i r z u mmain p l a t e , s t e e l b u t t s t r a p s , - -
= 2.66
ICl
kZ = 0.56
k3
(A21)
k4.j
4.
34
APP3ND.IX R
-.
_.
&S-T
.-
plates :
...
= 2 in.
10,500
ksi
___
..
NACA TN XO.
1051
35
and
_-
36
and t -h o r e f o r o
34 =
y5 =
2.778
I+*&o
0.256~
x 0.256~
A r i t h m t i c a l check:
+
.. "
0 . 5 5 7 ~= 0 . 1 7 3 ~
..
o.y6? = 0.223~
= 1.001p
P = >R
-__
Rl/R
..
= 1.28
!?2/R = 0.93
H7/R = 0.30
R~/R =
S5/E
0.37
= 1.111.
... -
.
.
.
_i
NACA TN
NO.
37
1051
APPENDIX C
AND
2K, = KS
Since
and
therefore
,
__
R1
3,
= R3
P = x R = 2R1 + R 2
Substituting equation ( C Z ) i n t o (C4-> g l v e s
_ __ _
..
and
speciinen
.. _.
... .
B,
Frm t a b l o 1,
p
2 in.
I
h = 1- in.
tp =
0.374.
in.
For the b o l t s ,
1
4 in*
39
1
( 1 . ~ ~ ) ( 0 ~ ~ 1 8 ~ ) ( 1 0 , 1225
~00)
Ks - bt,E
tP =
-
--
-,P
1.5
.-
.._ .
From e q u a t i o n ( A l 3 )
I
c =
0.15,
tpBbb
D .
tp, Eb3,
-.
From e q u R t i o n ( c 5 )
= (2.94
52.84
R1
and f r o m e q u a t i o n
The values of
+ )1
( ~ 6 )
..
___
- ..
e=.
.. -.
NACA TN NL
__-
1051
.%k-avior of Spec i m e c s
S t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n in D 1 e t e s . -
In t t i e a n a l y s i s
It w a s observed t h a t t h e o t r a i n d i s t r i b z t i o c
vsi-ied with load (fie. 17). A t . l m Loads t k s st.rain
d l s t P i b u t i o n as aoqroxi:xtel;r uniform; but, RS the
j'>?-?:f- load WAY incrsese-3, atzeins- p c i m3a.surG oa gage
..
l i n a 1 I n c r e w e d at 8 faster Fate than t h e strains c2
n,eEtsured on ?age l l n e 2, d!.r8ctly i n l i n a w i t h k c b o l t s .
Althcugh 1 i n c r e a s e d m x e r-ayldly wlSh l o a d than 2
Et a11 s e c t i o n s , the m o m t and -rate. cf i n c r e a s s varied
conszdeFably P r o n s e c t i o n tc section of a s p o c i u n .
All s7ecimens e x h i b i t e d simllFrr beiiavlor S u t i t was
somewhat mora pronounced in s2ecTmens A-3 m c l B-fr,
:'ram which the data plotbed in figure 17 were o b t a i n e d .
The r l . o t t e d n o f n t s represent tke avereges of s t r a i n s
measured ivith all gages, which w e r e l o c e t e 6 i n s l E i 1 E p
n o s i t i o n s on t h e b u t t s t r a y .
road-3 t r a i n behavior' of t:ie tyue s h o r n in-figure 17
has been r e p o r t e d nreviously (references 5 and 11).
In r e f e r e n c e 'j several s e t s of stress diEtgra?:s for
rlve?tad and pin-connected jcints ars GIvsn, which
indic.ste the yeme tcndency m-d in BO^ c a s a s show that
ci5rsc'tlu in l a e : w i t 4 the r l v e t a the s t r e s s c h e . p s
__
- -- I
NACA TN
X O ~ 1051
41
_-
..
...
.
____
_-
__
..-
__
42
-.... .
--
.--
NACA
TN
NO.
1051
.C
nT",ch
.. .
'
. .
.. .
a t e a c h of which i t w a s Lmo'm f r o r i conditions of e q u i l i brium t h a t tLe total ap?lied loa.3 XES resisted. S;r the
;2lates unon which s t r a i r , masure:cents were m a d e . Vairzes
or Pu and pL were c a l c u l a t e d Trox s t r a i z d a t a
o b t e i n s d at s e c t i o n s 3 inches beyoEd the first bolt
in t h e upper and l o w 0 2 x a i n p l a t e s , respectively
( f i e . I ) . Values of ps were c a l c n l a t e d froiz s t r a i n
msesurezents taken on the b u t t s t r a p at t i l e center.s
It m a y be noted from t a b l e o , t h a t
of t h e joints.
P,/P
is l e s s t h a n Pu/P
ana PJP,, in..wh!.ch
. . - ... . .
cas8
each of the l a s t tac a1v:ays bava the aapectecl v a l a e of
unity w i t h l n 2 Yercent. A l s o P,/P
i s f n f l * i e n c e d by
t h e nu-nber of bolts f a s t e r , i n g t h e p l a t e s and d a c r e e s e s
fi-oiri unity as D/ts
d e c r e a s e s . TMS G h a v i o r is . - .
a t t r i b u t e d t o mor3 flexure1 res.htex:ce of tne butt
- .
s t r a p s t o g e t h e r -it5 g r s a t e r bending fief l s c t i o n -of t h e
b o l t s in the t h i c k e r s*3ecixens, which f6 eccor;.7anfed b 7 -.
p e s t e r b o l t - l o a d e c c e n t r i c i t y . Curves- rrf f, a r e shovm iil r i g i r e s RI EL) w d ? ( a ) to 15(a). It ~ a - rbe
sden i n f i g a r e s lo(a) t o 1 3 ( e ) that PJF
is c o r s t . a n t ,
which .is inaLcati-Je of a c o n s t a n t b o l t - l o a d e c c s n k r l c i t y ,
UT t o one-half of tkie u l t i n a t e loEd. T h e ralctions1.i~
c c ~ r e s st o ba linear at higher loac?s, exce?t ;'or .s?ecixsns A-5 and 3-5.
S v i d e n t l y tka.b u t t - s t r s p bonding
i n c r e a s e s a t a g r e h t a r r E t e because. af i n c r e a s i n g b o l t load a c c e n t r i c i t y a t t r i b u t a b l e ta -%he.large- bolt .
. d e f l . e c t i o n s % h E t o c c w et ki&k l o a d s .
Curves cf Pu
and PL m e not ?resented, QS t h e atrairi b8hav20P ras
.flillg i n accord w i t h tl1s.t which 3ollld be predicted at'
s s c t i o n s where these va.3.ues- Bere determined. .. As t h e
f a s t s were ir- ;-.rorqess, it w a s observed t h a t the e f f e c t
of' the e c c e n t r i c l o c a t i o 3 of -2i3 result-=it b o l t l o a d s
c a u s e d zhe free e n d s of tlie b u t t g+.tracs t o move o u t w a r d
firon tn.: nain p l a t e s . I4icvs:Aer-t waa, of cotzr3e, p e r ceptible only E t hi&
logds.
A s i m i l a r behavior h a s
been n o t e d XJ p r e v i o u s i n v e s t t g a t o r s ( r e r e p e n c e 1.21.
. .__
__ -
__-.
__._.
.__
. _.
- ---
. .- _-.--- ..
.. .
.
.. -_
.,
. .
.. . .
.
.. .~
..
:
-
._
..
- t..
j.
Calculet-lon cf b o l t loads f r o = s t r e l n d e t a . - 7n
general, t h e l
o
a
d
a
a difference cetwaei, b u t t - s t r a p loads a5 secbioris on each s i d a
of b h e bolt. T h e tensile :nodulus of e l e s c i c i t y u s e d
!fl t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s was
E = 10,:GO
k s i . SZress-etra,n
cillives plotted fron teceile t e s t asta for coupons
-wprosenting t h e p l a t e s w r a t y : > i c a l or A+J-T e l m i r z m
d l o g ; moduli of. e l a s t i c i t y de teralined f r o m these
ci!rves were w i t h i n 2 7 e r c e n t of the recommxied ctecctmd
v a l u a a f 10,500 k s i .
:?or s.,ecimens A-3 8fid 3-3, t h e butt-strap l o c d s
;;ere s a t w t e d as t!?e ? r o e s a r e a of a butt-strer, t i m a
tiio a v e r a p stress. T h e aversgel strsss was consiaered
t c bs eeual t o t h e a r l t h n e S i c a 1 averaae of t h r a e
r?easii?ed s t r a i n s rnultf..rlied by the modulus o f e l a s t i c i t : .
"he l o a d 03 the f i r s t bolt R1 w a s found by adding t h e
5 u t t - : 3 t r m loads a t s o c t i o z 2-2 for snecimen A-3 m d EL
c e c t i o n 3-3 f o r s q e c i n e n B-3 (fis. 17). Load or? t h e .
second b o l t R2 was found by su5tracting R1 f r o m the
sum of t n e b u t t x s t r a a loads et section 1-1 f o r saec2;+:enA-3 and et s e c t i o n 2-2 for syeclnen B-3.
POP 2-3,
l o a d on t h e t h i p d bolt "3 was found by subtracting
Vie q u a n t i t y R1 + R2 f r o x t h e sum of the S u t t - s t r a p
l o a d s P, . et section 1-1. The i*en,ainfng b o l t h m d s
Rb,
,
_ r
.+
. .
. .
&, and
. -
9g
--.
to
''
P
--
__.
. ..
-.
.. -
.-
...-.
-.... =&-
NACA TN X O . 1051
45
.-
s i g n a t s e c t i o n 2-2.
s t r a p l o a d s were c o r r e c t e d by x u l t i p l y l n g t h e Ibads a t
s e c t i o n s 1-1 and 3-3 by ?/Ps
ar,d the l o a d s a t s e c -_
t i o n 2-2 by P,/P,
af'ter which t k e bolt l o a d s wdre found
i n t h e lnSnner used T o r specircen B-3.
Although it was
c l e a r that a t mig one j o i n t load ti?e s m s c o r r e c t i o n
f a c t o r d i d n o t apply a t all-s e c t i o n s , s i n c e t b e rr;.onent
v a r i e d along t h e 1engtLs o f the b u t t s t r a p s , due considera t i b n of the s e v e r a l f a c t m s i n v o l v e d i n t h e behevior of
a l l specimens i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e c o r r e c t i o n srocedure
w a s f a i r l y adequate e x c e a t a t nigh loads f o r specLxens B-1
and B-2.
T h e curves of P,
a r e shown i n c o n j u n c t i o n with
the b o l t - l o e a curves i n f i g w e s 5(a) t o 1 5 ( a ) because of
t h e i r i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p owing to t S e ' u s e o f -Ps i n the
d e t e r n l n a t i o n of c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s .
- ----
- -_
.-
C e l c u l e t i o n of bolt def l s c t i o n s
In 5( tudylng t h e
load x s f i - i b u t i o n i n b o l t e d o r r i v e t e d j o i n t s a n m b e r
of i n v e s t i g a t o r s have n.ade use of the J * l o a d s l i p urelEtFonshi? o r the d e f l e c t i o n of the r i v e t s o r b o l t s ( r e f e r ences 1, 2, &, and 5 ) . I n the usuel k y p e s of bol5ed j o i n t ,
d e f l e c t i o n of the bolts is n o t menable t o measuremmt,
and t h e procedure t o date has been t o mike i n d i r e c t
determinations on t h e s i d e s of a joint by o b s e r v a t i o n cft h e r e l a t i v e movement of the p l a t e s . Such met:iods,
.
._
__
t D1)
.
c
:
i
NACA TIT
NO,
1051
,=-.
1. Jenkins, E. S . : 3 a t i o n a l Design of F e s t s n l n g a .
SAE Jour., T r o 1 . 52, no. (3, S e p t . 141$4, 09. 1+21-k2c/,
2. F r w n i k o f f , A. : i4ork of R i v e t s i n Riveted J o i n t s .
T r a m s . A.S .r: . P . , 1701. Q5, 3p. 457-4+3; d i s c a s s i o n ,
~
450-469.
..
.-
5 . Bat'no, Cyril:
--
4. Posner,
3zr.s C. : 3 1 v e t . s d E'sstcpings
Product Engineeri n g , voi. 15, no. 8 , kq,. 1742, pp. 4.Lp5-453
. .
E. C.,
and Illacre, E. L.:
Joints of S t 3 e l 8i.d
Aiw-dnur?. A l l o y s , Proc. A . S . . C . Z . , v o l . 71, no. 5 ,
3t. 2, (Trms. NO. 103, ~ Y L Ai,i,iarch
),
191:.5,
p?. 13f;3-1397;discussion, :>p. 15?$-lj9$,
X v e t e d and Pin-Corinecteu
7 . Eustein,
Alk,ert:
-.
? e a r i n 3 StreuGtn in .Air?li~neLbsign.
v o l . 2.2, no. 1, ~ ~ 1 21945,
.
-.
9. Anon.:
Strength of A i m r a t t ~ l e ~ e n t s ..Aric-s,
h l i ? y - N a ~ - C i v i l S o c i i - i t t e e O i l Aircraft 3aqulrerren ts
U. S . oat. i'rintmg Oi'f>ce, O c t . 1932.
II).
Photoelasticity.
A Treatise on
C m r h r i d g e Fniv. P r e s s , 1'331.
Vol. I.
JohE
_-
L?&.
.-.
'
64,
._
NACA TN
NO.
48
1051
8.59
8.20
8.P
7.78
&Xl11y 2
A-1
7.98
A-2
8.02
B-2
8.4
9.74 Up..
gBg:
7.
'
..-.
..
49
NACA
TN
NO.
ioji
..
Cue
Yak
phtm
atraps
b o l t ' %b
.(*.I)
(1)
kl
D/tP
10,500
2.66
11
g , o o o 2.61,
2.bk
2-73 2.73
i
2.73
e36 1
I11
29,000
IV
g,ma 2 4 I
,l0,500
2.66
Zk1-
4(
k5
2.3
2.3
11.1
11.1
11.1
2.3
2.3
2.5
d
t
, s Qo
19.2
16.h
--
NACA
TN No. 1051
-.
D/tp
QrOUp
..
K,
(1)
.'
. 1-1
tP
'.
TAB=
Spech e n s
0.80
RdP
L
0.308
2------
i/432
0.500
-50
.499
1/3%
A-3
1-52
e162
1/296
---0-0
B-1
67
e374
m32
1/1=5
B-2
e50
0501
V355
1/1640
B-3
1-34
.188
1/329
1/607
0.500
------
A-2
500
500
Group 8
50
365
354
378
I;:
.
.
-_
TABLE 6
EFFECT OF BUTT-STRAP BENDING AS SHOWN BY
COMPARISON OF MEASURED INTERNAI; LOADS
ernal l o d
'lied loa
Specimen
PL
P
A-2
1.00
1,000
A-1
1.60
994
995
984
A=3
B-2
3.09
-983
1.000
B-1
1.33
B-3
2-75
1.00
1.000
995
1.015
994
-9%
1.016
994
NATIONAL ADVISORY
NACA
Fig- 1
r:z===y
D
T
r
'
TN NO. 1051
El
-_
Two-bolt
j o i n t , group A
z
c:lectrical
Figure I.
3t.m.n-gages,
-inch.
- Test
specimens and arrangement of sfrain gages. (Armngement of gags duplicated on opposite face of spcciman.)
-
- --
- _-- -- .-.- - -
4.
. .
NACA
TN No. 1051
Fig. 2
.-
.-
machine
.-.
.-
*
8
NACA TN
*
NO. 1051
Figs. 5a,b,6
L2-4
relationship
- Joint-load
o f specimen-A-2
.
3.0
Bolt I
%
.- 1.5
Test run
'
7
-2-.3
4
Load
Unload
-Cro failure)
NA'TIONU ADVISORY
-.54
-a
Fig. 7 e . , b
NACA TN
NO.
1051
9-
:=-t
n
0
YI
.I-l
-B
0
I
t1
.LL
CI,
. . .
r .
..
-..
..
F i g . 8a,b
z.-
-E
0
ia
y.
0
b
c
Q,
Fig.
9a,b
.
._. .
f -
I
-
P
+
.-c
!
e
.-
rr)
L
0
.+I
0
f)
.-
-2
E
0
0
+
C
. .-
NACA
TN No. 1051
Flg. 10a,b
..
Flg. 1:La.b
_.
NACA TN NO.
.
1051'
'-
-_
_.. ..
. --..
. . _.
._._
u:
-
- ._
NACA
TN No. 1051
Fig. 12a,b
...
- .
. .
c
r)
0
c
P
d)
c'
.-c
0
*9
4-
.-L
Fig. l ? i ~ j b.
*m
.
0
+
P
I
-.
C
0
0
I
2
.
NACA
TN No. 1051
Fig. 15arb
NACA
TN No. 1051
a
a
*Ti-
f
0
+
'C
%
f
Fig. 16a,b
TN No. 1051
NACA
Group B
Group A specime
8
specimens
Experimental 6
,
"
of bolts 2
7
6
dI
P
.-
Deflection at R,
y 5
d
;
4
-0
e 3
0
&1
6
5
al
734
-0
c 3
Experimental. 6,
Experimental 6,
Experimental bov,
determined from
movement of gap
0
bl
2
#
I
0
--
. . ~..
NACA TN No.
1051
Figs. 18,19
I
.
P
b
-~
.- .
TN No. 1051
NACA
Fig. 20a=c
.
-~
..
. . ..
. . . . . ... ... ..
-
..
.-._-.-.........
fMF.
MF
II
(a Loading j
.
I
(c) Moment.
Figure 20.- Bolt loading, shear, and
moment diagrams.
. . . . . . . . . .
.