Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Outline
Acknowledgment
W.R. Grace R&D
Cement/SCM
40-60%
w/c
<0.40
WR/MRWR/HRWR
Essential
Set Accelerator
Air Entrainment
Freeze-thaw applications
Fly
Ash
Cement
Silica
Fume
Yijin, L., Zhou, S., Jian, Y. and Yingli, G. Effect of Fly Ash on the Fluidity of Cement Paste, Mortar, and Concrete,
International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology, Beijing, May 2004.
Moderate
Weather
Cold
Weather
Cement, lbs/cy
300
325
400
150
125
100
% Replacement
33%
28%
20%
http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/greenbuilder/fs_flyashconcrete.htm
7
27 m
MRWR
HRWR
Powers Equation:
Superplasticizer Selection
Maximize:
230
NSFC
Flow (mm)
220
LIGNIN
210
200
190
180
170
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Slump, inches
PC
Lignin
NSFC
Corn
Syrup
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
12
Lignin - 8 hrs
14
Teeth length
Teeth
density
Backbone length
14
Teeth
MW
400
2000
3000
Mix design :
708 lb/yd3,
40% Slag,
w/cm = 0.45
8.0
1.2 hr
= 3 hr
7.0
6.0
PC30
PC1
PC500
PC12
2 hr
5.0
1.5 hr
1 hr
4.0
0.7 hr
3.0
2.0
0.15%
50 F
0.15%
72 F
0.15%
100 F
0.11%
50 F
0.11%
72 F
0.11%
100 F
Yield Stress, Pa
t0
PC-1 10 min
40
20
PC-2 10 min
Would PC-1
produce less
sticky
concrete?
PSD, F05
0
0
Viscosity (Pa s)
At
same t0, the micro mortar containing PC- 1 has lower viscosity
than the micromortar admixed with PC-2.
Lower Viscosity is favored to help reduce sticki-ness factor with
HVFA concrete.
Versus
19
Versus
Nano
0.5 2%
Calcium
Chloride
Early
Strength
Sodium
Thiocyanate
Calcium
Nitrite
0.02-0.05%
0.5 6%
0.5 6%
Calcium
Nitrate
TEA
TIPA
0.02-0.05%
0.5 6%
Set
calcium
bromide
calcium
formate
Calcium
nitrate
NSFC+WR
PC
Polycarboxylate
ml/100kg
--
455
NSFC
ml/100kg
1300
--
WR
ml/100kg
130
--
Calcium Nitrite
l/m3
26.6
26.6
AEA
ml/100kg
78
39
Slump
mm
75
115
Air
5.4
5.5
Initial Set
Hr:Min
3:50
2:30
MPa
Strength (MPa)
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
PCS .162%, ACC 2%
20.0
10.0
10
15
Time (hrs)
20
25
Strength (MPa)
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
100
200
300
400
Time (hrs)
500
600
700
800
80 C
70 C
60 C
50 C
40 C
30 C
20 C
10 C
PC/Ca Nitrite
NSFC/Ca Nitrite
33.8
26.7
42.8
34.2
52.7 MPa
44.0 MPa
0 C
0 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 23
30
Time (hrs)
Hydration kinetics?
Microstructure development?
ITZ?
Pore size distribution?
Other?
31
Concrete
Mortar
Cement paste
Cement
420 kg/m3
420 kg/m3
200 g
830 kg/m3
861 kg/m3
1040 kg/m3
Water
180 kg/m3
180 kg/m3
56 g
15 m quartz
10 g
w/c
0.43
0.43
0.28
0.13%
0.13%
0.13%
0.6%
1.2%
1.2%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
32
NSFC + CANI
229
216
Air (%)
2.50%
2.20%
3:47
4:15
(hh:mm)
Paste
35
Main exotherm occurs earlier with PC/CANI, but total heat comparable
to NSFC/CANI.
36
25
m
gap
C-S-H
hydration
product
PC + Ca(NO2)2
NSFC+ Ca(NO2)2
Gap size, m
0.1
0.7
1.5
0.8
37
Grain
(m)
Grain
(m)
Average
13.1
2.4
0.5
24.4
2.7
0.1
Standard
deviation
2.0
0.7
0.8
4.2
0.5
0.3
NSFC/
CANI
Grain (m)
Average
12.4
1.2
0.8
27.8
1.5
0.7
Standard
deviation
3.0
1.0
0.3
3.2
0.5
0.2
For both grain sizes, the C-S-H layer is thicker with PCS/CANI
The NSFC/CANI sample exhibits a more significant gap between the anhydrous
cement grain and the inner C-S-H
Admixture
% replace
w/c
%solids/cm
Baseline
0.50
140
1.5
4:22
6:33
+ fly ash
40
0.50
215
0.9
40
0.46
145
40
0.38
0.13% PC-500
+CANI
40
0.38
0.13% PC-500
2.0% Ca Nitrite
Mix
Slump Air
mm
Initial Final
Comp. Strength
Set Set 1-Day 7-Day 28-Day
% (hr:min)(hr:min) mpa
mpa
mpa
7.0
19.6
27.5
9:20 13:01
3.1
11.7
16.9
0.9
8:27 11:59
3.4
13.8
19.4
145
3.2
7:48 10:59
5.5
22.1
28.2
165
3.6
5:20
6.0
24.3
30.1
8:15
Low
Cement
Alkalinity
High
Reference = 20% fly ash w/ HRWR. Test Mix = 50% fly ash w/ HRWR + HES
Strength target = 80% 1-day Ref.; Set target = < 60 min Initial set
63%
62%
52%
65%
68%
69%
30 mins 100 mins 100 mins 20 mins 80 mins 20 mins
71%
73%
72%
71%
84%
81%
10 mins 110 mins 70 mins 45 mins 80 mins 35 mins
77%
78%
63%
93%
84%
83%
45 mins 105 mins 110 mins 15 mins 50 mins 30 mins
2.5%
Low
3.7%
4.8%
8.9%
11.3%
F Fly Ash CaO Content
12.6%
High
1D strength%
vs. reference
Set retardation
vs. reference
Strength:
10+% lower
Strength:
3~8% lower
Strength target
achieved
Strength target performance met w/ low alkali cement + high CaO ashes
Set performance difficult to predict, fly ash-dependent.
In Summary.
Proper selection of admixture systems (HRWRs and
accelerators) can enable use of high volume cement
replacement by SCMs.
42
43